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Berenguer E, Carneros E, Pérez-Pérez Y, Gil C, Martínez A, Testillano PS. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian GSK-3β promote in vitro plant cell reprogramming and somatic embryogenesis in crop and forest species. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:7808-7825. [PMID: 34338766 PMCID: PMC8664590 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant in vitro regeneration systems, such as somatic embryogenesis, are essential in breeding; they permit propagation of elite genotypes, production of doubled-haploids, and regeneration of whole plants from gene editing or transformation events. However, in many crop and forest species, somatic embryogenesis is highly inefficient. We report a new strategy to improve in vitro embryogenesis using synthetic small molecule inhibitors of mammalian glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), never used in plants. These inhibitors increased in vitro embryo production in three different systems and species, microspore embryogenesis of Brassica napus and Hordeum vulgare, and somatic embryogenesis of Quercus suber. TDZD-8, a representative compound of the molecules tested, inhibited GSK-3 activity in microspore cultures, and increased expression of embryogenesis genes FUS3, LEC2, and AGL15. Plant GSK-3 kinase BIN2 is a master regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signalling. During microspore embryogenesis, BR biosynthesis and signalling genes CPD, GSK-3-BIN2, BES1, and BZR1 were up-regulated and the BAS1 catabolic gene was repressed, indicating activation of the BR pathway. TDZD-8 increased expression of BR signalling elements, mimicking BR effects. The findings support that the small molecule inhibitors promoted somatic embryogenesis by activating the BR pathway, opening up the way for new strategies using GSK-3β inhibitors that could be extended to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Berenguer
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Carneros
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pérez
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Translational Medicinal and Biological Chemistry group, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Translational Medicinal and Biological Chemistry group, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Dong Y, Gao Y, Zhao T, Ren G, Liu Y, Guan B, Jin R, Gao F, Zhang Y, Tan X, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Peng D, Yan Y. Influencing factors and physiochemical changes of embryogenesis through in vitro isolated microspore culture in Brassica species. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021; 76:2629-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kruglova NN, Seldimirova OA, Zinatullina AE. In vitro Callus as a Model System for the Study of Plant Stress-Resistance to Abiotic Factors (on the Example of Cereals). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079086418060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li H, Wang Y, Wu M, Li L, Jin C, Zhang Q, Chen C, Song W, Wang C. Small RNA Sequencing Reveals Differential miRNA Expression in the Early Development of Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. italica) Pollen. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:404. [PMID: 28392797 PMCID: PMC5364186 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollen development is an important and complex biological process in the sexual reproduction of flowering plants. Although the cytological characteristics of pollen development are well defined, the regulation of its early stages remains largely unknown. In the present study, miRNAs were explored in the early development of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) pollen. A total of 333 known miRNAs that originated from 235 miRNA families were detected. Fifty-five novel miRNA candidates were identified. Sixty of the 333 known miRNAs and 49 of the 55 predicted novel miRNAs exhibited significantly differential expression profiling in the three distinct developmental stages of broccoli pollen. Among these differentially expressed miRNAs, miRNAs that would be involved in the developmental phase transition from uninucleate microspores to binucleate pollen grains or from binucleate to trinucleate pollen grains were identified. miRNAs that showed significantly enriched expression in a specific early stage of broccoli pollen development were also observed. In addition, 552 targets for 127 known miRNAs and 69 targets for 40 predicted novel miRNAs were bioinformatically identified. Functional annotation and GO (Gene Ontology) analysis indicated that the putative miRNA targets showed significant enrichment in GO terms that were related to plant organ formation and morphogenesis. Some of enriched GO terms were detected for the targets directly involved in plant male reproduction development. These findings provided new insights into the functions of miRNA-mediated regulatory networks in broccoli pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Mei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Lihong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Chuan Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Chengbin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Wenqin Song
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
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Żur I, Dubas E, Krzewska M, Janowiak F. Current insights into hormonal regulation of microspore embryogenesis. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:424. [PMID: 26113852 PMCID: PMC4462098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth regulator (PGR) crosstalk and interaction with the plant's genotype and environmental factors play a crucial role in microspore embryogenesis (ME), controlling microspore-derived embryo differentiation and development as well as haploid/doubled haploid plant regeneration. The complexity of the PGR network which could exist at the level of biosynthesis, distribution, gene expression or signaling pathways, renders the creation of an integrated model of ME-control crosstalk impossible at present. However, the analysis of the published data together with the results received recently with the use of modern analytical techniques brings new insights into hormonal regulation of this process. This review presents a short historical overview of the most important milestones in the recognition of hormonal requirements for effective ME in the most important crop plant species and complements it with new concepts that evolved over the last decade of ME studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Żur
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of SciencesKraków, Poland
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Ramakrishna B, Rao SSR. Foliar application of brassinosteroids alleviates adverse effects of zinc toxicity in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants. Protoplasma 2015; 252:665-77. [PMID: 25308099 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the comparative effect of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) at 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 μM concentrations by foliar application on radish plants growing under Zn(2+) stress. In radish plants exposed to excess Zn(2+), growth was substantially reduced in terms of shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight. However, foliar application of brassinosteroids (BRs) was able to alleviate Zn(2+)-induced stress and significantly improve the above growth traits. Zinc stress decreased chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids levels in radish plants. However, follow-up treatment with BRs increased the photosynthetic pigments in stressed and stress-free plants. The treatment of BRs led to reduced levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation and, electrolyte leakage (ELP) and improved the leaf relative water content (RWC) in stressed plants. Increased levels of carbonyls indicating enhanced protein oxidation under Zn(2+) stress was effectively countered by supplementation of BRs. Under Zn(2+) stress, the activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxidase dismutase (SOD) were increased but peroxidase (POD) and glutathione reductase (GR) decreased. Foliar spraying of BRs enhanced all these enzymatic activities in radish plants under Zn(2+) stress. The BRs application greatly enhanced contents of ascorbate (ASA), glutathione (GSH), and proline under Zn(2+) stress. The decrease in the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) caused by Zn(2+) stress was restored to the level of control by application of BRs. These results point out that BRs application elevated levels of antioxidative enzymes as well as antioxidants could have conferred resistance to radish plants against Zn(2+) stress resulting in improved plant growth, relative water content and photosynthetic attributes. Of the two BRs, EBL was most effective in amelioration of Zn(2+) stress.
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Mazorra Morales LM, Senn ME, Gergoff Grozeff GE, Fanello DD, Carrión CA, Núñez M, Bishop GJ, Bartoli CG. Impact of brassinosteroids and ethylene on ascorbic acid accumulation in tomato leaves. Plant Physiol Biochem 2014; 74:315-322. [PMID: 24342083 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) and the gaseous hormone ethylene (ET) alter the ascorbic acid-glutathione (AA-GSH) levels in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. The interaction of these hormones in regulating antioxidant metabolism is however unknown. The combined use of genetics (BR-mutants) and chemical application (BR/ET-related chemicals) shows that BRs and ET signalling pathways interact, to regulate leaf AA content and synthesis. BR-deficient (d(x)) leaves display low total AA but BR-accumulating (35S:D) leaves show normal total AA content. Leaves with either BR levels lower or higher than wild type plants showed a higher oxidised AA redox state. The activity of L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (L-GalLDH), the mitochondrial enzyme that catalyses the last step in AA synthesis is lower in d(x) and higher in 35S:D plants. BR-deficient mutants show higher ET production but it is restored to normal levels when BR content is increased in 35S:D plants. Suppression of ET signalling using 1-methylcyclopropene in d(x) and 35S:D plants restored leaf AA content and L-GalLDH activity, to the values observed in wild type. The suppression of ET action in d(x) and 35S:D leaves leads to the respective decreasing and increasing respiration, indicating an opposite response compared to AA synthesis. This inverse relationship is lacking in ET suppressed d(x) plants in response to external BRs. The modifications in the in vivo activity of L-GalLDH activity do not correlate with changes in the level of the enzyme. Taken together, these data suggest that ET suppresses and BRs promote AA synthesis and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Mazorra Morales
- Plant Physiology Institute (INFIVE), Schools of Agronomy and Natural Sciences, National University of La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata, cc 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Carretera a Tapaste km 3½, Habana, Cuba
| | - María Eugenia Senn
- Plant Physiology Institute (INFIVE), Schools of Agronomy and Natural Sciences, National University of La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata, cc 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Esteban Gergoff Grozeff
- Plant Physiology Institute (INFIVE), Schools of Agronomy and Natural Sciences, National University of La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata, cc 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Diego Darío Fanello
- Plant Physiology Institute (INFIVE), Schools of Agronomy and Natural Sciences, National University of La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata, cc 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cristian Antonio Carrión
- Plant Physiology Institute (INFIVE), Schools of Agronomy and Natural Sciences, National University of La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata, cc 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Miriam Núñez
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Carretera a Tapaste km 3½, Habana, Cuba
| | - Gerard James Bishop
- Division of Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carlos Guillermo Bartoli
- Plant Physiology Institute (INFIVE), Schools of Agronomy and Natural Sciences, National University of La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata, cc 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Elhiti M, Ashihara H, Stasolla C. Distinct fluctuations in nucleotide metabolism accompany the enhanced in vitro embryogenic capacity of Brassica cells over-expressing SHOOTMERISTEMLESS. Planta 2011; 234:1251-1265. [PMID: 21773791 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Besides regulating meristem formation and maintenance in vivo, SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) has been shown to affect embryogenesis. While the over-expression of Brassica napus (Bn)STM enhances the number of microspore-derived embryos produced in culture and their ability to regenerate viable plants, a down-regulation of this gene represses the embryogenic process (Elhiti et al., J Exp Bot, 61:4069-4085, 2010). Synthesis and degradation of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides were measured in developing microspore-derived embryos (MDEs) generated from B. napus lines ectopically expressing or down-regulating BnSTM. Pyrimidine metabolism was investigated by following the metabolic fate of exogenously supplied (14)C-uridine, uracil and orotic acid, whereas purine metabolism was estimated by using (14)C-adenine, adenosine and inosine. The improvement in embryo number and quality affected by the ectopic expression of BnSTM was linked to the increased pyrimidine and purine salvage activity during the early phases of embryogenesis and the enlargement of the adenylate pool (ATP + ADP) required for the active growth of the embryos. This was due to an increase in transcriptional and enzymatic activity of several salvage enzymes, including adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) and adenosine kinase (ADK). The highly operative salvage pathway induced by the ectopic expression of BnSTM was associated with a slow catabolism of nucleotides, suggesting the presence of an antagonist mechanism controlling the rate of salvage and degradation pathways. During the second half of embryogenesis utilization of uridine for UTP + UDPglucose (UDPG) synthesis increased in the embryos over-expressing BnSTM, and this coincided with a better post-germination performance. All these events were precluded by the down-regulation of BnSTM which repressed the formation of the embryos and their post-embryonic performance. Overall, this work provides evidence that precise metabolic changes are associated with proper embryo development in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elhiti
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Seguí-Simarro JM, Corral-Martínez P, Parra-Vega V, González-García B. Androgenesis in recalcitrant solanaceous crops. Plant Cell Rep 2011; 30:765-78. [PMID: 21191595 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tomato, eggplant, and pepper are three solanaceous crops of outstanding importance worldwide. For hybrid seed production in these species, a fast and cheap method to obtain pure (homozygous) lines is a priority. Traditionally, pure lines are produced by classical inbreeding and selection techniques, which are time consuming (several years) and costly. Alternatively, it has become possible to accelerate the production of homozygous lines through a biotechnological approach: the induction of androgenesis to generate doubled haploid (homozygous) plants. This biotechnological in vitro tool reduces the process to only one generation, which implies important time and costs savings. These facts make androgenic doubled haploids the choice in a number of important crops where the methodology is well set up. Unfortunately, recalcitrant solanaceous crops such as tomato, eggplant, and pepper are still far from an efficient and reliable technology to be applied on a routine basis to different genotypes in breeding programs. In eggplant and pepper, only anther cultures are known to work relatively well. Unfortunately, a more efficient and promising technique, the culture of isolated microspores, is not sufficiently developed yet. In tomato, none of these methods is available nowadays. However, recent advances in the knowledge of embryo development are filling the gaps and opening new ways to achieve the final goal of an efficient protocol in these three recalcitrant species. In this review, we outline the state of the art on androgenic induction in tomato, eggplant, and pepper, and postulate new experimental ways in order to overcome current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Seguí-Simarro
- COMAV-Universitat Politècnica de València. CPI, Edificio 8E, Escalera I, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Belmonte M, Elhiti M, Ashihara H, Stasolla C. Brassinolide-improved development of Brassica napus microspore-derived embryos is associated with increased activities of purine and pyrimidine salvage pathways. Planta 2011; 233:95-107. [PMID: 20931222 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellular brassinolide (BL) levels regulate the development of Brassica napus microspore-derived embryos (MDEs). Synthesis and degradation of nucleotides were measured on developing MDEs treated with BL or brassinazole (BrZ), a biosynthetic inhibitor of BL. Purine metabolism was investigated by following the metabolic fate of (14)C-labelled adenine and adenosine, substrates of the salvage pathway, and inosine, an intermediate of both salvage and degradation pathways. For pyrimidine, orotic acid, uridine and uracil were employed as markers for the de novo (orotic acid), salvage (uridine and uracil), and degradation (uracil) pathways. Our results indicate that utilization of adenine, adenosine, and uridine for nucleotides and nucleic acids increased significantly in BL-treated embryos at day 15 and remained high throughout the culture period. These metabolic changes were ascribed to the activities of the respective salvage enzymes: adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7), adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20), and uridine kinase (EC 2.7.1.48), which were induced by BL applications. The BL promotion of salvage synthesis was accompanied by a reduction in the activities of the degradation pathways, suggesting the presence of competitive anabolic and catabolic mechanisms utilizing the labelled precursors. In BrZ-treated embryos, with depleted BL levels, the salvage activity of both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides was reduced and this was associated to structural abnormalities and poor embryonic performance. In these embryos, the activities of major salvage enzymes were consistently lower to those measured in their control (untreated) counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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