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Wannitikul P, Wattana-Amorn P, Sathitnaitham S, Sakulkoo J, Suttangkakul A, Wonnapinij P, Bassel GW, Simister R, Gomez LD, Vuttipongchaikij S. Disruption of a DUF247 Containing Protein Alters Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Reduces Growth in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1977. [PMID: 37653894 PMCID: PMC10221614 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall biosynthesis is a complex process that requires proteins and enzymes from glycan synthesis to wall assembly. We show that disruption of At3g50120 (DUF247-1), a member of the DUF247 multigene family containing 28 genes in Arabidopsis, results in alterations to the structure and composition of cell wall polysaccharides and reduced growth and plant size. An ELISA using cell wall antibodies shows that the mutants also exhibit ~50% reductions in xyloglucan (XyG), glucuronoxylan (GX) and heteromannan (HM) epitopes in the NaOH fraction and ~50% increases in homogalacturonan (HG) epitopes in the CDTA fraction. Furthermore, the polymer sizes of XyGs and GXs are reduced with concomitant increases in short-chain polymers, while those of HGs and mHGs are slightly increased. Complementation using 35S:DUF247-1 partially recovers the XyG and HG content, but not those of GX and HM, suggesting that DUF247-1 is more closely associated with XyGs and HGs. DUF247-1 is expressed throughout Arabidopsis, particularly in vascular and developing tissues, and its disruption affects the expression of other gene members, indicating a regulatory control role within the gene family. Our results demonstrate that DUF247-1 is required for normal cell wall composition and structure and Arabidopsis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaporn Wannitikul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Pakorn Wattana-Amorn
- Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Sukhita Sathitnaitham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Jenjira Sakulkoo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Anongpat Suttangkakul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Passorn Wonnapinij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - George W. Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Rachael Simister
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.S.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Leonardo D. Gomez
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.S.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Supachai Vuttipongchaikij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Shi K, Liu X, Pan X, Liu J, Gong W, Gong P, Cao M, Jia S, Wang Z. Unveiling the Complexity of Red Clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) Transcriptome and Transcriptional Regulation of Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis Using Integrated Long- and Short-Read RNAseq. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312625. [PMID: 34884432 PMCID: PMC8658037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is used as forage and contains a high level of isoflavonoids. Although isoflavonoids in red clover were discovered a long time ago, the transcriptional regulation of isoflavonoid biosynthesis is virtually unknown because of the lack of accurate and comprehensive characterization of the transcriptome. Here, we used a combination of long-read (PacBio Iso-Seq) and short-read (Illumina) RNAseq sequencing to develop a more comprehensive full-length transcriptome in four tissues (root, stem, leaf, and flower) and to identify transcription factors possibly involved in isoflavonoid biosynthesis in red clover. Overall, we obtained 50,922 isoforms, including 19,860 known genes and 2817 novel isoforms based on the annotation of RefGen Tp_v2.0. We also found 1843 long non-coding RNAs, 1625 fusion genes, and 34,612 alternatively spliced events, with some transcript isoforms validated experimentally. A total of 16,734 differentially expressed genes were identified in the four tissues, including 43 isoflavonoid-biosynthesis-related genes, such as stem-specific expressed TpPAL, TpC4H, and Tp4CL and root-specific expressed TpCHS, TpCHI1, and TpIFS. Further, weighted gene co-expression network analysis and a targeted compound assay were combined to investigate the association between the isoflavonoid content and the transcription factors expression in the four tissues. Twelve transcription factors were identified as key genes for isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Among these transcription factors, the overexpression of TpMYB30 or TpRSM1-2 significantly increased the isoflavonoid content in tobacco. In particular, the glycitin was increased by 50-100 times in the plants overexpressing TpRSM1-2, in comparison to that in the WT plants. Our study provides a comprehensive and accurate annotation of the red clover transcriptome and candidate genes to improve isoflavonoid biosynthesis and accelerate research into molecular breeding in red clover or other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shi
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (K.S.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Xiqiang Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (K.S.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Xinyi Pan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (K.S.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Wenlong Gong
- Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Pan Gong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Mingshu Cao
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Shangang Jia
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (K.S.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Zan Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (K.S.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence:
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Baison J, Zhou L, Forsberg N, Mörling T, Grahn T, Olsson L, Karlsson B, Wu HX, Mellerowicz EJ, Lundqvist SO, García-Gil MR. Genetic control of tracheid properties in Norway spruce wood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18089. [PMID: 33093525 PMCID: PMC7581746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) mapping it is possible to establish the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation. Our GWAS study presents the first such effort in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L). Karst.) for the traits related to wood tracheid characteristics. The study employed an exome capture genotyping approach that generated 178 101 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) from 40 018 probes within a population of 517 Norway spruce mother trees. We applied a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) based association mapping method using a functional multi-locus mapping approach, with a stability selection probability method as the hypothesis testing approach to determine significant Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs). The analysis has provided 30 significant associations, the majority of which show specific expression in wood-forming tissues or high ubiquitous expression, potentially controlling tracheids dimensions, their cell wall thickness and microfibril angle. Among the most promising candidates based on our results and prior information for other species are: Picea abies BIG GRAIN 2 (PabBG2) with a predicted function in auxin transport and sensitivity, and MA_373300g0010 encoding a protein similar to wall-associated receptor kinases, which were both associated with cell wall thickness. The results demonstrate feasibility of GWAS to identify novel candidate genes controlling industrially-relevant tracheid traits in Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Baison
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linghua Zhou
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nils Forsberg
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tommy Mörling
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Grahn
- RISE Bioeconomy, Box 5604, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Olsson
- RISE Bioeconomy, Box 5604, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Karlsson
- Skogforsk, Ekebo 2250, 268 90, Svalov, Sweden
| | - Harry X Wu
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sven-Olof Lundqvist
- RISE Bioeconomy, Box 5604, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- IIC, Rosenlundsgatan 48B, 11863, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - María Rosario García-Gil
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Sweden.
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Wildhagen H, Paul S, Allwright M, Smith HK, Malinowska M, Schnabel SK, Paulo MJ, Cattonaro F, Vendramin V, Scalabrin S, Janz D, Douthe C, Brendel O, Buré C, Cohen D, Hummel I, Le Thiec D, van Eeuwijk F, Keurentjes JJB, Flexas J, Morgante M, Robson P, Bogeat-Triboulot MB, Taylor G, Polle A. Genes and gene clusters related to genotype and drought-induced variation in saccharification potential, lignin content and wood anatomical traits in Populus nigra. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:320-339. [PMID: 28541580 PMCID: PMC5982782 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wood is a renewable resource that can be employed for the production of second generation biofuels by enzymatic saccharification and subsequent fermentation. Knowledge on how the saccharification potential is affected by genotype-related variation of wood traits and drought is scarce. Here, we used three Populus nigra L. genotypes from habitats differing in water availability to (i) investigate the relationships between wood anatomy, lignin content and saccharification and (ii) identify genes and co-expressed gene clusters related to genotype and drought-induced variation in wood traits and saccharification potential. The three poplar genotypes differed in wood anatomy, lignin content and saccharification potential. Drought resulted in reduced cambial activity, decreased vessel and fiber lumina, and increased the saccharification potential. The saccharification potential was unrelated to lignin content as well as to most wood anatomical traits. RNA sequencing of the developing xylem revealed that 1.5% of the analyzed genes were differentially expressed in response to drought, while 67% differed among the genotypes. Weighted gene correlation network analysis identified modules of co-expressed genes correlated with saccharification potential. These modules were enriched in gene ontology terms related to cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis and modification and vesicle transport, but not to lignin biosynthesis. Among the most strongly saccharification-correlated genes, those with regulatory functions, especially kinases, were prominent. We further identified transcription factors whose transcript abundances differed among genotypes, and which were co-regulated with genes for biosynthesis and modifications of hemicelluloses and pectin. Overall, our study suggests that the regulation of pectin and hemicellulose metabolism is a promising target for improving wood quality of second generation bioenergy crops. The causal relationship of the identified genes and pathways with saccharification potential needs to be validated in further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Wildhagen
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Faculty of Resource Management, Büsgenweg 1a, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shanty Paul
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mike Allwright
- Center for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Hazel K Smith
- Center for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Marta Malinowska
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY233EE, UK
| | - Sabine K Schnabel
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M João Paulo
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vera Vendramin
- IGA Technology Services, via Jacopo Linussio 51, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Simone Scalabrin
- IGA Technology Services, via Jacopo Linussio 51, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cyril Douthe
- Universidad de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Oliver Brendel
- EEF, INRA, Université de Lorraine, rue d'Amance, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Cyril Buré
- EEF, INRA, Université de Lorraine, rue d'Amance, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - David Cohen
- EEF, INRA, Université de Lorraine, rue d'Amance, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Irène Hummel
- EEF, INRA, Université de Lorraine, rue d'Amance, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Didier Le Thiec
- EEF, INRA, Université de Lorraine, rue d'Amance, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Fred van Eeuwijk
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J B Keurentjes
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Universidad de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Michele Morgante
- Università Di Udine, Istituto di Genomica Applicata, via Jacopo Linussio 51, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Paul Robson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY233EE, UK
| | | | - Gail Taylor
- Center for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Corresponding author ()
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Wei L, Jian H, Lu K, Yin N, Wang J, Duan X, Li W, Liu L, Xu X, Wang R, Paterson AH, Li J. Genetic and transcriptomic analyses of lignin- and lodging-related traits in Brassica napus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:1961-1973. [PMID: 28634809 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Candidate genes associated with lignin and lodging traits were identified by combining phenotypic, genotypic, and gene expression data in B. napus. Brassica napus is one of the world's most important oilseed crops, but its yield can be dramatically reduced by lodging, bending, and falling of its vertical stems. Lignin has been shown to contribute to stem mechanical strength. In this study, we found that the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) monolignol ratio exhibits a significant negative correlation with disease and lodging resistance. A total of 92 and 50 SNP and SSR loci, respectively, were found to be significantly associated with five traits, breaking force, breaking strength, lodging coefficient, acid detergent lignin content, and the S/G monolignol ratio using GWAS. To identify novel genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, transcriptome sequencing of high- (H) and low (L)-ADL content accessions was performed. The up-regulated genes were mainly involved in glycoside catabolic processes (especially glucosinolate catabolism) and cell wall biogenesis, while down-regulated genes were involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis, indicating that crosstalk exists between glucosinolate metabolic processes and lignin biosynthesis. Integrating this differential expression with the GWAS analysis, we identified four candidate genes regulating lignin, including glycosyl hydrolase (BnaA01g00480D), CYT1 (BnaA04g22820D), and two encoding transcription factors, SHINE1 (ERF family) and DAR6 (LIM family). This study provides insight into the genetic control of lodging and lignin in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wei
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, 30605, GA, USA
| | - Hongju Jian
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Nengwen Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiujian Duan
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wei Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Liezhao Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xinfu Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Andrew H Paterson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, 30605, GA, USA.
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Reinprecht Y, Arif M, Simon LC, Pauls KP. Genome Regions Associated with Functional Performance of Soybean Stem Fibers in Polypropylene Thermoplastic Composites. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130371. [PMID: 26167917 PMCID: PMC4500502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant fibers can be used to produce composite materials for automobile parts, thus reducing plastic used in their manufacture, overall vehicle weight and fuel consumption when they replace mineral fillers and glass fibers. Soybean stem residues are, potentially, significant sources of inexpensive, renewable and biodegradable natural fibers, but are not curretly used for biocomposite production due to the functional properties of their fibers in composites being unknown. The current study was initiated to investigate the effects of plant genotype on the performance characteristics of soybean stem fibers when incorporated into a polypropylene (PP) matrix using a selective phenotyping approach. Fibers from 50 lines of a recombinant inbred line population (169 RILs) grown in different environments were incorporated into PP at 20% (wt/wt) by extrusion. Test samples were injection molded and characterized for their mechanical properties. The performance of stem fibers in the composites was significantly affected by genotype and environment. Fibers from different genotypes had significantly different chemical compositions, thus composites prepared with these fibers displayed different physical properties. This study demonstrates that thermoplastic composites with soybean stem-derived fibers have mechanical properties that are equivalent or better than wheat straw fiber composites currently being used for manufacturing interior automotive parts. The addition of soybean stem residues improved flexural, tensile and impact properties of the composites. Furthermore, by linkage and in silico mapping we identified genomic regions to which quantitative trait loci (QTL) for compositional and functional properties of soybean stem fibers in thermoplastic composites, as well as genes for cell wall synthesis, were co-localized. These results may lead to the development of high value uses for soybean stem residue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Arif
- University of Guelph, Department of Plant Agriculture, Guelph, ON, Canada
- University of Waterloo, Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Leonardo C. Simon
- University of Waterloo, Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - K. Peter Pauls
- University of Guelph, Department of Plant Agriculture, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Ragni L, Hardtke CS. Small but thick enough--the Arabidopsis hypocotyl as a model to study secondary growth. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:164-71. [PMID: 24128126 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The continuous production of vascular tissues through secondary growth results in radial thickening of plant organs and is pivotal for various aspects of plant growth and physiology, such as water transport capacity or resistance to mechanical stress. It is driven by the vascular cambium, which produces inward secondary xylem and outward secondary phloem. In the herbaceous plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), secondary growth occurs in stems, in roots and in the hypocotyl. In the latter, radial growth is most prominent and not obscured by parallel ongoing elongation growth. Moreover, its progression is reminiscent of the secondary growth mode of tree trunks. Thus, the Arabidopsis hypocotyl is a very good model to study basic molecular mechanisms of secondary growth. Genetic approaches have succeeded in the identification of various factors, including peptides, receptors, transcription factors and hormones, which appear to participate in a complex network that controls radial growth. Many of these players are conserved between herbaceous and woody plants. In this review, we will focus on what is known about molecular mechanisms and regulators of vascular secondary growth in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ragni
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Mewalal R, Mizrachi E, Mansfield SD, Myburg AA. Cell wall-related proteins of unknown function: missing links in plant cell wall development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1031-43. [PMID: 24683037 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an important feedstock for the pulp and paper industry as well as emerging biofuel and biomaterial industries. However, the recalcitrance of the secondary cell wall to chemical or enzymatic degradation remains a major hurdle for efficient extraction of economically important biopolymers such as cellulose. It has been estimated that approximately 10-15% of about 27,000 protein-coding genes in the Arabidopsis genome are dedicated to cell wall development; however, only about 130 Arabidopsis genes thus far have experimental evidence validating cell wall function. While many genes have been implicated through co-expression analysis with known genes, a large number are broadly classified as proteins of unknown function (PUFs). Recently the functionality of some of these unknown proteins in cell wall development has been revealed using reverse genetic approaches. Given the large number of cell wall-related PUFs, how do we approach and subsequently prioritize the investigation of such unknown genes that may be essential to or influence plant cell wall development and structure? Here, we address the aforementioned question in two parts; we first identify the different kinds of PUFs based on known and predicted features such as protein domains. Knowledge of inherent features of PUFs may allow for functional inference and a concomitant link to biological context. Secondly, we discuss omics-based technologies and approaches that are helping identify and prioritize cell wall-related PUFs by functional association. In this way, hypothesis-driven experiments can be designed for functional elucidation of many proteins that remain missing links in our understanding of plant cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Mewalal
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Lz-0 × Berkeley: a new Arabidopsis recombinant inbred line population for the mapping of complex traits. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 289:417-25. [PMID: 24532030 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the generation and test of a genetic resource suited to identify determinants of cell biological traits in plants. The use of quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for a better genetic understanding of cell biological traits is still at an early stage, even for biotechnologically important cell properties, such as the dimensions of fiber cells. A common strategy, the mapping of QTLs in recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, is limited by the fact that the existing RIL populations exploit only a small fraction of the existing natural variation. Here, we report the mapping of QTLs impacting on the length of fiber cells in Arabidopsis inflorescence stems in a newly generated RIL population derived from a cross between the accessions Berkeley and the little known Lz-0. Through inbreeding of individual F(2) plants, a total of 159 new F8 lines were produced and genotyped with a set of 49 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. The population was successfully used not only for the mapping of three QTLs controlling fiber length, but also to map five QTL controlling flowering time under short and long-day conditions. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of this new genetic resource by mapping in it QTLs underlying a poorly explored cellular trait as well as an already better explored regulatory pathway. The new RIL population and an online platform for the continuous supplementation of genetic markers will be generally available to substantially broaden the genetic diversity through which loci with impact on plant quantitative traits can be identified.
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Aloni R. Role of hormones in controlling vascular differentiation and the mechanism of lateral root initiation. PLANTA 2013; 238:819-30. [PMID: 23835810 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system in plants is induced and controlled by streams of inductive hormonal signals. Auxin produced in young leaves is the primary controlling signal in vascular differentiation. Its polar and non-polar transport pathways and major controlling mechanisms are clarified. Ethylene produced in differentiating protoxylem vessels is the signal that triggers lateral root initiation, while tumor-induced ethylene is a limiting and controlling factor of crown gall development and its vascular differentiation. Gibberellin produced in mature leaves moves non-polarly and promotes elongation, regulates cambium activity and induces long fibers. Cytokinin from the root cap moves upward to promote cambial activity and stimulate shoot growth and branching, while strigolactone from the root inhibits branching. Furthermore, the role of the hormonal signals in controlling the type of differentiating vascular elements and gradients of conduit size and density, and how they regulate plant adaptation and have shaped wood evolution are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Aloni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel,
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