1
|
Acharya S, Troell HA, Billingsley RL, Lawrence KS, McKirgan DS, Alkharouf NW, Klink VP. Glycine max polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 11 (GmPGIP11) functions in the root to suppress Heterodera glycines parasitism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108755. [PMID: 38875777 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Pathogen-secreted polygalacturonases (PGs) alter plant cell wall structure by cleaving the α-(1 → 4) linkages between D-galacturonic acid residues in homogalacturonan (HG), macerating the cell wall, facilitating infection. Plant PG inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) disengage pathogen PGs, impairing infection. The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, obligate root parasite produces secretions, generating a multinucleate nurse cell called a syncytium, a byproduct of the merged cytoplasm of 200-250 root cells, occurring through cell wall maceration. The common cytoplasmic pool, surrounded by an intact plasma membrane, provides a source from which H. glycines derives nourishment but without killing the parasitized cell during a susceptible reaction. The syncytium is also the site of a naturally-occurring defense response that happens in specific G. max genotypes. Transcriptomic analyses of RNA isolated from the syncytium undergoing the process of defense have identified that one of the 11 G. max PGIPs, GmPGIP11, is expressed during defense. Functional transgenic analyses show roots undergoing GmPGIP11 overexpression (OE) experience an increase in its relative transcript abundance (RTA) as compared to the ribosomal protein 21 (GmRPS21) control, leading to a decrease in H. glycines parasitism as compared to the overexpression control. The GmPGIP11 undergoing RNAi experiences a decrease in its RTA as compared to the GmRPS21 control with transgenic roots experiencing an increase in H. glycines parasitism as compared to the RNAi control. Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) components are shown to influence GmPGIP11 expression while numerous agricultural crops are shown to have homologs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Acharya
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA; USDA-ARS-NEA-BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Building 004, Room 122, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Hallie A Troell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Rebecca L Billingsley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Daniel S McKirgan
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA
| | - Nadim W Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA
| | - Vincent P Klink
- USDA-ARS-NEA-BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Building 004, Room 122, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee IH, Choi BY, Kim DS, Han H, Kim YH, Shim D. Temporal Transcriptome Profiling of Pinus densiflora Infected with Pine Wood Nematode Reveals Genetically Programmed Changes upon Pine Wilt Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:982-989. [PMID: 38451552 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0397-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Pine, an evergreen conifer, is widely distributed worldwide. It is economically, scientifically, and ecologically important. However, pine wilt disease (PWD) induced by the pine wood nematode (PWN) adversely affects pine trees. Many studies have been conducted on the PWN and its beetle vectors to prevent the spread of PWD. However, studies providing a comprehensive understanding of the pine tree transcriptome in response to PWN infection are lacking. Here, we performed temporal profiling of the pine tree transcriptome using PWD-infected red pine trees, Pinus densiflora, inoculated with the PWN by RNA sequencing. Our analysis revealed that defense-responsive genes involved in cell wall modification, jasmonic acid signaling, and phenylpropanoid-related processes were significantly enriched 2 weeks after PWD infection. Furthermore, some WRKY-type and MYB-type transcription factors were upregulated 2 weeks after PWD infection, suggesting that these transcription factors might be responsible for the genome-wide reprogramming of defense-responsive genes in the early PWD stage. Our comprehensive transcriptome analysis will assist in developing PWD-resistant pine trees and identifying genes to diagnose PWD at the early stage of infection, during which large-scale phenotypic changes are absent in PWD-infected pine trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Il Hwan Lee
- Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Young Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Kim
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Han
- Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Sciences, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Zhu Q, Tan Y, Deng M, Zhang L, Cao Y, Guo X. Mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylate receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase CDL1 to regulate soybean basal immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:963-986. [PMID: 38301274 PMCID: PMC10980351 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), one of the most devastating soybean (Glycine max) pathogens, causes significant yield loss in soybean production. Nematode infection triggers plant defense responses; however, the components involved in the upstream signaling cascade remain largely unknown. In this study, we established that a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling module, activated by nematode infection or wounding, is crucial for soybeans to establish SCN resistance. GmMPK3 and GmMPK6 directly interact with CDG1-LIKE1 (GmCDL1), a member of the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) subfamily VII. These kinases phosphorylate GmCDL1 at Thr-372 to prevent its proteasome-mediated degradation. Functional analysis demonstrated that GmCDL1 positively regulates immune responses and promotes SCN resistance in soybeans. GmMPK3-mediated and GmMPK6-mediated phosphorylation of GmCDL1 enhances GmMPK3 and GmMPK6 activation and soybean disease resistance, representing a positive feedback mechanism. Additionally, 2 L-type lectin receptor kinases, GmLecRK02g and GmLecRK08g, associate with GmCDL1 to initiate downstream immune signaling. Notably, our study also unveils the potential involvement of GmLecRKs and GmCDL1 in countering other soybean pathogens beyond nematodes. Taken together, our findings reveal the pivotal role of the GmLecRKs-GmCDL1-MAPK regulatory module in triggering soybean basal immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qun Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhua Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Miaomiao Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yangrong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matuszkiewicz M, Sobczak M. Syncytium Induced by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:371-403. [PMID: 37996687 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes from the genera Globodera, Heterodera (cyst-forming nematodes), and Meloidogyne (root-knot nematodes) are notorious and serious pests of crops. They cause tremendous economic losses between US $80 and 358 billion a year. Nematodes infect the roots of plants and induce the formation of specialised feeding structures (syncytium and giant cells, respectively) that nourish juveniles and adults of the nematodes. The specialised secretory glands enable nematodes to synthesise and secrete effectors that facilitate migration through root tissues and alter the morphogenetic programme of host cells. The formation of feeding sites is associated with the suppression of plant defence responses and deep reprogramming of the development and metabolism of plant cells.In this chapter, we focus on syncytia induced by the sedentary cyst-forming nematodes and provide an overview of ultrastructural changes that occur in the host roots during syncytium formation in conjunction with the most important molecular changes during compatible and incompatible plant responses to infection with nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nakagami S, Notaguchi M, Kondo T, Okamoto S, Ida T, Sato Y, Higashiyama T, Tsai AYL, Ishida T, Sawa S. Root-knot nematode modulates plant CLE3-CLV1 signaling as a long-distance signal for successful infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4803. [PMID: 37267361 PMCID: PMC10413670 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants use many long-distance and systemic signals to modulate growth and development, as well as respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. Parasitic nematodes infect host plant roots and cause severe damage to crop plants. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate parasitic nematode infections are still unknown. Here, we show that plant parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne incognita, modulate the host CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE)-CLV1 signaling module to promote the infection progression. Plants deficient in the CLE signaling pathway show enhanced RKN resistance, whereas CLE overexpression leads to increased susceptibility toward RKN. Grafting analysis shows that CLV1 expression in the shoot alone is sufficient to positively regulate RKN infection. Together with results from the split-root culture system, infection assays, and CLE3-CLV1 binding assays, we conclude that mobile root-derived CLE signals are perceived by CLV1 in the shoot, which subsequently produce systemic signals to promote gall formation and RKN reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nakagami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Satoru Okamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterial (IINA), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guarneri N, Willig J, Sterken MG, Zhou W, Hasan MS, Sharon L, Grundler FMW, Willemsen V, Goverse A, Smant G, Lozano‐Torres JL. Root architecture plasticity in response to endoparasitic cyst nematodes is mediated by damage signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:807-822. [PMID: 36285401 PMCID: PMC10108316 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant root architecture plasticity in response to biotic stresses has not been thoroughly investigated. Infection by endoparasitic cyst nematodes induces root architectural changes that involve the formation of secondary roots at infection sites. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating secondary root formation in response to cyst nematode infection remain largely unknown. We first assessed whether secondary roots form in a nematode density-dependent manner by challenging wild-type Arabidopsis plants with increasing numbers of cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii). Next, using jasmonate-related reporter lines and knockout mutants, we tested whether tissue damage by nematodes triggers jasmonate-dependent secondary root formation. Finally, we verified whether damage-induced secondary root formation depends on local auxin biosynthesis at nematode infection sites. Intracellular host invasion by H. schachtii triggers a transient local increase in jasmonates, which activates the expression of ERF109 in a COI1-dependent manner. Knockout mutations in COI1 and ERF109 disrupt the nematode density-dependent increase in secondary roots observed in wild-type plants. Furthermore, ERF109 regulates secondary root formation upon H. schachtii infection via local auxin biosynthesis. Host invasion by H. schachtii triggers secondary root formation via the damage-induced jasmonate-dependent ERF109 pathway. This points at a novel mechanism underlying plant root plasticity in response to biotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Guarneri
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap‐Jan Willig
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Sterken
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Wenkun Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cluster of Plant Developmental BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - M. Shamim Hasan
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | - Letia Sharon
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cluster of Plant Developmental BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jose L. Lozano‐Torres
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Proteomic Analysis of Proteins Related to Defense Responses in Arabidopsis Plants Transformed with the rolB Oncogene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031880. [PMID: 36768198 PMCID: PMC9915171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During Agrobacterium rhizogenes-plant interaction, the rolB gene is transferred into the plant genome and is stably inherited in the plant's offspring. Among the numerous effects of rolB on plant metabolism, including the activation of secondary metabolism, its effect on plant defense systems has not been sufficiently studied. In this work, we performed a proteomic analysis of rolB-expressing Arabidopsis thaliana plants with particular focus on defense proteins. We found a total of 77 overexpressed proteins and 64 underexpressed proteins in rolB-transformed plants using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI mass spectrometry. In the rolB-transformed plants, we found a reduced amount of scaffold proteins RACK1A, RACK1B, and RACK1C, which are known as receptors for activated C-kinase 1. The proteomic analysis showed that rolB could suppress the plant immune system by suppressing the RNA-binding proteins GRP7, CP29B, and CP31B, which action are similar to the action of type-III bacterial effectors. At the same time, rolB plants induce the massive biosynthesis of protective proteins VSP1 and VSP2, as well as pathogenesis-related protein PR-4, which are markers of the activated jasmonate pathway. The increased contents of glutathione-S-transferases F6, F2, F10, U19, and DHAR1 and the osmotin-like defense protein OSM34 were found. The defense-associated protein PCaP1, which is required for oligogalacturonide-induced priming and immunity, was upregulated. Moreover, rolB-transformed plants showed the activation of all components of the PYK10 defense complex that is involved in the metabolism of glucosinolates. We hypothesized that various defense systems activated by rolB protect the host plant from competing phytopathogens and created an effective ecological niche for A. rhizogenes. A RolB → RACK1A signaling module was proposed that might exert most of the rolB-mediated effects on plant physiology. Our proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD037959.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sikder MM, Vestergård M, Kyndt T, Topalović O, Kudjordjie EN, Nicolaisen M. Genetic disruption of Arabidopsis secondary metabolite synthesis leads to microbiome-mediated modulation of nematode invasion. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2230-2241. [PMID: 35760884 PMCID: PMC9381567 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In-depth understanding of metabolite-mediated plant-nematode interactions can guide us towards novel nematode management strategies. To improve our understanding of the effects of secondary metabolites on soil nematode communities, we grew Arabidopsis thaliana genetically altered in glucosinolate, camalexin, or flavonoid synthesis pathways, and analyzed their root-associated nematode communities using metabarcoding. To test for any modulating effects of the associated microbiota on the nematode responses, we characterized the bacterial and fungal communities. Finally, as a proxy of microbiome-modulating effects on nematode invasion, we isolated the root-associated microbiomes from the mutants and tested their effect on the ability of the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita to penetrate tomato roots. Most mutants had altered relative abundances of several nematode taxa with stronger effects on the plant parasitic Meloidogyne hapla than on other root feeding taxa. This probably reflects that M. hapla invades and remains embedded within root tissues and is thus intimately associated with the host. When transferred to tomato, microbiomes from the flavonoid over-producing pap1-D enhanced M. incognita root-invasion, whereas microbiomes from flavonoid-deficient mutants reduced invasion. This suggests microbiome-mediated effect of flavonoids on Meloidogyne infectivity plausibly mediated by the alteration of the abundances of specific microbial taxa in the transferred microbiomes, although we could not conclusively pinpoint such causative microbial taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Maniruzzaman Sikder
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, 1342 Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Olivera Topalović
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Siddique S, Coomer A, Baum T, Williamson VM. Recognition and Response in Plant-Nematode Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:143-162. [PMID: 35436424 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes spend much of their lives inside or in contact with host tissue, and molecular interactions constantly occur and shape the outcome of parasitism. Eggs of these parasites generally hatch in the soil, and the juveniles must locate and infect an appropriate host before their stored energy is exhausted. Components of host exudate are evaluated by the nematode and direct its migration to its infection site. Host plants recognize approaching nematodes before physical contact through molecules released by the nematodes and launch a defense response. In turn, nematodes deploy numerous mechanisms to counteract plant defenses. This review focuses on these early stages of the interaction between plants and nematodes. We discuss how nematodes perceive and find suitable hosts, how plants perceive and mount a defense response against the approaching parasites, and how nematodes fight back against host defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Siddique
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Alison Coomer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hasan MS, Chopra D, Damm A, Koprivova A, Kopriva S, Meyer AJ, Müller‐Schüssele S, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Glutathione contributes to plant defence against parasitic cyst nematodes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1048-1059. [PMID: 35352464 PMCID: PMC9190975 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes (CNs) are an important group of root-infecting sedentary endoparasites that severely damage many crop plants worldwide. An infective CN juvenile enters the host's roots and migrates towards the vascular cylinder, where it induces the formation of syncytial feeding cells, which nourish the CN throughout its parasitic stages. Here, we examined the role of glutathione (l-γ-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine) in Arabidopsis thaliana on infection with the CN Heterodera schachtii. Arabidopsis lines with mutations pad2, cad2, or zir1 in the glutamate-cysteine ligase (GSH1) gene, which encodes the first enzyme in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway, displayed enhanced CN susceptibility, but susceptibility was reduced for rax1, another GSH1 allele. Biochemical analysis revealed differentially altered thiol levels in these mutants that was independent of nematode infection. All glutathione-deficient mutants exhibited impaired activation of defence marker genes as well as genes for biosynthesis of the antimicrobial compound camalexin early in infection. Further analysis revealed a link between glutathione-mediated plant resistance to CN infection and the production of camalexin on nematode infection. These results suggest that glutathione levels affect plant resistance to CN by fine-tuning the balance between the cellular redox environment and the production of compounds related to defence against infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Shamim Hasan
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
- Department of Plant PathologyFaculty of AgricultureHajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology UniversityDinajpurBangladesh
| | - Divykriti Chopra
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
| | - Anika Damm
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
| | - Anna Koprivova
- Institute for Plant SciencesCluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant SciencesCluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Andreas J. Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Chemical SignallingUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Stefanie Müller‐Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Chemical SignallingUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang L, Zeng Q, Zhu Q, Tan Y, Guo X. Essential Roles of Cupredoxin Family Proteins in Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1545-1558. [PMID: 35050680 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0391-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines), one of the most devastating soybean pathogens, causes a significant yield loss in soybean production. One of the most effective ways to manage SCN is to grow resistant cultivars. Therefore, comparative study using resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars provides a powerful tool to identify new genes involved in soybean SCN resistance. In the present study, a transcriptome analysis was carried out using both the resistant (PI88788) and susceptible (Williams 82) soybean cultivars to characterize the responses to nematode infection. Various defense-related genes and different pathways involved in nematode resistance were recognized as being highly expressed in resistant cultivar. Promoter-GUS analysis was conducted to monitor the spatial expression pattern of the genes highly induced by nematode infection. Two nematode-inducible promoters for Glyma.05g147000 (encoding caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase) and Glyma.06g036700 (encoding cupredoxin superfamily protein) were characterized, and the promoters could efficiently drive the expression of known nematode resistance genes (α-SNAPRhg1HC or GmSHMT) to affect soybean SCN resistance. Interestingly, expression of the cupredoxin family genes was upregulated not only by SCN, but also by jasmonic acid treatment. DNA sequence analysis identified that a conserved motif (GGTGCATG) with high similarity to SCNbox1 and GC-rich element is enriched in their promoter regions, suggesting its potential to serve as a nematode-responsive regulatory element. Overexpression of Glyma.06g036700 significantly enhanced soybean resistance to cyst nematode. Overall, our findings not only highlight the essential role of cupredoxin family genes in SCN resistance, but also offer potential functional tools to develop nematode resistance in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eldeeb AM, Farag AAG, Al-Harbi MS, Kesba H, Sayed S, Elesawy AE, Hendawi MA, Mostafa EM, Aioub AA. Controlling of Meloidgyne incognita (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) using nematicides, Linum usitatissimum extract and certain organic acids on four peppers cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3107-3113. [PMID: 35355956 PMCID: PMC8958357 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic acids and plant extracts, which have a nemacidal action and may be used instead of nematicides that pollute the environment, are one way for controlling the pepper root-knot nematode. We provide in this study for a first time a new strategy for management Meloidgyne incognita (Kofoid and White) by using organic acids and plant extract compared to nematicides on four peppers cultivars (Super amarr, Super mard, Super noura and Werta) under greenhouse conditions compared to nematicides. This study aimed to evaluate 0.1% of organic acids (humic and salicylic acid) and 0.1% of Linum usitatissimum extract on plant parameters of pepper varieties (Super amarr, Super mard, Super noura and Werta) and control of M. incognita under greenhouse conditions compared to four nematicides (Oxamyl 24% SL, Fosthiazates 75% EC, Ethoprophos N40% EC and Fenamiphos 40% EC). Our data obtained four nematicides were more effectiveness than other treatments in reduced galls and egg masses of M. incognita. Whilst, humic and salicylic acids have remarkably higher nematicidal activity than L. usitatissimum in all lines of pepper. Therefore, plant extract and organic acids may be used a best alternative of nematicides to control PPNs and caused the longitudinal growth of plant. Also, ultimately reduce environmental risk from nematicide pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Eldeeb
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Gh. Farag
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Muhammad S. Al-Harbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosny Kesba
- Zoology and Agricultural Nematology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Samy Sayed
- Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, B.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E. Elesawy
- Department of Project Management and Sustainable Development, Arid Land Agriculture Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab, 21934 Alexandaria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Hendawi
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Elsayed M. Mostafa
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A.A. Aioub
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Goode K, Mitchum MG. Pattern-triggered immunity against root-knot nematode infection: A minireview. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13680. [PMID: 35362104 PMCID: PMC9322311 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is the basal level of defense a plant has against pathogens. In the case of root-knot nematodes (RKN), PTI relies on the recognition of nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs) for activation. Nematodes have successfully overcome PTI many times by evolving effector proteins to combat PTI responses. As a result, much study has focused on effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of PTI against RKN. A new interest in understanding PTI in response to RKN infection shows that understanding the basal defense responses RKN have overcome provides critical insight into what mechanisms the effectors have evolved to target in the host plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Goode
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Melissa G. Mitchum
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kamali S, Javadmanesh A, Stelinski LL, Kyndt T, Seifi A, Cheniany M, Zaki-Aghl M, Hosseini M, Heydarpour M, Asili J, Karimi J. Beneficial worm allies warn plants of parasite attack below-ground and reduce above-ground herbivore preference and performance. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:691-712. [PMID: 34706125 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antagonistic interactions among different functional guilds of nematodes have been recognized for quite some time, but the underlying explanatory mechanisms are unclear. We investigated responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to two functional guilds of nematodes-plant parasite (Meloidogyne javanica) and entomopathogens (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema feltiae below-ground, and S. carpocapsae)-as well as a leaf mining insect (Tuta absoluta) above-ground. Our results indicate that entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs): (1) reduced root knot nematode (RKN) infestation below-ground, (2) reduced herbivore (T. absoluta) host preference and performance above-ground, and (3) induced overlapping plant defence responses by rapidly activating polyphenol oxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activity in roots, but simultaneously suppressing this activity in above-ground tissues. Concurrently, we investigated potential plant signalling mechanisms underlying these interactions using transcriptome analyses. We found that both entomopathogens and plant parasites triggered immune responses in plant roots with shared gene expression. Secondary metabolite transcripts induced in response to the two nematode functional guilds were generally overlapping and showed an analogous profile of regulation. Likewise, we show that EPNs modulate plant defence against RKN invasion, in part, by suppressing active expression of antioxidant enzymes. Inoculations of roots with EPN triggered an immune response in tomato via upregulated phenylpropanoid metabolism and synthesis of protease inhibitors in plant tissues, which may explain decreased egg laying and developmental performance exhibited by herbivores on EPN-inoculated plants. Furthermore, changes induced in the volatile organic compound-related transcriptome indicated that M. javanica and/or S. carpocapsae inoculation of plants triggered both direct and indirect defences. Our results support the hypothesis that plants "mistake" subterranean EPNs for parasites, and these otherwise beneficial worms activate a battery of plant defences associated with systemic acquired resistance and/or induced systemic resistance with concomitant antagonistic effects on temporally co-occurring subterranean plant pathogenic nematodes and terrestrial herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Kamali
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Javadmanesh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alireza Seifi
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Monireh Cheniany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zaki-Aghl
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahyar Heydarpour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Javad Asili
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Karimi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chopra D, Hasan MS, Matera C, Chitambo O, Mendy B, Mahlitz SV, Naz AA, Szumski S, Janakowski S, Sobczak M, Mithöfer A, Kyndt T, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Plant parasitic cyst nematodes redirect host indole metabolism via NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS to promote infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:318-331. [PMID: 34133755 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in response to infections often activate immune responses in eukaryotes including plants. In plants, ROS are primarily produced by plasma membrane-bound NADPH oxidases called respiratory burst oxidase homologue (Rboh). Surprisingly, Rbohs can also promote the infection of plants by certain pathogens, including plant parasitic cyst nematodes. The Arabidopsis genome contains 10 Rboh genes (RbohA-RbohJ). Previously, we showed that cyst nematode infection causes a localised ROS burst in roots, mediated primarily by RbohD and RbohF. We also found that plants deficient in RbohD and RbohF (rbohD/F) exhibit strongly decreased susceptibility to cyst nematodes, suggesting that Rboh-mediated ROS plays a role in promoting infection. However, little information is known of the mechanism by which Rbohs promote cyst nematode infection. Here, using detailed genetic and biochemical analyses, we identified WALLS ARE THIN1 (WAT1), an auxin transporter, as a downstream target of Rboh-mediated ROS during parasitic infections. We found that WAT1 is required to modulate the host's indole metabolism, including indole-3-acetic acid levels, in infected cells and that this reprogramming is necessary for successful establishment of the parasite. In conclusion, this work clarifies a unique mechanism that enables cyst nematodes to use the host's ROS for their own benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divykriti Chopra
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - M Shamim Hasan
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Christiane Matera
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Oliver Chitambo
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Badou Mendy
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Sina-Valerie Mahlitz
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Ali Ahmad Naz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Shelly Szumski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Slawomir Janakowski
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, PL-02-787, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, PL-02-787, Poland
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department Biotechnology, Research Group Epigenetics & Defence, Coupure links 653, Gent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nardi S, Schiavon M, Francioso O. Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Humic Substances Define Their Role as Plant Growth Promoters. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082256. [PMID: 33924700 PMCID: PMC8070081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humic substances (HS) are dominant components of soil organic matter and are recognized as natural, effective growth promoters to be used in sustainable agriculture. In recent years, many efforts have been made to get insights on the relationship between HS chemical structure and their biological activity in plants using combinatory approaches. Relevant results highlight the existence of key functional groups in HS that might trigger positive local and systemic physiological responses via a complex network of hormone-like signaling pathways. The biological activity of HS finely relies on their dosage, origin, molecular size, degree of hydrophobicity and aromaticity, and spatial distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. The molecular size of HS also impacts their mode of action in plants, as low molecular size HS can enter the root cells and directly elicit intracellular signals, while high molecular size HS bind to external cell receptors to induce molecular responses. Main targets of HS in plants are nutrient transporters, plasma membrane H+-ATPases, hormone routes, genes/enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation, cell division, and development. This review aims to give a detailed survey of the mechanisms associated to the growth regulatory functions of HS in view of their use in sustainable technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serenella Nardi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, Università degli Studi di Padova, V.le dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Michela Schiavon
- Department of di of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2 (già Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44), 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ornella Francioso
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen J, Li Z, Lin B, Liao J, Zhuo K. A Meloidogyne graminicola Pectate Lyase Is Involved in Virulence and Activation of Host Defense Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651627. [PMID: 33868351 PMCID: PMC8044864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete an array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes to overcome the physical barrier formed by the plant cell wall. Here, we describe a novel pectate lyase gene Mg-PEL1 from M. graminicola. Quantitative real-time PCR assay showed that the highest transcriptional expression level of Mg-PEL1 occurred in pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles, and it was still detected during the early parasitic stage. Using in situ hybridization, we showed that Mg-PEL1 was expressed exclusively within the subventral esophageal gland cells of M. graminicola. The yeast signal sequence trap system revealed that it possessed an N-terminal signal peptide with secretion function. Recombinant Mg-PEL1 exhibited hydrolytic activity toward polygalacturonic acid. Rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting Mg-PEL1 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that the cell wall localization of Mg-PEL1 was required for the activation of plant defense responses, including programmed plant cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and expression of defense-related genes. Taken together, our results indicated that Mg-PEL1 could enhance the pathogenicity of M. graminicola and induce plant immune responses during nematode invasion into plants or migration in plants. This provides a new insight into the function of pectate lyases in plants-nematodes interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Q, Yan Q, Yuan X, Lin Y, Chen J, Wu R, Xue C, Zhu Y, Chen X. Two polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (VrPGIP) of Vigna radiata confer resistance to bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 258-259:153376. [PMID: 33571892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.) are destructive storage pests of mung beans (Vigna radiata). Bruchids infest mature seeds during storage and in the field causing heavy losses. Bruchid resistance in mung bean has been characterized as a dominant trait controlled by a single gene. Several independent mapping studies showed that the Br locus on chromosome 5 was a key quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in bruchid resistance. Two polygalacturonase-inhibitor protein (PGIP) family genes, VrPGIP1 and VrPGIP2, located in the Br locus may be the primary genes responsible for bruchid resistance in mung bean but no experimental proof is available. We isolated the VrPGIP1 and VrPGIP2 genes from bruchid resistant mung bean cultivar V2802 and purified the proteins by prokaryotic expression. Both VrPGIP1 and VrPGIP2 had polygalacturonase inhibitor activity and both of the PGIP proteins conferred resistance to bruchids in an artificial seed test system. VrPGIPs can inhibit the enzyme activity of polygalacturonase present in males, females and fourth instar larvae of C. maculatus. These results demonstrated that VrPGIP1 and VrPGIP2 play a critical role in bruchid resistance probably through inhibiting polygalacturonase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinxue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210095, China; Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Jingbin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Ranran Wu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Chenchen Xue
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Desmedt W, Mangelinckx S, Kyndt T, Vanholme B. A Phytochemical Perspective on Plant Defense Against Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:602079. [PMID: 33281858 PMCID: PMC7691236 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Given the large yield losses attributed to plant-parasitic nematodes and the limited availability of sustainable control strategies, new plant-parasitic nematode control strategies are urgently needed. To defend themselves against nematode attack, plants possess sophisticated multi-layered immune systems. One element of plant immunity against nematodes is the production of small molecules with anti-nematode activity, either constitutively or after nematode infection. This review provides an overview of such metabolites that have been identified to date and groups them by chemical class (e.g., terpenoids, flavonoids, glucosinolates, etc.). Furthermore, this review discusses strategies that have been used to identify such metabolites and highlights the ways in which studying anti-nematode metabolites might be of use to agriculture and crop protection. Particular attention is given to emerging, high-throughput approaches for the identification of anti-nematode metabolites, in particular the use of untargeted metabolomics techniques based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem Desmedt
- Research Group Epigenetics and Defense, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Research Group Synthesis, Bioresources and Bioorganic Chemistry (SynBioC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Research Group Epigenetics and Defense, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Morales-Borrell D, González-Fernández N, Mora-González N, Pérez-Heredia C, Campal-Espinosa A, Bover-Fuentes E, Salazar-Gómez E, Morales-Espinosa Y. Design of a culture medium for optimal growth of the bacterium Pseudoxanthomonas indica H32 allowing its production as biopesticide and biofertilizer. AMB Express 2020; 10:190. [PMID: 33095435 PMCID: PMC7584722 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture medium composition is one of the most important parameters to analyze in biotechnological processes with industrial purposes. The aim of this study was to design of a culture medium for optimal growth of the bacterium Pseudoxanthomonas indica H32 allowing its production as biopesticide and biofertilizer. The influence of several carbon and nitrogen sources and their molar ratios on P. indica H32 growth was investigated. The effect of different micronutrients such as mineral salts and vitamin on P. indica H32 growth was determined as well. A mixture design based on Design-Expert 10.0 Software was performed to optimize the culture medium concentration. Finally, in the designed medium, an attribute of the biological mechanism of action of the P. indica H32 against nematodes, was evaluated: the hydrogen sulfide production. It was found that tested carbon/nitrogen ratios were not a significant influence on P. indica H32 growth. Growth of P. indica H32 was favored with use of sucrose, yeast extract and phosphate buffer without the addition of any tested micronutrients. An optimal concentration of 10 g/L sucrose and 5 g/L yeast extract were obtained at a cost of 0.10 $/L. In this concentration, the specific growth rate (µ) and maximal optical density (Xmax) were equal to 0.439 h− 1 and 8.00 respectively. It was evidenced that under the culture conditions used, P. indica H32 produced hydrogen sulfide. The designed medium led to a 1.08 $/L reduction of costs in comparison to LB medium. These results were critical to carry on with biotechnological development of P. indica H32 as a bioproduct.
Collapse
|
21
|
Favery B, Dubreuil G, Chen MS, Giron D, Abad P. Gall-Inducing Parasites: Convergent and Conserved Strategies of Plant Manipulation by Insects and Nematodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:1-22. [PMID: 32853101 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gall-inducing insects and nematodes engage in sophisticated interactions with their host plants. These parasites can induce major morphological and physiological changes in host roots, leaves, and other tissues. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, root-knot and cyst nematodes in particular, as well as gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, manipulate plant development to form unique organs that provide them with food from feeding cells. Sometimes, infected tissues may undergo a developmental switch resulting in the formation of aberrant and spectacular structures (clubs or galls). We describe here the complex interactions between these plant-reprogramming sedentary endoparasites and their infected hosts, focusing on similarities between strategies of plant manipulation. We highlight progress in our understanding of the host plant response to infection and focus on the nematode and insect molecules secreted in planta. We suggest thatlooking at similarities may identify convergent and conserved strategies and shed light on the promise they hold for the development of new management strategies in agriculture and forestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Favery
- INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, ISA, F-06600 Sophia-Antipolis, France;
| | - Géraldine Dubreuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS, Université de Tours, UMR 7261, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- USDA-ARS and Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS, Université de Tours, UMR 7261, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, ISA, F-06600 Sophia-Antipolis, France;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wixom AQ, Casavant NC, Sonnen TJ, Kuhl JC, Xiao F, Dandurand LM, Caplan AB. Initial responses of the trap-crop, Solanum sisymbriifolium, to Globodera pallida invasions. THE PLANT GENOME 2020; 13:e20016. [PMID: 33016605 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many researchers today are looking for mechanisms underlying plant defenses against nematodes by identifying differentially expressed genes in domesticated hosts. In order to provide a different perspective, we analyzed the root transcriptome of an undomesticated non-host species, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamark (SSI) before and after Globodera pallida infection. Utilizing RNAseq analyses, we identified changes in the expression of 277 transcripts. Many of these genes were not annotated; however, the annotated set included peroxidases, reactive oxygen species-producing proteins, and regulators of cell death. Importantly, 60% of the nematode-responsive genes did not respond to physical damage to root tissues, or to exogenous treatments with either salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate. Based on this, we speculate that the majority of changes in SSI gene expression were promoted by either nematode effectors, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), or by exposure to untested endogenous signaling molecules such as ethylene, or by exposure to multiple stimuli. This study incorporates our findings into a model that accounts for part of this plant's unusual resistance to nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Q Wixom
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2333, USA
| | - N Carol Casavant
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2333, USA
| | | | - Joseph C Kuhl
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2333, USA
| | - Fangming Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2333, USA
| | - Louise-Marie Dandurand
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2329, USA
| | - Allan B Caplan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2333, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Haeger W, Henning J, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y, Kirsch R. Direct evidence for a new mode of plant defense against insects via a novel polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein expression strategy. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11833-11844. [PMID: 32611768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall-associated polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They play a crucial role in plant defense against phytopathogens by inhibiting microbial polygalacturonases (PGs). PGs hydrolyze the cell wall polysaccharide pectin and are among the first enzymes to be secreted during plant infection. Recent studies demonstrated that herbivorous insects express their own PG multi-gene families, raising the question whether PGIPs also inhibit insect PGs and protect plants from herbivores. Preliminary evidence suggested that PGIPs may negatively influence larval growth of the leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and identified BrPGIP3 from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) as a candidate. PGIPs are predominantly studied in planta because their heterologous expression in microbial systems is problematic and instability and aggregation of recombinant PGIPs has complicated in vitro inhibition assays. To minimize aggregate formation, we heterologously expressed BrPGIP3 fused to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor, immobilizing it on the extracellular surface of insect cells. We demonstrated that BrPGIP3_GPI inhibited several P. cochleariae PGs in vitro, providing the first direct evidence of an interaction between a plant PGIP and an animal PG. Thus, plant PGIPs not only confer resistance against phytopathogens, but may also aid in defense against herbivorous beetles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Haeger
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Henning
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo W, Chen JS, Zhang F, Li ZY, Chen HF, Zhang CJ, Chen LM, Yuan SL, Li R, Cao D, Hao QN, Chen SL, Shan ZH, Yang ZL, Zhang XJ, Qiu DZ, You QB, Dai WJ, Zhou XA, Shen XJ, Jiao YQ. Characterization of Pingliang xiaoheidou (ZDD 11047), a soybean variety with resistance to soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:253-267. [PMID: 32152894 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A novel QTL (qSCN-PL10) for SCN resistance and related candidate genes were identified in the soybean variety Pingliang xiaoheidou, and plant basal immunity seems to contribute to the SCN resistance. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most devastating soybean pests worldwide. The development of host plant resistance represents an effective strategy to control SCN. However, owing to the lack of diversity of resistance genes in soybean varieties, further investigation is necessary to identify new SCN resistance genes. By analyzing the resistance phenotypes of soybean variety Pingliang xiaoheidou (Pingliang, ZDD 11047), we found that it exhibited the different resistance phenotypes from PI 88788 and Peking varieties. Because Pingliang variety contains the Rhg1-a (low copy) haplotype and lacks the resistant Rhg4 haplotype, novel quantitative trait locus might account for their SCN resistance. After sequencing parental lines (Magellan and Pingliang) and 200 F2:3 progenies, a high-density genetic map was constructed using the specific length amplified fragment sequencing method and qSCN-PL10 was identified as a novel locus for SCN resistance. Candidate genes were predicted by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the qSCN-PL10 locus region. The RNA-seq analysis performed also indicated that plant basal immunity plays an important role in the resistance of Pingliang to SCN. These results lay a foundation for the use of marker-assisted breeding to enhance the resistance to SCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
| | - Jing S Chen
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, 163316, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Ze Y Li
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, 163316, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hai F Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Chan J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Li M Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Song L Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Qing N Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Shui L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi H Shan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong L Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - De Z Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Qing B You
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Wen J Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xin A Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xin J Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
| | - Yong Q Jiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Anjam MS, Shah SJ, Matera C, Różańska E, Sobczak M, Siddique S, Grundler FMW. Host factors influence the sex of nematodes parasitizing roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1160-1174. [PMID: 32103526 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes induce hypermetabolic syncytial nurse cells in the roots of their host plants. Syncytia are their only food source. Cyst nematodes are sexually dimorphic, with their differentiation into male or female strongly influenced by host environmental conditions. Under favourable conditions with plenty of nutrients, more females develop, whereas mainly male nematodes develop under adverse conditions such as in resistant plants. Here, we developed and validated a method to predict the sex of beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) during the early stages of its parasitism in the host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We collected root segments containing male-associated syncytia (MAS) or female-associated syncytia (FAS), isolated syncytial cells by laser microdissection, and performed a comparative transcriptome analysis. Genes belonging to categories of defence, nutrient deficiency, and nutrient starvation were over-represented in MAS as compared with FAS. Conversely, gene categories related to metabolism, modification, and biosynthesis of cell walls were over-represented in FAS. We used β-glucuronidase analysis, qRT-PCR, and loss-of-function mutants to characterize FAS- and MAS-specific candidate genes. Our results demonstrate that various plant-based factors, including immune response, nutrient availability, and structural modifications, influence the sexual fate of the cyst nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Syed Jehangir Shah
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Matera
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kirsch R, Vurmaz E, Schaefer C, Eberl F, Sporer T, Haeger W, Pauchet Y. Plants use identical inhibitors to protect their cell wall pectin against microbes and insects. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3814-3824. [PMID: 32313638 PMCID: PMC7160172 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As fundamentally different as phytopathogenic microbes and herbivorous insects are, they enjoy plant-based diets. Hence, they encounter similar challenges to acquire nutrients. Both microbes and beetles possess polygalacturonases (PGs) that hydrolyze the plant cell wall polysaccharide pectin. Countering these threats, plant proteins inhibit PGs of microbes, thereby lowering their infection rate. Whether PG-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) play a role in defense against herbivorous beetles is unknown. To investigate the significance of PGIPs in insect-plant interactions, feeding assays with the leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae on Arabidopsis thaliana pgip mutants were performed. Fitness was increased when larvae were fed on mutant plants compared to wild-type plants. Moreover, PG activity was higher, although PG genes were downregulated in larvae fed on PGIP-deficient plants, strongly suggesting that PGIPs impair PG activity. As low PG activity resulted in delayed larval growth, our data provide the first in vivo correlative evidence that PGIPs act as defense against insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Esma Vurmaz
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Carolin Schaefer
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Franziska Eberl
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Theresa Sporer
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in InsectsMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Wiebke Haeger
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Topalović O, Hussain M, Heuer H. Plants and Associated Soil Microbiota Cooperatively Suppress Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32184773 PMCID: PMC7058703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease suppressive soils with specific suppression of soil-borne pathogens and parasites have been long studied and are most often of microbiological origin. As for the plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), which represent a huge threat to agricultural crops and which successfully defy many conventional control methods, soil progression from conducive to suppressive state is accompanied by the enrichment of specific antagonistic microbial consortia. However, a few microbial groups have come to the fore in diminishing PPN in disease suppressive soils using culture-dependent methods. Studies with cultured strains resulted in understanding the mechanisms by which nematodes are antagonized by microorganisms. Recent culture-independent studies on the microbiome associated with soil, plant roots, and PPN contributed to a better understanding of the functional potential of disease suppressive microbial cohort. Plant root exudation is an important pathway determining host-microbe communication and plays a key role in selection and enrichment of a specific set of microbial antagonists in the rhizosphere as first line of defense against crop pathogens or parasites. Root exudates comprising primary metabolites such as amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and secondary metabolites can also cause modifications in the nematode surface and subsequently affect microbial attachment. A positive interaction between hosts and their beneficial root microbiota is correlated with a low nematode performance on the host. In this review, we first summarized the historical records of nematode-suppressive soils and then focused on more recent studies in this aspect, emphasizing the advances in studying nematode-microbe interactions over time. We highlighted nematode biocontrol mechanisms, especially parasitism, induced systemic resistance, and volatile organic compounds using microbial consortia, or bacterial strains of the genera Pasteuria, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, and Variovorax, or fungal isolates of Pochonia, Dactylella, Nematophthora, Purpureocillium, Trichoderma, Hirsutella, Arthrobotrys, and Mortierella. We discussed the importance of root exudates in plant communication with PPN and soil microorganisms, emphasizing their role in microbial attachment to the nematode surface and subsequent events of nematode parasitism. Comprehensive understanding of the plant-beneficial microbial consortia and the mechanisms underlying disease suppression may help to develop synthetic microbial communities for biocontrol of PPN, thereby reducing nematicides and fertilizers inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Topalović
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, China
| | - Holger Heuer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Topalović O, Bredenbruch S, Schleker ASS, Heuer H. Microbes Attaching to Endoparasitic Phytonematodes in Soil Trigger Plant Defense Upon Root Penetration by the Nematode. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:138. [PMID: 32161610 PMCID: PMC7052486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are among the most aggressive phytonematodes. While moving through soil to reach the roots of their host, specific microbes attach to the cuticle of the infective second-stage juveniles (J2). Reportedly, the attached microorganisms affect nematodes and reduce their performance on the host plants. We have previously shown that some non-parasitic bacterial strains isolated from the cuticle of Meloidogyne hapla in different soils affected J2 mortality, motility, hatching, and root invasion. Here we tested whether cuticle-attached microbes trigger plant defenses upon penetration of J2. In in vitro assays, M. hapla J2-attached microbes from a suppressive soil induced pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in tomato roots. All tested PTI-responsive defense genes were upregulated after root invasion of J2 with attached microbes, compared to surface-sterilized J2, particularly the jasmonic acid-mediated PTI marker genes TFT1 and GRAS4.1. The strain Microbacterium sp. K6, that was isolated from the cuticle, significantly reduced root invasion when attached to the J2. Attached K6 cells supported plant defense and counteracted suppression of plant basal defense in roots by invaded J2. The plant response to the J2-attached K6 cells was stronger in leaves than in roots, and it increased from 1 to 3 days post inoculation (dpi). At 1 dpi, the plant responded to J2-attached K6 cells by ameliorating the J2-triggered down-regulation of defense genes mostly in roots, while at 3 dpi this response was systemic and more pronounced in leaves. In a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, the compounds released from J2 with attached K6 cells triggered a stronger ROS burst in tomato roots than the compounds from nematodes without K6, or the metabolites released from strain K6 alone. Leaves showed a 100 times more sensitive response than roots, and the metabolites of K6 with or without J2 induced strong ROS bursts. In conclusion, our results suggest the importance of microorganisms that attach to M. hapla in suppressive soil, inducing early basal defenses in plants and suppressing nematode performance in roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Topalović
- Department of Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandra Bredenbruch
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES—Molecular Phytomedicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Sylvia S. Schleker
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES—Molecular Phytomedicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Heuer
- Department of Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu T, Peng C, Li B, Wu W, Kong L, Li F, Chu Z, Liu F, Ding X. OsPGIP1-Mediated Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak in Rice is Beyond Responsive to the Polygalacturonase of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:90. [PMID: 31832906 PMCID: PMC6908543 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) have been shown to recognize fungal polygalacturonases (PGs), which initiate innate immunity in various plant species. Notably, the connection between rice OsPGIPs and PGs in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), which causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS), remains unclear. Here, we show that OsPGIP1 was strongly induced after inoculating rice with the Xoc strain RS105. Furthermore, OsPGIP1-overexpressing (OV) and RNA interference (RNAi) rice lines increased and decreased, respectively, the resistance of rice to RS105, indicating that OsPGIP1 contributes to BLS resistance. Subsequently, we generated the unique PG mutant RS105Δpg, the virulence of which is attenuated compared to that of RS105. Surprisingly, the lesion lengths caused by RS105Δpg were similar to those caused by RS105 in the OV lines compared with wild-type ZH11 with reduced Xoc susceptibility. However, the lesion lengths caused by RS105Δpg were still significantly shorter in the OV lines than in ZH11, implying that OsPGIP1-mediated BLS resistance could respond to other virulence factors in addition to PGs. To explore the OsPGIP1-mediated resistance, RNA-seq analysis were performed and showed that many plant cell wall-associated genes and several MYB transcription factor genes were specifically expressed or more highly induced in the OV lines compared to ZH11 postinoculation with RS105. Consistent with the expression of the differentially expressed genes, the OV plants accumulated a higher content of jasmonic acid (JA) than ZH11 postinoculation with RS105, suggesting that the OsPGIP1-mediated resistance to BLS is mainly dependent on the plant cell wall-associated immunity and the JA signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chune Peng
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Beibei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Lingguang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops Research Institute, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Holbein J, Franke RB, Marhavý P, Fujita S, Górecka M, Sobczak M, Geldner N, Schreiber L, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Root endodermal barrier system contributes to defence against plant-parasitic cyst and root-knot nematodes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:221-236. [PMID: 31322300 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause tremendous yield losses worldwide in almost all economically important crops. The agriculturally most important PPNs belong to a small group of root-infecting sedentary endoparasites that includes cyst and root-knot nematodes. Both cyst and root-knot nematodes induce specialized long-term feeding structures in root vasculature from which they obtain their nutrients. A specialized cell layer in roots called the endodermis, which has cell walls reinforced with suberin deposits and a lignin-based Casparian strip (CS), protects the vascular cylinder against abiotic and biotic threats. To date, the role of the endodermis, and especially of suberin and the CS, during plant-nematode interactions was largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the role of suberin and CS during interaction between Arabidopsis plants and two sedentary root-parasitic nematode species, the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. We found that nematode infection damages the endodermis leading to the activation of suberin biosynthesis genes at nematode infection sites. Although feeding sites induced by both cyst and root-knot nematodes are surrounded by endodermis during early stages of infection, the endodermis is degraded during later stages of feeding site development, indicating periderm formation or ectopic suberization of adjacent tissue. Chemical suberin analysis showed a characteristic suberin composition resembling peridermal suberin in nematode-infected tissue. Notably, infection assays using Arabidopsis lines with CS defects and impaired compensatory suberization, revealed that the CS and suberization impact nematode infectivity and feeding site size. Taken together, our work establishes the role of the endodermal barrier system in defence against a soil-borne pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holbein
- INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rochus B Franke
- IZMB - Ecophysiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Marhavý
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mirosława Górecka
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- IZMB - Ecophysiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Pinus densiflora Following Inoculation with Pathogenic (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) or Non-pathogenic Nematodes (B. thailandae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:12180. [PMID: 31434977 PMCID: PMC6704138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinus densiflora (Korean red pine) is a species of evergreen conifer that is distributed in Korea, Japan, and China, and of economic, scientific, and ecological importance. Korean red pines suffer from pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode (PWN). To facilitate diagnosis and prevention of PWD, studies have been conducted on the PWN and its beetle vectors. However, transcriptional responses of P. densiflora to PWN have received less attention. Here, we inoculated Korean red pines with pathogenic B. xylophilus, or non-pathogenic B. thailandae, and collected cambium layers 4 weeks after inoculation for RNA sequencing analysis. We obtained 72,864 unigenes with an average length of 869 bp (N50 = 1,403) from a Trinity assembly, and identified 991 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Biological processes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, oxidation–reduction, and plant-type hypersensitive response were significantly enriched in DEGs found in trees inoculated with B. xylophilus. Several transcription factor families were found to be involved in the response to B. xylophilus inoculation. Our study provides the first evidence of transcriptomic differences in Korean red pines inoculated with B. xylophilus and B. thailandae, and might facilitate early diagnosis of PWD and selection of PWD-tolerant Korean red pines.
Collapse
|
32
|
Marhavý P, Kurenda A, Siddique S, Dénervaud Tendon V, Zhou F, Holbein J, Hasan MS, Grundler FM, Farmer EE, Geldner N. Single-cell damage elicits regional, nematode-restricting ethylene responses in roots. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100972. [PMID: 31061171 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to cellular damage by mechanical stresses, herbivore feeding, or invading microbes. Primary wound responses are communicated to neighboring and distal tissues by mobile signals. In leaves, crushing of large cell populations activates a long-distance signal, causing jasmonate production in distal organs. This is mediated by a cation channel-mediated depolarization wave and is associated with cytosolic Ca2+ transient currents. Here, we report that much more restricted, single-cell wounding in roots by laser ablation elicits non-systemic, regional surface potential changes, calcium waves, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Surprisingly, laser ablation does not induce a robust jasmonate response, but regionally activates ethylene production and ethylene-response markers. This ethylene activation depends on calcium channel activities distinct from those in leaves, as well as a specific set of NADPH oxidases. Intriguingly, nematode attack elicits very similar responses, including membrane depolarization and regional upregulation of ethylene markers. Moreover, ethylene signaling antagonizes nematode feeding, delaying initial syncytial-phase establishment. Regional signals caused by single-cell wounding thus appear to constitute a relevant root immune response against small invaders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Marhavý
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Kurenda
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Valerie Dénervaud Tendon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Holbein
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Shamim Hasan
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Mw Grundler
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Calderan-Rodrigues MJ, Guimarães Fonseca J, de Moraes FE, Vaz Setem L, Carmanhanis Begossi A, Labate CA. Plant Cell Wall Proteomics: A Focus on Monocot Species, Brachypodium distachyon, Saccharum spp. and Oryza sativa. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1975. [PMID: 31018495 PMCID: PMC6514655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls mostly comprise polysaccharides and proteins. The composition of monocots' primary cell walls differs from that of dicots walls with respect to the type of hemicelluloses, the reduction of pectin abundance and the presence of aromatic molecules. Cell wall proteins (CWPs) differ among plant species, and their distribution within functional classes varies according to cell types, organs, developmental stages and/or environmental conditions. In this review, we go deeper into the findings of cell wall proteomics in monocot species and make a comparative analysis of the CWPs identified, considering their predicted functions, the organs analyzed, the plant developmental stage and their possible use as targets for biofuel production. Arabidopsis thaliana CWPs were considered as a reference to allow comparisons among different monocots, i.e., Brachypodium distachyon, Saccharum spp. and Oryza sativa. Altogether, 1159 CWPs have been acknowledged, and specificities and similarities are discussed. In particular, a search for A. thaliana homologs of CWPs identified so far in monocots allows the definition of monocot CWPs characteristics. Finally, the analysis of monocot CWPs appears to be a powerful tool for identifying candidate proteins of interest for tailoring cell walls to increase biomass yield of transformation for second-generation biofuels production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Juliana Calderan-Rodrigues
- Department of Genetics, Max Feffer Laboratory of Plant Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, CP 83, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Guimarães Fonseca
- Department of Genetics, Max Feffer Laboratory of Plant Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, CP 83, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Edgar de Moraes
- Department of Genetics, Max Feffer Laboratory of Plant Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, CP 83, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Laís Vaz Setem
- Department of Genetics, Max Feffer Laboratory of Plant Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, CP 83, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Carmanhanis Begossi
- Department of Genetics, Max Feffer Laboratory of Plant Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, CP 83, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Department of Genetics, Max Feffer Laboratory of Plant Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, CP 83, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tsai AYL, Higaki T, Nguyen CN, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Favery B, Sawa S. Regulation of Root-Knot Nematode Behavior by Seed-Coat Mucilage-Derived Attractants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:99-112. [PMID: 30503864 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed exudates influence the behavior of soil organisms, but how this occurs remains unclear, particularly for multicellular animals. Here we show that compounds associated with Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage regulate the behavior of soil-borne animals, specifically root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Infective RKN J2 larvae actively travel toward Arabidopsis seeds through chemotaxis. Analysis of Arabidopsis mucilage mutants demonstrated that the attraction of RKNs to Arabidopsis seeds requires the synthesis and extrusion of seed-coat mucilage. Extracted mucilage alone is not sufficient to attract RKNs, but seed-surface carbohydrates and proteins are required for this process. These findings suggest that the RKN chemoattractant is synthesized de novo upon mucilage extrusion but may be highly unstable. RKNs attracted by this mucilage-dependent mechanism can infect the emerging seedling. However, the attraction signal from seedling roots likely acts independently of the seed-coat signal and may mask the attraction to seed-coat mucilage after germination. Multiple RKN species are attracted by Arabidopsis seeds, suggesting that this mechanism is conserved in RKNs. These findings indicate that seed exudate can regulate the behavior of multicellular animals and highlight the potential roles of seed-coat mucilage in biotic interactions with soil microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Chinh-Nghia Nguyen
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sato K, Kadota Y, Shirasu K. Plant Immune Responses to Parasitic Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1165. [PMID: 31616453 PMCID: PMC6775239 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), such as root-knot nematodes (RKNs) and cyst nematodes (CNs), are among the most devastating pests in agriculture. RKNs and CNs induce redifferentiation of root cells into feeding cells, which provide water and nutrients to these nematodes. Plants trigger immune responses to PPN infection by recognizing PPN invasion through several different but complementary systems. Plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) sderived from PPNs by cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Plants can also recognize tissue and cellular damage caused by invasion or migration of PPNs through PRR-based recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Resistant plants have the added ability to recognize PPN effectors via intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-type immune receptors, leading to NLR-triggered immunity. Some PRRs may also recognize apoplastic PPN effectors and induce PTI. Plant immune responses against PPNs include the secretion of anti-nematode enzymes, the production of anti-nematode compounds, cell wall reinforcement, production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and hypersensitive response-mediated cell death. In this review, we summarize the recognition mechanisms for PPN infection and what is known about PPN-induced immune responses in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yasuhiro Kadota, ; Ken Shirasu,
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yasuhiro Kadota, ; Ken Shirasu,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chinnapandi B, Bucki P, Fitoussi N, Kolomiets M, Borrego E, Braun Miyara S. Tomato SlWRKY3 acts as a positive regulator for resistance against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by activating lipids and hormone-mediated defense-signaling pathways. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1601951. [PMID: 31010365 PMCID: PMC6546140 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1601951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by plant-parasitic nematodes in vegetables, among them Meloidogyne spp. root-knot nematodes (RKNs), lead to extensive yield decline. A molecular understanding of the mechanisms underlying plants' innate resistance may enable developing safe alternatives to harmful chemical nematicides in controlling RKNs. A tight relationship has been revealed between the WRKY transcription factors and RKN parasitism on tomato roots. We investigated the function role of tomato SlWRK3 and SlWRKY35 in regulating nematode disease development. Using promoter-GUS reporter gene fusions, we show that both SlWRKY3 and SlWRKY35 are induced within 5 days of infection and through feeding-site development and gall maturation, with a much stronger response of the former vs. the latter to nematode infection. Histological analysis of nematode-feeding sites indicated a high expression of SlWRKY3 in developing and mature feeding cells and associated vasculature cells, whereas SlWRKY35 expression was only observed in mature feeding sites. Both SlWRKY3 and SlWRKY35 promoters were induced by the defense phytohormones salicylic acid and indole-3-butyric acid, with no response to either jasmonic acid or methyl jasmonate. SlWRKY3 overexpression resulted in lower infection of the RKN Meloidogyne javanica, whereas knocking down SlWRKY3 resulted in increased infection. Phytohormone and oxylipin profiles determined by LC-MS/MS showed that the enhanced resistance in the former is coupled with an increased accumulation of defense molecules from the shikimate and oxylipin pathways. Our results pinpoint SlWRKY3 as a positive regulator of induced resistance in response to nematode invasion and infection, mostly during the early stages of nematode infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharathiraja Chinnapandi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, the Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Eli Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Sigal Braun Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- CONTACT Sigal Braun Miyara Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Muzammil S, Shrestha A, Dadshani S, Pillen K, Siddique S, Léon J, Naz AA. An Ancestral Allele of Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase1 Promotes Proline Accumulation and Drought Adaptation in Cultivated Barley. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:771-782. [PMID: 30131422 PMCID: PMC6181029 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is a critical threat to global crop production. Here, we used the natural diversity of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to dissect the genetic control of proline (Pro) mediated drought stress adaptation. Genetic mapping and positional cloning of a major drought-inducible quantitative trait locus (QPro.S42-1H) revealed unique allelic variation in pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5cs1) between the cultivated cultivar Scarlett (ssp. vulgare) and the wild barley accession ISR42-8 (ssp. spontaneum). The putative causative mutations were located in the promoter of P5cs1 across the DNA binding motifs for abscisic acid-responsive element binding transcription factors. Introgression line (IL) S42IL-143 carrying the wild allele of P5cs1 showed significant up-regulation of P5cs1 expression compared to Scarlett, which was consistent with variation in Pro accumulation under drought. Next, we transiently expressed promoter::reporter constructs of ISR42-8 and Scarlett alleles in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mesophyll protoplasts. GUS expression analysis showed a significantly higher activation of the ISR42-8 promoter compared to Scarlett upon abscisic acid treatment. Notably, the ISR42-8 promoter activity was impaired in protoplasts isolated from the loss-of-function abf1abf2abf3abf4 quadruple mutant. A series of phenotypic evaluations demonstrated that S42IL-143 maintained leaf water content and photosynthetic activity longer than Scarlett under drought. These findings suggest that the ancestral variant of P5cs1 has the potential for drought tolerance and understanding drought physiology of barley and related crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Muzammil
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Asis Shrestha
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Said Dadshani
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Léon
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ali Ahmad Naz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shi Q, Mao Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Ling J, Lin R, Li D, Kang X, Sun W, Xie B. A Meloidogyne incognita effector MiISE5 suppresses programmed cell death to promote parasitism in host plant. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7256. [PMID: 29740007 PMCID: PMC5940819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are highly specialized parasites that interact with their host plants using a range of strategies. The esophageal glands are the main places where nematodes synthesize effector proteins, which play central roles in successful invasion. The Meloidogyne incognita effector MiISE5 is exclusively expressed within the subventral esophageal cells and is upregulated during early parasitic stages. In this study, we show that MiISE5 can be secreted to barley cells through infectious hyphae of Magnaporthe oryzae. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing MiISE5 became significantly more susceptible to M. incognita. Inversely, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated silence of MiISE5 decreased nematode parasitism. Moreover, transient expression of MiISE5 suppressed cell death caused by Burkholderia glumae in Nicotiana benthamiana. Based on transcriptome analysis of MiISE5 transgenic sample and the wild-type (WT) sample, we obtained 261 DEGs, and the results of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicate that MiISE5 can interfere with various metabolic and signaling pathways, especially the JA signaling pathway, to facilitate nematode parasitism. Results from the present study suggest that MiISE5 plays an important role during the early stages of parasitism and provides evidence to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host immune defense responses by M. incognita.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Denghui Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xincong Kang
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Anwer MA, Anjam MS, Shah SJ, Hasan MS, Naz AA, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Genome-wide association study uncovers a novel QTL allele of AtS40-3 that affects the sex ratio of cyst nematodes in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1805-1814. [PMID: 29378065 PMCID: PMC5889006 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes are obligate sedentary parasites that infect the roots of a broad range of host plants. Cyst nematodes are sexually dimorphic, but differentiation into male or female is strongly influenced by interactions with the host environment. Female populations typically predominate under favorable conditions, whereas male populations predominate under adverse conditions. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in an Arabidopsis diversity panel to identify host loci underlying variation in susceptibility to cyst nematode infection. Three different susceptibility parameters were examined, with the aim of providing insights into the infection process, the number of females and males present in the infected plant, and the female-to-male sex ratio. GWAS results suggested that variation in sex ratio is associated with a novel quantitative trait locus allele on chromosome 4. Subsequent candidate genes and functional analyses revealed that a senescence-associated transcription factor, AtS40-3, and PPR may act in combination to influence nematode sex ratio. A detailed molecular characterization revealed that variation in nematode sex ratio was due to the disturbed common promoter of AtS40-3 and PPR genes. Additionally, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding sequence of AtS40-3 might contribute to the natural variation in nematode sex ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arslan Anwer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Syed Jehangir Shah
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Shamim Hasan
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ali A Naz
- Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Radakovic ZS, Anjam MS, Escobar E, Chopra D, Cabrera J, Silva AC, Escobar C, Sobczak M, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Arabidopsis HIPP27 is a host susceptibility gene for the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1917-1928. [PMID: 29470862 PMCID: PMC6638061 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary plant-parasitic cyst nematodes are obligate biotrophs that infect the roots of their host plant. Their parasitism is based on the modification of root cells to form a hypermetabolic syncytium from which the nematodes draw their nutrients. The aim of this study was to identify nematode susceptibility genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and to characterize their roles in supporting the parasitism of Heterodera schachtii. By selecting genes that were most strongly upregulated in response to cyst nematode infection, we identified HIPP27 (HEAVY METAL-ASSOCIATED ISOPRENYLATED PLANT PROTEIN 27) as a host susceptibility factor required for beet cyst nematode infection and development. Detailed expression analysis revealed that HIPP27 is a cytoplasmic protein and that HIPP27 is strongly expressed in leaves, young roots and nematode-induced syncytia. Loss-of-function Arabidopsis hipp27 mutants exhibited severely reduced susceptibility to H. schachtii and abnormal starch accumulation in syncytial and peridermal plastids. Our results suggest that HIPP27 is a susceptibility gene in Arabidopsis whose loss of function reduces plant susceptibility to cyst nematode infection without increasing the susceptibility to other pathogens or negatively affecting the plant phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran S. Radakovic
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Elizabeth Escobar
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Divykriti Chopra
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Área de Fisiología VegetalAvda, Carlos III, s/n, 45071 ToledoSpain
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Área de Fisiología VegetalAvda, Carlos III, s/n, 45071 ToledoSpain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Área de Fisiología VegetalAvda, Carlos III, s/n, 45071 ToledoSpain
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of BotanyWarsaw University of Life SciencesPL‐02787 WarsawPoland
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| |
Collapse
|