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Srividya N, Kim H, Simone R, Lange BM. Chemical diversity in angiosperms - monoterpene synthases control complex reactions that provide the precursors for ecologically and commercially important monoterpenoids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38565299 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Monoterpene synthases (MTSs) catalyze the first committed step in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids, a class of specialized metabolites with particularly high chemical diversity in angiosperms. In addition to accomplishing a rate enhancement, these enzymes manage the formation and turnover of highly reactive carbocation intermediates formed from a prenyl diphosphate substrate. At each step along the reaction path, a cationic intermediate can be subject to cyclization, migration of a proton, hydride, or alkyl group, or quenching to terminate the sequence. However, enzymatic control of ligand folding, stabilization of specific intermediates, and defined quenching chemistry can maintain the specificity for forming a signature product. This review article will discuss our current understanding of how angiosperm MTSs control the reaction environment. Such knowledge allows inferences about the origin and regulation of chemical diversity, which is pertinent for appreciating the role of monoterpenoids in plant ecology but also for aiding commercial efforts that harness the accumulation of these specialized metabolites for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7411, USA
| | - Hoshin Kim
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Raugei Simone
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Bernd Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7411, USA
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2
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Yang H, Wang C, Zhou G, Zhang Y, He T, Yang L, Wu Y, Wang Z, Tang X, Chen G, Liu Z, Tang H, Zhou H, Kang X, Zhang S, Leng L, Chen S, Song C. A haplotype-resolved gap-free genome assembly provides novel insight into monoterpenoid diversification in Mentha suaveolens 'Variegata'. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae022. [PMID: 38469381 PMCID: PMC10925848 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Mentha is a commonly used spice worldwide, which possesses medicinal properties and fragrance. These characteristics are conferred, at least partially, by essential oils such as menthol. In this study, a gap-free assembly with a genome size of 414.3 Mb and 31,251 coding genes was obtained for Mentha suaveolens 'Variegata'. Based on its high heterozygosity (1.5%), two complete haplotypic assemblies were resolved, with genome sizes of 401.9 and 405.7 Mb, respectively. The telomeres and centromeres of each haplotype were almost fully annotated. In addition, we detected a total of 41,135 structural variations. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis were affected by these structural variations. Analysis of volatile metabolites showed that M. suaveolens mainly produces piperitenone oxide rather than menthol. We identified three genes in the M. suaveolens genome which encode isopiperitenone reductase (ISPR), a key rate-limiting enzyme in menthol biosynthesis. However, the transcription levels of ISPR were low. Given that other terpenoid biosynthesis genes were expressed, M. suaveolens ISPRs may account for the accumulation of piperitenone oxide in this species. The findings of this study may provide a valuable resource for improving the detection rate and accuracy of genetic variants, thereby enhancing our understanding of their impact on gene function and expression. Moreover, our haplotype-resolved gap-free genome assembly offers novel insights into molecular marker-assisted breeding of Mentha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanting Yang
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Can Wang
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Guanru Zhou
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tianxing He
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- Wuhan Benagen Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Ya Wu
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Zhengnan Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Wuhan Benagen Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Huanyu Tang
- Wuhan Benagen Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Hanlin Zhou
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xumei Kang
- Wuhan Benagen Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Sanyin Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Liang Leng
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Chi Song
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Eckert S, Eilers EJ, Jakobs R, Anaia RA, Aragam KS, Bloss T, Popp M, Sasidharan R, Schnitzler JP, Stein F, Steppuhn A, Unsicker SB, van Dam NM, Yepes S, Ziaja D, Müller C. Inter-laboratory comparison of plant volatile analyses in the light of intra-specific chemodiversity. Metabolomics 2023; 19:62. [PMID: 37351733 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessing intraspecific variation in plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) involves pitfalls that may bias biological interpretation, particularly when several laboratories collaborate on joint projects. Comparative, inter-laboratory ring trials can inform on the reproducibility of such analyses. OBJECTIVES In a ring trial involving five laboratories, we investigated the reproducibility of VOC collections with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and analyses by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). As model plant we used Tanacetum vulgare, which shows a remarkable diversity in terpenoids, forming so-called chemotypes. We performed our ring-trial with two chemotypes to examine the sources of technical variation in plant VOC measurements during pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical steps. METHODS Monoclonal root cuttings were generated in one laboratory and distributed to five laboratories, in which plants were grown under laboratory-specific conditions. VOCs were collected on PDMS tubes from all plants before and after a jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. Thereafter, each laboratory (donors) sent a subset of tubes to four of the other laboratories (recipients), which performed TD-GC-MS with their own established procedures. RESULTS Chemotype-specific differences in VOC profiles were detected but with an overall high variation both across donor and recipient laboratories. JA-induced changes in VOC profiles were not reproducible. Laboratory-specific growth conditions led to phenotypic variation that affected the resulting VOC profiles. CONCLUSION Our ring trial shows that despite large efforts to standardise each VOC measurement step, the outcomes differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our results reveal sources of variation in plant VOC research and may help to avoid systematic errors in similar experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Eckert
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J Eilers
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ruth Jakobs
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Redouan Adam Anaia
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Bloss
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Moritz Popp
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rohit Sasidharan
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Florian Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular Botany, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Sol Yepes
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Dominik Ziaja
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Lanier ER, Andersen TB, Hamberger B. Plant terpene specialized metabolism: complex networks or simple linear pathways? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1178-1201. [PMID: 36891828 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
From the perspectives of pathway evolution, discovery and engineering of plant specialized metabolism, the nature of the biosynthetic routes represents a critical aspect. Classical models depict biosynthesis typically from an end-point angle and as linear, for example, connecting central and specialized metabolism. As the number of functionally elucidated routes increased, the enzymatic foundation of complex plant chemistries became increasingly well understood. The perception of linear pathway models has been severely challenged. With a focus on plant terpenoid specialized metabolism, we review here illustrative examples supporting that plants have evolved complex networks driving chemical diversification. The completion of several diterpene, sesquiterpene and monoterpene routes shows complex formation of scaffolds and their subsequent functionalization. These networks show that branch points, including multiple sub-routes, mean that metabolic grids are the rule rather than the exception. This concept presents significant implications for biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Lanier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, Molecular Plant Sciences Building, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Trine Bundgaard Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, Molecular Plant Sciences Building, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, Molecular Plant Sciences Building, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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Lange BM, Srividya N, Lange I, Parrish AN, Benzenberg LR, Pandelova I, Vining KJ, Wüst M. Biochemical basis for the formation of organ-specific volatile blends in mint. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125065. [PMID: 37123862 PMCID: PMC10140540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Above-ground material of members of the mint family is commercially distilled to extract essential oils, which are then formulated into a myriad of consumer products. Most of the research aimed at characterizing the processes involved in the formation of terpenoid oil constituents has focused on leaves. We now demonstrate, by investigating three mint species, peppermint (Mentha ˣ piperita L.), spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and horsemint (Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.; accessions CMEN 585 and CMEN 584), that other organs - namely stems, rhizomes and roots - also emit volatiles and that the terpenoid volatile composition of these organs can vary substantially from that of leaves, supporting the notion that substantial, currently underappreciated, chemical diversity exists. Differences in volatile quantities released by plants whose roots had been dipped in a Verticillium dahliae-spore suspension (experimental) or dipped in water (controls) were evident: increases of some volatiles in the root headspace of mint species that are susceptible to Verticillium wilt disease (peppermint and M. longifolia CMEN 584) were detected, while the quantities of certain volatiles decreased in rhizomes of species that show resistance to the disease (spearmint and M. longifolia CMEN 585). To address the genetic and biochemical basis underlying chemical diversity, we took advantage of the newly sequenced M. longifolia CMEN 585 genome to identify candidate genes putatively coding for monoterpene synthases (MTSs), the enzymes that catalyze the first committed step in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoid volatiles. The functions of these genes were established by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, purification of the corresponding recombinant proteins, and enzyme assays, thereby establishing the existence of MTSs with activities to convert a common substrate, geranyl diphosphate, to (+)-α-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, and (-)-bornyl diphosphate, but were not active with other potential substrates. In conjunction with previously described MTSs that catalyze the formation of (-)-β-pinene and (-)-limonene, the product profiles of the MTSs identified here can explain the generation of all major monoterpene skeletons represented in the volatiles released by different mint organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, WashingtonState University, Pullman, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: B. Markus Lange,
| | - Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, WashingtonState University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, WashingtonState University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Amber N. Parrish
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, WashingtonState University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lukas R. Benzenberg
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, WashingtonState University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-UniversitätBonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Iovanna Pandelova
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Kelly J. Vining
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-UniversitätBonn, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Garcia A, Talavera-Mateo L, Santamaria ME. An automatic method to quantify trichomes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111391. [PMID: 35868346 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are unicellular or multicellular hair-like appendages developed on the aerial plant epidermis of most plant species that act as a protective barrier against natural hazards. For this reason, evaluating the density of trichomes is a valuable approach for elucidating plant defence responses to a continuous challenging environment. However, previous methods for trichome counting, although reliable, require the use of specialised equipment, software or previous manipulation steps of the plant tissue, which poses a complicated hurdle for many laboratories. Here, we propose a new fast, accessible and user-friendly method to quantify trichomes that overcomes all these drawbacks and makes trichome quantification a reachable option for the scientific community. Particularly, this new method is based on the use of machine learning as a reliable tool for quantifying trichomes, following an Ilastik-Fiji tandem approach directly performed on 2D images. Our method shows high reliability and efficacy on trichome quantification in Arabidopsis thaliana by comparing manual and automated results in Arabidopsis accessions with diverse trichome densities. Due to the plasticity that machine learning provides, this method also showed adaptability to other plant species, demonstrating the ability of the method to spread its scope to a greater scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Garcia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Talavera-Mateo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Srividya N, Lange I, Richter JK, Wüst M, Lange BM. Selectivity of enzymes involved in the formation of opposite enantiomeric series of p-menthane monoterpenoids in peppermint and Japanese catnip. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111119. [PMID: 34895548 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) and Japanese catnip (Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq.) accumulate p-menthane monoterpenoids with identical functionalization patterns but opposite stereochemistry. In the present study, we investigate the enantioselectivity of multiple enzymes involved in monoterpenoid biosynthesis in these species. Based on kinetic assays, mint limonene synthase, limonene 3-hydroxylase, isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, isopiperitenone reductase, and menthone reductase exhibited significant enantioselectivity toward intermediates of the pathway that proceeds through (-)-4S-limonene. Limonene synthase, isopiperitenol dehydrogenase and isopiperitenone reductase of Japanese catnip preferred intermediates of the pathway that involves (+)-4R-limonene, whereas limonene 3-hydroxylase was not enantioselective, and the activities of pulegone reductase and menthone reductase were too low to acquire meaningful kinetic data. Molecular modeling studies with docked ligands generally supported the experimental data obtained with peppermint enzymes, indicating that the preferred enantiomer was aligned well with the requisite cofactor and amino acid residues implicated in catalysis. A striking example for enantioselectivity was peppermint (-)-menthone reductase, which binds (-)-menthone with exquisite affinity but was predicted to bind (+)-menthone in a non-productive orientation that positions its carbonyl functional group at considerable distance to the NADPH cofactor. The work presented here lays the groundwork for structure-function studies aimed at unraveling how enantioselectivity evolved in closely related species of the Lamiaceae and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA
| | - Jana K Richter
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA; Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA.
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8
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Kippes N, Tsai H, Lieberman M, Culp D, McCormack B, Wilson RG, Dowd E, Comai L, Henry IM. Diploid mint (M. longifolia) can produce spearmint type oil with a high yield potential. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23521. [PMID: 34876628 PMCID: PMC8651677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mint oil is a key source of natural flavors with wide industrial applications. Two unbalanced polyploid cultivars named Native (Mentha Spicata L) and Scotch (M. × gracilis Sole) are the main producers of spearmint type oil, which is characterized by high levels of the monoterpenes (−)-carvone and (−)-limonene. These cultivars have been the backbone of spearmint oil production for decades, while breeding and improvement remained largely unexplored, in part, due to sterility in cultivated lines. Here we show that sexual breeding at the diploid level can be leveraged to develop new varieties that produce spearmint type oil, along with the improvement of other important traits. Using field trials and GC-FID oil analysis we characterized plant materials from a public germplasm repository and identified a diploid accession that exhibited 89.5% increase in oil yield, compared to the industry standard, and another that produces spearmint type oil. Spearmint-type oil was present at high frequency in a segregating F2 population (32/160) produced from these two accessions. Field-testing of ten of these F2 lines showed segregation for oil yield and confirmed the production of spearmint-type oil profiles. Two of these lines combined high yield and spearmint-type oil with acceptable analytic and sensory profiles. These results demonstrate that spearmint-type oil can be produced in a diploid background with high yield potential, providing a simpler genetic system for the development of improved spearmint varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Kippes
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Helen Tsai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Meric Lieberman
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Darrin Culp
- ANR, Intermountain Research and Extension Center, University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulelake, CA, 96134, USA
| | - Brian McCormack
- Ingredient Science, Mars Wrigley, 1132 W. Blackhawk St, Chicago, IL, 60642, USA
| | - Rob G Wilson
- ANR, Intermountain Research and Extension Center, University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulelake, CA, 96134, USA
| | - Eric Dowd
- Ingredient Science, Mars Wrigley, 1132 W. Blackhawk St, Chicago, IL, 60642, USA
| | - Luca Comai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Isabelle M Henry
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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9
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Liu L, Yin M, Lin G, Wang Q, Zhou P, Dai S, Sang M, Liu C, Wu Q. Integrating RNA-seq with functional expression to analyze the regulation and characterization of genes involved in monoterpenoid biosynthesis in Nepeta tenuifolia Briq. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:31-41. [PMID: 34329843 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Nepeta tenuifolia Briq. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant historically used in the East Asia region to treat cold and fever, and it is currently used as a clinically effective treatment for respiratory diseases. We previously found that monoterpenoids are the dominant volatile secondary metabolites in N. tenuifolia and their biosynthesis occurs in peltate glandular trichomes. To gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying monoterpenoid biosynthesis in N. tenuifolia, we conducted transcriptome sequencing and examined the expression differences in monoterpene molecular pathway-related genes in different tissues and growth stages by qRT-RCR. In total, six p-menthane monoterpene biosynthetic genes in the (+)-menthone pathway were identified and cloned successfully based on transcriptome data. Moreover, the major constituents, including (+)-limonene, (-)-pulegone and (+)-menthone showed greater accumulation in the spikes than in other organs, such as the expression levels of related key enzyme genes. Additionally, the relative expression of pulegone reductase was the highest at 84 days, showing an inverse trend from (-)-pulegone relative content and leading to (+)-menthone accumulation in peltate glandular trichomes. Finished cloning of the gene for limonene 3-hydroxylase in N. tenuifolia (NtL3OH), heterologous expression in yeast, and in vitro assays were performed for functional characterization. Our study provides an important resource for further research of secondary metabolism of monoterpenes in peltate glandular trichomes of N. tenuifolia and other homologous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengjiao Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guyin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peina Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shilin Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengru Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chanchan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qinan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Frey M, Klaiber I, Conrad J, Spring O. CYP71BL9, the missing link in costunolide synthesis of sunflower. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 177:112430. [PMID: 32516579 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive research in recent years, the biosynthetic route to costunolide in sunflower so far remained obscured. Additional P450 sequences from public sunflower transcriptomic database were screened to search for candidate enzymes which are able to introduce the 6α-hydroxy-group required for the esterification with the carboxy group of germacarane A acid, the final step in costunolide formation. CYP71BL9, a new P450 enzyme from sunflower was shown to catalyze this hydroxylation, hence being identified as HaCOS. Phylogentically, HaCOS is closer related to HaG8H than to any other known costunolide synthase in Asteraceae.The enzyme was successfully employed to reconstruct the sunflower biosynthesis of costunolide in transformed tobacco. Contrary, in yeast, only minor amounts of sesquiterpene lactone was produced, while 5-hydroxyfarnesylic acid was formed instead. HaCOS in combination with HaG8H produced 8β-hydroxycostunolide (eupatolide) in transformed plants, thus indicating that sunflower possesses two independent modes of eupatolide synthesis via HaCOS and via HaES. The lack of HaCOS expression and of costunolide in trichomes suggests that the enzyme triggers the costunolied synthesis of the inner tissues of sunflower and might be linked to growth regulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Frey
- Institute of Biology, Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism (190b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Iris Klaiber
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Core Facility Hohenheim, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Conrad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Otmar Spring
- Institute of Biology, Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism (190b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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Mota I, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Pedro LG, Sousa MJ. Composition variation of the essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Genovese Gigante in response to Glomus intraradices and mild water stress at different stages of growth. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2020.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schuurink R, Tissier A. Glandular trichomes: micro-organs with model status? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2251-2266. [PMID: 31651036 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are epidermal outgrowths that are the site of biosynthesis and storage of large quantities of specialized metabolites. Besides their role in the protection of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses, they have attracted interest owing to the importance of the compounds they produce for human use; for example, as pharmaceuticals, flavor and fragrance ingredients, or pesticides. Here, we review what novel concepts investigations on glandular trichomes have brought to the field of specialized metabolism, particularly with respect to chemical and enzymatic diversity. Furthermore, the next challenges in the field are understanding the metabolic network underlying the high productivity of glandular trichomes and the transport and storage of metabolites. Another emerging area is the development of glandular trichomes. Studies in some model species, essentially tomato, tobacco, and Artemisia, are now providing the first molecular clues, but many open questions remain: How is the distribution and density of different trichome types on the leaf surface controlled? When is the decision for an epidermal cell to differentiate into one type of trichome or another taken? Recent advances in gene editing make it now possible to address these questions and promise exciting discoveries in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schuurink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Science Research Cluster, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 1210, 1000 BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Böszörményi A, Dobi A, Skribanek A, Pávai M, Solymosi K. The Effect of Light on Plastid Differentiation, Chlorophyll Biosynthesis, and Essential Oil Composition in Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis) Leaves and Cotyledons. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:196. [PMID: 32194595 PMCID: PMC7063033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether light affects the structure and activity of exogenous secretory tissues like glandular hairs. Therefore, transmission electron microscopy was first used to study plastid differentiation in glandular hairs and leaves of light-grown rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis "Arp") plants kept for 2 weeks under ambient light conditions. During our detailed analyses, among others, we found leucoplasts with tubuloreticular membrane structures resembling prolamellar bodies in stalk cell plastids of peltate glandular hairs. To study the effect of darkness on plastid differentiation, we then dark-forced adult, light-grown rosemary plants for 2 weeks and observed occasionally the development of new shoots with elongated internodes and pale leaves on them. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses of the chlorophyllous pigment contents, the native arrangement of the pigment-protein complexes and photosynthetic activity confirmed that the first and second pairs of leaf primordia of dark-forced shoots were partially etiolated (contained low amounts of protochlorophyll/ide and residual chlorophylls, had etio-chloroplasts with prolamellar bodies and low grana, and impaired photosynthesis). Darkness did not influence plastid structure in fifth leaves or secretory tissues (except for head cells of peltate glandular hairs in which rarely tubuloreticular membranes appeared). The mesophyll cells of cotyledons of 2-week-old dark-germinated rosemary seedlings contained etioplasts with highly regular prolamellar bodies similar to those in mesophyll etio-chloroplasts of leaves and clearly differing from tubuloreticular membranes of secretory cells. Analyses of the essential oil composition obtained after solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy showed that in addition to light, the age of the studied organ (i.e., first leaf primordia and leaf tip vs. fifth, fully developed green leaves) and the type of the organ (cotyledon vs. leaves) also strongly influenced the essential oil composition. Therefore, light conditions and developmental stage are both important factors to be considered in case of potential therapeutic, culinary or aromatic uses of rosemary leaves and their essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrienn Dobi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Skribanek
- Department of Biology, ELTE Savaria University Centre, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Melinda Pávai
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Katalin Solymosi, ;
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