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Kaur G, Chawla S, Kumar P, Singh R. Advancing Vaccine Strategies against Candida Infections: Exploring New Frontiers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1658. [PMID: 38005990 PMCID: PMC10674196 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, along with several non-albicans Candida species, comprise a prominent fungal pathogen in humans, leading to candidiasis in various organs. The global impact of candidiasis in terms of disease burden, suffering, and fatalities is alarmingly high, making it a pressing global healthcare concern. Current treatment options rely on antifungal drugs such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins but are delimited due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and associated adverse effects. The current review highlights the striking absence of a licensed antifungal vaccine for human use and the urgent need to shift our focus toward developing an anti-Candida vaccine. A number of factors affect the development of vaccines against fungal infections, including the host, intraspecies and interspecies antigenic variations, and hence, a lack of commercial interest. In addition, individuals with a high risk of fungal infection tend to be immunocompromised, so they are less likely to respond to inactivated or subunit whole organisms. Therefore, it is pertinent to discover newer and novel alternative strategies to develop safe and effective vaccines against fungal infections. This review article provides an overview of current vaccination strategies (live attenuated, whole-cell killed, subunit, conjugate, and oral vaccine), including their preclinical and clinical data on efficacy and safety. We also discuss the mechanisms of immune protection against candidiasis, including the role of innate and adaptive immunity and potential biomarkers of protection. Challenges, solutions, and future directions in vaccine development, namely, exploring novel adjuvants, harnessing the trained immunity, and utilizing immunoinformatics approaches for vaccine design and development, are also discussed. This review concludes with a summary of key findings, their implications for clinical practice and public health, and a call to action for continued investment in candidiasis vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh College of Technology (CCT), Chandigarh Group of Colleges (CGC), Landran, Mohali 140307, India
| | - Sonam Chawla
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
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2
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Immunological correlates of protection following vaccination with glucan particles containing Cryptococcus neoformans chitin deacetylases. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:6. [PMID: 36732332 PMCID: PMC9892683 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with glucan particles (GP) containing the Cryptococcus neoformans chitin deacetylases Cda1 and Cda2 protect mice against experimental cryptococcosis. Here, immunological correlates of vaccine-mediated protection were explored. Studies comparing knockout and wild-type mice demonstrated CD4+ T cells are crucial, while B cells and CD8+ T cells are dispensable. Protection was abolished following CD4+ T cell depletion during either vaccination or infection but was retained if CD4+ T cells were only partially depleted. Vaccination elicited systemic and durable antigen-specific immune responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), spleens, and lungs. Following vaccination and fungal challenge, robust T-helper (Th) 1 and Th17 responses were observed in the lungs. Protection was abrogated in mice congenitally deficient in interferon (IFN) γ, IFNγ receptor, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, or IL-23. Thus, CD4+ T cells and specific proinflammatory cytokines are required for GP-vaccine-mediated protection. Importantly, retention of protection in the setting of partial CD4+ T depletion suggests a pathway for vaccinating at-risk immunocompromised individuals.
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Abo-Elyazeed H, Soliman R, Hassan H, El-Seedy FR, Aboul-Ella H. Development, preparation, and evaluation of a novel non-adjuvanted polyvalent dermatophytes vaccine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:157. [PMID: 36599863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ringworm is a worldwide distributed contagious disease infecting both man and animals that constitute an economic, zoonotic, and health problem concern all over the world. During the last decade, attention has been directed to vaccination as an ideal approach to the control of such diseases. In the present study, non-adjuvanted polyvalent vaccines were prepared from locally isolated hot and virulent dermatophyte species, namely Trichophyton verrucosum (T. verrucosum), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (T. mentagrophytes), and Microsporum canis (M. canis) were immunologically evaluated. The prepared vaccine evaluation was focused on the aspects of immunogenicity and protective efficacy using guinea pigs. Both in its living or inactivated forms, the vaccine-induced significant humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and achieve proper protection of guinea pigs against challenging infections with homologous and heterologous dermatophyte strains. On the other hand, investigations on dermatophyte exo-keratinases showed that it was better produced and more expressed in a mineral-based medium containing pure keratin (3 g/L) than in the same medium with human hair supplementation (2.6 g/L). The maximum dermatophyte productivity of exo-keratinases was found to be between 18 and 21 days post-incubation. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two fractions with molecular weights of 40 kDa (fraction I) and 28 kDa (fraction II) have been identified in the culture filtrate of the three involved dermatophyte species. Both fractions demonstrated keratinolytic activity. The specific activity of the isolated keratinases (number of Keratinase units (KU)/mg protein) was stronger in fraction I, where it reached 18.75, 15.38, and 14 KU/mg protein as compared to 12.9, 8.74, and 12 KU/mg protein in fraction II of T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. canis, respectively. The dermatophyte exo-keratinases proved to be immunogenic as they stimulated high keratinase-specific antibody titers and induced strong delayed skin hypersensitivity reactions in vaccinated animals. Anti-keratinase-specific IgG was detected in sera of guinea pigs immunized with the inactivated or living polyvalent dermatophyte vaccines by a homemade enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using dermatophyte exo-keratinases as coating antigen. The intradermal injection of dermatophyte exo-keratinases induced specific delayed skin reactions in guinea pigs immunized with the inactivated or the living polyvalent dermatophyte vaccines. The intradermal injection of dermatophyte exo-keratinases in the control non-sensitized guinea pigs was associated with itching, swelling, and bloody scar formation, however, no skin indurations were formed. The development of those post-exo-keratinases injection reactions in the control non-sensitized apparently healthy guinea pigs group, suggests an exo-keratinases possible role in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidy Abo-Elyazeed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - R Soliman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - H Hassan
- Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - F R El-Seedy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hassan Aboul-Ella
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Specific Focus on Antifungal Peptides against Azole Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010042. [PMID: 36675863 PMCID: PMC9864941 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal infections is increasing worldwide, especially that of aspergillosis, which previously only affected people with immunosuppression. Aspergillus fumigatus can cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and endangers public health due to resistance to azole-type antimycotics such as fluconazole. Antifungal peptides are viable alternatives that combat infection by forming pores in membranes through electrostatic interactions with the phospholipids as well as cell death to peptides that inhibit protein synthesis and inhibit cell replication. Engineering antifungal peptides with nanotechnology can enhance the efficacy of these therapeutics at lower doses and reduce immune responses. This manuscript explains how antifungal peptides combat antifungal-resistant aspergillosis and also how rational peptide design with nanotechnology and artificial intelligence can engineer peptides to be a feasible antifungal alternative.
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Sharma J, Mudalagiriyappa S, Nanjappa SG. T cell responses to control fungal infection in an immunological memory lens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905867. [PMID: 36177012 PMCID: PMC9513067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fungal vaccine research emanated significant findings in the field of antifungal T-cell immunity. The generation of effector T cells is essential to combat many mucosal and systemic fungal infections. The development of antifungal memory T cells is integral for controlling or preventing fungal infections, and understanding the factors, regulators, and modifiers that dictate the generation of such T cells is necessary. Despite the deficiency in the clear understanding of antifungal memory T-cell longevity and attributes, in this review, we will compile some of the existing literature on antifungal T-cell immunity in the context of memory T-cell development against fungal infections.
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Tirado-Sánchez A, Vazquez-González D, Sáenz-Dávila B, Bonifaz A. Antifungal Vaccines: Current Status and Future Directions. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89664-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Al-Janabi AAHS, Al-Khikani FHO. Prophylaxis and Therapeutic Ability of Inactivated Dermatophytic Vaccine Against Dermatophytosis in the Rabbits as an Animal Model. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:326-331. [PMID: 34157822 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.81226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Dermatophytosis is a group of cutaneous diseases widely distributed in human and animals. It causes serious infection in some human cases and economic losses in farm animals. The primary aim of this study is to conduct an investigation of prophylaxis and a potential therapeutic vaccine against dermatophytosis. Materials and Methods The rabbit was chosen as an animal model of dermatophytosis for a case control study conducted in two parts. Inactivated cells of Trichophyton mentagrophytes were prepared for use as a vaccine. The prophylaxis part included vaccination of rabbits with the prepared vaccine either alone or with Freund's adjuvant, followed by infection with the same fungus. The second part included treatment of infected rabbits with an inactivated vaccine. Results The prepared vaccine showed prophylactic ability against infection with T. mentagrophytes for more than 6 months without requiringan adjuvant and also revealed at herapeutic ability in infected animals after a short time (16 days), compared with the control group. Conclusion Inactivated vaccine gives animals durable protection and shortens the treatmenttime for infection with dermatophytosis.
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Pappalardo JS, Salmaso S, Levchenko TS, Mastrotto F, Bersani S, Langellotti CA, Vermeulen M, Ghersa F, Quattrocchi V, Zamorano PI, Hartner WC, Toniutti M, Musacchio T, Torchilin VP. Characterization of a Nanovaccine Platform Based on an α1,2-Mannobiose Derivative Shows Species-non-specific Targeting to Human, Bovine, Mouse, and Teleost Fish Dendritic Cells. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2540-2555. [PMID: 34106726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells serve as the main immune cells that trigger the immune response. We developed a simple and cost-effective nanovaccine platform based on the α1',2-mannobiose derivative for dendritic cell targeting. In previous work, we have formulated the α1,2-mannobiose-based nanovaccine platform with plasmid DNA and tested it in cattle against BoHV-1 infection. There, we have shown that the dendritic cell targeting using this nanovaccine platform in vivo can boost the immunogenicity, resulting in a long-lasting immunity. In this work, we aim to characterize the α1',2-mannobiose derivative, which is key in the nanovaccine platform. This DC-targeting strategy takes advantage of the specific receptor known as DC-SIGN and exploits its capacity to bind α1,2-mannobiose that is present at terminal ends of oligosaccharides in certain viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. The oxidative conjugation of α1',2-mannobiose to NH2-PEG2kDa-DSPE allowed us to preserve the chemical structure of the non-reducing mannose of the disaccharide and the OH groups and the stereochemistry of all carbons of the reducing mannose involved in the binding to DC-SIGN. Here, we show specific targeting to DC-SIGN of decorated micelles incubated with the Raji/DC-SIGN cell line and uptake of targeted liposomes that took place in human, bovine, mouse, and teleost fish DCs in vitro, by flow cytometry. Specific targeting was found in all cultures, demonstrating a species-non-specific avidity for this ligand, which opens up the possibility of using this nanoplatform to develop new vaccines for various species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sebastian Pappalardo
- Veterinary Nanomedicine Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB, INTA-CONICET), EEA Bariloche, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Bote Modesta Victoria 4450, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro R8403DVZ, Argentina.,Immunology and Immunomodulators Group, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), IV, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto 2799, William Morris, Buenos Aires B1681FUU, Argentina.,Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Tatyana S Levchenko
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Francesca Mastrotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bersani
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Cecilia A Langellotti
- Immunology and Immunomodulators Group, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), IV, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto 2799, William Morris, Buenos Aires B1681FUU, Argentina.,National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Monica Vermeulen
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina.,Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX, ANM-CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina
| | - Federica Ghersa
- Veterinary Nanomedicine Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB, INTA-CONICET), EEA Bariloche, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Bote Modesta Victoria 4450, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro R8403DVZ, Argentina.,Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA, UNCo-CONICET) Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro R8400FRF, Argentina
| | - Valeria Quattrocchi
- Immunology and Immunomodulators Group, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), IV, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto 2799, William Morris, Buenos Aires B1681FUU, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Zamorano
- Immunology and Immunomodulators Group, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), IV, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto 2799, William Morris, Buenos Aires B1681FUU, Argentina.,National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - William C Hartner
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Micaela Toniutti
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tiziana Musacchio
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Chen Z, Gou Q, Xiong Q, Duan L, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Zou J, Chen L, Jing H, Zhang X, Luo P, Zeng H, Zou Q, Zhao Z, Zhang J. Immunodominance of Epitopes and Protective Efficacy of HI Antigen Are Differentially Altered Using Different Adjuvants in a Mouse Model of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684823. [PMID: 34122448 PMCID: PMC8190387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HI, a fusion protein that consists of the alpha-toxin (Hla) and the N2 domain of iron surface determinant B (IsdB), is one of the antigens in the previously reported S. aureus vaccine rFSAV and has already entered phase II clinical trials. Previous studies revealed that HI is highly immunogenic in both mice and healthy volunteers, and the humoral immune response plays key roles in HI-mediated protection. In this study, we further investigated the protective efficacy of immunization with HI plus four different adjuvants in a mouse bacteremia model. Results showed that HI-mediated protection was altered in response to different adjuvants. Using antisera from immunized mice, we identified seven B-cell immunodominant epitopes on Hla and IsdB, including 6 novel epitopes (Hla1-18, Hla84-101, Hla186-203, IsdB342-359, IsdB366-383, and IsdB384-401). The immunodominance of B-cell epitopes, total IgG titers and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A from mice immunized with HI plus different adjuvants were different from each other, which may explain the difference in protective immunity observed in each immunized group. Thus, our results indicate that adjuvants largely affected the immunodominance of epitopes and the protective efficacy of HI, which may guide further adjuvant screening for vaccine development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Gou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingshan Xiong
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianli Duan
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jintao Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Longlong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiming Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Li X, Xing R, Xu C, Liu S, Qin Y, Li K, Yu H, Li P. Immunostimulatory effect of chitosan and quaternary chitosan: A review of potential vaccine adjuvants. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 264:118050. [PMID: 33910752 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines have always been the most effective preventive treatment. Advancements in the field of vaccine is inseparable from adjuvants. Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance immunogenicity and induce a stronger immune response. Chitosan fascinated considerable attention as vaccine adjuvant due to its unique physicochemical and biological properties. Many studies have shown that chitosan and its derivatives can effectively activate antigen-presenting cells and induce cytokine stimulation to produce an effective immune response and promote the balance of Th1/Th2 response. Among many derivatives, the quaternized chitosan performs better. This review presents the main factors affecting the adjuvant performance of chitosan and quaternized chitosan firstly. Then, we introduced not only the immune response they may cause, but also their metabolic research in detail. Furthermore, their future prospects are forecasted. Overall, chitosan and quaternized chitosan are both promising adjuvant materials, and quaternized chitosan shows greater potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chaojie Xu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yukun Qin
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Kecheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
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11
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Oliveira LVN, Wang R, Specht CA, Levitz SM. Vaccines for human fungal diseases: close but still a long way to go. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:33. [PMID: 33658522 PMCID: PMC7930017 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the substantial global burden of human fungal infections, there are no approved fungal vaccines to protect at risk individuals. Here, we review the progress that has been made and the challenges that lie ahead in the quest towards efficacious fungal vaccines. In mouse studies, protection has been achieved with vaccines directed against fungal pathogens, including species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus, that most commonly cause life-threatening human disease. Encouraging results have been obtained with vaccines composed of live-attenuated and killed fungi, crude extracts, recombinant subunit formulations, and nucleic acid vaccines. Novel adjuvants that instruct the immune system to mount the types of protective responses needed to fight mycotic infections are under development. Candidate vaccines include those that target common antigens expressed on multiple genera of fungi thereby protecting against a broad range of mycoses. Encouragingly, three vaccines have reached human clinical trials. Still, formidable obstacles must be overcome before we will have fungal vaccines licensed for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena V. N. Oliveira
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Ruiying Wang
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Charles A. Specht
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
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12
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Rybalkin M, Strelnikov L, Strilets O, Kaliuzhnaia O, Kutsenko S. Chemical Analysis and the Study of Quality Indicators of the Immunobiological Drug for Preventing and Treating Candidal Infections. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht14.04.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quality indicators such as protein content, polysaccharide content, phenol content, and pH of the developed vaccine solution for injection (VSI) “Candidocyde” based on cells of C. albicans and C. tropicalis fungi have been found to meet the standard requirements. It was determined that by the indicator of transparency and degree of turbidity the test solution is transparent, by the coloration degree it is colorless, by the sterility indicator it is sterile. The sterility period, determined after the first opening, is 8 hours. It was found that no solid particles were present in the solution; the container with the solution is hermetic; the volume of the container with a solution is not less than 5.0 ml. The test solution is stable for 2 years of storage at 275-265 K.
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Askarizadeh A, Badiee A, Khamesipour A. Development of nano-carriers for Leishmania vaccine delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:167-187. [PMID: 31914821 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1713746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical infection caused by several species of intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is strongly believed that the development of vaccines is the most appropriate approach to control leishmaniasis. However, there is no vaccine available yet and the lack of an appropriate adjuvant delivery system is the main reason.Areas covered: Adjuvants are the utmost important part of a vaccine, to induce the immune response in the right direction. Limitations and drawbacks of conventional adjuvants have been necessitated the development of novel particulate delivery systems as adjuvants to obtain desirable protection against infectious diseases such as leishmaniasis. This review focused on particulate adjuvants especially nanoparticles that are in use to develop vaccines against leishmaniasis. The list of adjuvants includes generally lipids-, polymers-, or mineral-based delivery systems that target antigens specifically to the site of action within the host's body and enhance immune responses.Expert opinion: Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in developing particulate adjuvants as alternatives to immunostimulatory types. The composition of nano-carriers and particularly the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles have great potential to overcome challenges posed to leishmaniasis vaccine developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Askarizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gilkes AP, Albin TJ, Manna S, Supnet M, Ruiz S, Tom J, Badten AJ, Jain A, Nakajima R, Felgner J, Davies DH, Stetkevich SA, Zlotnik A, Pearlman E, Nalca A, Felgner PL, Esser-Kahn AP, Burkhardt AM. Tuning Subunit Vaccines with Novel TLR Triagonist Adjuvants to Generate Protective Immune Responses against Coxiella burnetii. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:611-621. [PMID: 31871024 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of Q fever. C. burnetii is considered a potential bioterrorism agent because of its low infectious dose; resistance to heat, drying, and common disinfectants; and lack of prophylactic therapies. Q-Vax, a formalin-inactivated whole-bacteria vaccine, is currently the only prophylactic measure that is protective against C. burnetii infections but is not U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved. To overcome the safety concerns associated with the whole-bacteria vaccine, we sought to generate and evaluate recombinant protein subunit vaccines against C. burnetii To accomplish this, we formulated C. burnetii Ags with a novel TLR triagonist adjuvant platform, which used combinatorial chemistry to link three different TLR agonists together to form one adjuvanting complex. We evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of a panel of TLR triagonist adjuvants and found that they elicited unique Ag-specific immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated our top candidates in a live C. burnetii aerosol challenge model in C56BL/6 mice and found that several of our novel vaccine formulations conferred varying levels of protection to the challenged animals compared with sham immunized mice, although none of our candidates were as protective as the commercial vaccine across all protection criteria that were analyzed. Our findings characterize a novel adjuvant platform and offer an alternative approach to generating protective and effective vaccines against C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne P Gilkes
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Tyler J Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Saikat Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Medalyn Supnet
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sara Ruiz
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Janine Tom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Alexander J Badten
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - D Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Albert Zlotnik
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Amanda M Burkhardt
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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15
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Téllez-Martínez D, Batista-Duharte A, Portuondo DL, Carlos IZ. Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis. Feasibility and prospects. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:432-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Immunization with recombinant enolase of Sporothrix spp. (rSsEno) confers effective protection against sporotrichosis in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17179. [PMID: 31748544 PMCID: PMC6868355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the immunoreactive components of the Sporothrix schenckii cell wall that can be relevant targets for preventive and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis, an emergent worldwide mycosis. In a previous study, we identified a 47-kDa enolase as an immunodominant antigen in mice vaccinated with an adjuvanted mixture of S. schenckii cell wall proteins. Here, we sought to assess the protective potential of a Sporothrix spp. recombinant enolase (rSsEno) formulated with or without the adjuvant Montanide Pet-GelA (PGA) against the S. brasiliensis infection in mice. Mice that were immunized with rSsEno plus PGA showed increased antibody titters against rSsEno and increased median survival time when challenged with S. brasiliensis as compared with mice that had not been immunized or that were immunized with rSsEno alone. Immunization with rSsEno plus PGA induced a predominantly T-helper 1 cytokine pattern after in vitro stimulation of splenic cells with rSsEno: elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-2, as well as of other cytokines involved in host defense against sporotrichosis, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-4. Furthermore, we show for the first time the presence of enolase in the cell wall of both S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis. As a whole, our results suggest that enolase could be used as a potential antigenic target for vaccinal purposes against sporotrichosis.
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Téllez-Martínez D, Leandro Portuondo D, Loesch ML, Batista-Duharte A, Zeppone Carlos I. A Recombinant Enolase-Montanide™ PetGel A Vaccine Promotes a Protective Th1 Immune Response against a Highly Virulent Sporothrix schenckii by Toluene Exposure. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E144. [PMID: 30934594 PMCID: PMC6471120 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of vaccination in fungal strains that suffered changes in their virulence by exposure to environmental contaminants is largely known. Growing reports of resistance to antifungal drugs and the emergence of new highly virulent strains, possibly acquired in the environment, prompt the design of new vaccines able to prevent and combat emerging mycotic diseases. In this study, we evaluated the protective capacity of an enolase-based vaccine and Montanide PetGel A (PGA) as an adjuvant against S. schenckii with increased virulence by exposure to toluene. The adjuvanted vaccine induced a strong specific Th1 response and protective immunity against a challenge with either wildtype or toluene-adapted S. schenckii in Balb/c mice. This study highlights the role of the adjuvant PGA driving the quality of the anti-sporothrix immunity and the key component in the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Loesch
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Quinello C, Souza Ferreira L, Picolli I, Loesch ML, Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Zeppone Carlos I. Sporothrix schenckii Cell Wall Proteins-Stimulated BMDCs Are Able to Induce a Th1-Prone Cytokine Profile In Vitro. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E106. [PMID: 30200530 PMCID: PMC6162427 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis affecting humans and other animals. The disease can be acquired by accidental inoculation of the fungus through the skin or through the respiratory system. Sporotrichosis can also be transmitted through bites or scratches by infected cats and more rarely by other animals (zoonotic transmission). Conventional antifungal therapy is especially inefficient in immunocompromised patients, who tend to develop the most severe forms of the disease, thus prompting the search for alternative therapies. Given their antigen-presenting properties, dendritic cells (DCs) have been used in both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination strategies. Hence, this study aims to assess the use of DCs as a prophylactic tool in sporotrichosis by evaluating the immune profile induced by Sporothrix schenckii cell wall proteins (SsCWP)-stimulated, bone-marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs). Mouse BMDCs were stimulated with SsCWP for 24 h and analyzed for the surface expression of costimulatory molecules and TLR-4, as well as for the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and IL-10. Following that, activated BMDCs were cocultured with splenocytes for 72 h and had the same cytokines measured in the supernatant. SsCWP-stimulated BMDCs showed higher expression of CD80, CD86, and CD40, but not TLR-4, and higher secretion of IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF. On the other hand, higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-2 were found in the supernatants of the coculture as compared with the BMDCs alone; TNF secretion was almost completely abrogated, whereas IL-6 was only partially inhibited and IL-17A was unaffected. Our results thus suggest that SsCWP-stimulated BMDCs are able to induce a Th1-prone cytokine profile which is known to be protective against other fungal diseases. This result could lead to studies which evaluate the development of prophylactic and/or therapeutic DC-based tools against sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Quinello
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Isabella Picolli
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Loesch
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
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Batista-Duharte A, Martínez DT, Carlos IZ. Efficacy and safety of immunological adjuvants. Where is the cut-off? Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:616-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Ferreira LS, de Andrade CR, Quinello C, Téllez-Martínez D, de Aguiar Loesch ML, Carlos IZ. Comparative efficacy and toxicity of two vaccine candidates against Sporothrix schenckii using either Montanide™ Pet Gel A or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:4430-4436. [PMID: 28687406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important zoonosis in Brazil and the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, caused by different Sporothrix species. Currently, there is no effective vaccine available to prevent this disease. In this study, the efficacy and toxicity of the adjuvant Montanide™ Pet Gel A (PGA) formulated with S. schenckii cell wall proteins (ssCWP) was evaluated and compared with that of aluminum hydroxide (AH). Balb/c mice received two subcutaneous doses (1st and 14th days) of either the unadjuvanted or adjuvanted vaccine candidates. On the 21st day, anti-ssCWP antibody levels (ELISA), the phagocytic index, as well as the ex vivo release of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 by splenocytes and IL-12 by peritoneal macrophages were assessed. Cytotoxicity of the vaccine formulations was evaluated in vitro and by histopathological analysis of the inoculation site. Both adjuvanted vaccine formulations increased anti-ssCWP IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 levels, although IgG2a levels were higher in response to PGA+CWP100, probably contributing to the increase in S. schenckii yeast phagocytosis by macrophages in the opsonophagocytosis assay when using serum from PGA+CWP100-immunized mice. Immunization with AH+CWP100 led to a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 ex vivo cytokine release profile, while PGA+CWP100 stimulated a preferential Th1/Th2 profile. Moreover, PGA+CWP100 was less cytotoxic in vitro, caused less local toxicity and led to a similar reduction in fungal load in the liver and spleen of S. schenckii- or S. brasiliensis-challenged mice as compared with AH+CWP100. These results suggest that PGA may be an effective and safe adjuvant for a future sporotrichosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Quinello
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza de Aguiar Loesch
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Dectin-1 expression by macrophages and related antifungal mechanisms in a murine model of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto systemic infection. Microb Pathog 2017. [PMID: 28645771 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The available information about the role of Dectin-1 in sporotrichosis is scarce. Hence, we aimed to assess Dectin-1 expression by macrophages and the activation of some related antifungal mechanisms during the Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto infection as a first attempt to elucidate the role of this receptor in sporotrichosis. Balb/c mice were intraperitoneally infected with S. schenckii sensu stricto yeast ATCC 16345 and euthanized on days 5, 10 and 15 post-infection, when the following parameters were evaluated: fungal burden in spleen, Dectin-1 expression and nitric oxide (NO) production by peritoneal macrophages, as well as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 ex vivo secretion by these same cells. Peritoneal macrophages were ex vivo challenged with either the alkali-insoluble fraction (F1) extracted from the S. schenckii cell wall, a commercially available purified β-1,3-glucan or whole heat-killed S. schenckii yeasts (HKss). Additionally, a Dectin-1 antibody-mediated blockade assay was performed on day 10 post-infection to assess the participation of this receptor in cytokine secretion. Our results showed that Dectin-1 expression by peritoneal macrophages was augmented on days 10 and 15 post-infection alongside elevated NO production and ex vivo secretion of IL-10, TNF-α and IL-1β. The antibody-mediated blockade of Dectin-1 inhibited cytokine production in both infected and non-infected mice, mainly after β-1,3-glucan stimulation. Our results suggest a role for Dectin-1 in triggering the immune response during S. schenckii infection.
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Oliveira AH, de Oliveira GG, Carnevale Neto F, Portuondo DF, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Anti-inflammatory activity of Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. extracts and antifungal activity against Sporothrix schenckii. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 195:266-274. [PMID: 27856302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. is traditionally used in North and Northeast of Brazil for the treatment of dermatomycoses. Since the strategy associating immunomodulators with antifungal drugs seems to be promissory to improve the treatment efficacy in fungal infections, we aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of V. guianensis ethanolic extract of leaves (VGL) and bark (VGB) against Sporothrix schenckii ATCC 16345 and their antinflammatory activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS The extracts were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-IT MS/MS for in situ identification of major compounds. Antifungal activity was evaluated in vitro (microdilution test) and in vivo using a murine model of S. schenckii infection. The production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 by measured by ELISA, as well as measured the production and inhibition of the NO after treatment with the plant extracts or itraconazole (ITR). RESULTS Two O-glucosyl-flavonoids and 16 prenylated benzophenone derivatives already described for Vismia were detected. Both VGL and VGB showed significant antifungal activity either in in vitro assay of microdilution (MIC=3.9µg/mL) and in vivo model of infection with reduction of S. schenckii load in spleen. It was also observed a predominance of reduction in the production of NO and the proinflammatory cytokines evaluated except TNFα, but with stimulation of IL-10, as evidence of a potential anti-inflammatory effect associated. CONCLUSION The results showed that both VGL and VGB have a significant antifungal against S. schenckii and an anti-inflammatory activity. These results can support the use of these extracts for alternative treatment of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - G G de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Riberão Preto, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Departamento de Física e Química, Riberão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - F Carnevale Neto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Riberão Preto, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Departamento de Física e Química, Riberão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - D F Portuondo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - A Batista-Duharte
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - I Z Carlos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Batista-Duharte A, Lastre M, Romeu B, Portuondo D, Téllez-Martínez D, Manente F, Pérez O, Carlos I. Antifungal and immunomodulatory activity of a novel cochleate for amphotericin B delivery against Sporothrix schenckii. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:277-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Batista-Duharte A, Jorge Murillo G, Pérez UM, Tur EN, Portuondo DF, Martínez BT, Téllez-Martínez D, Betancourt JE, Pérez O. The Hen's Egg Test on Chorioallantoic Membrane: An Alternative Assay for the Assessment of the Irritating Effect of Vaccine Adjuvants. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:627-633. [PMID: 27733445 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816672187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Local reactions are the most frequent adverse event associated with vaccines. Adjuvants are major constituents of many vaccines and they are frequently involved in these reactions, associated with their irritating effect and the stimulation of local inflammation. The hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) is an alternative toxicological method widely used to determine ocular irritation potential, but very few studies have demonstrated the utility of this method for assessing the irritant properties of vaccine adjuvants. In this work, known/experimental adjuvants were evaluated by both HET-CAM and an in vivo local toxicity study in mice to compare irritation scores to determine whether there was a correlation (Pearson test). Based on these data (r = 0.9034; P < 0.0001), the HET-CAM assay can be used as an alternate method for the prediction of the local toxicity potential of adjuvant candidates to be used in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University of Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba .,São Paulo Estate University (UNESP), Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Gisela Jorge Murillo
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University of Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Ulpiano Marqués Pérez
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University of Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Enieyis Naranjo Tur
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University of Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | - Bruno Téllez Martínez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | - Juan E Betancourt
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University of Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Oliver Pérez
- Department of Immunology, University of Medical Science, Havana, Cuba
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Gholami E, Zahedifard F, Rafati S. Delivery systems for Leishmania vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:879-95. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1157478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Gholami
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedifard
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Medici NP, Del Poeta M. New insights on the development of fungal vaccines: from immunity to recent challenges. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:966-73. [PMID: 26602871 PMCID: PMC4708015 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are emerging as a major problem in part due to high mortality associated with systemic infections, especially in the case of immunocompromised patients. With the development of new treatments for diseases such as cancer and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic, the number of immunosuppressed patients has increased and, as a consequence, also the number of invasive fungal infections has increased. Several studies have proposed new strategies for the development of effective fungal vaccines. In addition, better understanding of how the immune system works against fungal pathogens has improved the further development of these new vaccination strategies. As a result, some fungal vaccines have advanced through clinical trials. However, there are still many challenges that prevent the clinical development of fungal vaccines that can efficiently immunise subjects at risk of developing invasive fungal infections. In this review, we will discuss these new vaccination strategies and the challenges that they present. In the future with proper investments, fungal vaccines may soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha P Medici
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Ferreira LS, Martínez DT, Polesi MC, Duarte RA, de Paula E Silva ACA, Marcos CM, Almeida AMFD, Carlos IZ. A cell wall protein-based vaccine candidate induce protective immune response against Sporothrix schenckii infection. Immunobiology 2015; 221:300-9. [PMID: 26547105 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by several closely related thermo-dimorphic fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii species complex, affecting humans and other mammals. In the last few years, new strategies have been proposed for controlling sporotrichosis owning to concerns about its growing incidence in humans, cats, and dogs in Brazil, as well as the toxicity and limited efficacy of conventional antifungal drugs. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective properties of two aluminum hydroxide (AH)-adsorbed S. schenckii cell wall protein (ssCWP)-based vaccine formulations in a mouse model of systemic S. schenckii infection. Fractioning by SDS-PAGE revealed nine protein bands, two of which were functionally characterized: a 44kDa peptide hydrolase and a 47kDa enolase, which was predicted to be an adhesin. Sera from immunized mice recognized the 47kDa enolase and another unidentified 71kDa protein, whereas serum from S. schenckii-infected mice recognized both these proteins plus another unidentified 9.4kDa protein. Furthermore, opsonization with the anti-ssCWP sera led to markedly increased phagocytosis and was able to strongly inhibit the fungus' adhesion to fibroblasts. Immunization with the higher-dose AH-adjuvanted formulation led to increased ex vivo release of IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17, whereas only IL-12 and IFN-γ were induced by the higher-dose non-adjuvanted formulation. Lastly, passive transference of the higher-dose AH-adjuvanted formulation's anti-ssCWP serum was able to afford in vivo protection in a subsequent challenge with S. schenckii, becoming a viable vaccine candidate for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2CP 90400, AP 4033 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Aparecida Duarte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Alves de Paula E Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco de Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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