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Nikkholgh S, Pchelin IM, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Shabanzadeh-Bardar M, Gharaghani M, Sharifzadeh A, Mokhtari Hooyeh M, Mohammadi R, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Katiraee F, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A. Sheep serve as a reservoir of Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype V infection. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad066. [PMID: 37429606 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infections by Trichophyton mentagrophytes occur mainly due to contact with diseased animals. In Iran, T. mentagrophytes genotype V is the most prevalent variant of the fungus. We aimed to determine the animal reservoir of T. mentagrophytes genotype V infection. The study was done on a total of 577 dermatophyte strains obtained from animals with signs of dermatophytosis and human patients. The list of extensively sampled animals included sheep, cows, cats and dogs. For human cases, epidemiological data were collected. All dermatophyte isolates from animals along with 70 human isolates morphologically similar to T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes genotype V were identified by rDNA internal transcribed spacer region restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. A total of 334 animal dermatophyte strains were identified as Microsporum canis, T. mentagrophytes genotype V, T. verrucosum, Nannizzia gypsea, T. mentagrophytes genotype II*, T. mentagrophytes genotype VII, T. quinckeanum, and N. fulva. All clinical isolates identified as T. mentagrophytes genotype V originated from skin and scalp infections. Almost all veterinary isolates of T. mentagrophytes genotype V were cultured from sheep, but epidemiological data on animal-to-human transmission of T. mentagrophytes genotype V infection were limited and we found evidence in favor of interhuman transmission. In Iran, sheep maintain T. mentagrophytes genotype V population and therefore serve as animal reservoir of respective infections. The role of sheep as the source of human dermatophytosis due to T. mentagrophytes genotype V isolates is yet to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivash Nikkholgh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Ivan M Pchelin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Mahbubeh Shabanzadeh-Bardar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Maral Gharaghani
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj 75919-94799, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 14199-63114, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mokhtari Hooyeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 14199-63114, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | | | - Farzad Katiraee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
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Sharma B, Nonzom S. Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario-an updated analysis. Mycoses 2021; 64:890-908. [PMID: 33665915 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Superficial mycoses of skin, nails and hair are among the common fungal infections. They are caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte moulds, yeasts and yeast-like fungi. Such fungal infections are widespread all over the world and are predominant in tropical as well as subtropical regions. Environmental factors, such as warm, humid and pitiable hygienic conditions, are conducive for their growth and proliferation. Although it does not cause mortality, it is known to be associated with excessive morbidity which may be psychological or physical. This affects the quality of life of the infected individuals which leads to a negative impact on their occupational, emotional and social status. Such infections are increasing on a global scale and, therefore, are of serious concern worldwide. This review article covers the global and Indian scenario of superficial mycoses taking into account the historical background, aetiological agents, prevalence, cultural and environmental factors, risk factors, pathogenesis and hygienic practices for the prevention of superficial mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Skarma Nonzom
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M. Comparison of in vitro activities of 11 antifungal agents against Trichophyton verrucosum isolates associated with a variety hosts and geographical origin. Mycoses 2019; 63:294-301. [PMID: 31820493 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of dermatophytosis in animals is usually associated with extra expenditure on prevention, diagnosis and long-term treatment. Humans are usually infected from animals, also from asymptomatic carriers, through direct contact or indirectly via fungus-bearing hair, scales and fomites. Despite the medical importance of Trichophyton verrucosum infections, there are limited in vitro data on the fungal susceptibility to antifungal drugs, including new-generation triazoles, imidazoles and allyloamines. The aim of the current study was to evaluate comprehensively the in vitro activity of 11 antifungal drugs against a large collection of T. verrucosum isolates obtained in Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia from humans and animals using a microdilution assay. In vitro susceptibility testing of 11 antifungal drugs was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) document M38. The MICs of clotrimazole, ciclopirox, enilconazole, miconazole, naftifine and terbinafine against all T. verrucosum isolates were below 1 μg/mL, whereas those of fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole were above 1 μg/mL. Ciclopirox was demonstrated to have superior activity against all strains in comparison with the other drugs, whereas fluconazole exerted the weakest in vitro effect and exhibited the highest MIC values. Our study has shown that drugs of different chemical origin have satisfactory antifungal activity and can be promising candidates for the treatment of T. verrucosum dermatophytosis. Moreover, no significant disparity in drug sensitivity between isolates obtained from different hosts and geographical regions have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Łagowski
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P. In search of the source of dermatophytosis: Epidemiological analysis of Trichophyton verrucosum infection in llamas and the breeder (case report). Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:982-989. [PMID: 31538413 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, the number of cases of Trichophyton verrucosum isolation from humans suffering from mycoses has been constantly increasing, which is correlated with the presence of an increasing number of outdoor breeding farms. Farmers and their families as well as veterinarians and technicians involved in handling the animals are at a higher risk of infection. One of the most important aims of mycological diagnostics is epidemiological analysis. Typically, the history of the disease is not sufficient to indicate reliably and eliminate the outbreak of infection. PCR fingerprinting methods are a useful tool in this type of analysis, which is presented in this study. The main aim is to present diagnostic and epidemiological analyses of dermatophyte isolates from llamas and their breeder. In two llamas, round alopecia sites or ca. 2-cm excoriations covered with thickened scaling epidermis were noticed at the border of the head and neck with a distinct tendency towards hair loss. Tinea unguium was noticed in a nail of the breeder's right hand. Direct analysis of the material from the clinical lesions revealed the presence of arthrospores. The macro- and micromorphology of the isolates were homogeneous and characteristic for T. verrucosum. The identification analysis based on the ITS sequences confirmed the previous morphological diagnostic examination. The MP-PCR and MSP-PCR analysis indicated high invariability of the genomes of the strains isolated from the human and animals. The epidemiological research has indicated an identical source of dermatophyte infection in the breeder and the lamas. To sum up, the number of pets and farm animals is increasing and dermatologists should always be informed about possible dermatophyte transmission sources. The possibility of transmission of zoophilic dermatophytes from humans to animals is a suggestion for further analysis; therefore, this type of transmission should be considered in dermatological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Łagowski
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P. TAXONOMY OF DERMATOPHYTES – THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS MAY CHANGE BUT THE IDENTIFICATION PROBLEMS REMAIN THE SAME. ADVANCEMENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.21307/pm-2019.58.1.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P. The host range of dermatophytes, it is at all possible? Phenotypic evaluation of the keratinolytic activity of Trichophyton verrucosum clinical isolates. Mycoses 2019; 62:274-283. [PMID: 30537378 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi that have an ability to invade keratinised structures. Enzymes secreted by dermatophytes can underlie fungal survival on the host and development of infection. It is possible that the range of activity of keratinases from various dermatophytes is limited to specific species of animals and groups of people. The aim of this study was to carry out phenotypic analysis of the degree of keratinolytic activity of Trichophyton verrucosum strains using hairs of humans and various animal species as substrates. Our results indicated that the activity of keratinases is substrate-induced. The host range of T. verrucosum can be defined as wide. The highest activity of keratinases was recorded in media containing keratin from cow (Bos taurus) and sheep (Ovis aries) hairs in comparison with that from other tested species. The production of keratin-degrading enzymes is a function of time, with the peak of their activity occurring on day 15 of incubation. The role of keratin-degrading enzymes in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis is becoming increasingly clearer. Given the conceptual understanding that keratin breakdown may require more than just one enzyme, the use of phenotypic methods is an optimal approach to in vitro study of the decomposition of species-specific keratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Bartosch T, Heydel T, Uhrlaß S, Nenoff P, Müller H, Baums CG, Schrödl W. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of bovine and zoonotic Trichophyton verrucosum isolates reveals a distinct peak and cluster formation of a subgroup with Trichophyton benhamiae. Med Mycol 2018; 56:602-609. [PMID: 29420802 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton verrucosum is the most important causative agent of bovine dermatophytosis. Additionally, it causes profound and poorly healing skin infections in humans indicating the high zoonotic potential. The objective of this study was to establish differentiation of T. verrucosum from other dermatophytes by mass spectrometry and to identify distinct features of the mass spectra. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was successful for identification of this pathogen only after extension of the database of the manufacturer with spectra from T. verrucosum strains, which were identified as such by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. MALDI-TOF MS analysis was conducted with 46 field isolates from cattle, two live vaccine strains, and 10 isolates from humans identified as T. verrucosum by sequence analysis of the ITS region. The results suggest a very good agreement of both methods. Comparison with the mass spectra of 68 strains of other keratinophilic fungi revealed that most T. verrucosum wild-type isolates showed a characteristic peak at 7950-7954 m/z, which was missing in the spectra of other keratinophilic fungi and the live vaccine strains. The spectra of T. verrucosum were most similar to the spectra of T. benhamiae, an emerging zoophilic dermatophyte. In summary, MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful and reliable tool to identify T. verrucosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Bartosch
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilo Heydel
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Hendrik Müller
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P. Infection ofTrichophyton verrucosumin cattle breeders, Poland: A 40-year retrospective study on the genomic variability of strains. Mycoses 2018; 61:681-690. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
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Wollina U, Hansel G, Uhrlaß S, Krüger C, Schönlebe J, Hipler UC, Nenoff P. Deep facial mycosis due to Trichophyton verrucosum-molecular genetic identification of the dermatophyte in paraffin-embedded tissue-case report and review of the literature. Mycoses 2017; 61:152-158. [PMID: 29082569 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deep trichophytosis is relatively uncommon. The infection of the bearded area is also known as sycosis barbae or tinea barbae and can be caused by various fungal species, most often zoophilic fungi. We report on an 80-year-old male patient with severe sycosis barbae who had no animal contact and was treated with systemic antibiosis without improvement. Microbial and mycological investigations using swabs from oozing lesions revealed Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Candida parapsilosis. Histology demonstrated fungal elements in hair follicles. Paraffin-embedded material was subjected to further mycological analysis. For molecular diagnostics DNA was prepared from paraffin sections for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For sequencing, DNA was isolated from paraffin-embedded skin tissue and the ITS region of the rDNA was selected. Sequencing of the ITS2 region of rRNA revealed a 100% accordance with Trichophyton (T.) verrucosum. Treatment with oral terbinafine achieved a complete remission. Sycosis barbae is an important differential diagnosis for infections of the bearded area. Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAAT) are more and more used for direct examination of dermatophytes in clinical samples, eg T. verrucosum. NAAT are also used as culture confirmation tests for identification of rare dermatophytes like T. verrucosum. Today, singleplex and multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays for the detection of the most common dermatophytes including T. verrucosum in clinical specimens are available. Recently, an ITS2 PCR assay has been successfully used for direct detection of T. verrucosum in paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed skin tissue. The PCR is fast and highly specific. The sensitivity of direct molecular detection of the dermatophytes both in native clinical material, and in paraffin-embedded skin tissue can been increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Municipal Hospital Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gesine Hansel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Municipal Hospital Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Laboratory for Medial Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | | | - Jacqueline Schönlebe
- Institute of Pathology "Georg Schmorl", Municipal Hospital Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany
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