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Ye ZH, Chen HS, Zhang ZC, Wang X, Liu X, Wei GH. Parental smoking and risk of hypospadias: An updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1003037. [PMID: 36911013 PMCID: PMC9995849 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1003037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inconsistent relationships have been shown between cigarette smoking and hypospadias in offspring. The purpose of this study was to summarize epidemiological evidence to evaluate the relationship between parental smoking and the risk of hypospadias. Methods Up until October 2022, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for qualified research. The summary RRs and 95% CIs were calculated using either a fixed-effects or a random-effects model. There were subgroup analyses undertaken to identify potential sources of heterogeneity. Results 44 studies with 16,637,830 participants were included in our meta-analysis. Overall, maternal active smoking [risk ratio (RR) = 0.94; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90-0.99; P < 0.01] was significantly associated with the risk of hypospadias. And neither paternal smoking (RR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.86-1.15) nor maternal passive smoking (RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.60-1.23) was associated with the risk of hypospadias. Conclusion Our study discovered an association between maternal active smoking and a decreased risk of hypospadias, which may be due to the effect of smoking on androgen. However, as numerous studies have proved that cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of overall birth abnormalities in offspring, quitting cigarettes before pregnancy positively influences the health of offspring and should be advocated worldwide. Systematic review registration [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42022319378].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Ye
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Song Chen
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
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2
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Zhang Q, Zhang ZC, He XY, Liu ZM, Wei GH, Liu X. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of congenital urogenital malformations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:973016. [PMID: 36263151 PMCID: PMC9575702 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.973016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations regarding the association between maternal smoking and specific urogenital teratogenesis exist. However, an integrated systematic review and meta-analysis studying the relationship by encompassing the whole urogenital system is essential. OBJECTIVE Even though many studies about inborn urogenital malformations have been conducted, its etiologic factors and exact pathogenesis are still unclear. Our aim is to assess the risk of congenital urogenital malformations in offspring of smoking pregnant women. RESULTS The meta-analysis, covering 41 case-control and 11 cohort studies, suggested that maternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of urogenital teratogenesis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.23, p = 0.005), cryptorchidism (OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.12-1.24, p = 0.0001), hypospadias (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.01-1.33, p = 0.039), and kidney malformations (OR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.14-1.48, p = 0.0001). Moreover, paternal smoking during the mother's pregnancy was also significantly associated (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.03-1.55, p = 0.028). The association between smoking > 10 cigarettes/day was evident but was not significant (OR = 1.24, 95%CI:0.81-1.88, p = 0.323). CONCLUSION Our results showed that maternal smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of congenital urogenital malformations. In numerous epidemiological studies, maternal smoking during pregnancy has a significant role in fetal development. Therefore, quitting tobacco use may be an effective method for reducing the risk of congenital urogenital malformation in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Yu He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen-Min Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Piñeyro-Ruiz C, Serrano H, Pérez-Brayfield MR, Jorge JC. New frontiers on the molecular underpinnings of hypospadias according to severity. Arab J Urol 2020; 18:257-266. [PMID: 33312738 PMCID: PMC7717703 DOI: 10.1080/2090598x.2020.1760589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias, which is characterised by the displacement of the urethral meatus from its typical anatomical location in males, shows various degrees of severity. In this systematic review, we surveyed our current understanding of the genetics of isolated hypospadias in humans according to the severity of the condition. We found that sequencing and genotyping approaches were the preferred methods of study and that single nucleotide polymorphisms were the most common finding associated with hypospadias. Most genes fell into four gene-pathway categories related to androgens, oestrogens, growth factors, or transcription factors. Few hypospadias studies classify their findings by severity. Taken together, we argue that it is advantageous to take into consideration the severity of the condition in search of novel candidates in the aetiology of hypospadias. Abbreviations: AR: androgen receptor; ATF3: activating transcription factor 3; BMP4: bone morphogenetic protein 4; BMP7: bone morphogenetic protein 7; CYP17: steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase; CYP1A1: cytochrome P450 1A1; CYP3A4: cytochrome P450 3A4; CNVs: copy number variants; DGKK: diacylglycerol kinase kappa; ESR1: oestrogen receptor 1; ESR2: oestrogen receptor 2; FGF8: fibroblast growth factor 8; FGF10: fibroblast growth factor 10; FGFR2: fibroblast growth factor receptor 2; HOXA4: homeobox protein Hox-A4; HOXB6: homeobox protein Hox-B6; HSD17B3: hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3; MAMLD1: mastermind-like domain-containing protein 1; SF-1: splicing factor 1; SHH: sonic hedgehog; SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphisms; SOX9: SRY-box 9; SRD5A2: steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2; SRY: sex-determining region Y protein; STAR: steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; STARD3: StAR-related lipid transfer protein 3; STS: steryl-sulfatase; WT1: Wilms tumour protein; ZEB1: zinc finger oestrogen-box binding homeobox 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coriness Piñeyro-Ruiz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Horacio Serrano
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Marcos R Pérez-Brayfield
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Jorge
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
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4
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Chen Y, Huang J, Mei J. A risk prediction model for fetal hypospadias by testing maternal serum AFP and free beta-HCG. Clin Biochem 2019; 69:21-25. [PMID: 31152694 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the correlation between serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), the free human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (free beta-HCG) in pregnant women during the mid-trimester, and fetal hypospadias, and tried to establish a risk prediction model. METHODS A multi-center case-control study was conducted. We divided the fetuses into two groups (69 with fetal hypospadias and 62 without fetal hypospadias). Time-resolved immunofluorescence was used to determine the serum levels of AFP and free beta-HCG. The best cut -value and area under curve (AUC) were determined based on the Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, and the diagnostic value of AFP and free beta-HCG was evaluated. RESULTS The level of AFP in the study group was 1.14 multiple of Median(MOM), which was higher than in the control group (0.96 MOM); the difference was significant (Z = 2.831, P = .005). Similarly, the free beta-HCG level was 1.30 MOM in the study group, and was also significantly higher than in the control group (0.84 MOM; Z = 3.131, P = .004). We used the AFP and free beta-HCG levels separately to predict fetuses with hypospadias, and the AUCs were 0.644 (95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.5500.737, P = .005) and 0.659 (95% CI: 0.5650.752, P = .002), respectively. According to the ROC curve, the best cut-off values for AFP and free beta-HCG were 0.945 MOM and 1.275 MOM, respectively. When we combined the AFP level with the free beta-HCG level, the AUC was 0.700 (95% CI: 0.610-0.789, P < .001), with a sensitivity of 0.551 and a specificity of 0.855. CONCLUSION Combined screening for fetal hypospadias with maternal serum AFP and free beta-HCG levels during the early second trimester has high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used as a new marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Chen
- Department of Prenatal diagnosis and screening center, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China
| | - Jianxia Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China
| | - Jin Mei
- Department of Prenatal diagnosis and screening center, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China.
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5
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Interaction between CYP1A1/CYP17A1 polymorphisms and parental risk factors in the risk of hypospadias in a Chinese population. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4123. [PMID: 30858503 PMCID: PMC6411735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias (HS) is a common congenital malformation of the genitourinary tract in males and its etiology is viewed as multifactorial, and studies about gene-environment interaction in the etiology of HS are rare. A total of 152 cases and 151 controls were selected in the present study. Information before and during pregnancy from questionnaires finished by mothers of subjects were extracted, and the relating data were analyzed to determine the risk factors of HS. Meanwhile, maternal genomic DNA was genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP1A1 rs1048943 and CYP17A1 rs4919686. Results of multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that several factors were associated with hypospadias risk. Analysis of the distributions of SNPs in CYP1A1 and CYP17A1 genes showed that the mutant genotype CC (OR = 4.87) of CYP1A1 rs1048943, and mutant genotype CC (OR = 5.82), recessive genotype AC + CC (OR = 2.17) and allele C (OR = 1.77) of CYP17A1 rs4919686 significantly increased the risk of HS. In addition, the additive gene-environment interactions were also found in several models. Several maternal risk factors that are associated with HS risk can interact with CYP1A1/CYP17A1 polymorphisms, which lead to infants vulnerable to occurrence of HS in Chinese populations.
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6
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Kalfa N, Gaspari L, Ollivier M, Philibert P, Bergougnoux A, Paris F, Sultan C. Molecular genetics of hypospadias and cryptorchidism recent developments. Clin Genet 2018; 95:122-131. [PMID: 30084162 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, a tremendous amount of work has been devoted to the study of the molecular genetics of isolated hypospadias and cryptorchidism, two minor forms of disorders of sex development (DSD). Beyond the genes involved in gonadal determination and sex differentiation, including those underlying androgen biosynthesis and signaling, new genes have been identified through genome-wide association study and familial clustering. Even if no single genetic defect can explain the whole spectrum of DSD, these recent studies reinforce the strong role of the genetic background in the occurrence of these defects. The timing of signaling disruption may explain the different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kalfa
- Département de Chirurgie et Urologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Center of Genital Development CRMR DEV-GEN Constitutif, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Departement de Génétique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Gaspari
- National Reference Center of Genital Development CRMR DEV-GEN Constitutif, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Departement de Génétique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Unité d'Endocrinologie et Gynécologie Pédiatriques, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Margot Ollivier
- Département de Chirurgie et Urologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Center of Genital Development CRMR DEV-GEN Constitutif, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Departement de Génétique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Philibert
- National Reference Center of Genital Development CRMR DEV-GEN Constitutif, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Departement de Génétique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Unité d'Endocrinologie et Gynécologie Pédiatriques, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Bergougnoux
- National Reference Center of Genital Development CRMR DEV-GEN Constitutif, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Departement de Génétique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francoise Paris
- National Reference Center of Genital Development CRMR DEV-GEN Constitutif, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Departement de Génétique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Unité d'Endocrinologie et Gynécologie Pédiatriques, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Sultan
- National Reference Center of Genital Development CRMR DEV-GEN Constitutif, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Departement de Génétique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Unité d'Endocrinologie et Gynécologie Pédiatriques, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Singh N, Gupta DK, Sharma S, Sahu DK, Mishra A, Yadav DK, Rawat J, Singh AK. Single-nucleotide and copy-number variance related to severity of hypospadias. Pediatr Surg Int 2018; 34:991-1008. [PMID: 30078147 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-018-4330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic association of hypospadias-risk studies has been conducted in Caucasians, Chinese-Han populations and few in Indian populations. However, no comprehensive approach has been followed to assess genetic involvement in the severity of the disorder. METHODS The study evaluated to establish the correlation between genotyped single nucleotide and copy number variants (SNPs/CNVs) and severity of hypospadias by an association in a total 30 SNPs in genes related to sex hormone-biosynthesis and metabolism; embryonic-development and phospholipase-D-signalling pathways on 138 surgery-confirmed hypospadias-cases from North India (84 penile and 28 cases of penoscrotal-hypospadias as compared with 31 cases of glanular + coronal), and analyzed and identified CNVs in four familial cases (18 members) and three paired-sporadic cases (6 members) using array-based comparative-genomic-hybridization and validated in 32 hypospadias samples by TaqMan assay. RESULTS Based on odds ratio at 95% CI, Z Statistic and Significance Levels, STS gene-rs17268974 was associated with Penile-Hypospadias and 9-SNPs [seven-SNPs (rs5934740; rs5934842; rs5934913; rs6639811; rs3923341; rs17268974; rs5934937)] of STS gene; rs7562326-SRD5A2 and rs1877031-STARD3 were associated with penoscrotal-hypospadias. On aggregate analysis with p < 0.001, we identified homozygous-loss of Ch7:q34 (PRSS3P2, PRSS2). On validation in previously CNV-characterized and new (32 hypospadias cases), we identified PRSS3P2-loss in most of the grade 3 and 4 hypospadias. Hence, Grade 1 and 2 (coronal and granular) show no-PRSS3P2-loss and no-association with SNPs in STS; SRD5A2; STARD3-gene but Grade 3 and 4 (Penile and Penoscrotal) show PRSS3P2-loss accompanied with the association of SNPs in STS; SRD5A2; STARD3. CONCLUSIONS Hence, homozygous-loss of PRSS3P2 accompanied with the association of STS; SRD5A2; STARD3 may link to the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit (Center for Advance Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 003, India.
| | - Devendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Sahu
- Molecular Biology Unit (Center for Advance Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 003, India
| | - Archana Mishra
- Molecular Biology Unit (Center for Advance Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 003, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Jiledar Rawat
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
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8
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Kobayashi S, Sata F, Miyashita C, Sasaki S, Ban S, Araki A, Goudarzi H, Kajiwara J, Todaka T, Kishi R. Dioxin-metabolizing genes in relation to effects of prenatal dioxin levels and reduced birth size: The Hokkaido study. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 67:111-116. [PMID: 27939992 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of maternal polymorphisms in 3 genes encoding dioxin-metabolizing enzymes in relation to prenatal dioxin levels on infant birth size in Japan. METHODS We examined the relationship between dioxin exposure and birth size in relation to the polymorphisms in the genes encoding aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR [G>A, Arg554Lys]), cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 (T6235C), and glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1; Non-null/null) in 421 participants using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS In mothers carrying the GSTM1 null genotype, a ten-fold increase in total dioxin toxic equivalency was correlated with a decrease in birth weight of -345g (95% confidence interval: -584, -105). CONCLUSIONS We observed adverse effects of maternal GSTM1 null genotype on birth weight in the presence of dioxins exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sata
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Health Center, Chuo University, 42-8, Ichigaya-Hommura-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8473, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Susumu Ban
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3, Minami-Tamagaki-cho, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jumboku Kajiwara
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu 818-0135, Japan
| | - Takashi Todaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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9
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Vecoli C, Pulignani S, Andreassi MG. Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Linking Air Pollution and Congenital Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3040032. [PMID: 29367575 PMCID: PMC5715723 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies strongly suggest that parental air pollutants exposure during the periconceptional period may play a major role in causing fetal/newborn malformations, including a frequent heterogeneity in the methods applied and a difficulty in estimating the clear effect of environmental toxicants. Moreover, only some couples exposed to toxicants during the pre-conception period give birth to a child with congenital anomalies. The reasons for such phenomena remain elusive but they can be explained by the individual, innate ability to metabolize these contaminants that eventually defines the ultimate dose of a biological active toxicant. In this paper, we reviewed the major evidence regarding the role of parental air pollutant exposure on congenital heart disease (CHD) risk as well as the modulating effect on detoxification systems. Finally, major epigenetic alterations induced by adverse environment contaminants have been revised as possible mechanisms altering a correct heart morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vecoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pulignani
- Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Andreassi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Kobayashi S, Sata F, Sasaki S, Braimoh TS, Araki A, Miyashita C, Goudarzi H, Kobayashi S, Kishi R. Combined effects of AHR, CYP1A1, and XRCC1 genotypes and prenatal maternal smoking on infant birth size: Biomarker assessment in the Hokkaido Study. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:295-306. [PMID: 27592400 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the individual and combined effects of maternal polymorphisms encoding the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR; rs2066853), cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 (rs1048963), and the X-ray-complementing gene 1 (XRCC1; rs1799782) and prenatal smoking in relation to infant birth size. METHODS Totally, 3263 participants (1998 non-smokers and 1265 smokers) were included in the study between 2003 and 2007. Two groups of mothers were distinguished by plasma cotinine levels by ELISA measured during the third trimester (cut-off=11.48ng/mL). We conducted data analysis using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS Infants whose mothers smoked and had AHR-GG, CYP1A1-AG/GG, and XRCC1-CT/TT genotypes weighed, -145g less than those born of mothers who did not smoke and had the AHR-GA/AA, CYP1A1-AA, and XRCC1-CC genotypes (95% CI: -241, -50). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy with the combination of AHR, CYP1A1, and XRCC1 polymorphisms had lower birth size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan; Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sata
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan; Health Center, Chuo University, 42-8, Ichigaya-Hommura-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8473, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Titilola Serifat Braimoh
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan; Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
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11
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Nicoletti D, Appel LD, Siedersberger Neto P, Guimarães GW, Zhang L. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth defects in children: a systematic review with meta-analysis. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2016; 30:2491-529. [PMID: 26247979 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00115813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to investigate the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth defects in children. We performed an electronic search of observational studies in the databases ovid MEDLINE (1950 to April 2010), LILACS and SciELO. We included 188 studies with a total of 13,564,914 participants (192,655 cases). Significant positive associations were found between maternal smoking and birth defects in the following body systems: cardiovascular (OR: 1.11; 95%CI: 1.03-1.19), digestive (OR: 1.18; 95%CI: 1.07-1.30), musculoskeletal (OR: 1.27; 95%CI: 1.16-1.39) and face and neck (OR: 1.28; 95%CI: 1.19-1.37). The strength of association between maternal smoking and birth defects measured by the OR (95%CI) is significantly related to the amount of cigarettes smoked daily (χ2 = 12.1; df = 2; p = 0.002). In conclusion, maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with congenital malformations in children and this association is dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilvania Nicoletti
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Linjie Zhang
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
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12
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Bouty A, Ayers KL, Pask A, Heloury Y, Sinclair AH. The Genetic and Environmental Factors Underlying Hypospadias. Sex Dev 2015; 9:239-259. [PMID: 26613581 DOI: 10.1159/000441988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias results from a failure of urethral closure in the male phallus and affects 1 in 200-300 boys. It is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The development of the penis progresses in 2 stages: an initial hormone-independent phase and a secondary hormone-dependent phase. Here, we review the molecular pathways that contribute to each of these stages, drawing on studies from both human and mouse models. Hypospadias can occur when normal development of the phallus is disrupted, and we provide evidence that mutations in genes underlying this developmental process are causative. Finally, we discuss the environmental factors that may contribute to hypospadias and their potential immediate and transgenerational epigenetic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Bouty
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Katie L Ayers
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew Pask
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Yves Heloury
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew H Sinclair
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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13
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Håkonsen LB, Ernst A, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and reproductive health in children: a review of epidemiological studies. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:39-49. [PMID: 24369132 PMCID: PMC3901880 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal cigarette smoking may affect the intrauterine hormonal environment during pregnancy and this early fetal exposure may have detrimental effects on the future trajectory of reproductive health. In this review, we discuss the epidemiological literature on the association between prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and several aspects of reproductive health. The literature points towards an increased risk of the urogenital malformation cryptorchidism, but a potential protective effect on the risk of hypospadias in sons following prenatal cigarette smoking exposure. Studies on sexual maturation find a tendency towards accelerated pubertal development in exposed boys and girls. In adult life, prenatally exposed men have impaired semen quality compared with unexposed individuals, but an influence on fecundability, that is, the biological ability to reproduce, is less evident. We found no evidence to support an association between prenatal cigarette smoking exposure and testicular cancer. Among adult daughters, research is sparse and inconsistent, but exposure to cigarette smoking in utero may decrease fecundability. In conclusion, prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking may cause some long-term adverse effects on the reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Berger Håkonsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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Kishi R, Kobayashi S, Ikeno T, Araki A, Miyashita C, Itoh S, Sasaki S, Okada E, Kobayashi S, Kashino I, Itoh K, Nakajima S. Ten years of progress in the Hokkaido birth cohort study on environment and children's health: cohort profile--updated 2013. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 18:429-50. [PMID: 23959649 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health is an ongoing cohort study that began in 2002. The study consists of two prospective birth cohorts, the Sapporo cohort (n = 514) and the Hokkaido large-scale cohort (n = 20,940). The primary goals of this study are to first examine the potential negative effects of perinatal environmental chemical exposures on birth outcomes, including congenital malformations and growth retardation; second, to evaluate the development of allergies, infectious diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders and perform longitudinal observations of the children's physical development to clarify the causal relationship between these outcomes and environmental chemicals; third, to identify individuals genetically susceptible to environmental chemicals; finally, to identify the additive effects of various environmental factors in our daily life, such as secondhand smoke exposure or low folate intake during early pregnancy. In this paper, we introduce our recent progress in the Hokkaido study with a cohort profile updated in 2013. For the last ten years, we followed pregnant women and their offspring, measuring various environmental chemicals, i.e., PCB, OH-PCB and dioxins, PFCs (Perfluorinated Compounds), Organochlorine pesticides, Phthalates, bisphenol A and mercury. We discovered that the concentration of toxic equivalents (TEQ) of dioxin and other specific congeners of PCDF or PCDD have effects on birth weight, infants' neurodevelopment and immune function. There were significant gender differences in these effects; our results suggest that male infants have more susceptibility to those chemical exposures than female infants. Interestingly, we found maternal genetic polymorphisms in AHR, CYP1A1 or GSTs that significantly modified the dioxin concentrations in maternal blood, suggesting different dioxin accumulations in the bodies of individuals with these genotypes, which would lead to different dioxin exposure levels. These genetic susceptibility factors influenced the body size of children born from mothers that either smoked or were passively exposed to tobacco smoke. Further studies investigating the correlation between epigenetics, the effects of intrauterine exposure to environmental chemicals and developmental factors related to health and disease are warranted.
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15
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Jenkins MM, Reefhuis J, Gallagher ML, Mulle JG, Hoffmann TJ, Koontz DA, Sturchio C, Rasmussen SA, Witte JS, Richter P, Honein MA. Maternal smoking, xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme gene variants, and gastroschisis risk. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1454-63. [PMID: 24668907 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is one proposed risk factor for gastroschisis, but reported associations have been modest, suggesting that differences in genetic susceptibility might play a role. We included 108 non-Hispanic white and 62 Hispanic families who had infants with gastroschisis, and 1,147 non-Hispanic white and 337 Hispanic families who had liveborn infants with no major structural birth defects (controls) in these analyses. DNA was extracted from buccal cells collected from infants and mothers, and information on periconceptional smoking history was obtained from maternal interviews, as part of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. We analyzed five polymorphisms in three genes that code for enzymes involved in metabolism of some cigarette smoke constituents (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and NAT2). Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) independently for maternal smoking and maternal and infant gene variants, and to assess joint associations of maternal smoking and maternal or infant gene variants with gastroschisis. In analyses adjusted for maternal age at delivery and stratified by maternal race-ethnicity, we identified three suggestive associations among 30 potential associations with sufficient numbers to calculate ORs: CYP1A1*2A for non-Hispanic white mothers who smoked periconceptionally (aOR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.15-0.98), and NAT2*6 for Hispanic non-smoking mothers (aOR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.12-4.19) and their infants (aOR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.00-4.48). This analysis does not support the occurrence of effect modification between periconceptional maternal smoking and most of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme gene variants assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Jenkins
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Shih EM, Graham JM. Review of genetic and environmental factors leading to hypospadias. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:453-63. [PMID: 24657417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital malformations, affecting about 4-6 males per 1000 male births, and ranging in severity from a urethral meatus that is slightly off-center to a meatus in the perineal area. Over the past three decades its prevalence may have increased due to changes in reporting of mild cases and/or increased survival of low birth weight infants due to improved neonatal care. However, despite the increasing numbers of males with hypospadias, the overall etiology remains unclear and likely multifactorial in nature. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the various factors implicated in hypospadias etiology, including genetic and environmental factors. In addition, we list syndromes in which hypospadias is a relatively common association and delineate the areas that require further investigation in an effort to understand this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Shih
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, #61, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - John M Graham
- Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Carmichael SL, Witte JS, Ma C, Lammer EJ, Shaw GM. Hypospadias and variants in genes related to sex hormone biosynthesis and metabolism. Andrology 2013; 2:130-7. [PMID: 24281767 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether variants in genes related to sex hormone biosynthesis and metabolism were associated with hypospadias in humans. We examined 332 relatively common tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) in 20 genes. Analyses included 633 cases (84 mild, 322 moderate, 212 severe and 15 undetermined severity) and 855 population-based non-malformed male controls born in California from 1990 to 2003. We used logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each SNP. Several of the 332 studied SNPs had p < 0.01: one in CYP3A4, four in HSD17B3, one in HSD3B1, two in STARD3, 10 in SRD5A2 and seven in STS. In addition, haplotype analyses gave several associations with p < 0.01. For HSD17B3, 14-SNP and 5-SNP blocks had ORs of 1.5 (95% CI 1.1, 2.0, p < 0.001) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.6, 4.8, p < 0.001) respectively. For SRD5A2, 9-SNP, 3-SNP and 8-SNP blocks had ORs of 1.7 (95% CI 1.3, 2.2, p < 0.001), 1.4 (95% CI 1.1, 1.8, p = 0.008) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.2, 1.9, p = 0.002) respectively. Our study indicates that several genes that contribute to sex hormone biosynthesis and metabolism are associated with hypospadias risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Carmichael
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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18
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Gordeeva LA, Voronina EN, Sokolova EA, Ermolenko NA, Gareeva JV, Sutulina IM, Simonova TA, Filipenko ML, Glushkov AN. Association GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 (Ile105Val) genetic polymorphisms in mothers with risk of congenital malformations in their children in Western Siberia: a case-control study. Prenat Diagn 2013; 33:1095-101. [PMID: 23873097 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in mothers may be involved in teratogenesis in their offspring. This study aims to investigate the association of GST genes (T1, M1 and P1) with the risk of having children with congenital malformations (CMs) in residents of the West Siberian region of Russia. METHOD We studied 235 women with offspring's with CMs, and 273 women with one or more healthy children. Null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were identified through multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction, and GSTP1 gene (Ile105Val) polymorphism was determined through TaqMan-real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The study showed that the maternal genotype GSTT1 «0/0» is associated with CMs in the offspring (odd ratio (OR) = 3.63, P = 5.18 × 10(-9) ). A significant association of the maternal genotype GSTT1 «0/0» with CMs of the cardiovascular system (OR = 5.03, P = 2.93 × 10(-7) ), urinary system (OR = 4.20, P = 3.51 × 10(-6) ) and central nervous system (OR = 4.40, P = 6.69 × 10(-5) ) was found in the child. No association of maternal GSTM1 (del) and GSTP1 (Ile105Val) genetic polymorphisms with CMs of the child was identified. CONCLUSION Homozygous deletion of the GSTT1 gene in women of the West Siberian region is a risk factor for birth defects in the child.
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20
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Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Lammer EJ. Environmental and genetic contributors to hypospadias: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2012; 94:499-510. [PMID: 22678668 PMCID: PMC3393839 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates current knowledge related to trends in the prevalence of hypospadias, the association of hypospadias with endocrine-disrupting exposures, and the potential contribution of genetic susceptibility to its etiology. The review focuses on epidemiologic evidence. Increasing prevalence of hypospadias has been observed, but such increases tend to be localized to specific regions or time periods. Thus, generalized statements that hypospadias is increasing are unsupported. Owing to the limitations of study designs and inconsistent results, firm conclusions cannot be made regarding the association of endocrine-disrupting exposures with hypospadias. Studies with more rigorous study designs (e.g., larger and more detailed phenotypes) and exposure assessment that encompasses more breadth and depth (e.g., specific endocrine-related chemicals) will be critical to make better inferences about these important environmental exposures. Many candidate genes for hypospadias have been identified, but few of them have been examined to an extent that enables solid conclusions. Further study is needed that includes larger sample sizes, comparison groups that are more representative of the populations from which the cases were derived, phenotype-specific analyses, and more extensive exploration of variants. In conclusion, examining the associations of environmental and genetic factors with hypospadias remain important areas of inquiry, although our actual understanding of their contribution to hypospadias risk in humans is currently limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan L Carmichael
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To assess whether prenatal exposure to smoking is associated with impaired reproductive health in exposed men. RECENT FINDINGS Men who have been exposed to maternal smoking in utero have smaller testes and impaired semen quality as compared to nonexposed men, suggesting toxic effects on Sertoli and/or germ cells. According to meta-analyses there is only a weak or no association with fetal exposure to smoking and the incidence of testicular germ cell cancer, cryptorchidism, or hypospadias. SUMMARY Adverse effect of maternal smoking on sperm production capacity of their son is yet another good reason for women to quit smoking before pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena E Virtanen
- Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Association of variants in genes involved in environmental chemical metabolism and risk of cryptorchidism and hypospadias. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:434-41. [PMID: 22648180 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) metabolism might influence the risk of male genital malformations. In this study, we explored for association between 384 SNPs in 15 genes (AHR, AHRR, ARNT, ARNT2, NR1I2, RXRA, RXRB, RXRG, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP17A1 and CYP19A1) and risk of cryptorchidism (CO) and hypospadias (HS) in 334 Japanese (JPN) males (141 controls, 95 CO and 98 HS) and 187 Italian (ITA) males (129 controls and 58 CO). In the JPN study group, five SNPs from ARNT2 (rs2278705 and rs5000770), CYP1A2 (rs2069521), CYP17A1 (rs4919686) and NR1I2 (rs2472680) were significantly associated at both allelic and genotypic levels with risk of at least one genital malformation phenotype. In the ITA study group, two SNPs in AHR (rs3757824) and ARNT2 (rs1020397) were significantly associated with risk of CO. Interaction analysis of the positive SNPs using multifactor dimensionality reduction demonstrated that synergistic interaction between rs2472680, rs4919686 and rs5000770 had 62.81% prediction accuracy for CO (P=0.011) and that between rs2069521 and rs2278705 had 69.98% prediction accuracy for HS (P=0.001) in JPN population. In a combined analysis of JPN and ITA population, the most significant multi-locus association was observed between rs5000770 and rs3757824, which had 65.70% prediction accuracy for CO (P=0.055). Our findings indicate that genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in EED metabolism are associated with risk of CO and HS.
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van der Zanden LFM, van Rooij IALM, Feitz WFJ, Franke B, Knoers NVAM, Roeleveld N. Aetiology of hypospadias: a systematic review of genes and environment. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 18:260-83. [PMID: 22371315 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dms002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation of the male external genitalia. Most cases have an unknown aetiology, which is probably a mix of monogenic and multifactorial forms, implicating both genes and environmental factors. This review summarizes current knowledge about the aetiology of hypospadias. METHODS Pubmed was used to identify studies on hypospadias aetiology published between January 1995 and February 2011. Reference lists of the selected manuscripts were also searched to identify additional studies, including those published before 1995. RESULTS The search provided 922 articles and 169 articles were selected for this review. Studies screening groups of patients with hypospadias for single gene defects found mutations in WT1, SF1, BMP4, BMP7, HOXA4, HOXB6, FGF8, FGFR2, AR, HSD3B2, SRD5A2, ATF3, MAMLD1, MID1 and BNC2. However, most investigators are convinced that single mutations do not cause the majority of isolated hypospadias cases. Indeed, associations were found with polymorphisms in FGF8, FGFR2, AR, HSD17B3, SRD5A2, ESR1, ESR2, ATF3, MAMLD1, DGKK, MID1, CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1. In addition, gene expression studies indentified CTGF, CYR61 and EGF as candidate genes. Environmental factors consistently implicated in hypospadias are low birthweight, maternal hypertension and pre-eclampsia, suggesting that placental insufficiency may play an important role in hypospadias aetiology. Exogenous endocrine-disrupting chemicals have the potential to induce hypospadias but it is unclear whether human exposure is high enough to exert this effect. Other environmental factors have also been associated with hypospadias but, for most, the results are inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Although a number of contributors to the aetiology of hypospadias have been identified, the majority of risk factors remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F M van der Zanden
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17:589-604. [PMID: 21747128 PMCID: PMC3156888 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmr022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is uncertainty over whether maternal smoking is associated with birth defects. We conducted the first ever comprehensive systematic review to establish which specific malformations are associated with smoking. METHODS Observational studies published 1959–2010 were identified (Medline), and included if they reported the odds ratio (OR) for having a non-chromosomal birth defect among women who smoked during pregnancy compared with non-smokers. ORs adjusted for potential confounders were extracted (e.g. maternal age and alcohol), otherwise unadjusted estimates were used. One hundred and seventy-two articles were used in the meta-analyses: a total of 173 687 malformed cases and 11 674 332 unaffected controls. RESULTS Significant positive associations with maternal smoking were found for: cardiovascular/heart defects [OR 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.17]; musculoskeletal defects (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05–1.27); limb reduction defects (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.15–1.39); missing/extra digits (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.99–1.41); clubfoot (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10–1.47); craniosynostosis (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.03–1.73); facial defects (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06–1.35); eye defects (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.11–1.40); orofacial clefts (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.20–1.36); gastrointestinal defects (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.18–1.36); gastroschisis (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.28–1.76); anal atresia (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.06–1.36); hernia (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.23–1.59); and undescended testes (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.25). There was a reduced risk for hypospadias (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85–0.95) and skin defects (OR 0.82, 0.75–0.89). For all defects combined the OR was 1.01 (0.96–1.07), due to including defects with a reduced risk and those with no association (including chromosomal defects). CONCLUSIONS Birth defects that are positively associated with maternal smoking should now be included in public health educational materials to encourage more women to quit before or during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Hackshaw
- CRUK & UCL Trials Centre, University College London, , 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK.
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ShekharYadav C, Bajpai M, Kumar V, Ahmed RS, Gupta P, Banerjee BD. Polymorphism in CYP1A1, GSTMI,GSTT1 genes and organochlorine pesticides in the etiology of hypospadias. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30:1464-74. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327110392402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and maternal endogenous estrogen may cause hypospadias, common congenital anomaly. Several organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been reported to possess an endocrine-disrupting potential. Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1 and GSTT1) of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme family are involved in the metabolism of various environmental toxicants and steroidal hormones. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the role of CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 genes polymorphism, OCPs levels and risk of hypospadias. A total of 80 hypospadiac and 120 age-matched control boys were included. OCP levels in blood were determined using Gas Chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and polymorphism in CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes was evaluated by RFLP and multiplex PCR method. We observed significant high levels of β-hexachlorohexane (HCH), γ-HCH, and p, p′-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene ( p,p’-DDE) in the cases. CYP1A1 polymorphisms were not significantly different among cases and controls, whereas concomitant deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes was significantly higher in cases as compared to controls. However, after adjusting for low birth weight and maternal occupational exposure, the results did not remain significant but odds of risk was higher (OR = 1.72, p = 0.14) among cases. In conclusion, our study suggests irrespective of genetic predisposition, higher level of some OCPs may be associated with increased risk of hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra ShekharYadav
- Environmental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Minu Bajpai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Environmental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Rafat Sultana Ahmed
- Environmental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Piyush Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, New Delhi, India
| | - Basu Dev Banerjee
- Environmental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
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Association of CYP1A1 Gene Polymorphism with Ischemic Stroke in South Indian Population. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:26-32. [PMID: 24323584 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-010-0059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of stroke. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cigarette smoking are the major risk factors, and smoking doubles the risk of ischemic stroke. Smoking cessation decreased the risk for ischemic stroke. CYP1A1 is the phase I metabolizing enzyme which plays a key role in metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are present in cigarette smoke and considered carcinogenic. So far, the association of CYP1A1 gene polymorphism with stroke has not been investigated in Indian population. So, the study is taken up to evaluate the association of this polymorphism with ischemic stroke in a South Indian population. We genotyped 215 ischemic stroke patients and 162 age-matched controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Statistical analysis showed that CYP1A1 "CC" genotype is associated with five times increased risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio (OR) = 5.14; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.14-23.14, p = 0.01), while "TT" (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.51-1.19, p = 0.25) and "TC" (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.67-1.60, p = 0.85) genotypes were nonsignificant with the increased risk of stroke. T and C allele frequencies in stroke were 76.5% and 23.5% as against 81.8% and 18.2% in control group, respectively, thus, suggesting no statistically significant differences in the T (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.50-1.03, p = 0.07) and C (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 0.96-1.97, p = 0.07) allele frequencies between the two groups. The distribution of CYP1A1 genotypes and allelic frequency within the stroke subtypes showed a significant association of CC genotype only in intracranial large artery atherosclerosis (OR = 5.21, 95% CI = 1.03-26.38, p = 0.02) while other subtypes did not show any association. Further analysis of CYP1A1 genotypes in patients and control subjects with smoking habit also showed a similar trend. Hence, we conclude that the CYP1A1 CC genotype is associated with the increased risk of ischemic stroke.
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Sata F, Kurahashi N, Ban S, Moriya K, Tanaka KD, Ishizuka M, Nakao H, Yahata Y, Imai H, Kakizaki H, Nonomura K, Kishi R. Genetic Polymorphisms of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 3 and the Risk of Hypospadias. J Sex Med 2010; 7:2729-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kishi R, Sasaki S, Yoshioka E, Yuasa M, Sata F, Saijo Y, Kurahashi N, Tamaki J, Endo T, Sengoku K, Nonomura K, Minakami H. Cohort profile: the Hokkaido study on environment and children's health in Japan. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 40:611-8. [PMID: 20504859 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyq071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kishi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Axelsson J, Bonde JP, Giwercman YL, Rylander L, Giwercman A. Gene-environment interaction and male reproductive function. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:298-307. [PMID: 20348940 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As genetic factors can hardly explain the changes taking place during short time spans, environmental and lifestyle-related factors have been suggested as the causes of time-related deterioration of male reproductive function. However, considering the strong heterogeneity of male fecundity between and within populations, genetic variants might be important determinants of the individual susceptibility to the adverse effects of environment or lifestyle. Although the possible mechanisms of such interplay in relation to the reproductive system are largely unknown, some recent studies have indicated that specific genotypes may confer a larger risk of male reproductive disorders following certain exposures. This paper presents a critical review of animal and human evidence on how genes may modify environmental effects on male reproductive function. Some examples have been found that support this mechanism, but the number of studies is still limited. This type of interaction studies may improve our understanding of normal physiology and help us to identify the risk factors to male reproductive malfunction. We also shortly discuss other aspects of gene-environment interaction specifically associated with the issue of reproduction, namely environmental and lifestyle factors as the cause of sperm DNA damage. It remains to be investigated to what extent such genetic changes, by natural conception or through the use of assisted reproductive techniques, are transmitted to the next generation, thereby causing increased morbidity in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Axelsson
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö 20502, Sweden
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Vani GT, Mukesh N, Siva Prasad B, Rama Devi P, Hema Prasad M, Usha Rani P, Pardhanandana Reddy P. Association of CYP1A1*2A polymorphism with male infertility in Indian population. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 410:43-7. [PMID: 19786002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CYP1A1 gene is a polymorphic gene and encodes for the CYP1A1 enzyme that catalyzes the bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are ubiquitous pollutants in the natural environment, which are capable of forming DNA adducts once being activated to generate DNA reactive metabolites. DNA adducts in sperm cells could be considered as a sign of severe DNA damage, which played an important role in meiotic division during spermatogenesis and could be associated with infertility. Lipophilic compounds undergo metabolic activation by phase I enzymes, which introduce a reactive center into the molecule, followed by phase II conjugation reaction resulting in a water soluble product. METHODS We genotyped CYP1A1*2A, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay in a hospital based case-control study including 206 infertile men and 230 healthy fertile (control) subjects. RESULTS Analysis showed that CYP1A1*2A CC genotype is associated with increased risk of male infertility (OR=6.08, 95% CI=1.91-25.27), while TC genotype showed a non-significantly increased risk of male infertility (OR=1.35 95% CI=0.89-2.05). Further, when the variant genotypes were combined (CYP1A1*2A TC+CC) assuming a co-dominant allele effect, TC plus CC genotypes were also found to be significant with increased risk of male infertility (OR=1.57 95% CI=1.05-2.35 p=0.02). Allele frequencies are calculated for each genotype of CYP1A1*2A and the differences for allele frequencies between the infertile and fertile men are determined using Fisher's exact test. T and C allele frequencies in infertile men are 71% and 29% as against 80% and 20% in fertile men. The differences for allele frequencies are found to be statistically significant (p=0.002). The results showed a drastic decrease in the sperm count and motility and increase in dead sperms in CC genotype when compared to other genotypes in infertile men. CONCLUSION Based on Indian study we conclude that CC genotype of CYP1A1 is associated in the pathogenesis of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudimella Tirumala Vani
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetics Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad-500016, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Ahmeti H, Kolgeci S, Arifi H, Jaha L. Clinical dilemmas and surgical treatment of penoscrotal, scrotal and perineal hypospadias. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2009; 9:229-34. [PMID: 19754479 PMCID: PMC5632508 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2009.2812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadia is the most common congenital malformation of the urinary tract. It is a malformation with the opening of the urethra proximally from the usual site. The meatal opening can be anywhere alone the shaft of the penis, or in more severe forms, within the scrotum, or in the perineum. Consequently the hypospadias can be distal, medial and proximal. The proximal ones can be penoscrotal (PS), scrotal (SC) and perineal (PE). The cause of hypospadias is largely unknown; however, current epidemiology and laboratory studies have shed new light into the etiology of hypospadias. With recent advancements in molecular biology, microarray technology, it appears that hypospadias is potentially related to disrupted gene expression. Currently, the only available treatment is surgery. The aim of this study was to present our results of the surgical correction of hypospadias and methods used to answer the clinical dilemmas about the gender. Authors have used two methods for a surgical resolution of the hypospadia - one-step operation suggested by Snodgrass and two-step operation, employing free graft suggested by Bracka. Clinical dilemmas regarding the gender were answered using cytogenetic assessment through lymphocyte cultivation method, suggested by Seabright. The cytogenetic assessment was carried in 23 patients with proximal hypospadia (penoscrotal, scrotal and perineal). Characteristic male cariotype (46, XY) was found in 22 patients. In one patient, with scrotal hypospadia, we found the characteristic female cariotype. This patient had testicles. The patient with female cariotype had a TDG gene that determines the differentiation of the testicles. Although surgery remains the only therapy for the treatment of the hypospadias, better understanding of the molecular and hormonal mechanisms behind the diseases may contribute to the prevention and the decrease in the incidence of the malformation. Cytogenetic testing in patients with unclear gender is important in planning further treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ahmeti
- University Clinical Center of Kosova, Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Prishtina, Kosovo
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Messaros BM, Rossano MG, Liu G, Diamond MP, Friderici K, Nummy-Jernigan K, Daly D, Puscheck E, Paneth N, Wirth JJ. Negative effects of serum p,p'-DDE on sperm parameters and modification by genetic polymorphisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:457-464. [PMID: 19303595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effects of ambient exposure to DDT and its metabolites (DDE-DDT) on human sperm parameters and the role of genetic polymorphisms in modifying the association were investigated. METHODS Demographics, medical history data, blood and semen samples were obtained from the first 336 male partners of couples presenting to 2 infertility clinics. Serum was analyzed for organochlorines (OC) and DNA for polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and CYP1A1. Men with each sperm parameter considered low by WHO criteria (concentration <20million/mL, motility <50%, morphology <4%) were compared to men with all normal sperm parameters in logistic regression models, controlling for sum of other OC pesticides. RESULTS High DDE-DDT level was associated with significantly increased odds for all 3 low sperm parameters. The risk of low motility with high DDE-DDT exposure was increased in men with the GSTT1 null genotype compared to those with GSTT1 intact (odds ratio (OR)=4.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-16.78 and OR=3.57, 1.43-8.93, respectively). Risk for low morphology in men with high DDE-DDT and one or both CYP1A1*2A alleles was lower compared to men with the common CYP1A1 alleles (OR=2.18, 0.78-6.07 vs. OR=3.45, 1.32-9.03, respectively). Similar results were obtained for men with low DDE-DDT exposure. Effects of high DDE-DDT on low sperm concentration (OR=2.53, 1.0-6.31) was unaffected by the presence of the polymorphisms. CONCLUSION High DDE-DDT exposure adversely affected all 3 sperm parameters and its effects were exacerbated by the GSTT1 null polymorphism and by the CYP1A1 common alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M Messaros
- Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, A632 West Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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Martin O, Shialis T, Lester J, Scrimshaw M, Boobis A, Voulvoulis N. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome and the estrogen hypothesis: a quantitative meta-analysis. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2009; 13:1601-18. [PMID: 18813661 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232008000500024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive tract abnormalities such as hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and testicular cancer have been proposed to comprise a common syndrome together with impaired spermatogenesis with a common etiology resulting from the disruption of gonadal development during fetal life, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). The only quantitative summary estimate of the link between prenatal exposure to estrogenic agents and testicular cancer was published over 10 years ago; other reviews of the link between estrogenic compounds, other than the potent pharmaceutical estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), and TDS end points have remained inconclusive. We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of the association between the end points related to TDS and prenatal exposure to estrogenic agents. Inclusion in this analysis was based on mechanistic criteria, and the plausibility of an estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha-mediated mode of action was specifically explored. Eight studies were included, investigating the etiology of hypospadias and/or cryptorchidism that had not been identified in previous systematic reviews. Four additional studies of pharmaceutical estrogens yielded a statistically significant updated summary estimate for testicular cancer. Results of the subset analyses point to the existence of unidentified sources of heterogeneity between studies or within the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olwenn Martin
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Cytochrome P450 1A1, glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 polymorphisms in Ovambos and Mongolians. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2009; 11 Suppl 1:S408-10. [PMID: 19264525 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1, and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with several diseases. In this study, CYP1A1 MspI, GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms were investigated in 134 Ovambo and 207 Mongolians, and the results were compared with those from previous studies. Using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) the frequency of CYP1A1 MspI mutation was determined. The multiplex PCR was used to determine the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism. The frequencies of wild-type, heterozygous variant and homozygous variant of the CYP1A1 MspI genotypes were 72.4%, 25.4% and 2.2%, and 22.7%, 55.6% and 21.7% in the Ovambos and Mongolians, respectively. The frequencies of GSTM1 (null) and GSTT1 (null) genotypes were 11.2% and 35.8%, and 46.4% and 25.6% in the Ovambos and Mongolians, respectively. The CYP1A1 MspI and GSTT1 (null) genotype distribution of the Ovambos was similar to that of African-Americans and some Caucasians. In contrast, the GSTM1 (null) genotype distribution was different from that of all other populations. Among Mongolians, the CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism showed the highest mutation frequencies, GSTM1 (null) was similar to that of East Asians, and GSTT1 (null) was different from that of almost all the Asians examined.
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Figueroa JD, Sakoda LC, Graubard BI, Chanock S, Rubertone MV, Erickson RL, McGlynn KA. Genetic variation in hormone metabolizing genes and risk of testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19:917-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kishi R, Sata F, Yoshioka E, Ban S, Sasaki S, Konishi K, Washino N. Exploiting gene-environment interaction to detect adverse health effects of environmental chemicals on the next generation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102:191-203. [PMID: 18226074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence from epidemiological studies that genetic susceptibilities may modify the teratogenic effects of toxic chemicals. However, in contrast to tobacco smoke, few epidemiological studies have addressed environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in regard to genetic susceptibility. Recent studies, including the Hokkaido Study of Environments and Children's Health, have investigated the impacts of both environmental and genetic factors on children's development. Several xenobiotic-metabolizing genes have been reported to confer genetic susceptibility to low birth weight. These genes seem to be influenced functionally by maternal smoking during pregnancy, itself a significant risk factor. In our study, we found that birth weight was significantly lower among infants born to smoking women having the specific AHR, CYP1A1, GSTM1, CYP2E1 and NQO1 genotypes. When combinations of these genotypes were considered, birth weight was even lower. On the other hand, congenital anomalies such as hypospadias seemed to be caused by environmental factors in conjunction with genetic predisposition as suggested by linkage in several case-control studies reported to low birth weight. We have found an association between maternal CYP1A1 genotype or low birth weight and the risk of hypospadias irrespective of smoking. At the same time, birth weight was negatively correlated with maternal blood concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Further studies should elucidate the impact of genetic factors on adverse effects of exposures to dioxin-related chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kishi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Martin OV, Shialis T, Lester JN, Scrimshaw MD, Boobis AR, Voulvoulis N. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome and the estrogen hypothesis: a quantitative meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:149-57. [PMID: 18288311 PMCID: PMC2235228 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male reproductive tract abnormalities such as hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and testicular cancer have been proposed to comprise a common syndrome together with impaired spermatogenesis with a common etiology resulting from the disruption of gonadal development during fetal life, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). The hypothesis that in utero exposure to estrogenic agents could induce these disorders was first proposed in 1993. The only quantitative summary estimate of the association between prenatal exposure to estrogenic agents and testicular cancer was published over 10 years ago, and other systematic reviews of the association between estrogenic compounds, other than the potent pharmaceutical estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), and TDS end points have remained inconclusive. OBJECTIVES We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of the association between the end points related to TDS and prenatal exposure to estrogenic agents. Inclusion in this analysis was based on mechanistic criteria, and the plausibility of an estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha-mediated mode of action was specifically explored. RESULTS We included in this meta-analysis eight studies investigating the etiology of hypospadias and/or cryptorchidism that had not been identified in previous systematic reviews. Four additional studies of pharmaceutical estrogens yielded a statistically significant updated summary estimate for testicular cancer. CONCLUSIONS The doubling of the risk ratios for all three end points investigated after DES exposure is consistent with a shared etiology and the TDS hypothesis but does not constitute evidence of an estrogenic mode of action. Results of the subset analyses point to the existence of unidentified sources of heterogeneity between studies or within the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olwenn V. Martin
- Centre for Environmental Policy and
- Experimental Medicine and Toxicology Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - John N. Lester
- Centre for Water Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Scrimshaw
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Boobis
- Experimental Medicine and Toxicology Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Sankar R, Lerner JT. Chapter 12 Teratogenicity of Antiepileptic Drugs. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2008; 83:215-25. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The approach to clinical decision-making pertaining to the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during pregnancy has relied on previous accumulated experience and, since the 1990s, on data from pregnancy registries. The limitations of this process are that no information regarding the chemical attributes of the AED under consideration, nor the role of a number of enzyme systems that are known to interact with foreign compounds to modify their potential for harm, are included. The role of the hepatic mixed function oxidase system may be especially important in conferring teratogenic risk. However, systems such as epoxide hydrolase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and other toxin-scavenging systems may be important modifiers that lower the risk. Knowledge is also accumulating on the interactions of AEDs with molecular targets such as histone deacetylase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors that may play important roles in teratogenesis. While our knowledge of these factors are incomplete, progress can be achieved by beginning to include these concepts in our discussion on the topic and by promoting research that may improve our ability to individualize the analysis of risk for a specific patient with regards to specific AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sankar
- David Geffen School of Medicine and Mattel Children's Hospital, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA.
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Sasaki S, Kondo T, Sata F, Saijo Y, Katoh S, Nakajima S, Ishizuka M, Fujita S, Kishi R. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and genetic polymorphisms in the Ah receptor, CYP1A1 and GSTM1 affect infant birth size in Japanese subjects. Mol Hum Reprod 2006; 12:77-83. [PMID: 16481407 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gal013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to tobacco smoke might have relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes. To estimate the effects of maternal smoking and genetic polymorphisms on infant birth weight and length, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 293 women who delivered singleton live births in Sapporo, Japan. Birth weight and length were significantly lower among infants born to continuously smoking women having the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) wild type genotype (Arg/Arg; 211 g +/- 76 g; 1.2 cm +/- 0.4 cm, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), the CYP1A1 variant genotype (m1/m2 + m2/m2; 170 g +/- 64 g, 0.8 cm +/- 0.3 cm, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), or the GSTM1 null genotype (171 g +/- 58 g, 0.6 cm +/- 0.3 cm, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). When combinations of these genotypes were considered, birth weight and length were significantly lower for infants of continuously smoking women in the AhR wild type + CYP1A1 variant group (315 g +/- 116 g; 1.7 cm +/- 0.6 cm, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively) and in the CYP1A1 variant + GSTM1 null group (237 g +/- 92 g; 1.3 cm +/- 0.5 cm, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). These genotypes did not confer adverse effects among women who had never smoked; therefore, maternal smoking in combination with maternal AhR, CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms may adversely affect infant birth size.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sasaki
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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