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Zeng W, Wang K, Zhou Y, Deng X, Xu R, Chen W. Determination of diethylstilbestrol in environmental water based on electrochemical senser modified with vanadium based metal organic framework material composite. Nanotechnology 2024; 35:245501. [PMID: 38529942 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad321d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
In this research, the MIL-47/ACET/Nafion/GCE electrochemical senser for the determination of diethylstilbestrol (DES) was prepared with vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4·nH2O) and terephthalic acid (H2BDC) as the main raw materials, compounded with acetylene black (ACET) and perfluorosulfonic acid polymer (Nafion). The compound DES belongs to the category of estrogens, and prolonged exposure to the environment can have detrimental effects on the physiological functioning of both humans and animals. Due to the strong DES enrichment performance of MIL-47(V-MOFs) with large specific surface area, in addition to the excellent conductivity and electrocatalysis of composite materials, this modified senser had good electrochemical response to DES. With differential pulse voltammetry, in optimum condition of 0.1 M NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4at pH = 7.0, potential interval of -1.0 to 1.0 V, enrichment time of 120 s and enrichment potential of 0.2 V, there was a good linear relationship between peak current and the concentration of DES over the range of 0.1 and 50μM, and the limit of detection was 0.008μM. The sensor accurately detected DES in actual water samples, with recovery rates ranging from 89.21% to 105.3%. The electrochemical sensor was simple to prepare and had practical significance for the detection of DES in water. The research results of the sensor provide another alternative analytical means for the sensitive detection of DES in the environment, which is important for maintaining public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpen Zeng
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
- Mineral Resources Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institution, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Keli Wang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
- Mineral Resources Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institution, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
- Mineral Resources Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institution, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Deng
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
- Mineral Resources Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institution, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruichao Xu
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
- Mineral Resources Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institution, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, People's Republic of China
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Mizushima S, Kuroiwa A. Research Note: Diethylstilbestrol reduces primordial germ cells in male Japanese quail. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102910. [PMID: 37523996 PMCID: PMC10400953 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the detrimental effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES), an estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemical, on the viability of primordial germ cells (PGCs), embryonic precursors of germ cells, in Japanese quail. We injected 50 or 100 nmol DES solubilized in sesame oil into the yolk of stage X embryos and assessed changes in the population and cell cycle properties of circulating PGCs in blood vessels and gonadal PGCs after 2.5- and 7-day incubations, respectively. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer and Western blotting analyses identified DEAD-box polypeptide 4 (DDX4) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as a stem cell marker and proliferation marker of quail PGCs, respectively. Immunochemical analyses revealed significant decreases in the number of DDX4- and PCNA-positive blood-circulating PGCs in males treated with 50 and 100 nmol DES than in the oil-treated control group. These reductions were not observed in females. Furthermore, the number of DDX4-positive gonadal PGCs was smaller in males treated with 50 and 100 nmol DES than in the control group, and these reductions were not observed in females. The protein expression of the Sertoli cell marker showed normal testis development in DES-treated embryos on d 7. These results demonstrate the potentially cytotoxic effects of DES on male germ cells, namely, the inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis in Japanese quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Mizushima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Asato Kuroiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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Yang Q, Ali M, Treviño LS, Mas A, Ismail N, Al-Hendy A. Epigenetic Modulation of Inflammatory Pathways in Myometrial Stem Cells and Risk of Uterine Fibroids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11641. [PMID: 37511399 PMCID: PMC10380326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The period during which tissue and organ development occurs is particularly vulnerable to the influence of environmental exposures. However, the specific mechanisms through which biological pathways are disrupted in response to developmental insults, consequently elevating the risk of hormone-dependent diseases, such as uterine fibroids (UFs), remain poorly understood. Here, we show that developmental exposure to the endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), diethylstilbestrol (DES), activates the inflammatory pathways in myometrial stem cells (MMSCs), which are the origin of UFs. Significantly, the secretome of reprogrammed MMSCs enhances the expression of critical inflammation-related genes in differentiated myometrial cells through the paracrine mechanism, which amplifies pro-inflammatory and immune suppression signaling in the myometrium. The expression of reprogrammed inflammatory responsive genes (IRGs) is driven by activated mixed-lineage leukemia protein-1 (MLL1) in MMSCs. The deactivation of MLL reverses the reprogramming of IRG expression. In addition, the inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) also reversed the reprogrammed IRG expression induced by EDC exposure. This work identifies the epigenetic mechanisms of MLL1/HDAC-mediated MMSC reprogramming, and EDC exposure epigenetically targets MMSCs and imparts an IRG expression pattern, which may result in a "hyper-inflammatory phenotype" and an increased hormone-dependent risk of UFs later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lindsey S Treviño
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Aymara Mas
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute Avda, Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nahed Ismail
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Wamakima BW, McKinney S, Bookman L, Gompers A, Hacker MR, Farid H. Postmenopausal Vaginal and Cervical Cancer Risk Related to In Utero Diethylstilbestrol Exposure. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2023; 27:35-39. [PMID: 36222810 PMCID: PMC10311286 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero have an increased risk of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the lower genital tract, requiring lifelong cervical and vaginal cancer screening. We examined the incidence of DES-related cancers in postmenopausal women 50 years and older. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients 50 years and older exposed to DES in utero who received care at our institution. Patients were identified using billing codes and/or searching through the electronic record for the word DES. With this 2-pronged approach, we reviewed a total of 503 charts with confirmed DES exposure to identify gynecologic cancer occurrence. RESULTS Within the 503 selected charts, 28 cases of gynecologic cancer occurrence were identified. Ten patients had cervical cancer and one patient had vaginal cancer. Only 1 woman of 503 developed a DES-related cervical or vaginal malignancy after age 50 years. No patients were diagnosed with cervical or vaginal cancer after age 65 years. CONCLUSIONS Diethylstilbestrol-related malignancies are rare in those older than 50 years. Current cervical cancer screening guidelines recommend cessation of screening in an average risk, adequately screened patient at age 65 years, but patients exposed to DES have historically received lifelong screening. However, we found no cases of cervical or vaginal cancer related to DES after age 65 years, suggesting that screening recommendations could be changed for these patients to align with current screening guidelines.
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Bujor IE, Lozneanu L, Ursache A, Cristofor A, Scurtu AM, Plamadeala P, Gireada R, Mandici CE, Găină MA, Matasariu DR. Primary Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix in a 14-Year-Old Virgin Girl: Case Report. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16652. [PMID: 36554533 PMCID: PMC9779421 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is rare in adolescent and pediatric populations, with adenocarcinoma being the most commonly reported. Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix accounts for only 4% of all adenocarcinoma cases, and about two-thirds are associated with intrauterine diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure. We report the case of a 14-year-old virgin girl who presented with a 1-month-long history of abnormal vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain. Transabdominal pelvic ultrasound examination revealed the presence of an irregular, homogeneous cervical mass that was 7 cm in size. Therefore, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed to establish the origin of the tumor and its relationship to adjacent pelvic organs. Furthermore, a vaginoscopy was performed to identify the tumor, and a cervical biopsy was performed. Immunohistochemical and anatomopathological studies resulted in the diagnosis of non-HPV(Human Papilloma Virus)-related clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Following the oncological examination, she was admitted for radiotherapy. The patient had no maternal history of DES exposure in utero. Even though the number of cases in the literature is low, most of the virgin girls diagnosed with clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix have a fatal prognosis because of the delay in making a correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Elena Bujor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Grigore T. Popa’, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ludmila Lozneanu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I—Histology, Pathology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Ursache
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Grigore T. Popa’, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cuza Vodă Hospital, 700038 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Cristofor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Grigore T. Popa’, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Scurtu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Clinical Hospital “St. Maria”, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Petru Plamadeala
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Clinical Hospital “St. Maria”, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Roxana Gireada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Grigore T. Popa’, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Elena Mandici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Grigore T. Popa’, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Marcel Alexandru Găină
- Psychiatry, Department of Medicine III, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Roxana Matasariu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Grigore T. Popa’, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cuza Vodă Hospital, 700038 Iasi, Romania
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Kim YM, Shim JH, Park JS, Choi HJ, Jung KM, Lee KY, Park KJ, Han JY. Sequential verification of exogenous protein production in OVA gene-targeted chicken bioreactors. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102247. [PMID: 36335737 PMCID: PMC9640325 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken has potential as an efficient bioreactor system because of its outstanding protein production capacity and low cost. The CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-editing system enables production of highly marketable exogenous proteins in transgenic chicken bioreactors. However, because it takes approximately 18 mo to evaluate the recombinant protein productivity of the bioreactor due to the generation interval from G0 founders to G1 egg-laying hens, to verification of the exogenous protein at the early stage is difficult. Here we propose a system for sequential validation of exogenous protein production in chicken bioreactors as in hatching female chicks as well as in egg-laying hens. We generated chicken OVALBUMIN (OVA) EGFP knock-in (KI) chicken (OVA EGFP KI) by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated nonhomologous end joining at the chicken OVA gene locus. Subsequently, the estrogen analog, diethylstilbestrol (DES), was subcutaneously implanted in the abdominal region of 1-wk-old OVA EGFP KI female chicks to artificially increase OVALBUMIN expression. The oviducts of DES-treated OVA EGFP KI female chicks expressed OVA and EGFP at the 3-wk-old stage (10 d after DES treatment). We evaluated the expression of EGFP protein in the oviduct, along with the physical properties of eggs and egg white from OVA EGFP KI hens. The rapid identification and isolation of exogenous protein can be confirmed at a very early stage and high-yield production is possible by targeting the chicken oviduct.
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Langton CR, Whitcomb BW, Purdue-Smithe AC, Sievert LL, Hankinson SE, Manson JE, Rosner BA, Bertone-Johnson ER. Association of In Utero Exposures With Risk of Early Natural Menopause. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:775-786. [PMID: 35015807 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Suboptimal pregnancy conditions may affect ovarian development in the fetus and be associated with early natural menopause (ENM) for offspring. A total of 106,633 premenopausal participants in Nurses' Health Study II who provided data on their own prenatal characteristics, including diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, maternal cigarette smoking exposure, multiplicity, prematurity, and birth weight, were followed from 1989 to 2017. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of in utero exposures with ENM. During 1.6 million person-years of follow-up, 2,579 participants experienced ENM. In multivariable models, women with prenatal DES exposure had higher risk of ENM compared with those without it (HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.67). Increased risk of ENM was observed for those with low (<5.5 pounds (<2.5 kg)) versus normal (7.0-8.4 pounds (3.2-3.8 kg)) birth weight (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.45). Decreasing risk was observed per 1-pound (0.45-kg) increase in birth weight (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90, 0.97). Prenatal smoking exposure, being part of a multiple birth, and prematurity were not associated with ENM. In this large cohort study, lower birth weight and prenatal DES exposure were associated with higher risk of ENM. Our results support a need for future research to examine in utero exposures that may affect offspring reproductive health.
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Jazdarehee A, Huget-Penner S, Pawlowska M. Pseudo-pheochromocytoma due to obstructive sleep apnea: a case report. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2022; 2022:21-0100. [PMID: 35212265 PMCID: PMC8897593 DOI: 10.1530/edm-21-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition of intermittent nocturnal upper airway obstruction. OSA increases sympathetic drive which may result in clinical and biochemical features suggestive of pheochromocytoma. We present the case of a 65-year-old male with a 2.9-cm left adrenal incidentaloma on CT, hypertension, symptoms of headache, anxiety and diaphoresis, and persistently elevated 24-h urine norepinephrine (initially 818 nmol/day (89-470)) and normetanephrine (initially 11.2 µmol/day (0.6-2.7)). He was started on prazosin and underwent left adrenalectomy. Pathology revealed an adrenal corticoadenoma with no evidence of pheochromocytoma. Over the next 2 years, urine norepinephrine and normetanephrine remained significantly elevated with no MIBG avid disease. Years later, he was diagnosed with severe OSA and treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Urine testing done once OSA was well controlled revealed complete normalization of urine norepinephrine and normetanephrine with substantial symptom improvement. It was concluded that the patient never had a pheochromocytoma but rather an adrenal adenoma with biochemistry and symptoms suggestive of pheochromocytoma due to untreated severe OSA. Pseudo-pheochromocytoma is a rare presentation of OSA and should be considered on the differential of elevated urine catecholamines and metanephrines in the right clinical setting. LEARNING POINTS Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition among adults. OSA may rarely present as pseudo-pheochromocytoma with symptoms of pallor, palpitations, perspiration, headache, or anxiety. OSA should be considered on the differential of elevated urine catecholamines and metanephrines, especially in patients with negative metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan results.
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Key Words
- adolescent/young adult
- adult
- geriatric
- neonatal
- paediatric
- pregnant adult
- female
- male
- american indian or alaska native
- asian - bangladeshi
- asian - chinese
- asian - filipino
- asian - indian
- asian - japanese
- asian - korean
- asian - pakistani
- asian - vietnamese
- asian - other
- black - african
- black - caribbean
- black - other
- hispanic or latino - central american or south american
- hispanic or latino - cuban
- hispanic or latino - dominican
- hispanic or latino - mexican, mexican american, chicano
- hispanic or latino - puerto rican
- hispanic or latino - other
- native hawaiian/other pacific islander
- white
- other
- afghanistan
- aland islands
- albania
- algeria
- american samoa
- andorra
- angola
- anguilla
- antarctica
- antigua and barbuda
- argentina
- armenia
- aruba
- australia
- austria
- azerbaijan
- bahamas
- bahrain
- bangladesh
- barbados
- belarus
- belgium
- belize
- benin
- bermuda
- bhutan
- bolivia
- bosnia and herzegovina
- botswana
- bouvet island
- brazil
- british indian ocean territory
- brunei darussalam
- bulgaria
- burkina faso
- burundi
- cambodia
- cameroon
- canada
- cape verde
- cayman islands
- central african republic
- chad
- chile
- china
- christmas island
- cocos (keeling) islands
- colombia
- comoros
- congo
- congo, the democratic republic of the
- cook islands
- costa rica
- côte d'ivoire
- croatia
- cuba
- cyprus
- czech republic
- denmark
- djibouti
- dominica
- dominican republic
- ecuador
- egypt
- el salvador
- equatorial guinea
- eritrea
- estonia
- ethiopia
- falkland islands (malvinas)
- faroe islands
- fiji
- finland
- france
- french guiana
- french polynesia
- french southern territories
- gabon
- gambia
- georgia
- germany
- ghana
- gibraltar
- greece
- greenland
- grenada
- guadeloupe
- guam
- guatemala
- guernsey
- guinea
- guinea-bissau
- guyana
- haiti
- heard island and mcdonald islands
- holy see (vatican city state)
- honduras
- hong kong
- hungary
- iceland
- india
- indonesia
- iran, islamic republic of
- iraq
- ireland
- isle of man
- israel
- italy
- jamaica
- japan
- jersey
- jordan
- kazakhstan
- kenya
- kiribati
- korea, democratic people's republic of
- korea, republic of
- kuwait
- kyrgyzstan
- lao people's democratic republic
- latvia
- lebanon
- lesotho
- liberia
- libyan arab jamahiriya
- liechtenstein
- lithuania
- luxembourg
- macao
- macedonia, the former yugoslav republic of
- madagascar
- malawi
- malaysia
- maldives
- mali
- malta
- marshall islands
- martinique
- mauritania
- mauritius
- mayotte
- mexico
- micronesia, federated states of
- moldova, republic of
- monaco
- mongolia
- montenegro
- montserrat
- morocco
- mozambique
- myanmar
- namibia
- nauru
- nepal
- netherlands
- netherlands antilles
- new caledonia
- new zealand
- nicaragua
- niger
- nigeria
- niue
- norfolk island
- northern mariana islands
- norway
- oman
- pakistan
- palau
- palestinian territory, occupied
- panama
- papua new guinea
- paraguay
- peru
- philippines
- pitcairn
- poland
- portugal
- puerto rico
- qatar
- réunion
- romania
- russian federation
- rwanda
- saint barthélemy
- saint helena
- saint kitts and nevis
- saint lucia
- saint martin
- saint pierre and miquelon
- saint vincent and the grenadines
- samoa
- san marino
- sao tome and principe
- saudi arabia
- senegal
- serbia
- seychelles
- sierra leone
- singapore
- slovakia
- slovenia
- solomon islands
- somalia
- south africa
- south georgia and the south sandwich islands
- spain
- sri lanka
- sudan
- suriname
- svalbard and jan mayen
- swaziland
- sweden
- switzerland
- syrian arab republic
- taiwan, province of china
- tajikistan
- tanzania, united republic of
- thailand
- timor-leste
- togo
- tokelau
- tonga
- trinidad and tobago
- tunisia
- turkey
- turkmenistan
- turks and caicos islands
- tuvalu
- uganda
- ukraine
- united arab emirates
- united kingdom
- united states
- united states minor outlying islands
- uruguay
- uzbekistan
- vanuatu
- vatican city state
- venezuela
- viet nam
- virgin islands, british
- virgin islands, u.s.
- wallis and futuna
- western sahara
- yemen
- zambia
- zimbabwe
- maylaysia
- adipose tissue
- adrenal
- bone
- duodenum
- heart
- hypothalamus
- kidney
- liver
- ovaries
- pancreas
- parathyroid
- pineal
- pituitary
- placenta
- skin
- stomach
- testes
- thymus
- thyroid
- andrology
- autoimmunity
- cardiovascular endocrinology
- developmental endocrinology
- diabetes
- emergency
- endocrine disruptors
- endocrine-related cancer
- epigenetics
- genetics and mutation
- growth factors
- gynaecological endocrinology
- immunology
- infectious diseases
- late effects of cancer therapy
- mineral
- neuroendocrinology
- obesity
- ophthalmology
- paediatric endocrinology
- puberty
- tumours and neoplasia
- vitamin d
- 17ohp
- acth
- adiponectin
- adrenaline
- aldosterone
- amh
- androgens
- androstenedione
- androsterone
- angiotensin
- antidiuretic hormone
- atrial natriuretic hormone
- avp
- beta-endorphin
- big igf2
- brain natriuretic peptide
- calcitonin
- calcitriol
- cck
- corticosterone
- corticotrophin
- cortisol
- cortisone
- crh
- dehydroepiandrostenedione
- deoxycorticosterone
- deoxycortisol
- dhea
- dihydrotestosterone
- dopamine
- endothelin
- enkephalin
- epitestosterone
- epo
- fgf23
- fsh
- gastrin
- gh
- ghrelin
- ghrh
- gip
- glp1
- glp2
- glucagon
- glucocorticoids
- gnrh
- gonadotropins
- hcg
- hepcidin
- histamine
- human placental lactogen
- hydroxypregnenolone
- igf1
- igf2
- inhibin
- insulin
- kisspeptin
- leptin
- lh
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- melatonin
- metanephrines
- mineralocorticoids
- motilin
- nandrolone
- neuropeptide y
- noradrenaline
- normetanephrine
- oestetrol (e4)
- oestradiol (e2)
- oestriol (e3)
- oestrogens
- oestrone (e1)
- osteocalcin
- oxyntomodulin
- oxytocin
- pancreatic polypeptide
- peptide yy
- pregnenolone
- procalcitonin
- progesterone
- prolactin
- prostaglandins
- pth
- relaxin
- renin
- resistin
- secretin
- somatostatin
- testosterone
- thpo
- thymosin
- thymulin
- thyroxine (t4)
- trh
- triiodothyronine (t3)
- tsh
- vip
- 17-alpha hydroxylase/17,20 lyase deficiency
- 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency
- 3-m syndrome
- 22q11 deletion syndrome
- 49xxxxy syndrome
- abscess
- acanthosis nigricans
- acromegaly
- acute adrenocortical insufficiency
- addisonian crisis
- addison's disease
- adenocarcinoma
- aip gene mutation
- adrenal insufficiency
- adrenal salt-wasting crisis
- adrenarche
- adrenocortical adenoma
- adrenocortical carcinoma
- adrenoleukodystrophy
- aip gene variant
- amenorrhoea (primary)
- amenorrhoea (secondary)
- amyloid goitre
- amyloidosis
- anaplastic thyroid cancer
- anaemia
- aneuploidy
- androgen insensitivity syndrome
- anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome
- asthma
- autoimmune disorders
- autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 1
- autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 2
- autoimmune polyglandular syndrome
- autoimmune hypophysitis
- autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets
- autosomal dominant osteopetrosis
- bardet-biedl syndrome
- bartter syndrome
- bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
- biliary calculi
- breast cancer
- brenner tumour
- brown tumour
- burkitt's lymphoma
- casr gene mutation
- catecholamine secreting carotid body paraganglionoma
- cancer-prone syndrome
- carcinoid syndrome
- carcinoid tumour
- carney complex
- carotid body paraganglioma
- c-cell hyperplasia
- cerebrospinal fluid leakage
- chronic fatigue syndrome
- circadian rhythm sleep disorders
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- congenital hypothyroidism
- congenital hyperinsulinism
- conn's syndrome
- corticotrophic adenoma
- craniopharyngioma
- cretinism
- crohn's disease
- cryptorchidism
- cushing's disease
- cushing's syndrome
- cystolithiasis
- de quervain's thyroiditis
- denys-drash syndrome
- desynchronosis
- developmental abnormalities
- diabetes - lipoatrophic
- diabetes - mitochondrial
- diabetes - steroid-induced
- diabetes insipidus - dipsogenic
- diabetes insipidus - gestational
- diabetes insipidus - nephrogenic
- diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central
- diabetes mellitus type 1
- diabetes mellitus type 2
- diabetic foot syndrome
- diabetic hypoglycaemia
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- diabetic muscle infarction
- diabetic nephropathy
- diverticular disease
- donohue syndrome
- down syndrome
- eating disorders
- ectopic acth syndrome
- ectopic cushing's syndrome
- ectopic parathyroid adenoma
- empty sella syndrome
- endometrial cancer
- endometriosis
- eosinophilic myositis
- euthyroid sick syndrome
- familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
- familial dysalbuminaemic hyperthyroxinaemia
- familial euthyroid hyperthyroxinaemia
- fat necrosis
- female athlete triad syndrome
- fetal demise
- fetal macrosomia
- follicular thyroid cancer
- fractures
- frasier syndrome
- friedreich's ataxia
- functional parathyroid cyst
- galactorrhoea
- gastrinoma
- gastritis
- gastrointestinal perforation
- gastrointestinal stromal tumour
- gck mutation
- gender identity disorder
- gestational diabetes mellitus
- giant ovarian cysts
- gigantism
- gitelman syndrome
- glucagonoma
- glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism
- glycogen storage disease
- goitre
- goitre (multinodular)
- gonadal dysgenesis
- gonadoblastoma
- gonadotrophic adenoma
- gorham's disease
- granuloma
- granulosa cell tumour
- graves' disease
- graves' ophthalmopathy
- growth hormone deficiency (adult)
- growth hormone deficiency (childhood onset)
- gynaecomastia
- hamman's syndrome
- haemorrhage
- hajdu-cheney syndrome
- hashimoto's disease
- hemihypertrophy
- hepatitis c
- hereditary multiple osteochondroma
- hirsutism
- histiocytosis
- huntington's disease
- hürthle cell adenoma
- hyperaldosteronism
- hyperandrogenism
- hypercalcaemia
- hypercalcaemic crisis
- hyperglucogonaemia
- hyperglycaemia
- hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
- hypergonadotropism
- hyperinsulinaemia
- hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia
- hyperkalaemia
- hyperlipidaemia
- hypernatraemia
- hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
- hyperparathyroidism (primary)
- hyperparathyroidism (secondary)
- hyperparathyroidism (tertiary)
- hyperpituitarism
- hyperprolactinaemia
- hypersexuality
- hypertension
- hyperthyroidism
- hypoaldosteronism
- hypocalcaemia
- hypoestrogenism
- hypoglycaemia
- hypoglycaemic coma
- hypogonadism
- hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
- hypoinsulinaemia
- hypokalaemia
- hyponatraemia
- hypoparathyroidism
- hypophosphataemia
- hypophosphatasia
- hypophysitis
- hypopituitarism
- hypothyroidism
- iatrogenic disorder
- idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
- idiopathic pituitary hyperplasia
- igg4-related systemic disease
- inappropriate tsh secretion
- incidentaloma
- infertility
- insulin autoimmune syndrome
- insulin resistance
- insulinoma
- intracranial vasospasm
- intrauterine growth retardation
- iodine allergy
- ischaemic heart disease
- kallmann syndrome
- ketoacidosis
- klinefelter syndrome
- kwashiorkor
- kwashiorkor (marasmic)
- leg ulcer
- laron syndrome
- latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (lada)
- laurence-moon syndrome
- left ventricular hypertrophy
- leukocytoclastic vasculitis
- leydig cell tumour
- lipodystrophy
- lipomatosis
- liver failure
- lung metastases
- luteoma
- lymphadenopathy
- macronodular adrenal hyperplasia
- macronodular hyperplasia
- macroprolactinoma
- marasmus
- maturity onset diabetes of young (mody)
- mccune-albright syndrome
- mckittrick-wheelock syndrome
- medullary thyroid cancer
- meigs syndrome
- membranous nephropathy
- men1
- men2a
- men2b
- men4
- menarche
- meningitis
- menopause
- metabolic acidosis
- metabolic syndrome
- metastatic carcinoma
- metastatic chromaffin cell tumour
- metastatic gastrinoma
- metastatic melanoma
- metastatic tumour
- microadenoma
- microprolactinoma
- motor neurone disease
- myasthenia gravis
- myelolipoma
- myocardial infarction
- myositis
- myotonic dystrophy type 1
- myotonic dystrophy type 2
- myxoedema
- myxoedema coma
- nelson's syndrome
- neonatal diabetes
- nephrolithiasis
- neuroblastoma
- neuroendocrine tumour
- neurofibromatosis
- nodular hyperplasia
- non-functioning pituitary adenoma
- non-hodgkin lymphoma
- non-islet-cell tumour hypoglycaemia
- noonan syndrome
- oculocerebrorenal syndrome
- osteogenesis imperfecta
- osteomalacia
- osteomyelitis
- osteoporosis
- osteoporosis (pregnancy/lactation-associated)
- osteosclerosis
- ovarian cancer
- ovarian dysgenesis
- ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
- ovarian tumour
- paget's disease
- paget's disease (juvenille)
- pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour
- pancreatitis
- panhypopituitarism
- papillary thyroid cancer
- paraganglioma
- paranasal sinus lesion
- paraneoplastic syndromes
- parasitic thyroid nodules
- parathyroid adenoma
- parathyroid adenoma (ectopic)
- parathyroid carcinoma
- parathyroid cyst
- parathroid hyperplasia
- pcos
- periodontal disease
- phaeochromocytoma
- phaeochromocytoma crisis
- pickardt syndrome
- pituitary abscess
- pituitary adenoma
- pituitary apoplexy
- pituitary carcinoma
- pituitary cyst
- pituitary haemorrhage
- pituitary hyperplasia
- pituitary hypoplasia
- pituitary tumour (malignant)
- plurihormonal pituitary adenoma
- poems syndrome
- polycythaemia
- porphyria
- pneumonia
- posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
- post-prandial hypoglycaemia
- prader-willi syndrome
- prediabetes
- pre-eclampsia
- pregnancy
- premature ovarian failure
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- premenstrual syndrome
- primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
- prolactinoma
- prostate cancer
- pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
- pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2
- pseudohypoparathyroidism
- psychosocial short stature
- puberty (delayed or absent)
- puberty (precocious)
- pulmonary oedema
- quadrantanopia
- rabson-mendenhall syndrome
- rhabdomyolysis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- rickets
- schwannoma
- sellar reossification
- sertoli cell tumour
- sertoli-leydig cell tumour
- sexual development disorders
- sheehan's syndrome
- short stature
- siadh
- small-cell carcinoma
- small intestine neuroendocrine tumour
- solitary fibrous tumour
- solitary sellar plasmacytoma
- somatostatinoma
- somatotrophic adenoma
- squamous cell thyroid carcinoma
- stiff person syndrome
- struma ovarii
- subcutaneous insulin resistance
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- takotsubo cardiomyopathy
- tarts
- testicular cancer
- thecoma
- thyroid adenoma
- thyroid carcinoma
- thyroid cyst
- thyroid dysgenesis
- thyroid fibromatosis
- thyroid hormone resistance syndrome
- thyroid lymphoma
- thyroid nodule
- thyroid storm
- thyroiditis
- thyrotoxicosis
- thyrotrophic adenoma
- traumatic brain injury
- tuberculosis
- tuberous sclerosis complex
- tumour-induced osteomalacia
- turner syndrome
- unilateral adrenal hyperplasia
- ureterolithiasis
- urolithiasis
- von hippel-lindau disease
- wagr syndrome
- waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
- williams syndrome
- wolcott-rallison syndrome
- wolfram syndrome
- xanthogranulomatous hypophysitis
- xlaad/ipex
- zollinger-ellison syndrome
- abdominal adiposity
- abdominal distension
- abdominal cramp
- abdominal discomfort
- abdominal guarding
- abdominal lump
- abdominal pain
- abdominal tenderness
- abnormal posture
- abdominal wall defects
- abrasion
- acalculia
- accelerated growth
- acne
- acrochorda
- acroosteolysis
- acute stress reaction
- adverse breast development
- aggression
- agitation
- agnosia
- akathisia
- akinesia
- albuminuria
- alcohol intolerance
- alexia
- alopecia
- altered level of consciousness
- amaurosis
- amaurosis fugax
- ambiguous genitalia
- amblyopia
- amenorrhoea
- ameurosis
- amnesia
- amusia
- anasarca
- angiomyxoma
- anhedonia
- anisocoria
- ankle swelling
- anorchia
- anorectal malformations
- anorexia
- anosmia
- anosognosia
- anovulation
- antepartum haemorrhage
- anuria
- anxiety
- apathy
- aphasia
- aphonia
- apnoea
- appendicitis
- appetite increase
- appetite reduction/loss
- apraxia
- aqueductal stenosis
- arteriosclerosis
- arthralgia
- articulation impairment
- ascites
- asperger syndrome
- asphyxia
- asthenia
- astigmatism
- asymptomatic
- ataxia
- atrial fibrillation
- atrial myxoma
- atrophy
- adhd
- autism
- autonomic neuropathy
- avulsion
- babinski's sign
- back pain
- bacteraemia
- behavioural problems
- belching
- bifid scrotum
- biliary colic
- bitemporal hemianopsia
- blindness
- blistering
- bloating
- bloody show
- boil(s)
- bone cyst
- bone fracture(s)
- bone lesions
- bone pain
- bony metastases
- borborygmus
- bowel movements - bleeding
- bowel movements - increased frequency
- bowel movements - pain
- bowel obstruction
- bowel perforation
- brachycephaly
- brachydactyly
- bradycardia
- bradykinesia
- bradyphrenia
- bradypnea
- breast contour change
- breast enlargement
- breast lump
- breast reduction
- breast tenderness
- breastfeeding difficulties
- breathing difficulties
- bronchospasms
- brushfield spots
- bruxism
- buffalo hump
- cachexia
- calcification
- cardiac fibrosis
- cardiac malformations
- cardiac tamponade
- cardiogenic shock
- cardiomegaly
- cardiomyopathy
- cardiopulmonary arrest
- carpal tunnel syndrome
- caruncle - inflammation
- cataplexy
- cataract(s)
- catathrenia
- central obesity
- cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea
- cervical pain
- cheeks - full
- cheiloschisis
- chemosis
- chest pain
- chest pain (pleuritic)
- chest pain (precordial)
- cheyne-stokes respiration
- chills
- cholecystitis
- cholestasis
- chondrocalcinosis
- chordee
- chorea
- choroidal atrophy
- chronic pain
- circulatory collapse
- cirrhosis
- citraturia
- claudication
- clitoromegaly
- cloacal exstrophy
- clonus
- club foot
- clumsiness
- coagulopathy
- coarctation
- coeliac disease
- cognitive problems
- cold intolerance
- collapse
- colour blindness
- coma
- concentration difficulties
- confusion
- congenital heart defect
- conjunctivitis
- constipation
- convulsions
- coordination difficulties
- coughing
- crackles
- cramps
- craniofacial abnormalities
- craniotabes
- cutaneous ischaemia
- cutaneous myxoma
- cutaneous pigmentation
- cyanosis
- dalrymple's sign
- deafness
- deep vein thrombosis
- dehydration
- delayed puberty
- delirium
- dementia
- dental abscess(es)
- dental problems
- depression
- diabetes insipidus
- diabetic neuropathy
- diabetic foot infection
- diabetic foot neuropathy
- diabetic foot ulceration
- diarrhoea
- diplopia
- dizziness
- duodenal atresia
- duplex kidney(s)
- dysarthria
- dysdiadochokinesia
- dysgraphia
- dyslexia
- dyslipidaemia
- dysmenorrhoea
- dyspareunia
- dyspepsia
- dysphagia
- dysphonia
- dysphoria
- dyspnoea
- dystonia
- dysuria
- ear, nose and/or throat infection
- early menarche
- ears - low set
- ears - pinna abnormalities
- ears - small
- ecchymoses
- ectopic ureter
- emotional immaturity
- encopresis
- endometrial hyperplasia
- enlarged bladder
- enlarged prostate
- eosinophilia
- epicanthic fold
- epilepsy
- epistaxis
- erectile dysfunction
- erythema
- euphoria
- eyebrows - bushy
- eyelid retraction
- eyelid swelling
- eyelids - redness
- eyes - almond-shaped
- eyes - dry
- eyes - feeling of grittiness
- eyes - inflammation
- eyes - irritation
- eyes - itching
- eyes - pain (gazing down)
- eyes - pain (gazing up)
- eyes - redness
- eyes - watering
- face - change in appearance
- face - coarse features
- face - numbness
- facial fullness
- facial palsy
- facial plethora
- facial weakness
- facies - abnormal
- facies - hippocratic
- facies - moon
- faecal incontinence
- failure to thrive
- fallopian tube hyperplasia
- fasciculation
- fatigue
- fatigue (post-exertional)
- feet - cold
- feet - increased size
- feet - large
- feet - pain
- feet - small
- fingers - thick
- flaccid paralysis
- flatulence
- flushing
- fontanelles - enlarged
- frontal bossing
- fungating lesion
- fungating mass
- funny turns
- gait abnormality
- gait unsteadiness
- gallbladder calculi
- gallstones
- gangrene
- gastro-oesophageal reflux
- genital oedema
- genu valgum
- genu varum
- gestational diabetes
- glaucoma
- glucose intolerance
- glucosuria
- growth hormone deficiency
- growth retardation
- haematemesis
- haematochezia
- haematoma
- haematuria
- haemoglobinuria
- haemoptysis
- hair - coarse
- hair - dry
- hair - temporal balding
- hairline - low
- hallucination
- hands - enlargement
- hands - large
- hands - single palmar crease
- hands - small
- head - large
- headache
- hearing loss
- heart failure
- heart murmur
- heat intolerance
- height loss
- hemiballismus
- hemianopia
- hemiparesis
- hemispatial neglect
- hepatic cysts
- hepatic metastases
- hepatomegaly
- hidradenitis suppurativa
- high-arched palate
- hip dislocation
- hippocampal dysgenesis
- hirschsprung's disease
- hot flushes
- hydronephrosis
- hypolipidaemia
- hyperactivity
- hyperacusis
- hyperandrogenaemia
- hypercalciuria
- hypercapnea
- hypercholesterolaemia
- hypercortisolaemia
- hyperflexibility
- hyperglucagonaemia
- hyperhidrosis
- hyperhomocysteinaemia
- hypernasal speech
- hyperopia
- hyperoxaluria
- hyperpigmentation
- hyperplasia
- hyperpnoea
- hypersalivation
- hyperseborrhea
- hypersomnia
- hyperthermia
- hypertrichosis
- hypertrophy
- hyperuricaemia
- hyperventilation
- hypoadrenalism
- hypoalbuminaemia
- hypocalciuria
- hypocitraturia
- hypomagnesaemia
- hypopigmentation
- hypoplastic scrotum
- hypopotassaemia
- hypoprolactinaemia
- hyporeflexia
- hyposmia
- hypospadias
- hypotension
- hypothermia
- hypotonia
- hypoventilation
- hypovitaminosis d
- hypovolaemia
- hypovolaemic shock
- hypoxia
- immunodeficiency
- impulsivity
- inattention
- infections
- inflexibility
- insomnia
- instability
- intussusception
- irritability
- ischaemia
- ischuria
- itching
- jaundice
- keratoconus
- ketonuria
- ketotic odour
- kidney dysplasia
- kidney stones
- kyphoscoliosis
- kyphosis
- labioscrotal fold abnormalities
- laceration
- late dentition
- learning difficulties
- leg pain
- legs - increased length
- leukaemia
- leukocytosis
- libido increase
- libido reduction/loss
- lichen sclerosus
- lips - dry
- lips - thin
- little finger - in-curved
- little finger - short
- liver masses
- lordosis
- lordosis (loss of)
- lymphadenectomy
- lymphadenitis
- lymphocytosis
- lymphoedema
- macroglossia
- malaise
- malaise (post-exertional)
- malodorous perspiration
- mania
- marcus gunn pupil
- mastalgia
- meckel's diverticulum
- melena
- menorrhagia
- menstrual disorder
- mesenteric ischaemia
- metabolic alkalosis
- microalbuminuria
- microcephaly
- micrognathia
- micropenis
- milk-alkali syndrome
- miscarriage
- mood changes/swings
- mouth - down-turned
- mouth - small
- movement - limited range of
- mucosal pigmentation
- muscle atrophy
- muscle freezing
- muscle hypertrophy
- muscle rigidity
- myalgia
- myasthaenia
- mydriasis
- myelodysplasia
- myeloma
- myoclonus
- myodesopsia
- myokymia
- myopathy
- myopia
- myosis
- nail clubbing
- nail dystrophy
- nasal obstruction
- nausea
- neck - loose skin (nape)
- neck - short
- neck mass
- neck pain/discomfort
- necrolytic migratory erythema
- necrosis
- nephrocalcinosis
- nephropathy
- neurofibromas
- night terrors
- nipple change
- nipple discharge
- nipple inversion
- nipple retraction
- nipples widely spaced
- nocturia
- normochromic normocytic anaemia
- nose - depressed bridge
- nose - flat bridge
- nose - thickening
- nystagmus
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- obstetrical haemorrhage
- obstructive sleep apnoea
- odynophagia
- oedema
- oesophageal atresia
- oesophagitis
- oligomenorrhoea
- oliguria
- onychauxis
- oophoritis
- ophthalmoplegia
- optic atrophy
- orbital fat prolapse
- orbital hypertelorism
- orthostatic hypotension
- osteoarthritis
- osteopenia
- otitis media
- ovarian cysts
- ovarian hyperplasia
- palatoschisis
- pallor
- palmar erythema
- palpebral fissure (downslanted)
- palpebral fissure (extended)
- palpebral fissure (reduced)
- palpebral fissure (upslanted)
- palpitations
- pancreatic fibrosis
- pancytopaenia
- panic attacks
- papilloedema
- paraesthesia
- paralysis
- paranoia
- patellar dislocation
- patellar subluxation
- pedal ulceration
- pellagra
- pelvic mass
- pelvic pain
- penile agenesis
- peptic ulcer
- pericardial effusion
- periodontitis
- periosteal bone reactions
- peripheral oedema
- personality change
- pes cavus
- petechiae
- peyronie's disease
- pharyngitis
- philtrum - long
- philtrum - short
- phosphaturia
- photophobia
- photosensitivity
- pleurisy
- poikiloderma
- polydactyly
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
- polyuria
- poor wound healing
- postmenopausal bleeding
- post-nasal drip
- postprandial fullness
- postural instability
- prehypertension
- premature birth
- premature labour
- prenatal growth retardation
- presbyopia
- pretibial myxoedema
- proctalgia fugax
- prognathism
- proptosis
- prosopagnosia
- proteinuria
- pruritus
- pruritus scroti
- pruritus vulvae
- pseudarthrosis
- psoriatic arthritis
- psychiatric problems
- psychomotor retardation
- psychosis
- pterygium colli
- ptosis
- puberty (delayed/absent)
- puberty (early/precocious)
- puffiness
- pulmonary embolism
- purpura
- pyelonephritis
- pyloric stenosis
- pyrexia
- pyrosis
- pyuria
- rash
- rectal pain
- rectorrhagia
- refractory anemia
- reluctance to weight-bear
- renal agenesis
- renal clubbing
- renal colic
- renal cyst
- renal failure
- renal insufficiency
- renal phosphate wasting (isolated)
- renal tubular acidosis
- respiratory failure
- reticulocytosis
- retinitis pigmentosa
- retinopathy
- retrobulbar pain
- retrograde ejaculation
- retroperitoneal fibrosis
- salivary gland swelling
- salpingitis
- salt craving
- salt wasting
- sarcoidosis
- schizophrenia
- scoliosis
- scotoma
- seborrhoeic dermatitis
- seizures
- sensory loss
- sepsis
- septic arthritis
- septic shock
- shivering
- singultus
- sinusitis
- sixth nerve palsy
- skeletal deformity
- skeletal dysplasia
- skin - texture change
- skin infections
- skin necrosis
- skin pigmentation - spotty
- skin thickening
- skin thinning
- sleep apnoea
- sleep difficulties
- sleep disturbance
- sleep hyperhidrosis
- slow growth
- slurred speech
- social difficulties
- soft tissue swelling
- somnambulism
- somniloquy
- somnolence
- sore throat
- spasms
- spastic paraplegia
- spasticity
- speech delay
- spider naevi
- splenomegaly
- sputum production
- steatorrhoea
- stomatitis
- strabismus
- strangury
- striae
- stridor
- stroke
- subfertility
- suicidal ideation
- supraclavicular fat pads
- supranuclear gaze palsy
- sweating
- syncope
- syndactyly
- tachycardia
- tachypnoea
- teeth gapping
- telangiectasias
- telecanthus
- tetraparesis
- t-reflex (absent)
- t-reflex (depressed)
- tetany
- thermodysregulation
- thrombocytopenia
- thrombocytosis
- thrombophilia
- thrush
- tics
- tinnitus
- toe clubbing
- toe deformities
- toes - thick
- toes - widely spaced
- tongue - protruding
- tracheo-oesophageal compression
- tracheo-oesophageal fistula
- tremulousness
- tricuspid insufficiency
- umbilical hernia
- uraemia
- ureter duplex
- uricaemia
- urinary frequency
- urinary incontinence
- urogenital sinus
- urticaria
- uterine hyperplasia
- uterus duplex
- vagina duplex
- vaginal bleeding
- vaginal discharge
- vaginal dryness
- vaginal pain/tenderness
- vaginism
- ventricular fibrillation
- ventricular hypertrophy
- vertigo
- viraemia
- virilisation (abnormal)
- vision - acuity reduction
- vision - blurred
- visual disturbance
- visual field defect
- visual impairment
- visual loss
- vitiligo
- vocal cord paresis
- vomiting
- von graefe's sign
- weight gain
- weight loss
- wheezing
- widened joint space(s)
- xeroderma
- xerostomia
- 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy mandelic acid
- 17-hydroxypregnenolone (urine)
- 17-ketosteroids
- 25-hydroxyvitamin-d3
- 5hiaa
- aberrant adrenal receptors
- acid-base balance
- acth stimulation
- activated partial thromboplastin time
- acyl-ghrelin
- adrenal antibodies
- adrenal function
- adrenal scintigraphy
- adrenal venous sampling
- afp tumour marker
- alanine aminotransferase
- albumin
- albumin to creatinine ratio
- aldosterone (24-hour urine)
- aldosterone (blood)
- aldosterone (plasma)
- aldosterone (serum)
- aldosterone to renin ratio
- alkaline phosphatase
- alkaline phosphatase (bone-specific)
- alpha-fetoprotein
- ammonia
- amniocentesis
- amylase
- angiography
- anion gap
- anti-acetylcholine antibodies
- anticardiolipin antibody
- anti-insulin antibodies
- anti-islet cell antibody
- anti-gh antibodies
- antinuclear antibody
- anti-tyrosine phosphatase antibodies
- asvs
- barium studies
- basal insulin
- base excess
- apolipoprotein h
- beta-hydroxybutyrate
- bicarbonate
- bilirubin
- biopsy
- blood film
- blood pressure
- bmi
- body fat mass
- bone age
- bone biopsy
- bone mineral content
- bone mineral density
- bone mineral density test
- bone scintigraphy
- bone sialoprotein
- bound insulin
- brca1/brca2
- c1np
- c3 complement
- c4 complement
- ca125
- calcifediol
- calcium (serum)
- calcium (urine)
- calcium to creatinine clearance ratio
- carcinoembryonic antigen
- cardiac index
- catecholamines (24-hour urine)
- catecholamines (plasma)
- cd-56
- chemokines
- chest auscultation
- chloride
- chorionic villus sampling
- chromatography
- chromogranin a
- chromosomal analysis
- clomid challenge
- clonidine suppression
- collagen
- colonoscopy
- colposcopy
- continuous glucose monitoring
- core needle biopsy
- corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test
- cortisol (9am)
- cortisol (plasma)
- cortisol (midnight)
- cortisol (salivary)
- cortisol (serum)
- cortisol day curve
- cortisol, free (24-hour urine)
- c-peptide (24-hour urine)
- c-peptide (blood)
- c-reactive protein
- creatinine
- creatine kinase
- creatinine (24-hour urine)
- creatinine (serum)
- creatinine clearance
- crh stimulation
- ctpa scan
- ct scan
- c-telopeptide
- cytokines
- deoxypyridinoline
- dexa scan
- dexamethasone suppression
- dexamethasone suppression (high dose)
- dexamethasone suppression (low dose)
- dhea sulphate
- discectomy
- dldl cholesterol
- dmsa scan
- dna sequencing
- domperidone
- down syndrome screening
- ductal lavage
- echocardiogram
- eeg
- electrocardiogram
- electrolytes
- electromyography
- endoscopic ultrasound
- endoscopy
- endosonography
- enzyme immunoassay
- epinephrine (plasma)
- epinephrine (urine)
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- estimated glomerular filtration rate
- ethanol ablation
- ewing and clarke autonomic function
- exercise tolerance
- fbc
- ferritin
- fine needle aspiration biopsy
- flow cytometry
- fludrocortisone suppression
- fluticasone-propionate-17-beta carboxylic acid
- fmri
- folate
- ft3
- ft4
- gada
- gallium nitrate
- gallium scan
- gastric biopsy
- genetic analysis
- genitography
- gh day curve
- gh stimulation
- gh suppression
- glp-1
- glp-2
- glucose suppression test
- glucose (blood)
- glucose (blood, fasting)
- glucose (blood, postprandial)
- glucose (urine)
- glucose tolerance
- glucose tolerance (intravenous)
- glucose tolerance (oral)
- glucose tolerance (prolonged)
- gluten sensitivity
- gnrh stimulation
- gonadotrophins
- growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test
- gut hormones (fasting)
- haematoxylin and eosin staining
- haemoglobin
- haemoglobin a1c
- hcg (serum)
- hcg (urine)
- hcg stimulation
- hdl cholesterol
- hearing test
- heart rate
- hepatic venous sampling with arterial stimulation
- high-sensitivity c-reactive protein
- histopathology
- hla genotyping
- holter monitoring
- homa
- homocysteine
- hyaluronic acid
- hydrocortisone day curve
- hydroxyproline
- hydroxyprogesterone
- hysteroscopy
- igfbp2
- igfbp3
- igg4/igg ratio
- immunocytochemistry
- immunohistochemistry
- immunoglobulins
- immunoglobulin g2
- immunoglobulin g4
- immunoglobulin a
- immunoglobulin m
- immunostaining
- inferior petrosal sinus sampling
- inhibin b
- insulin (fasting)
- insulin suppression
- insulin tissue resistance tests
- insulin tolerance
- intracranial pressure
- irm imaging
- ketones (plasma)
- ketones (urine)
- kidney function
- lactate
- lactate dehydrogenase
- laparoscopy
- laparoscopy and dye
- laparotomy
- ldl cholesterol
- leuprolide acetate stimulation
- leukocyte esterase (urine)
- levothyroxine absorption
- lipase (serum)
- lipid profile
- liquid-based cytology
- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- liver biopsy
- liver function
- lumbar puncture
- lung function testing
- luteinising hormone releasing hormone test
- macroprolactin
- magnesium
- mag3 scan
- mammogram
- mantoux test
- metanephrines (plasma)
- metanephrines (urinary)
- methoxytyramine
- metoclopramide
- metyrapone cortisol day curve
- metyrapone suppression
- metyrapone test dose
- mibg scan
- microarray analysis
- molecular genetic analysis
- mri
- myocardial biopsy
- nerve conduction study
- neuroendocrine markers
- neuron-specific enolase
- norepinephrine
- ntx
- oct
- octreotide scan
- octreotide suppression test
- osmolality
- ovarian venous sampling
- p1np
- palpation
- pap test
- parathyroid scintigraphy
- pentagastrin
- perchlorate discharge
- percutaneous umbilical blood sampling
- peripheral blood film
- pet scan
- ph (blood)
- phosphate (serum)
- phosphate (urine)
- pituitary function
- plasma osmolality
- plasma viscosity
- platelet count
- pneumococcal antigen
- pneumococcal pcr
- polymerase chain reaction
- polysomnography
- porter-silber chromogens
- potassium
- pregnancy test
- proinsulin
- prostate-specific antigen
- protein electrophoresis
- protein fingerprinting
- protein folding analysis
- psychiatric assessment
- psychometric assessment
- pulse oximetry
- pyelography
- pyridinium crosslinks
- quicki
- plasma renin activity
- radioimmunoassay
- radionuclide imaging
- raiu test
- red blood cell count
- renal biopsy
- renin (24-hour urine)
- respiratory status
- renin (blood)
- renin plasma activity
- rheumatoid factor
- salt loading
- sdldl cholesterol
- secretin stimulation
- selective parathyroid venous sampling
- selective transhepatic portal venous sampling
- semen analysis
- serotonin
- serum osmolality
- serum free insulin
- sestamibi scan
- sex hormone binding globulin
- shbg
- skeletal muscle mass
- skin biopsy
- sleep diary
- sodium
- spect scan
- supervised 72-hour fast
- surgical biopsy
- sweat test
- synaptophysin
- systemic vascular resistance index
- tanner scale
- thoracocentesis
- thyroid transcription factor-1
- thyroglobulin
- thyroid antibodies
- thyroid function
- thyroid scintigraphy
- thyroid ultrasonography
- total cholesterol
- total ghrelin
- total t3
- total t4
- trabecular thickness
- transaminase
- transvaginal ultrasound
- trap 5b
- trh stimulation
- triglycerides
- triiodothyronine (t3) suppression
- troponin
- tsh receptor antibodies
- type 3 precollagen
- type 4 collagen
- ultrasound-guided biopsy
- ultrasound scan
- urea and electrolytes
- uric acid (blood)
- uric acid (urine)
- urinalysis
- urinary free cortisol
- urine 24-hour volume
- urine osmolality
- vaginal examination
- vanillylmandelic acid (24-hour urine)
- visual field assessment
- vitamin b12
- vitamin e
- waist circumference
- water deprivation
- water load
- weight
- western blotting
- white blood cell count
- white blood cell differential count
- x-ray
- zinc
- abscess drainage
- acetic acid injection
- adhesiolysis
- adrenalectomy
- amputation
- analgesics
- angioplasty
- arthrodesis
- assisted reproduction techniques
- bariatric surgery
- bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
- blood transfusion
- bone grafting
- caesarean section
- cardiac transplantation
- cardiac pacemaker
- cataract extraction
- chemoembolisation
- chemotherapy
- chemoradiotherapy
- clitoroplasty
- continuous renal replacement therapy
- contraception
- cordotomy
- counselling
- craniotomy
- cryopreservation
- cryosurgical ablation
- debridement
- dialysis
- diazoxide
- diet
- duodenotomy
- endonasal endoscopic surgery
- exercise
- external fixation
- extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
- extraocular muscle surgery
- eye surgery
- eyelid surgery
- fasciotomy
- fluid repletion
- fluid restriction
- gamma knife radiosurgery
- gastrectomy
- gastrostomy
- gender reassignment surgery
- gonadectomy
- heart transplantation
- hormone replacement
- hormone suppression
- hypophysectomy
- hysterectomy
- inguinal orchiectomy
- internal fixation
- intra-cardiac defibrillator
- islet transplantation
- ivf
- kidney transplantation
- laparoscopic adrenalectomy
- laryngoplasty
- laryngoscopy
- laser lithotripsy
- light treatment
- liver transplantation
- lumpectomy
- lymph node dissection
- mastectomy
- molecularly targeted therapy
- neuroendoscopic surgery
- oophorectomy
- orbital decompression
- orbital radiation
- orchidectomy
- orthopaedic surgery
- osteotomy
- ovarian cystectomy
- ovarian diathermy
- oxygen therapy
- pancreas transplantation
- pancreatectomy
- pancreaticoduodenectomy
- parathyroidectomy
- percutaneous adrenal ablation
- percutaneous nephrolithotomy
- pericardiocentesis
- pericardiotomy
- physiotherapy
- pituitary adenomectomy
- plasma exchange
- plasmapheresis
- psychotherapy
- radiofrequency ablation
- radionuclide therapy
- radiotherapy
- reconstruction of genitalia
- resection of tumour
- right-sided hemicolectomy
- salpingo-oophorectomy
- small bowel resection
- speech and language therapy
- spinal surgery
- splenectomy
- stereotactic radiosurgery
- termination of pregnancy
- thymic transplantation
- thyroidectomy
- tracheostomy
- transcranial surgery
- transsphenoidal surgery
- transtentorial surgery
- vaginoplasty
- vagotomy
- 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
- 17?-estradiol
- abiraterone
- acarbose
- acetazolamide
- acetohexamide
- adalimumab
- albiglutide
- alendronate
- alogliptin
- alpha-blockers
- alphacalcidol
- alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
- amiloride
- amlodipine
- amoxicillin
- anastrozole
- angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- angiotensin receptor antagonists
- anthracyclines
- antiandrogens
- antibiotics
- antiemetics
- antiepileptics
- antipsychotics
- antithyroid drugs
- antiseptic
- antivirals
- aripiprazole
- aromatase inhibitors
- aspirin
- astragalus membranaceus
- ativan
- atenolol
- atorvastatin
- avp receptor antagonists
- axitinib
- azathioprine
- bendroflumethiazide
- benzodiazepines
- beta-blockers
- betamethasone
- bexlosteride
- bicalutamide
- bisphosphonates
- bleomycin
- botulinum toxin
- bromocriptine
- cabergoline
- cabozantinib
- calcimimetics
- calcitonin (salmon)
- calcium
- calcium carbonate
- calcium chloride
- calcium dobesilate
- calcium edta
- calcium gluconate
- calcium-l-aspartate
- calcium polystyrene sulphonate
- canagliflozin
- capecitabine
- captopril
- carbimazole
- carboplatin
- carbutamide
- carvedilol
- ceftriaxone
- chlorothiazide
- chlorpropamide
- cholecalciferol
- cholinesterase inhibitors
- ciclosporin
- cinacalcet
- cisplatin
- clodronate
- clomifene
- clomiphene citrate
- clopidogrel
- co-cyprindiol
- codeine
- colonic polyps
- combined oral contraceptive pill
- conivaptan
- cortisone acetate
- continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion
- continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
- coumadin
- corticosteroids
- cortisol
- cyproterone acetate
- dacarbazine
- danazol
- dapagliflozin
- daunorubicin
- deferiprone
- demeclocycline
- denosumab
- desmopressin
- dexamethasone
- diazepam
- diethylstilbestrol
- digoxin
- diltiazem
- diphenhydramine
- diuretics
- docetaxel
- dopamine agonists
- dopamine antagonists
- dopamine receptor agonists
- doxazosin
- doxepin
- doxorubicin
- dpp4 inhibitors
- dutasteride
- dutogliptin
- eflornithine
- enoxaparin
- empagliflozin
- epinephrine
- epirubicin
- eplerenone
- epristeride
- equilenin
- equilin
- erlotinib
- ethinylestradiol
- etidronate
- etomidate
- etoposide
- everolimus
- exenatide
- fenofibrate
- finasteride
- fluconazole
- fluticasone
- fludrocortisone
- fluorouracil
- fluoxetine
- flutamide
- furosemide
- gaba receptor antagonists
- gefitinib
- gemcitabine
- gemigliptin
- ginkgo biloba
- glibenclamide
- glibornuride
- gliclazide
- glimepiride
- glipizide
- gliquidone
- glisoxepide
- glp1 agonists
- glucose
- glyclopyramide
- gnrh analogue
- gnrh antagonists
- heparin
- hrt (menopause)
- hydrochlorothiazide
- hydrocortisone
- ibandronate
- ibuprofen
- idarubicin
- idebenone
- imatinib
- immunoglobulin therapy
- implanon
- indapamide
- infliximab
- iron supplements
- isoniazid
- insulin aspart
- insulin glargine
- insulin glulisine
- insulin lispro
- interferon
- intrauterine system
- iopanoic acid
- ipilimumab
- ipragliflozin
- irbesartan
- izonsteride
- ketoconazole
- labetalol
- lactulose
- lanreotide
- leuprolide acetate
- levatinib
- levodopa
- levonorgestrel
- levothyroxine
- linagliptin
- liothyronine
- liraglutide
- lithium
- lisinopril
- lixivaptan
- loperamide
- loprazolam
- lormetazepam
- losartan
- low calcium formula
- magnesium glycerophosphate
- magnesium sulphate
- mecasermin
- medronate
- medroxyprogesterone acetate
- meglitinides
- menotropin
- metformin
- methadone
- methimazole
- methylprednisolone
- metoprolol
- metyrapone
- miglitol
- mitotane
- mitoxantrone
- mozavaptan
- mtor inhibitors
- multivitamins
- naproxen
- natalizumab
- nateglinide
- nelivaptan
- neridronate
- nifedipine
- nilutamide
- nitrazepam
- nivolumab
- nsaid
- octreotide
- oestradiol valerate
- olanzapine
- olpadronate
- omeprazole
- opioids
- oral contraceptives
- orlistat
- ornipressin
- otelixizumab
- oxandrolone
- oxidronate
- oxybutynin
- paclitaxel
- pamidronate
- pancreatic enzymes
- pantoprazole
- paracetamol
- paroxetine
- pasireotide
- pegvisomant
- perindopril
- phenobarbital
- phenoxybenzamine
- phosphate binders
- phosphate supplements
- phytohaemagglutinin induced interferon gamma
- pioglitazone
- plicamycin
- potassium chloride
- potassium iodide
- pramlintide
- prazosin
- prednisolone
- prednisone
- premarin
- promethazine
- propranolol
- propylthiouracil
- protease inhibitors
- proton pump inhibitors
- pyridostigmine
- quetiapine
- quinagolide
- quinestrol
- radioactive mibg
- radioactive octreotide
- radioiodine
- raloxifene
- ramipril
- relcovaptan
- remogliflozin etabonate
- repaglinide
- risperidone
- risedronate
- rituximab
- romidepsin
- rosiglitazone
- salbutamol
- saline
- salmeterol
- salt supplements
- satavaptan
- saxagliptin
- selective progesterone receptor modulators
- selenium
- sglt2 inhibitors
- sildenafil
- simvastatin
- sirolimus
- sitagliptin
- sodium bicarbonate
- sodium chloride
- sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate)
- somatostatin analogues
- sorafenib
- spironolactone
- ssris
- statins
- streptozotocin
- steroids
- strontium ranelate
- sucralfate
- sulphonylureas
- sunitinib
- tamoxifen
- taspoglutide
- temazepam
- temozolomide
- teplizumab
- terazosin
- teriparatide
- testolactone
- testosterone enanthate esters
- tetrabenazine
- thalidomide
- thiazolidinediones
- thyrotropin alpha
- tibolone
- tiludronate
- tiratricol (triac)
- tofogliflozin
- tolazamide
- tolbutamide
- tolvaptan
- tramadol
- trastuzumab
- trazodone
- triamcinolone
- triamterene
- trimipramine
- troglitazone
- tryptophan
- turosteride
- tyrosine-kinase inhibitors
- valproic acid
- valrubicin
- vandetanib
- vaptans
- vildagliptin
- vinorelbine
- voglibose
- vorinostat
- warfarin
- zaleplon
- z-drugs
- zoledronic acid
- zolpidem
- zopiclone
- cardiology
- dermatology
- gastroenterology
- general practice
- genetics
- geriatrics
- gynaecology
- nephrology
- neurology
- nursing
- obstetrics
- oncology
- otolaryngology
- paediatrics
- pathology
- podiatry
- psychology/psychiatry
- radiology/rheumatology
- rehabilitation
- surgery
- urology
- insight into disease pathogenesis or mechanism of therapy
- novel diagnostic procedure
- novel treatment
- unique/unexpected symptoms or presentations of a disease
- new disease or syndrome: presentations/diagnosis/management
- unusual effects of medical treatment
- error in diagnosis/pitfalls and caveats
- february
- 2022
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Jazdarehee
- Department of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sawyer Huget-Penner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraser Health Authority, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Monika Pawlowska
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Soyer-Gobillard MO, Gaspari L, Courtet P, Sultan C. Diethylstilbestrol and autism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1034959. [PMID: 36479217 PMCID: PMC9720308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1034959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is acknowledged that diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic diphenol with powerful estrogenic properties, causes structural anomalies of the reproductive tract and increases the risk of cancer and genital malformations in children and grandchildren of mothers treated during pregnancy. Conversely, data on DES effects on neurodevelopment and psychiatric disorders in in-utero exposed children and their descendants are rare, especially concerning Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Recent studies presented in this review strengthen the hypothesis that in-utero exposure to DES and also other synthetic estrogens and progestogens, which all are endocrine disruptors, contributes to the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, especially ASD. A large epidemiological study in the USA in 2010 reported severe depression in in-utero exposed children (n=1,612), and a French cohort study (n=1,002 in-utero DES exposed children) in 2016 found mainly bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, major depression, suicide attempts, and suicide. Few publications described ASD in in-utero exposed children, mainly a Danish cohort study and a large Chinese epidemiological study. Molecular studies on endocrine disruptors demonstrated the transgenerational induction of diseases and DES epigenetic impact (DNA methylation changes) at two genes implicated in neurodevelopment (ZFP57 and ADAM TS9). We recently described in an informative family, somatic and psychiatric disorders in four generations, particularly ASD in boys of the third and fourth generation. These data show that the principle of precaution must be retained for the protection of future generations: women (pregnant or not) should be extremely vigilant about synthetic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard
- Univ Sorbonne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Association Halte aux HORmones Artificielles pour les GrossessES (Hhorages)-France, Perpignan, France
| | - Laura Gaspari
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Montpellier: Univ Montpellier, Unité d’Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Service de Pédiatrie, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Montpellier: Univ Montpellier, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital, Constitutif Sud, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) 1203, Développement Embryonnaire Fertilité Environnement, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Univ. Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Montpellier, France
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Sultan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Montpellier: Univ Montpellier, Unité d’Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Service de Pédiatrie, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Charles Sultan,
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10
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Palaiologos K, Theofrastou SS, Gerovasileiou E, Flynn M. A Rare Case of Clear Cell Cervical Carcinoma to a Woman, 50 Years After Diethylstilbestrol Exposure for Lactation Suppression. Cureus 2021; 13:e17468. [PMID: 34589362 PMCID: PMC8464348 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A 73-year-old lady presented with post-menopausal bleeding and a suspicious-looking endocervical polyp. She had a loop biopsy of the cervix that showed clear cell cervical carcinoma, and she was referred to our Gynaecology oncology team for further management. Following imaging for staging and an MDT discussion, she had a total abdominal radical hysterectomy that confirmed the diagnosis. The diagnosis of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix is rare, accounting for 4% of cervical carcinomas. However, it is often correlated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in utero. It is well documented that daughters of mothers who received DES during pregnancy are at a higher risk of adenocarcinomas in the genital tract. In our case, the patient had been administered DES for lactation suppression 50 years earlier. After reviewing the relevant literature, we present the case of our patient, the management of this uncommon case, and help identify possible correlation/long-term implications to patients who received DES.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina Flynn
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, GBR
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11
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Zamora-León P. Are the Effects of DES Over? A Tragic Lesson from the Past. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:10309. [PMID: 34639609 PMCID: PMC8507770 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a transplacental endocrine-disrupting chemical, was prescribed to pregnant women for several decades. The number of women who took DES is hard to know precisely, but it has been estimated that over 10 million people have been exposed around the world. DES was classified in the year 2000 as carcinogenic to humans. The deleterious effects induced by DES are very extensive, such as abnormalities or cancers of the genital tract and breast, neurodevelopmental alterations, problems associated with socio-sexual behavior, and immune, pancreatic and cardiovascular disorders. Not only pregnant women but also their children and grandchildren have been affected. Epigenetic alterations have been detected, and intergenerational effects have been observed. More cohort follow-up studies are needed to establish if DES effects are transgenerational. Even though DES is not currently in use, its effects are still present, and families previously exposed and their later generations deserve the continuity of the research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Zamora-León
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
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12
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Titus L. Evidence of intergenerational transmission of Diethylstilbestrol (DES) health effects: Hindsight and insight. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:681-686. [PMID: 34387644 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes key findings from the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) DES Combined Cohort Study with a focus on the results of the NCI Third Generation Study, a cohort of DES-exposed and unexposed granddaughters. Findings to date from the Third Generation Study are discussed in the context of other research efforts and case reports suggesting an intergenerational heritability of DES-related effects. The DES story serves as a model for the influence of endocrine disrupting chemicals on human health. It also serves as a warning of the special hazards of pregnancy exposures, and more broadly, of the potential for invisible health consequences arising from new or changing exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Titus
- Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME 04101, USA
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Seo Y, Jeong SB, Woo JH, Kwon OB, Lee S, Oh HI, Jo S, Park SJ, Namkung W, Moon UY, Lee S. Diethylstilbestrol, a Novel ANO1 Inhibitor, Exerts an Anticancer Effect on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via Inhibition of ANO1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7100. [PMID: 34281152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality; thus, therapeutic targets continue to be developed. Anoctamin1 (ANO1), a novel drug target considered for the treatment of NSCLC, is a Ca2+-activated chloride channel (CaCC) overexpressed in various carcinomas. It plays an important role in the development of cancer; however, the role of ANO1 in NSCLC is unclear. In this study, diethylstilbestrol (DES) was identified as a selective ANO1 inhibitor using high-throughput screening. We found that DES inhibited yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fluorescence reduction caused by ANO1 activation but did not inhibit cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel activity or P2Y activation-related cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Additionally, electrophysiological analyses showed that DES significantly reduced ANO1 channel activity, but it more potently reduced ANO1 protein levels. DES also inhibited the viability and migration of PC9 cells via the reduction in ANO1, phospho-ERK1/2, and phospho-EGFR levels. Moreover, DES induced apoptosis by increasing caspase-3 activity and PARP-1 cleavage in PC9 cells, but it did not affect the viability of hepatocytes. These results suggest that ANO1 is a crucial target in the treatment of NSCLC, and DES may be developed as a potential anti-NSCLC therapeutic agent.
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Marraudino M, Bo E, Carlini E, Farinetti A, Ponti G, Zanella I, Di Lorenzo D, Panzica GC, Gotti S. Hypothalamic Expression of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Pro-OpioMelanoCortin (POMC) in Adult Male Mice Is Affected by Chronic Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors. Metabolites 2021; 11:368. [PMID: 34207679 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the arcuate nucleus, neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons, increase food intake and decrease energy expenditure, and control the activity of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, that decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure. Both systems project to other hypothalamic nuclei such as the paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental contaminants that alter the endocrine system causing adverse health effects in an intact organism or its progeny. We investigated the effects of long-term exposure to some EDCs on the hypothalamic NPY and POMC systems of adult male mice that had been previously demonstrated to be a target of some of these EDCs after short-term exposure. Animals were chronically fed for four months with a phytoestrogen-free diet containing two different concentrations of bisphenol A, diethylstilbestrol, tributyltin, or E2. At the end, brains were processed for NPY and POMC immunohistochemistry and quantitatively analyzed. In the arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, both NPY and POMC immunoreactivity showed a statistically significant decrease. In the paraventricular nucleus, only the NPY system was affected, while the POMC system was not affected. Finally, in the VMH the NPY system was affected whereas no POMC immunoreactive material was observed. These results indicate that adult exposure to different EDCs may alter the hypothalamic circuits that control food intake and energy metabolism.
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Gaspari L, Paris F, Cassel-Knipping N, Villeret J, Verschuur A, Soyer-Gobillard MO, Carcopino-Tusoli X, Hamamah S, Kalfa N, Sultan C. Diethylstilbestrol exposure during pregnancy with primary clear cell carcinoma of the cervix in an 8-year-old granddaughter: a multigenerational effect of endocrine disruptors? Hum Reprod 2021; 36:82-86. [PMID: 33147330 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, vaginal/cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCAC) has not been reported in the granddaughters of women treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy. We present an 8-year-old girl with a history of severe vaginal bleeding who was diagnosed with cervical CCAC. She underwent fertility-sparing surgery and radiotherapy. No sign of recurrence was detected throughout a 10-year follow-up. Her grandmother had received DES therapy during pregnancy with the patient's mother. Although no direct causal link is demonstrated, this case raises for the first time, the hypothesis of multigenerational effects of DES in girls and strongly suggests the need to follow the granddaughters of DES-treated women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gaspari
- Unité d'Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital, Constitutif Sud, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U 1203, Montpellier, France
| | - Françoise Paris
- Unité d'Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital, Constitutif Sud, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U 1203, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Julia Villeret
- Hôpital Henri Duffaut, Service de Pathologie, Avignon, France
| | - Arnauld Verschuur
- Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, Centre de Cancérologie Pédiatrique, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Samir Hamamah
- INSERM U 1203, Montpellier, France.,Département de Biologie de La Reproduction et DPI (ART/PGD), Hôpital A. de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier et Université, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Kalfa
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital, Constitutif Sud, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Département de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier et Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Sultan
- Unité d'Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital, Constitutif Sud, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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16
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Abstract
Introduction: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that alter the actions of hormones. In the 21st Century, numerous expert groups of clinicians, scientists, and environmental activists have called for action to protect present and future generations from the harm induced by EDC exposures. These demands for regulatory responses come because of the strong weight of the evidence from epidemiology, wildlife, and controlled laboratory studies.Areas covered: In this review, we examine the conclusions drawn by experts from different scientific and medical disciplines. We also address several areas where recent findings or work has changed the landscape of EDC work including new approaches to identify and evaluate the evidence for EDCs using a key characteristics approach, the need to expand our understanding of vulnerable periods of development, and the increasing concern that traditional methods used to evaluate toxicity of environmental chemicals are insufficient for EDCs and how collaborative science could help to address these gaps.Expert opinion: The science is clear: there is more than enough evidence to demonstrate that EDCs affect the health of humans and wildlife. Waiting to act is a decision that puts the health of current and future generations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- School of Public Health & Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA USA
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Coelho Neto MA, Ludwin A, Petraglia F, Martins WP. Definition, prevalence, clinical relevance and treatment of T-shaped uterus: systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021; 57:366-377. [PMID: 32898287 DOI: 10.1002/uog.23108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize in a systematic review the current evidence regarding definitions, diagnosis, prevalence, etiology, clinical relevance and impact of surgical treatment for T-shaped uterus not related to diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, and to highlight areas on which future research should focus. METHODS A search of PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE was performed on 9 April 2020 using the search terms 't-shaped OR t-shape OR infantile OR (lateral indentation) OR (diethylstilbestrol OR DES) AND (uterus OR uterine OR uteri) AND (anomaly OR anomalies OR malformation OR malformations)'. Additionally, the reference lists of the included studies were searched manually for other relevant publications. All studies presenting data on T-shaped uterus not associated with DES exposure and including at least 10 women were considered eligible. Studies regarding DES-related T-shaped uterus were excluded because DES has not been used since 1971. There were no restrictions on language, date of publication or status of publication. RESULTS Of 2504 records identified by the electronic search, 20 studies were included in the systematic review. The majority of studies were of poor quality. In 11 of 16 studies reporting on the diagnosis of T-shaped uterus, the diagnostic method used was three-dimensional ultrasound. There is no consensus on the definition of T-shaped uterus, but the most cited criteria (4/16 studies) were of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology and the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESHRE/ESGE; 2013). The prevalence of T-shaped uterus varied from 0.2% to 10% in the four included studies reporting such data. With respect to etiology (except for DES), T-shaped uterus was considered a primary condition in three studies and secondary to adhesions in five and adenomyosis in one. T-shaped uterus was related to worse reproductive outcome based on subfertility (nine studies), miscarriage (seven studies), preterm delivery (two studies), ectopic pregnancy (one study) and repeat implantation failure (seven studies). Of the 12 studies that reported on the effects of surgical treatment of T-shaped uterus by hysteroscopic metroplasty, some mentioned an improvement in pregnancy rate (rates ranging from 49.6% to 88%; eight studies), live-birth rate (rates ranging from 35.1% to 76%; seven studies) and term-delivery rate (four studies) and a reduction in miscarriage (rates ranging from 7% to 49.6%; five studies) and ectopic pregnancy (one study). However, the evidence is of very low quality with serious/critical risk of bias toward overestimating the intervention effect. Some authors reported no complications related to the procedure, while others mentioned persistence of the dysmorphism (rates ranging from 1.4% to 11%; three studies), bleeding (1.3%; one study), infection (2.6%; one study) and adhesions (11.1% and 16.8%; two studies). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence, etiology and clinical relevance, with respect to reproductive outcome, of T-shaped uterus remain unclear and there is no consensus on the definition and diagnostic method for this condition. Expectant management should be considered the most appropriate choice for everyday practice until randomized controlled trials show a benefit of intervention. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Coelho Neto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (DGO-FRMP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- SEMEAR Fertilidade, Reproductive Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - A Ludwin
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Ludwin & Ludwin Gynecology, Private Medical Center, Krakow, Poland
| | - F Petraglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - W P Martins
- SEMEAR Fertilidade, Reproductive Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Xu Z, Sun T, He H, Liu W, Fan L, Zhao L, Wu X, Han Z, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Ning B, Gao Z. Simultaneous detection of diethylstilbestrol and estradiol residues with a single immunochromatographic assay strip. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1824-1830. [PMID: 33747491 PMCID: PMC7958558 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunochromatographic assay (ICA) based on competitive format was developed and validated for simultaneously rapid and sensitive detection of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and estradiol (E2) in milk and tissue samples. For this purpose, two monoclonal antibodies raised against those two estrogens were conjugated to gold nanoparticles and were applied to the conjugate pads of the test strip. The competitors of the DES-BSA/E2-BSA conjugates were immobilized onto a nitrocellulose membrane at two detection zones to form T1 and T2, respectively. The immunochromatographic assay had a visual detection limit of DES at 30 ng/g in milk powder, 25 ng/g in liquid milk, and 25 ng/g in shrimp tissue, respectively, and the results can be judged within 7-10 min. The visual detection limit of E2 was 75 ng/g in milk powder, 65 ng/g in liquid milk, and 60 ng/g in shrimp tissue, respectively, and the results can be judged within 3-4 min. It had advantages in easy operation without requiring sophisticated equipment and specialized skills. By testing thirty milk and shrimp tissue samples from the local market, the method was compared with the HPLC-MS / MS method, and there was no statistical difference between the two methods. Furthermore, the immunochromatographic assay had good specificity, simple procedure, and low cost. This protocol was well suited for the food safety monitoring and early warning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Tieqiang Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Hongwei He
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Wentao Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Longxing Fan
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Lingdi Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Xinglin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Zhenyu Han
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Yingcun Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Qiangqiang Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Baoan Ning
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinChina
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19
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Ausili A, Rodríguez-González I, Torrecillas A, Teruel JA, Gómez-Fernández JC. Diethylstilbestrol Modifies the Structure of Model Membranes and Is Localized Close to the First Carbons of the Fatty Acyl Chains. Biomolecules 2021; 11:220. [PMID: 33557377 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) is used to treat metastatic carcinomas and prostate cancer. We studied its interaction with membranes and its localization to understand its mechanism of action and side-effects. We used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showing that DES fluidized the membrane and has poor solubility in DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) in the fluid state. Using small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD), it was observed that DES increased the thickness of the water layer between phospholipid membranes, indicating effects on the membrane surface. DSC, X-ray diffraction, and 31P-NMR spectroscopy were used to study the effect of DES on the Lα-to-HII phase transition, and it was observed that negative curvature of the membrane is promoted by DES, and this effect may be significant to understand its action on membrane enzymes. Using the 1H-NOESY-NMR-MAS technique, cross-relaxation rates for different protons of DES with POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) protons were calculated, suggesting that the most likely location of DES in the membrane is with the main axis parallel to the surface and close to the first carbons of the fatty acyl chains of POPC. Molecular dynamics simulations were in close agreements with the experimental results regarding the location of DES in phospholipids bilayers.
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20
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Eve L, Fervers B, Le Romancer M, Etienne-Selloum N. Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Risk of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9139. [PMID: 33266302 PMCID: PMC7731339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer and the fifth deadliest in the world. Exposure to endocrine disrupting pollutants has been suggested to contribute to the increase in disease incidence. Indeed, a growing number of researchershave investigated the effects of widely used environmental chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties on BC development in experimental (in vitro and animal models) and epidemiological studies. The complex effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on hormonal pathways, involving carcinogenic effects and an increase in mammary gland susceptibility to carcinogenesis-together with the specific characteristics of the mammary gland evolving over the course of life and the multifactorial etiology of BC-make the evaluation of these compounds a complex issue. Among the many EDCs suspected of increasing the risk of BC, strong evidence has only been provided for few EDCs including diethylstilbestrol, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, dioxins and bisphenol A. However, given the ubiquitous nature and massive use of EDCs, it is essential to continue to assess their long-term health effects, particularly on carcinogenesis, to eradicate the worst of them and to sensitize the population to minimize their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisane Eve
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Léon-Bérard, F-69000 Lyon, France;
- Inserm UA08, Radiations, Défense, Santé, Environnement, Center Léon Bérard, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Nelly Etienne-Selloum
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Service de Pharmacie, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UMR7021/Unistra, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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21
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Mei L, Zou J, Chen Q, Jiang W, Chen Y. Primary vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma accompanied by Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome without prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure: a case report. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2020; 13:2784-2787. [PMID: 33284870 PMCID: PMC7716125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a rare case of a 40 years old woman with primary vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) accompanied by Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS) and without any prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure. Pathological results indicated that the CCA was surrounded by adenosis and that there was a benign to malignant transformation of several glands in the epithelium, so the CCA was believed to have arisen from the adenosis. The literature review disclosed that genitourinary anomalies might be associated with an increased risk of adenocarcinoma, but the mechanism was not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mei
- Department of Gynecology, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pathology, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pathology, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pathology, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- Department of Gynecology, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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22
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Taylor JA, Jones MB, Besch-Williford CL, Berendzen AF, Ricke WA, vom Saal FS. Interactive Effects of Perinatal BPA or DES and Adult Testosterone and Estradiol Exposure on Adult Urethral Obstruction and Bladder, Kidney, and Prostate Pathology in Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113902. [PMID: 32486162 PMCID: PMC7313472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive voiding disorder (OVD) occurs during aging in men and is often, but not always, associated with increased prostate size, due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, or prostate cancer. Estrogens are known to impact the development of both OVD and prostate diseases, either during early urogenital tract development in fetal–neonatal life or later in adulthood. To examine the potential interaction between developmental and adult estrogen exposure on the adult urogenital tract, male CD-1 mice were perinatally exposed to bisphenol A (BPA), diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a positive control, or vehicle negative control, and in adulthood were treated for 4 months with Silastic capsules containing testosterone and estradiol (T+E2) or empty capsules. Animals exposed to BPA or DES during perinatal development were more likely than negative controls to have urine flow/kidney problems and enlarged bladders, as well as enlarged prostates. OVD in adult T+E2-treated perinatal BPA and DES animals was associated with dorsal prostate hyperplasia and prostatitis. The results demonstrate a relationship between elevated exogenous estrogen levels during urogenital system development and elevated estradiol in adulthood and OVD in male mice. These findings support the two-hit hypothesis for the development of OVD and prostate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (J.A.T.); (M.B.J.)
| | - Maren Bell Jones
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (J.A.T.); (M.B.J.)
| | | | - Ashley F. Berendzen
- Biomolecular Imaging Center, Harry S Truman VA Hospital and University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - William A. Ricke
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Frederick S. vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (J.A.T.); (M.B.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(573)-356-9621
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23
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Brakta S, Chorich LP, Kim HG, Coons LA, Katzenellenbogen JA, Hall JE, Korach KS, Layman LC. Long-Term Follow-Up and Treatment of a Female With Complete Estrogen Insensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa106. [PMID: 32152632 PMCID: PMC7108680 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT We previously reported the first female with a causative ESR1 gene variant, who exhibited absent puberty and high estrogens. At age 15 years, she presented with lower abdominal pain, absent breast development, primary amenorrhea, and multicystic ovaries. The natural history of complete estrogen insensitivity (CEI) in women is unknown. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this report is to present the neuroendocrine phenotype of CEI, identify potential ligands, and determine the effect of targeted treatment. DESIGN We have characterized gonadotropin pulsatility and followed this patient's endocrine profile and bone density over 8 years. Seventy-five different compounds were tested for transactivation of the variant receptor. A personalized medicine approach was tailored to our patient. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENT OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A 24-year-old adopted white female with CEI. INTERVENTION(S) The patient was treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) for approximately 2.5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Induction of secondary sexual characteristics. RESULTS Luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse studies demonstrated normal pulsatile LH secretion, elevated mean LH, and mildly elevated mean follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the presence of markedly increased estrogens. DES transactivated the variant ESR1 in vitro. However, DES treatment did not induce secondary sexual characteristics in our patient. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with DES was not successful in our patient. She remains hypoestrogenic despite the presence of ovarian cysts with a hypoestrogenic vaginal smear, absent breast development, and low bone mineral mass. Findings suggest additional receptor mechanistic actions are required to elicit clinical hormone responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumia Brakta
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Lynn P Chorich
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Department of Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laurel A Coons
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Janet E Hall
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lawrence C Layman
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Augusta, Georgia
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24
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Mathew Thomas V, Alexander SA, Hadfield MJ, Vredenburgh J. A Rare Case of Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix with No Intrauterine Diethylstilbestrol Exposure. Cureus 2020; 12:e7796. [PMID: 32461864 PMCID: PMC7243845 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in females. Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix is an uncommon histological variant and is usually seen with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. A 28-year-old female with no intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol presented with postcoital bleeding. A pelvic exam revealed a cervical mass. Imaging confirmed the cervical mass and positron emission tomography scan showed an increased uptake in the cervical mass as well as the para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes. Biopsy showed a clear cell carcinoma of the cervix. She was treated with cisplatin and paclitaxel for eight cycles and concurrent radiation therapy. She had a complete response to therapy and has been in complete remission nine months from the end of therapy. There are no clear guidelines for the treatment of clear cell carcinoma with current therapy based on the treatment of squamous and non-clear cell adenocarcinoma. Cisplatin and paclitaxel could be an option, given the successful treatment of the patient in our case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J Hadfield
- Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
| | - James Vredenburgh
- Hematology and Oncology, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, USA
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Qian Y, Feng J, Xu R, Fan D, Du Y, Ren X, Wei Q, Ju H. Zinc and Molybdenum Co-Doped BiVO 4 Nanoarray for Photoelectrochemical Diethylstilbestrol Analysis Based on the Dual-Competitive System of Manganese Hexacyanoferrate Hydrate Nanocubes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:16662-16669. [PMID: 32196305 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a competitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor for detecting diethylstilbestrol (DES). The PEC sensing platform uses a zinc and molybdenum codoped BiVO4 nanoarray ((Zn,Mo):BiVO4) as the photoactive matrix and manganese hexacyanoferrate hydrate loading silicon dioxide layer composite nanocubes (MHCF@SiO2 NCs) as the signal quencher. The (Zn,Mo):BiVO4 nanoarray demonstrated brilliant PEC behavior, by virtue of the local electric field formed by the codoped Zn and Mo. This doping accelerated the electron transfer and improved the photoelectric conversion efficiency in BiVO4 nanoarray under visible light. Furthermore, the nanoarray structure with its large surface area provided abundant binding sites for the immune response. As the MHCF@SiO2 NCs-anti-DES competitively bonded with either free DES or bovine serum albumin conjugated DES (BSA-DES), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as electron donor was competitively consumed and meanwhile steric resistance blocked electrons transfer. For the above reasons, the photocurrent signal was reduced. Thus, the standard sample free DES was accurately detected, and the fabricated PEC immunosensor displayed an outstanding photocurrent response from 0.1 pg/mL to 50 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.05 pg/mL. Simultaneously, the acceptable stability, selectivity, and reproducibility of the designed dual-competitive sensing platform suggest its applicability to small molecule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yu Du
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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Peng Z, Li Q, Zhang G, Zhao W, Lian H, Zhang S. [Solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with tetraaza[2]arene[2]triazine-bonded silica gel adsorbent for determination of nitrophenols and diethylstilbestrol in river water]. Se Pu 2020; 38:143-148. [PMID: 34213162 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2019.06022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel method based on solid phase extraction (SPE)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the simultaneous determination of nitrophenols and diethylstilbestrol in river water. Tetraaza[2]arene[2]triazine-bonded silica gel, a homemade SPE adsorbent, was used to enrich the nitrophenols and diethylstilbestrol, and the optimal SPE and HPLC conditions were established. The sample solution was adjusted to pH 5, purified with a lab-made solid phase extraction column, and then eluted with 2 mL ammonia-methanol (2:98, v/v). The enriched sample was separated on a C8 column with methanol and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phases in a gradient elution. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LOD, S/N=3) for the four target analytes were 0.03-0.3 μg/L, and the limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N=10) were 0.1-1.0 μg/L. The recoveries were 75.5%-104.2%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD, n=5) were less than 6.3%. The proposed method is accurate and reliable, and it has been successfully used for determining nitrophenols and diethylstilbestrol in river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Peng
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qin Li
- Food and Drug Inspection Institute of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450008, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guangrui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongzhen Lian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Deng W, Zhao Y, Hu K, Chen S, He L, Ao X, Zou L, Hu X, Yang Y, Liu S. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Diethylstilbestrol-Degrading Bacillus subtilis JF and Biochemical Degradation Metabolite Analysis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2538. [PMID: 31787945 PMCID: PMC6856012 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) can adversely affect the immune system of developing fetuses or even elicit toxic responses such as nerve toxicity and genotoxicity in human beings, thereby warranting methods to remove DES from the environments. The present study characterized a novel DES-degrading Bacillus subtilis JF and analyzed the degradation metabolites. The strain was collected at the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (Collection number: CGMCC 7950). The environmental effects, such as DES concentrations, pH levels, and temperature, on the strain's degradation ability were tested. Degradation metabolites of DES by strain JF were analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Results indicated that B. subtilis JF can effectively degrade DES within a concentration of 25-200 mg/L. Increasing pH levels (pH > 7) are reported to increase the degradation rate of DES by the strain. The optimal temperature for strain JF to degrade DES was identified as 45°C. In this study, 4, 4'-hexene estrogen quinones (DESQ) and DES-4-semiquinone were speculated as two degradation metabolites of DES, and both can be completely degraded by strain JF. A slight reduction of DES in the blank system [DES cultured in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium without strain JF] was observed in this study. The reduction trend in the blank system only occurred during the first few days (about 4 days) and was considerably lesser than the decomposition and transformation effect of DES via strain JF. Furthermore, the metabolite DESQ could not be further decomposed in blank LB medium without strain JF. All the results demonstrate that complete degradation of DES in the fermentation broth occurs due to the function of strain JF rather than organic decomposition. In conclusion, the high efficiency of degradation and the potential to degrade DES completely indicates that strain JF has potential for the bioremediation of DES-contaminated environments (soil, river, and so on) and fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Deng
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
- Sichuan Institute of Research and Design About Food and Fermentation Industries, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Kaidi Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Li He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Xiaolin Ao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Likou Zou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinjie Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Shuliang Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
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Maeda N, Okumura K, Yamaguchi K, Haeno S, Yasui Y, Kimura N, Ieko T, Miyasho T, Yokota H. Rapid prolactin induction in adult male rats after treatment with diethylstilbestrol. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12769. [PMID: 31283846 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic oestrogen known to disrupt the endocrine system and to cause reproductive toxicity mediated via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; however, its molecular mechanism of action is poorly understood. In the present study, we found that, after only 1 week of exposure to DES, blood testosterone dramatically decreased and that this decrease was associated with a strong induction of prolactin (PRL). Even with the increase in PRL, the luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone mRNAs slightly decreased. Our results show that, after 48 hours of a single dose of DES, there was a six-fold increase in PRL expression. After exploring the upstream mechanisms, we determined that dopamine, which inhibits PRL secretion in male rats, did not decrease in the pituitary gland of DES-treated rats, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which mediates the acute release of PRL, was elevated. Serotonin (5-HT) increased in the brain of male rats 24 hours after a single DES treatment; however, PRL, VIP or 5-HT was not induced by DES in female rats. Our results indicate that DES induces the expression of pituitary PRL in male rats by stimulating VIP in the hypothalamus and 5-HT in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Maeda
- Laboratory of Meat Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Safety Research Institute for Chemical Compounds Co., Ltd, Sapporo, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Japan Meat Science and Technology Institute, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Okumura
- Safety Research Institute for Chemical Compounds Co., Ltd, Sapporo, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kousuke Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Haeno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yasui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuya Kimura
- Public Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ieko
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taku Miyasho
- Laboratory of Animal Biological Responses, Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Wang Y, Dong Y, Fang Y, Lv Y, Zhu Q, Li X, Lian Q, Ge RS. Diethylstilbestrol inhibits human and rat 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:1061-1069. [PMID: 31247589 PMCID: PMC6652260 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormone might cause intrauterine growth restriction. The glucocorticoid-metabolizing enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2) in the placenta eliminates excess levels of glucocorticoids during pregnancy. The aim of the current study was to define the effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on HSD11B2 activity in the mammalian placentas and identify its mode of action. Rat and human placental microsomal HSD11B2 were incubated with different concentrations of DES, and IC50 values were determined. The mode of action was analyzed by incubation of DES together with substrates, glucocorticoid and NAD+. DES suppressed rat and human HSD11B2 with IC50 values of 5.33 and 12.62 μM, respectively. DES was a competitive inhibitor of rat and human HSD11B2 when steroid substrates were added, while it was an uncompetitive inhibitor when cofactor NAD+ was exposed. Oral administration of DES (0.5 mg/kg) to the rat delayed the cortisol metabolism in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, as indicated by the increases in cortisol's elimination half-life, maximum concentration and area under the curve. In conclusion, DES is a potent HSD11B2 inhibitor, possibly contributing to the intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaoyao Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinghui Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to R-S Ge:
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30
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Huang Y, Zhao T, He J. Preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for the rapid detection of diethylstilbestrol in milk samples. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:4452-4459. [PMID: 30866048 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diethylstilbestrol (DES) residues are harmful to human health because of their potential carcinogenic properties. Therefore, it is important to develop a fast and efficient pretreatment method to prevent their harmful effects on human health and the environment. RESULTS In this paper, two types of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) of DES were prepared by bulk polymerization and the sol-gel method, respectively. The synthetic materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Adsorption capacities of the bulk and sol-gel MMIPs were investigated. A rapid detection method was developed using the two types of MMIPs as sorbents, coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography, for the determination of DES residues in milk samples. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection (S/N = 3) of both methods for DES was 2.0 μg L-1 ; and the linear response range to DES was 0.1-500 mg L-1 . The milk samples were analyzed according to this method with good recoveries of 88.3-97.6 and 90.5-103.5% for the two types of MMIPs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The method described had high sensitivity and high selectivity, and could prove to be a new method for the rapid determination of DES residues in milk samples. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuXia Huang
- Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinxing He
- Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
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31
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Troisi R, Hatch EE, Titus L, Strohsnitter W, Gail MH, Huo D, Adam E, Robboy SJ, Hyer M, Hoover RN, Palmer JR. Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and cancer risk in women. Environ Mol Mutagen 2019; 60:395-403. [PMID: 29124779 DOI: 10.1002/em.22155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the Diethylstilbestrol [DES] Combined Cohort Follow-up, the age- and calendar-year specific standardized incidence ratio [SIR] for clear cell adenocarcinoma [CCA] was 27.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.51-70.6) for the exposed women. The SIR for breast cancer was 1.17 (95% CI 1.01-1.36) and the hazard ratio [HR] adjusted for birth year and cohort for comparison with the unexposed was 1.05 (95% CI 0.79-1.41). The SIR for pancreatic cancer was 2.43 (95% CI 1.21-4.34) and the adjusted HR for comparison with unexposed women was 7.16 (95% CI 0.84-61.5). There was little evidence of excess risk for other sites. There appeared to be a deficit in risk for endometrial cancer among the exposed (SIR 0.61; 95% CI 0.35-0.98), and an excess in the unexposed (SIR 1.55; 95% CI 0.95-2.40); the adjusted HR was 0.45 (95% CI 0.22-0.93) for the internal comparison. There was no overall excess cancer risk in exposed women compared with general population rates (1.06; 95% CI 0.95-1.17) or with unexposed participants (adjusted HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.84-1.25). These data do not support the suggestion that there is a diathesis of cancers in DES exposed female offspring The excess risk of breast and pancreatic cancers that we observed is concerning and warrants continued follow-up and mechanistic investigation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:395-403, 2019. Published 2017. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Troisi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth E Hatch
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linda Titus
- Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, and the Hood Center for Children and Families, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - William Strohsnitter
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Mitchell H Gail
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dezheng Huo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ervin Adam
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stanley J Robboy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marianne Hyer
- Information Management Services, Inc, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Unit, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ali A, Khalil MAI, Khan N, Abu Bakar M, Amjad A, Ahmed I, Mir K. Diethylstilbestrol in the Treatment of Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: A Lower-middle-income Country Experience. Cureus 2019; 11:e4470. [PMID: 31249748 PMCID: PMC6579324 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Its metastatic stage is associated with considerable morbidity and may lead to death. In Pakistan, given the high levels of economic constraint, patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer can be treated with cost-effective medications like diethylstilbestrol (DES). Objectives: The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy and adverse effects of DES when used in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Materials and methods: From January 2011 to December 2016, all medical records of patients with a diagnosis of prostate cancer resistant to the effects of castration presenting at Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, were reviewed. All patients were treated with DES (2.5 mg) initially, but the dose was increased for some patients to 5 mg in combination with aspirin (75 mg). The patients were followed clinically with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value assessment. The PSA response to treatment, time to disease progression, and adverse events were recorded and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results: A total of 91 patients were included in the study, and the mean patient age was 66 ± 8 years. The median baseline PSA was 150 ng/mL (range: 56-626 ng/mL), and the median Gleason’s score was eight. A total of 90.1% of patients had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Hormonal ablation was provided with bilateral orchiectomy for 71 patients (78.0%), and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analog was provided for 20 patients (22.0%). With this treatment, the median time to PSA progression was 597 days. After DES treatment was started, 78 patients (87.7%) showed a PSA response, and median time to progression was 212 days. In 24 patients (26.4%), the PSA response was maintained for more than a year. The PSA response was quantified as a good response (i.e., ≥50% PSA drop) or as a partial response (i.e., <50% PSA drop). The good PSA response was observed in 56 patients (61.5%) with a median time to progression of 273 days, and 22 patients (24.2%) had a partial response maintained for 109 days. Thirteen patients (14.3%) did not respond to DES treatment. The median percent change in PSA was -55.52% (range: -99.9 to +422). Thromboembolic complication was observed in eight patients (8.7%) patients while two patients suffered from liver toxicity. Conclusion: DES is an effective, economical, and relatively safe drug in patients with CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azfar Ali
- Surgical Oncology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | | | - Nouman Khan
- Surgical Oncology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Muhammad Abu Bakar
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Awais Amjad
- Surgery, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Urology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Khurram Mir
- Surgical Oncology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
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Abstract
In the recent 20 years, primary vaginal adenosis is extremely rare and the data of clinical presentations, management, and outcome have not been studied systematically.In this retrospective study, women with vaginal adenosis between January 1997 and June 2017 were identified from the hospital's medical records. Data on patient age, history, symptoms, mass location, size, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and recurrence were analyzed by SPSS 20.0.Twenty women were histopathologically diagnosed as having vaginal adenosis (mean age, 37.9 ± 10.6 years). All patients denied utero exposure. The most common symptom was vaginal pain or abnormal bleeding. For all patients, the local vaginal lesions were surgically excised. Seven patients had complications with endometriosis. 15 patients lived without recurrence, and 1 patient underwent postoperative local recurrence after 81 months. Primary vaginal squamous cell carcinoma in another patient was confirmed to arise from adenosis; she survived with disease. The remaining 3 patients developed carcinoma of different types in varied periods of a disease-free state (5 months, 30 months, and 23 years, respectively); 1 patient died of progressive disease, and 2 patients survived with disease.Primary vaginal adenosis is a spontaneous lesion with a propensity for late canceration. Local lesion resection is the primary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Yalan Bi
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Luo J, Wang SS, Lu Y, Sullivan-Halley J, Cozen W, Ma H, Bernstein L. Pregnancy-related factors and risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma among women in Los Angeles. Br J Haematol 2018; 186:133-137. [PMID: 30488431 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Luo
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sophia S Wang
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yani Lu
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jane Sullivan-Halley
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huiyan Ma
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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35
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Strohsnitter WC, Bertrand KA, Troisi R, Scott CG, Cheville AL, Hoover RN, Palmer JR, Vachon CM. Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and mammographic density. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1374-1378. [PMID: 29658110 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective cohort study of the health effects associated with prenatal Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, DES was associated with an increased breast cancer risk after 40 years of age. It is unknown whether it is associated with greater mammographic density, which strongly predicts breast cancer risk. A cohort of DES-exposed and unexposed women was assembled at the Mayo Clinic in 1975, and followed through 2012 as part of the National Cancer Institute's DES follow-up study. Mammographic density from 3,637 mammograms for 332 (222 DES-exposed, 110 unexposed) women in this cohort screened at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester between 1996 and 2015 was determined clinically using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). Any effect of prenatal DES exposure on mammographic density was estimated using repeated measures logistic regression. There was no association between prenatal DES exposure and high mammographic density for either premenopausal [Odds ratios (OR) = 0.92 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.50, 1.7] or postmenopausal women (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.5). Among premenopausal women, associations differed by body mass index (BMI), with ORs of 1.47 (0.70, 3.1) for women with BMI above the median and 0.53 (0.23, 1.3) for those with BMI below the median (pinteraction = 0.05). Overall, however, prenatal DES exposure was not associated with high mammographic density in this sample of DES Study participants. Consequently, this study does not provide evidence that high mammographic density is involved with the influence of DES on breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Strohsnitter
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | | - Rebecca Troisi
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Andrea L Cheville
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Celine M Vachon
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Sato T, Kim H, Kakuta H, Iguchi T. Effects of 2,3- Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile on Induction of Polyovular Follicles in the Mouse Ovary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 32:19-24. [PMID: 29275294 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment induces polyovular follicles (PFs), which contain more than two oocytes in a follicle, through estrogen receptor (ER) β, not ERα. 2,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN) is a specific ERβ agonist; the effects of neonatal DPN exposure on PF induction and gene expression in the mouse ovary were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Histological analysis and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed. RESULTS The PF incidence was significantly high in the ovary of neonatally DPN-exposed mice compared to that in oil-exposed mice. The gene expression of growth differentiation factor 9 (Gdf9), Mullerian-inhibiting substance, steroidogenic factor 1 (Sf1) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star) in the ovary was significantly increased in the mice neonatally exposed to 40 μg DPN compared to oil-treated mice. CONCLUSION Since SF1 is an important transcription factor of several genes involved in ovarian function, up-regulation of Sf1 expression by neonatal exposure to DPN, through ERβ, might affect expression of Gdf9, Mis and Star, resulting in increased PFs in mouse ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Sato
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan .,International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hannah Kim
- International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hanako Kakuta
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Suen AA, Jefferson WN, Williams CJ, Wood CE. Differentiation Patterns of Uterine Carcinomas and Precursor Lesions Induced by Neonatal Estrogen Exposure in Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:574-596. [PMID: 29895210 PMCID: PMC6027618 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318779326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to estrogenic chemicals is an established risk factor for cancer of the female reproductive tract. This increase in risk has been associated with disruption of normal patterns of cellular differentiation during critical stages of morphogenesis. The goal of this study was to document uterine epithelial phenotypes over time following neonatal treatment with the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) or the soy phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) in female CD-1 mice. Both DES and GEN induced three distinct populations of abnormal endometrial epithelial cells: luminal (SIX1+/P63-/CK14-/CK18+), basal (SIX1+/P63+/CK14+/CK18-), and mixed/bipotential (SIX1+/P63-/CK14+/CK18+), which were all established by early adulthood. In older animals, DES and GEN resulted in uterine carcinomas with mixed glandular, basal, and squamous cell elements. All carcinomas were composed largely of the three abnormal cell types. These findings identify novel epithelial differentiation patterns in the uterus and support the idea that disruption of cellular programming in early development can influence cancer risk later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A. Suen
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) participant in the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wendy N. Jefferson
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmen J. Williams
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles E. Wood
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Liu W, Chen Q, He N, Sun K, Sun D, Wu X, Duan S. Removal and Biodegradation of 17β-Estradiol and Diethylstilbestrol by the Freshwater Microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E452. [PMID: 29510598 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural steroidal and synthetic non-steroidal estrogens such as 17β-estradiol (E2) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) have been found in natural water, which can potentially endanger public health and aquatic ecosystems. The removal and biodegradation of E2 and DES by Raphidocelis subcapitata were studied in bacteria-free cultures exposed to single and mixture treatments at different concentrations for 96 h. The results showed that R. subcapitata exhibited a rapid and strong ability to remove E2 and DES in both single and mixture treatments by biodegradation. At the end of 96 h, the removal percentage of single E2 and DES achieved 82.0%, 80.4%, 74.6% and 89.9%, 73.4%, 54.1% in 0.1, 0.5, and 1.5 mg·L-1, respectively. With the exception of the 0.1 mg·L-1 treatment at 96 h, the removal capacity of E2 was more efficient than that of DES by R. subcapitata. Furthermore, the removal percentage of mixture E2 and DES achieved 88.5%, 82.9%, 84.3% and 87.2%, 71.8%, 51.1% in 0.1, 0.5, and 1.5 mg·L-1, respectively. The removal percentage of mixed E2 was significantly higher than that of the single E2. The presence of DES could accelerate the removal of E2 from the mixture treatments in equal concentrations. In addition, the removal was mainly attributed to the biodegradation or biotransformation process by the microalgae cells rather than simple sorption and accumulation in the cells. The microalgae R. subcapitata demonstrated a high capability for the removal of the E2 and DES indicating future prospects for its application.
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Zhang X, Ping HY, Li JH, Duan SX, Jiang XW. Diethylstilbestrol regulates mouse gubernaculum testis cell proliferation via PLC-Ca 2+ -CREB pathway. Cell Biochem Funct 2018; 36:13-17. [PMID: 29277915 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent evidence suggested a positive correlation between environmental estrogens (EEs) and high incidence of abnormalities in male urogenital system, but the mechanism remains unclear. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a nonsteroidal synthetic estrogen that disrupts the morphology and proliferation of gubernaculum testis cells, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, mouse gubernaculum testis cells were pretreated with phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U-73122 and then treated with DES. The results demonstrated that U-73122 impaired DES-evoked intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in gubernaculum testis cells and inhibited DES-induced proliferation of gubernaculum testis cells. Mechanistically, we found that U-73122 inhibited DES-induced activation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) in gubernaculum testis cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that the effects of DES on mouse gubernaculum testis cells are mediated by PLC-Ca2+ -CREB pathway. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Environmental estrogens remain a serious threat to male reproductive health, and it is important to understand the mechanism by which EEs affect the male productive system. Here we explore potential mechanisms how the proliferation and contractility of gubernaculum testis cells are regulated by diethylstilbestrol. Our findings provide the first evidence that PLC-Ca2+ -CREB signalling pathway mediates the nongenomic effects of diethylstilbestrol on gubernaculum testis cells. These findings provide new insight into the role of diethylstilbestrol in the aetiology of male reproductive dysfunction and will help develop better approaches for the prevention and therapy of male reproductive malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong-Yan Ping
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jian-Hong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shou-Xin Duan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xue-Wu Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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40
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Liu M, Luo R, Wang H, Cao G, Wang Y. Recovery of fertility in quinestrol-treated or diethylstilbestrol-treated mice: Implications for rodent management. Integr Zool 2017; 12:250-259. [PMID: 27611741 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fertility control is an alternative strategy to traditional culling for the management of rodent pests. Previous studies have demonstrated that quinestrol is a potential contraceptive for male rodents, but the recovery of fertility in quinestrol-treated rodents has not been evaluated. This study used C57BL/6J mice to evaluate the recovery rate of male fertility after the administration of quinestrol. Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a non-steroid estrogenic compound, was used for comparison. Different groups of mice were treated with 1 mg/kg quinestrol, 1 mg/kg DES, or castor oil separately for 7 days. These mice were then killed on days 8, 22 and 50 respectively. Our results indicated that the weight of epididymides and seminal vesicles decreased significantly on days 8 and 22 in quinestrol/DES-treated mice, with extensive histological changes in the seminiferous tubules. Sperm concentrations in the cauda epididymal fluid were significantly reduced on days 8 and 22 in both quinestrol and DES treatment groups and on day 50 for the DES, but not the quinestrol group. Further analysis revealed that DES-treated mice exhibited a higher proportion of abnormal sperm accumulation in the epididymis, indicating that the normal sperm transportation to the cauda epididymis was blocked. Our results indicate that the anti-fertility effects on male mice given quinestrol were of shorter duration than for those receiving DES at the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang Y, Li Y, Chen Q, Liu Z. Diethylstilbestrol impaired oogenesis of yellow catfish juveniles through disrupting hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and germ cell development. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:308-317. [PMID: 28960386 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a non-steroidal estrogen, has been found to cause altered germ cell development and disordered ovarian development in fish females. However, the mechanisms that might be involved are poorly understood. In this study, female juveniles of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) (120 days post-hatching) were exposed to two doses (10 and 100 ng l-1 ) of DES for 28 days. After the endpoint of exposure, decreased ovary weight and gonadosomatic index, as well as various ovarian impairments were observed in response to DES. Besides, DES elevated the mRNA levels of vitellogenin 1 (vtg 1) and estrogen receptor 1 (esr 1) in liver and decreased 17β-estradiol level in plasma. Correspondingly, suppressed mRNA levels of the key genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (such as cyp19a1b, gnrh-II, fshβ and lhβ in brain and fshr, lhr and cyp19a1a in ovary) after DES exposure were also observed. The declined level of plasma 17β-estradiol and altered gene expressions of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were thus supposed to be closely related to the disrupted oogenesis in DES-treated fish. Analyses further demonstrated that, higher concentration of DES elevated the expression ratio of bax/bcl-2, indicating the enhanced apoptosis occurred in ovary. Moreover, DES upregulated the expressions of genes involved in proliferation (cyclin d1 and pcna), meiotic entry (cyp26a1 and scp3) and meiotic maintenance (dmc1), resulting in arrested oogenesis in catfish. The present study greatly extended our understanding on the mechanisms underlying of reproductive toxicity of DES on fish oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yingwen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Qiliang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle-shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painful erection of the penis, known as priapism. Severity of sickle cell disease is variable, and treatment is usually symptomatic. Priapism affects up to half of all men with sickle cell disease, however, there is no consistency in treatment. We therefore need to know the best way of treating this complication in order to offer an effective interventional approach to all affected individuals. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and risks of different treatments for stuttering (repeated short episodes) and fulminant (lasting for six hours or more) priapism in sickle cell disease. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register, which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We also searched trial registries.Date of the most recent search of the Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: 15 September 2017.Date of most recent search of trial registries and of Embase: 12 December 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing non-surgical or surgical treatment with placebo or no treatment, or with another intervention for stuttering or fulminant priapism. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the trials. MAIN RESULTS Three trials with 102 participants were identified and met the criteria for inclusion in this review. These trials compared stilboestrol to placebo, sildenafil to placebo and ephedrine or etilefrine to placebo and ranged in duration from two weeks to six months. All of the trials were conducted in an outpatient setting in Jamaica, Nigeria and the UK. None of the trials measured our first primary outcome, detumescence but all three trials reported on the reduction in frequency of stuttering priapism, our second primary outcome. No significant effect of any of the treatments was seen compared to placebo. Immediate side effects were not found to be significantly different from placebo in the two trials where this information was reported. We considered the quality of evidence to be low to very low as all of the trials were at risk of bias and all had low participant numbers. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of evidence for the benefits or risks of the different treatments for both stuttering and fulminant priapism in sickle cell disease. This systematic review has clearly identified the need for well-designed, adequately-powered, multicentre randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of specific interventions for priapism in sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sherie Smith
- The University of NottinghamDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine1701 E FloorEast Block Queens Medical CentreNottinghamUK
| | - Kofi A Anie
- London North West Healthcare NHS TrustHaematology and Sickle Cell CentreCentral Middlesex HospitalActon LaneLondonUKNW10 7NS
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Armiñán A, Mendes L, Carrola J, Movellan J, Vicent MJ, Duarte IF. HIF-1α inhibition by diethylstilbestrol and its polyacetal conjugate in hypoxic prostate tumour cells: insights from NMR metabolomics. J Drug Target 2017; 25:845-855. [PMID: 28737429 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1358728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have employed 1H NMR metabolomics to assess the metabolic responses of PC3 prostate tumour cells to hypoxia and to pharmacological HIF-1α inhibition by DES or its polyacetal conjugate tert-DES. Oxygen deprivation prompted a number of changes in intracellular composition and metabolic activity, mainly reflecting upregulated glycolysis, amino acid catabolism and other compensatory mechanisms used by hypoxic cells to deal with oxidative imbalance and energy deficit. Cell treatment with a non-cytotoxic concentration of DES, under hypoxia, triggered significant changes in 17 metabolites. Among these, lactate, phosphocreatine and reduced glutathione, whose levels showed opposite variations in hypoxic and drug-treated cells, emerged as possible markers of DES-induced HIF-1α inhibition. Furthermore, the free drug had a much higher impact on the cellular metabolome than tert-DES, particularly concerning polyamine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways, known to be tightly involved in cell proliferation and growth. This is likely due to the different cell pharmacokinetics observed between free and conjugated DES. Overall, this study has revealed a number of unanticipated metabolic changes that inform on DES and tert-DES direct cellular effects, providing further insight into their mode of action at the biochemical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Armiñán
- a Polymer Therapeutics Lab , Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF) , Valencia , Spain
| | - Luís Mendes
- b Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Joana Carrola
- b Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Julie Movellan
- a Polymer Therapeutics Lab , Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF) , Valencia , Spain
| | - María J Vicent
- a Polymer Therapeutics Lab , Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF) , Valencia , Spain
| | - Iola F Duarte
- b Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
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Zou QX, Peng Z, Zhao Q, Chen HY, Cheng YM, Liu Q, He YQ, Weng SQ, Wang HF, Wang T, Zheng LP, Luo T. Diethylstilbestrol activates CatSper and disturbs progesterone actions in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 2016; 32:290-298. [PMID: 28031325 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is diethylstilbestrol (DES), a prototypical endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), able to induce physiological changes in human spermatozoa and affect progesterone actions? SUMMARY ANSWER DES promoted Ca2+ flux into human spermatozoa by activating the cation channel of sperm (CatSper) and suppressed progesterone-induced Ca2+ signaling, tyrosine phosphorylation and sperm functions. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY DES significantly impairs the male reproductive system both in fetal and postnatal exposure. Although various EDCs affect human spermatozoa in a non-genomic manner, the effect of DES on human spermatozoa remains unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Sperm samples from normozoospermic donors were exposed in vitro to a range of DES concentrations with or without progesterone at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator to mimic the putative exposure to this toxicant in seminal plasma and the female reproductive tract fluids. The incubation time varied according to the experimental protocols. All experiments were repeated at least five times using different individual sperm samples. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Human sperm intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were monitored with a multimode plate reader following sperm loading with Ca2+ indicator Fluo-4 AM, and the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was performed to record CatSper and alkalinization-activated sperm K+ channel (KSper) currents. Sperm viability and motility parameters were assessed by an eosin-nigrosin staining kit and a computer-assisted semen analysis system, respectively. The ability of sperm to penetrate into viscous media was examined by penetration into 1% methylcellulose. The sperm acrosome reaction was measured using chlortetracycline staining. The level of tyrosine phosphorylation was determined by western blot assay. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE DES exposure rapidly increased human sperm [Ca2+]i dose dependently and even at an environmentally relevant concentration (100 pM). The elevation of [Ca2+]i was derived from extracellular Ca2+ influx and mainly mediated by CatSper. Although DES did not affect sperm viability, motility, penetration into viscous media, tyrosine phosphorylation or the acrosome reaction, it suppressed progesterone-stimulated Ca2+ signaling and tyrosine phosphorylation. Consequently, DES (1-100 μM) significantly inhibited progesterone-induced human sperm penetration into viscous media and acrosome reaction. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Although DES has been shown to disturb progesterone actions on human spermatozoa, this study was performed in vitro, and caution must be taken when extrapolating the results in practical applications. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The present study revealed that DES interfered with progesterone-stimulated Ca2+ signaling and tyrosine phosphorylation, ultimately inhibited progesterone-induced human sperm functions and, thereby, might impair sperm fertility. The non-genomic manner in which DES disturbs progesterone actions may be a potential mechanism for some estrogenic endocrine disruptors to affect human sperm function. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31400996); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi, China (No. 20161BAB204167 and No. 20142BAB215050); open project of National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices Research (No. 2016KF07) to T. Luo; National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81300539) to L.P. Zheng. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Xing Zou
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Hou-Yang Chen
- Reproductive Medical Center, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Yi-Min Cheng
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Yuan-Qiao He
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Shi-Qi Weng
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Zheng
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
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Yamaguchi K, Ishii M, Maeda N, Iwano H, Yokota H. Suppression of liver Apo E secretion leads to HDL/cholesterol immaturity in rats administered ethinylestradiol. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:928-36. [PMID: 27642556 PMCID: PMC5011491 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethinylestradiol (EE), a main component of the combined oral contraceptive pill, is associated with an increased risk of arterial diseases. However, the toxicity mechanism of EE is poorly understood. In this study, we found that the exposure to EE reduced the serum apolipoprotein E (Apo E) level and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)/cholesterol concentration in adult female rats. Diethylstilbestrol showed the same effects and both reductions were suppressed by coadministration of tamoxifen (TAM). Liver perfusion experiments revealed that the secretion rate of Apo E from the liver was significantly reduced. It is concluded that EE damages the maturation of HDL/cholesterol by delaying Apo E secretion from the liver, and this may lead to an increased risk of arterial diseases, such as atheromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry School of Veterinary Medicine Rakuno Gakuken University Ebetsu Japan
| | - Mariko Ishii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry School of Veterinary Medicine Rakuno Gakuken University Ebetsu Japan
| | - Naoyuki Maeda
- Safety Research Institute for Chemical Compounds Co. Ltd Sapporo Japan
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry School of Veterinary Medicine Rakuno Gakuken University Ebetsu Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry School of Veterinary Medicine Rakuno Gakuken University Ebetsu Japan
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Sun M, Xu D, Ji Y, Liu J, Ling W, Li S, Chen M. Using Fenton Oxidation to Simultaneously Remove Different Estrogens from Cow Manure. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:E917. [PMID: 27649223 PMCID: PMC5036750 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of estrogens in livestock excrement has raised concerns about their potential negative influence on animals and the overall food cycle. This is the first investigation to simultaneously remove estrogens, including estriol (E3), bisphenol A (BPA), diethylstilbestrol (DES), estradiol (E2), and ethinyl estradiol (EE2), from cow manure using a Fenton oxidation technique. Based on the residual concentrations and removal efficiency of estrogens, the Fenton oxidation reaction conditions were optimized as follows: a H₂O₂ dosage of 2.56 mmol/g, a Fe(II) to H₂O₂ molar ratio of 0.125 M/M, a solid to water mass ratio of 2 g/mL, an initial pH of 3, and a reaction time of 24 h. Under these conditions, the simultaneous removal efficiencies of E3, BPA, DES, E2, and EE2, with initial concentrations in cow manure of 97.40, 96.54, 100.22, 95.01, and 72.49 mg/kg, were 84.9%, 99.5%, 99.1%, 97.8%, and 84.5%, respectively. We clarified the possible Fenton oxidation reaction mechanisms that governed the degradation of estrogens. We concluded that Fenton oxidation technique could be effective for efficient removal of estrogens in livestock excrement. Results are of great importance for cow manure reuse in agricultural management, and can be used to reduce the threat of environmental estrogens to human health and ecological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Sun
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Defu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shunyao Li
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Troisi R, Hatch EE, Palmer JR, Titus L, Robboy SJ, Strohsnitter WC, Herbst AL, Adam E, Hyer M, Hoover RN. Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and high-grade squamous cell neoplasia of the lower genital tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:322.e1-8. [PMID: 26979629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure is associated with an excess risk of clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix, and of high-grade squamous neoplasia. OBJECTIVE We explored whether neoplasia risk remains elevated among DES-exposed women as they age. STUDY DESIGN In all, 4062 DES-exposed and 1837 unexposed daughters were followed for approximately 30 years (1982 through 2013) for pathology-confirmed diagnoses of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade ≥2 (CIN2+) of the lower genital tract (n = 178). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated adjusting for birth year and individual study cohort. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of CIN2+ in the DES-exposed group was 5.3% (95% CI, 4.1-6.5%) and in the unexposed group was 2.6% (95% CI, 1.5-3.7%). The HR for DES and CIN2+ was 1.98 (95% CI, 1.33-2.94), and was similar with further adjustment for frequency of cervical cancer screening (HR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.33-2.93). The HR was 2.10 (95% CI, 1.41-3.13) with additional adjustment for other potential confounders. The HR for DES exposure was elevated through age 44 years (age <45 years HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.55-3.94), but not in women age ≥45 years (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.39-2.10). In exposed women, HRs for DES were 1.74 (95% CI, 1.09-2.79) among those who had earlier evidence of vaginal epithelial changes (VEC), presumably reflecting glandular epithelium undergoing transformation to normal, adult-type squamous epithelium, and 1.24 (95% CI, 0.75-2.06) among those without VEC, compared with unexposed women. The HRs for DES and CIN2+ were higher among women with earlier intrauterine exposure (HR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.64-4.25 for <8 weeks' gestation and HR, 1.41; 0.88-2.25 for ≥8 weeks' gestation), and lowest when exposure began >15th week (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.59-2.20). CONCLUSION CIN2+ incidence was higher among the DES exposed, particularly those with early gestational exposure and VEC. The HR for DES and CIN2+ remained positive and significant until the mid-40s, confirming that the recommendation of annual cytological screening among these women is appropriate. Whether those ≥45 years of age continue to require increased screening is unclear, and would require a careful weighing of possible risks and benefits.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormonal effects on the gubernaculum can affect testicular descent. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a nonsteroidal synthetic estrogen that disrupts the outgrowth of gubernaculums, leading to testis maldescent. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. MATERIAL AND METHODS The gubernaculum were removed from 3-day-old mice and cultured. The subcultured cells were randomly divided into a normal control group and experimental groups. The DES groups were administered 10 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, 0.1 μg/ml, 0.01 μg/ml of diethylstilbestrol dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) respectively. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted microscope, and leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 8 (LGR8) was localized by immunofluorescence. The expressions of LGR8 gene and protein in gubernaculum cells were quantified by RT-PCR and Flow Cytometer respectively. RESULTS DES treatment converted cells from a normal fibroblast-like morphology into a more refractile, spindle-shaped morphology or irregular elliptical shapes along with cytoplasmic shrinkage. LGR8 was expressed in the cytoplasmic membrane, DES dose-dependently downregulated LGR8 expression at low doses (≤1.0 μg/ml), but upregulated LGR8 at high doses (10 μg/ml) at both the mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DES causes testicular maldescent by altering the LGR8 pathway in mouse gubernaculum testis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxing Duan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xuewu Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zongbo Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Corresponding Authors: Shuhua Ma, e-mail: ; Jianhong Li, e-mail:
| | - Jianhong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Tang J, Li Q, Cheng B, Huang C, Chen K. Effects of diethylstilbestrol on the proliferation and tyrosinase activity of cultured human melanocytes. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:499-502. [PMID: 26171155 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to observe the effects of different exogenous estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) concentrations on the human melanocyte proliferation and tyrosinase activity. Skin specimens were obtained following blepharoplasty, and the melanocytes were primary cultured and passaged to the third generation. The melanocytes were seeded in 96-well plates, each well had 5×103 cells. The medium was changed after 24 h, and contained 10-4-10-8 M DES. After the melanocytes were incubated, the proliferation and tyrosinase activity were detected by the MTT assay and L-DOPA reaction. DES (10-8-10-6 M) enhanced the proliferation of cultured melanocytes. The intensity was positively correlated with the concentration of drug. DES, >10-5 M, inhibited the melanocytes proliferation or even produced the toxicity effect. Following the addition of 10-6 M DES to the medium, the tyrosinase activity of melanocytes was significantly increased, with P<0.05. In conclusion, a certain concentration of DES promoted the proliferation of melanocytes, enhanced the activity of tyrosinase and promoted pigment synthesis of melanocytes, with the optimal concentration of 10-6 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Tissue Repair of Tropical Area, People's Liberation Army, HuaBo BioPharmaceutical Institute of Guangzhou, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Tissue Repair of Tropical Area, People's Liberation Army, HuaBo BioPharmaceutical Institute of Guangzhou, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Tissue Repair of Tropical Area, People's Liberation Army, HuaBo BioPharmaceutical Institute of Guangzhou, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Chong Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Tissue Repair of Tropical Area, People's Liberation Army, HuaBo BioPharmaceutical Institute of Guangzhou, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Kui Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Tissue Repair of Tropical Area, People's Liberation Army, HuaBo BioPharmaceutical Institute of Guangzhou, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
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50
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Ramadhani D, Tofrizal A, Tsukada T, Yashiro T. Histochemical Analysis of Laminin α Chains in Diethylstilbestrol-Induced Prolactinoma in Rats. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2015; 48:69-73. [PMID: 26019376 PMCID: PMC4427567 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin, a major basement membrane component, is important in structural support and cell proliferation and differentiation. Its 19 isoforms are assemblies of α, β, and γ chains, and the α chains (α1-5) determine the isoform characteristics. Although our previous studies showed alterations in α chain expressions during anterior pituitary development, their expressions in pituitary tumors yet to be determined. The present study used a rat model of diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced prolactinoma to examine α chain expressions during prolactinoma tumorigenesis (0–12 weeks of DES treatment) by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. mRNA of α1, α3, and α4 chains was detected in control and after 4 weeks of DES treatment. These expressions were undetectable after 8 weeks of DES treatment and in prolactinoma (12 weeks of DES treatment). Immunohistochemistry showed that the α1 chain was localized in some anterior pituitary cells in control and after 4 weeks of treatment and in endothelial cells after 8 weeks of treatment. The α3 and α4 chains were expressed in endothelial cells, and immunoreactivity and the number of immunopositive cells decreased during DES treatment. These findings suggest that alteration of laminin α chains is related to abnormal cell proliferation and neovascularization during development of DES-induced prolactinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dini Ramadhani
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Alimuddin Tofrizal
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Takehiro Tsukada
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
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