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Takamura T, Kaku K, Yoshida A, Kusakabe H, Nakamura H, Suganami H. Reductions in liver enzymes are associated with anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-obesity effects of tofogliflozin in people with type 2 diabetes: Post-hoc analyses. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2024; 7:e461. [PMID: 37986236 PMCID: PMC10782046 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS How the pathology of type 2 diabetes (T2D), including hyperglycaemia and obesity, affects liver enzymes has not been clinically demonstrated. Thus, we compared time courses of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) with those of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and body weight (BW) during treatment with the SGLT2 inhibitor tofogliflozin for T2D. MATERIALS AND METHODS We post-hoc analysed preexisting data on 1046 people with T2D administered tofogliflozin or placebo for 24 weeks in four tofogliflozin studies. First, time courses of percent changes in variables during the intervention were analysed using a mixed effect model to explore the similarity of the time courses and to evaluate time-treatment interactions. Second, clinical factors related to the percent changes in GGT and ALT were clarified using multivariate analyses. RESULTS GGT levels and FPG values rapidly and significantly decreased via tofogliflozin as early as week 4, with decreases maintained until week 24. Conversely, BW and ALT decreased progressively until week 24. Time courses of FPG (p = .365, time-treatment interaction) and GGT (p = .510) reductions were parallel between tofogliflozin and placebo from weeks 4 to 24, while BW and ALT reductions (p < .001, respectively) were not. Reductions in GGT at week 24 were associated with reductions in FPG and BW at week 24, whereas ALT reductions were only associated with reductions in BW. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in GGT and ALT were associated with the anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-obesity effects of tofogliflozin, respectively, in people with T2D. Therefore, GGT and ALT may be surrogate markers for hyperglycaemia and obesity in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanazawa University Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawaJapan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of Internal MedicineKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiJapan
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
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Nomura S, Shouzu A, Taniura T, Okuda Y, Omoto S, Suzuki M, Ito T, Toyoda N. Effects of Tofogliflozin and Anagliptin Alone or in Combination on Glucose Metabolism and Atherosclerosis-Related Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Pharmacol 2023; 15:41-55. [PMID: 37255963 PMCID: PMC10226515 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s409786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), both glucose metabolism abnormalities and atherosclerosis risk are significant concerns. This study aims to investigate the effects of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor tofogliflozin (TOFO) and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor anagliptin (ANA) on markers of glucose metabolism and atherosclerosis when administered individually or in combination. Methods Fifty T2DM patients were divided into two groups (receiving either TOFO or ANA monotherapy) and observed for 12 weeks (observation points: 0 and 12 weeks). The TOFO and ANA groups were then further treated with ANA and TOFO, respectively, and the patients were observed for an additional 36 weeks (observation points: 24 and 48 weeks). Therapeutic effects and various biomarkers were compared between the two groups at the observation points. Results Combination therapy led to significant improvements in HbA1c levels and atherosclerosis markers. Additionally, the TOFO pretreatment group exhibited significant reductions in sLOX-1 and IL-6 levels. Conclusion The increase in sLOX-1 and IL-6 levels, which indicates the response of scavenger receptors to oxidized low-density lipoproteins in people with T2DM, is mitigated following TOFO and ANA combination therapy. TOFO alone or in combination with ANA may be beneficial for preventing atherosclerosis development in people with T2DM, in addition to its effect on improving HbA1c levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosaku Nomura
- Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Akira Shouzu
- Division of Diabetes, Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinori Okuda
- Division of Internal Medicine, Meisai Kinen Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seitaro Omoto
- Division of Internal Medicine, Yukeikai Hospital, Neyagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Suzuki
- Division of Internal Medicine, Katano Hospital, Katano, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ito
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Nagaoki Toyoda
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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Higashikawa T, Ito T, Mizuno T, Ishigami K, Kuroki K, Maekawa N, Usuda D, Izumida T, Yamada S, Sangen R, Hamada K, Kiyosawa J, Saito A, Iguchi M, Kasamaki Y, Nakahashi T, Fukuda A, Saito H, Kanda T, Okuro M. The Impact of Tofogliflozin on Physiological and Hormonal Function, Serum Electrolytes, and Cardiac Diastolic Function in Elderly Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Acta Med Okayama 2022; 76:705-713. [PMID: 36549773 DOI: 10.18926/amo/64121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor tofogliflozin is a glucose-lowering drug that causes the excretion of surplus glucose by inhibiting SGLT2. Because of tofogliflozin's osmotic diuresis mechanism, patients' serum electrolytes, body fluid levels, and cardiac function must be monitored. We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 64 elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who received tofogliflozin for 3 months. Their HbA1c, serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), hematocrit, brain natriuretic peptide (cardiac volume load marker) and renin and aldosterone (RAA; an index of regulatory hormones involved in body fluid retention) were continuously monitored during the investigation period. Renal function and cardiac function (by echocardiography) were assessed throughout the period. HbA1c significantly decreased (β1=-0.341, p<0.0001, linear regression analysis [LRA]). Most of the hormonal, electrolyte, and physiological parameters were maintained throughout the study period. In these circumstances, E/e' tended to decrease (β1=-0.382, p=0.13, LRA). Compared to the baseline, E/e' was significantly decreased at 1 and 3 months (p<0.01, p<0.05). In the higher E/e' group (E/e'≥10, n=34), E/e' decreased significantly (β1=-0.63, p<0.05, LRA). ΔE/e' was correlated with body-weight change during treatment (r=0.64, p<0.01). The 3-month tofogliflozin treatment improved glycemic control and diastolic function represented by E/e' in T2DM patients, without affecting serum electrolytes, renal function, or RAA. No negative impacts on the patients were observed. Three-month tofogliflozin treatment lowered glucose and improved cardiac diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Higashikawa
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University
| | - Tomohiko Ito
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital
| | | | | | - Kengo Kuroki
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kazu Hamada
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital
| | - Jun Kiyosawa
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Masashi Okuro
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University
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Jazdarehee A, Huget-Penner S, Pawlowska M. Pseudo-pheochromocytoma due to obstructive sleep apnea: a case report. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2022; 2022:21-0100. [PMID: 35212265 PMCID: PMC8897593 DOI: 10.1530/edm-21-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition of intermittent nocturnal upper airway obstruction. OSA increases sympathetic drive which may result in clinical and biochemical features suggestive of pheochromocytoma. We present the case of a 65-year-old male with a 2.9-cm left adrenal incidentaloma on CT, hypertension, symptoms of headache, anxiety and diaphoresis, and persistently elevated 24-h urine norepinephrine (initially 818 nmol/day (89-470)) and normetanephrine (initially 11.2 µmol/day (0.6-2.7)). He was started on prazosin and underwent left adrenalectomy. Pathology revealed an adrenal corticoadenoma with no evidence of pheochromocytoma. Over the next 2 years, urine norepinephrine and normetanephrine remained significantly elevated with no MIBG avid disease. Years later, he was diagnosed with severe OSA and treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Urine testing done once OSA was well controlled revealed complete normalization of urine norepinephrine and normetanephrine with substantial symptom improvement. It was concluded that the patient never had a pheochromocytoma but rather an adrenal adenoma with biochemistry and symptoms suggestive of pheochromocytoma due to untreated severe OSA. Pseudo-pheochromocytoma is a rare presentation of OSA and should be considered on the differential of elevated urine catecholamines and metanephrines in the right clinical setting. LEARNING POINTS Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition among adults. OSA may rarely present as pseudo-pheochromocytoma with symptoms of pallor, palpitations, perspiration, headache, or anxiety. OSA should be considered on the differential of elevated urine catecholamines and metanephrines, especially in patients with negative metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan results.
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Key Words
- adolescent/young adult
- adult
- geriatric
- neonatal
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- pregnant adult
- female
- male
- american indian or alaska native
- asian - bangladeshi
- asian - chinese
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- hispanic or latino - cuban
- hispanic or latino - dominican
- hispanic or latino - mexican, mexican american, chicano
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- hispanic or latino - other
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- albania
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- armenia
- aruba
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- bahrain
- bangladesh
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- burkina faso
- burundi
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- chad
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- christmas island
- cocos (keeling) islands
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- cook islands
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- svalbard and jan mayen
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- thailand
- timor-leste
- togo
- tokelau
- tonga
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- tunisia
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- turks and caicos islands
- tuvalu
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- vatican city state
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- viet nam
- virgin islands, british
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- wallis and futuna
- western sahara
- yemen
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- adipose tissue
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- pituitary
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- andrology
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- cardiovascular endocrinology
- developmental endocrinology
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- genetics and mutation
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- gonadotropins
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- 3-m syndrome
- 22q11 deletion syndrome
- 49xxxxy syndrome
- abscess
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- adrenal insufficiency
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- bartter syndrome
- bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
- biliary calculi
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- brown tumour
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- casr gene mutation
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- desynchronosis
- developmental abnormalities
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- diabetes - steroid-induced
- diabetes insipidus - dipsogenic
- diabetes insipidus - gestational
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- diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central
- diabetes mellitus type 1
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- diabetic foot syndrome
- diabetic hypoglycaemia
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- diabetic muscle infarction
- diabetic nephropathy
- diverticular disease
- donohue syndrome
- down syndrome
- eating disorders
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- glucagonoma
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- hyperparathyroidism (tertiary)
- hyperpituitarism
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- hypertension
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- hypoaldosteronism
- hypocalcaemia
- hypoestrogenism
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- hypogonadism
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- hypoinsulinaemia
- hypokalaemia
- hyponatraemia
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- hypophosphatasia
- hypophysitis
- hypopituitarism
- hypothyroidism
- iatrogenic disorder
- idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
- idiopathic pituitary hyperplasia
- igg4-related systemic disease
- inappropriate tsh secretion
- incidentaloma
- infertility
- insulin autoimmune syndrome
- insulin resistance
- insulinoma
- intracranial vasospasm
- intrauterine growth retardation
- iodine allergy
- ischaemic heart disease
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- kwashiorkor
- kwashiorkor (marasmic)
- leg ulcer
- laron syndrome
- latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (lada)
- laurence-moon syndrome
- left ventricular hypertrophy
- leukocytoclastic vasculitis
- leydig cell tumour
- lipodystrophy
- lipomatosis
- liver failure
- lung metastases
- luteoma
- lymphadenopathy
- macronodular adrenal hyperplasia
- macronodular hyperplasia
- macroprolactinoma
- marasmus
- maturity onset diabetes of young (mody)
- mccune-albright syndrome
- mckittrick-wheelock syndrome
- medullary thyroid cancer
- meigs syndrome
- membranous nephropathy
- men1
- men2a
- men2b
- men4
- menarche
- meningitis
- menopause
- metabolic acidosis
- metabolic syndrome
- metastatic carcinoma
- metastatic chromaffin cell tumour
- metastatic gastrinoma
- metastatic melanoma
- metastatic tumour
- microadenoma
- microprolactinoma
- motor neurone disease
- myasthenia gravis
- myelolipoma
- myocardial infarction
- myositis
- myotonic dystrophy type 1
- myotonic dystrophy type 2
- myxoedema
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- nelson's syndrome
- neonatal diabetes
- nephrolithiasis
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- osteogenesis imperfecta
- osteomalacia
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- osteoporosis
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- osteosclerosis
- ovarian cancer
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- ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
- ovarian tumour
- paget's disease
- paget's disease (juvenille)
- pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour
- pancreatitis
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- parathyroid carcinoma
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- pcos
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- phaeochromocytoma crisis
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- pituitary abscess
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- pituitary hypoplasia
- pituitary tumour (malignant)
- plurihormonal pituitary adenoma
- poems syndrome
- polycythaemia
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- posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
- post-prandial hypoglycaemia
- prader-willi syndrome
- prediabetes
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- premenstrual syndrome
- primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
- prolactinoma
- prostate cancer
- pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
- pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2
- pseudohypoparathyroidism
- psychosocial short stature
- puberty (delayed or absent)
- puberty (precocious)
- pulmonary oedema
- quadrantanopia
- rabson-mendenhall syndrome
- rhabdomyolysis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- rickets
- schwannoma
- sellar reossification
- sertoli cell tumour
- sertoli-leydig cell tumour
- sexual development disorders
- sheehan's syndrome
- short stature
- siadh
- small-cell carcinoma
- small intestine neuroendocrine tumour
- solitary fibrous tumour
- solitary sellar plasmacytoma
- somatostatinoma
- somatotrophic adenoma
- squamous cell thyroid carcinoma
- stiff person syndrome
- struma ovarii
- subcutaneous insulin resistance
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- takotsubo cardiomyopathy
- tarts
- testicular cancer
- thecoma
- thyroid adenoma
- thyroid carcinoma
- thyroid cyst
- thyroid dysgenesis
- thyroid fibromatosis
- thyroid hormone resistance syndrome
- thyroid lymphoma
- thyroid nodule
- thyroid storm
- thyroiditis
- thyrotoxicosis
- thyrotrophic adenoma
- traumatic brain injury
- tuberculosis
- tuberous sclerosis complex
- tumour-induced osteomalacia
- turner syndrome
- unilateral adrenal hyperplasia
- ureterolithiasis
- urolithiasis
- von hippel-lindau disease
- wagr syndrome
- waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
- williams syndrome
- wolcott-rallison syndrome
- wolfram syndrome
- xanthogranulomatous hypophysitis
- xlaad/ipex
- zollinger-ellison syndrome
- abdominal adiposity
- abdominal distension
- abdominal cramp
- abdominal discomfort
- abdominal guarding
- abdominal lump
- abdominal pain
- abdominal tenderness
- abnormal posture
- abdominal wall defects
- abrasion
- acalculia
- accelerated growth
- acne
- acrochorda
- acroosteolysis
- acute stress reaction
- adverse breast development
- aggression
- agitation
- agnosia
- akathisia
- akinesia
- albuminuria
- alcohol intolerance
- alexia
- alopecia
- altered level of consciousness
- amaurosis
- amaurosis fugax
- ambiguous genitalia
- amblyopia
- amenorrhoea
- ameurosis
- amnesia
- amusia
- anasarca
- angiomyxoma
- anhedonia
- anisocoria
- ankle swelling
- anorchia
- anorectal malformations
- anorexia
- anosmia
- anosognosia
- anovulation
- antepartum haemorrhage
- anuria
- anxiety
- apathy
- aphasia
- aphonia
- apnoea
- appendicitis
- appetite increase
- appetite reduction/loss
- apraxia
- aqueductal stenosis
- arteriosclerosis
- arthralgia
- articulation impairment
- ascites
- asperger syndrome
- asphyxia
- asthenia
- astigmatism
- asymptomatic
- ataxia
- atrial fibrillation
- atrial myxoma
- atrophy
- adhd
- autism
- autonomic neuropathy
- avulsion
- babinski's sign
- back pain
- bacteraemia
- behavioural problems
- belching
- bifid scrotum
- biliary colic
- bitemporal hemianopsia
- blindness
- blistering
- bloating
- bloody show
- boil(s)
- bone cyst
- bone fracture(s)
- bone lesions
- bone pain
- bony metastases
- borborygmus
- bowel movements - bleeding
- bowel movements - increased frequency
- bowel movements - pain
- bowel obstruction
- bowel perforation
- brachycephaly
- brachydactyly
- bradycardia
- bradykinesia
- bradyphrenia
- bradypnea
- breast contour change
- breast enlargement
- breast lump
- breast reduction
- breast tenderness
- breastfeeding difficulties
- breathing difficulties
- bronchospasms
- brushfield spots
- bruxism
- buffalo hump
- cachexia
- calcification
- cardiac fibrosis
- cardiac malformations
- cardiac tamponade
- cardiogenic shock
- cardiomegaly
- cardiomyopathy
- cardiopulmonary arrest
- carpal tunnel syndrome
- caruncle - inflammation
- cataplexy
- cataract(s)
- catathrenia
- central obesity
- cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea
- cervical pain
- cheeks - full
- cheiloschisis
- chemosis
- chest pain
- chest pain (pleuritic)
- chest pain (precordial)
- cheyne-stokes respiration
- chills
- cholecystitis
- cholestasis
- chondrocalcinosis
- chordee
- chorea
- choroidal atrophy
- chronic pain
- circulatory collapse
- cirrhosis
- citraturia
- claudication
- clitoromegaly
- cloacal exstrophy
- clonus
- club foot
- clumsiness
- coagulopathy
- coarctation
- coeliac disease
- cognitive problems
- cold intolerance
- collapse
- colour blindness
- coma
- concentration difficulties
- confusion
- congenital heart defect
- conjunctivitis
- constipation
- convulsions
- coordination difficulties
- coughing
- crackles
- cramps
- craniofacial abnormalities
- craniotabes
- cutaneous ischaemia
- cutaneous myxoma
- cutaneous pigmentation
- cyanosis
- dalrymple's sign
- deafness
- deep vein thrombosis
- dehydration
- delayed puberty
- delirium
- dementia
- dental abscess(es)
- dental problems
- depression
- diabetes insipidus
- diabetic neuropathy
- diabetic foot infection
- diabetic foot neuropathy
- diabetic foot ulceration
- diarrhoea
- diplopia
- dizziness
- duodenal atresia
- duplex kidney(s)
- dysarthria
- dysdiadochokinesia
- dysgraphia
- dyslexia
- dyslipidaemia
- dysmenorrhoea
- dyspareunia
- dyspepsia
- dysphagia
- dysphonia
- dysphoria
- dyspnoea
- dystonia
- dysuria
- ear, nose and/or throat infection
- early menarche
- ears - low set
- ears - pinna abnormalities
- ears - small
- ecchymoses
- ectopic ureter
- emotional immaturity
- encopresis
- endometrial hyperplasia
- enlarged bladder
- enlarged prostate
- eosinophilia
- epicanthic fold
- epilepsy
- epistaxis
- erectile dysfunction
- erythema
- euphoria
- eyebrows - bushy
- eyelid retraction
- eyelid swelling
- eyelids - redness
- eyes - almond-shaped
- eyes - dry
- eyes - feeling of grittiness
- eyes - inflammation
- eyes - irritation
- eyes - itching
- eyes - pain (gazing down)
- eyes - pain (gazing up)
- eyes - redness
- eyes - watering
- face - change in appearance
- face - coarse features
- face - numbness
- facial fullness
- facial palsy
- facial plethora
- facial weakness
- facies - abnormal
- facies - hippocratic
- facies - moon
- faecal incontinence
- failure to thrive
- fallopian tube hyperplasia
- fasciculation
- fatigue
- fatigue (post-exertional)
- feet - cold
- feet - increased size
- feet - large
- feet - pain
- feet - small
- fingers - thick
- flaccid paralysis
- flatulence
- flushing
- fontanelles - enlarged
- frontal bossing
- fungating lesion
- fungating mass
- funny turns
- gait abnormality
- gait unsteadiness
- gallbladder calculi
- gallstones
- gangrene
- gastro-oesophageal reflux
- genital oedema
- genu valgum
- genu varum
- gestational diabetes
- glaucoma
- glucose intolerance
- glucosuria
- growth hormone deficiency
- growth retardation
- haematemesis
- haematochezia
- haematoma
- haematuria
- haemoglobinuria
- haemoptysis
- hair - coarse
- hair - dry
- hair - temporal balding
- hairline - low
- hallucination
- hands - enlargement
- hands - large
- hands - single palmar crease
- hands - small
- head - large
- headache
- hearing loss
- heart failure
- heart murmur
- heat intolerance
- height loss
- hemiballismus
- hemianopia
- hemiparesis
- hemispatial neglect
- hepatic cysts
- hepatic metastases
- hepatomegaly
- hidradenitis suppurativa
- high-arched palate
- hip dislocation
- hippocampal dysgenesis
- hirschsprung's disease
- hot flushes
- hydronephrosis
- hypolipidaemia
- hyperactivity
- hyperacusis
- hyperandrogenaemia
- hypercalciuria
- hypercapnea
- hypercholesterolaemia
- hypercortisolaemia
- hyperflexibility
- hyperglucagonaemia
- hyperhidrosis
- hyperhomocysteinaemia
- hypernasal speech
- hyperopia
- hyperoxaluria
- hyperpigmentation
- hyperplasia
- hyperpnoea
- hypersalivation
- hyperseborrhea
- hypersomnia
- hyperthermia
- hypertrichosis
- hypertrophy
- hyperuricaemia
- hyperventilation
- hypoadrenalism
- hypoalbuminaemia
- hypocalciuria
- hypocitraturia
- hypomagnesaemia
- hypopigmentation
- hypoplastic scrotum
- hypopotassaemia
- hypoprolactinaemia
- hyporeflexia
- hyposmia
- hypospadias
- hypotension
- hypothermia
- hypotonia
- hypoventilation
- hypovitaminosis d
- hypovolaemia
- hypovolaemic shock
- hypoxia
- immunodeficiency
- impulsivity
- inattention
- infections
- inflexibility
- insomnia
- instability
- intussusception
- irritability
- ischaemia
- ischuria
- itching
- jaundice
- keratoconus
- ketonuria
- ketotic odour
- kidney dysplasia
- kidney stones
- kyphoscoliosis
- kyphosis
- labioscrotal fold abnormalities
- laceration
- late dentition
- learning difficulties
- leg pain
- legs - increased length
- leukaemia
- leukocytosis
- libido increase
- libido reduction/loss
- lichen sclerosus
- lips - dry
- lips - thin
- little finger - in-curved
- little finger - short
- liver masses
- lordosis
- lordosis (loss of)
- lymphadenectomy
- lymphadenitis
- lymphocytosis
- lymphoedema
- macroglossia
- malaise
- malaise (post-exertional)
- malodorous perspiration
- mania
- marcus gunn pupil
- mastalgia
- meckel's diverticulum
- melena
- menorrhagia
- menstrual disorder
- mesenteric ischaemia
- metabolic alkalosis
- microalbuminuria
- microcephaly
- micrognathia
- micropenis
- milk-alkali syndrome
- miscarriage
- mood changes/swings
- mouth - down-turned
- mouth - small
- movement - limited range of
- mucosal pigmentation
- muscle atrophy
- muscle freezing
- muscle hypertrophy
- muscle rigidity
- myalgia
- myasthaenia
- mydriasis
- myelodysplasia
- myeloma
- myoclonus
- myodesopsia
- myokymia
- myopathy
- myopia
- myosis
- nail clubbing
- nail dystrophy
- nasal obstruction
- nausea
- neck - loose skin (nape)
- neck - short
- neck mass
- neck pain/discomfort
- necrolytic migratory erythema
- necrosis
- nephrocalcinosis
- nephropathy
- neurofibromas
- night terrors
- nipple change
- nipple discharge
- nipple inversion
- nipple retraction
- nipples widely spaced
- nocturia
- normochromic normocytic anaemia
- nose - depressed bridge
- nose - flat bridge
- nose - thickening
- nystagmus
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- obstetrical haemorrhage
- obstructive sleep apnoea
- odynophagia
- oedema
- oesophageal atresia
- oesophagitis
- oligomenorrhoea
- oliguria
- onychauxis
- oophoritis
- ophthalmoplegia
- optic atrophy
- orbital fat prolapse
- orbital hypertelorism
- orthostatic hypotension
- osteoarthritis
- osteopenia
- otitis media
- ovarian cysts
- ovarian hyperplasia
- palatoschisis
- pallor
- palmar erythema
- palpebral fissure (downslanted)
- palpebral fissure (extended)
- palpebral fissure (reduced)
- palpebral fissure (upslanted)
- palpitations
- pancreatic fibrosis
- pancytopaenia
- panic attacks
- papilloedema
- paraesthesia
- paralysis
- paranoia
- patellar dislocation
- patellar subluxation
- pedal ulceration
- pellagra
- pelvic mass
- pelvic pain
- penile agenesis
- peptic ulcer
- pericardial effusion
- periodontitis
- periosteal bone reactions
- peripheral oedema
- personality change
- pes cavus
- petechiae
- peyronie's disease
- pharyngitis
- philtrum - long
- philtrum - short
- phosphaturia
- photophobia
- photosensitivity
- pleurisy
- poikiloderma
- polydactyly
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
- polyuria
- poor wound healing
- postmenopausal bleeding
- post-nasal drip
- postprandial fullness
- postural instability
- prehypertension
- premature birth
- premature labour
- prenatal growth retardation
- presbyopia
- pretibial myxoedema
- proctalgia fugax
- prognathism
- proptosis
- prosopagnosia
- proteinuria
- pruritus
- pruritus scroti
- pruritus vulvae
- pseudarthrosis
- psoriatic arthritis
- psychiatric problems
- psychomotor retardation
- psychosis
- pterygium colli
- ptosis
- puberty (delayed/absent)
- puberty (early/precocious)
- puffiness
- pulmonary embolism
- purpura
- pyelonephritis
- pyloric stenosis
- pyrexia
- pyrosis
- pyuria
- rash
- rectal pain
- rectorrhagia
- refractory anemia
- reluctance to weight-bear
- renal agenesis
- renal clubbing
- renal colic
- renal cyst
- renal failure
- renal insufficiency
- renal phosphate wasting (isolated)
- renal tubular acidosis
- respiratory failure
- reticulocytosis
- retinitis pigmentosa
- retinopathy
- retrobulbar pain
- retrograde ejaculation
- retroperitoneal fibrosis
- salivary gland swelling
- salpingitis
- salt craving
- salt wasting
- sarcoidosis
- schizophrenia
- scoliosis
- scotoma
- seborrhoeic dermatitis
- seizures
- sensory loss
- sepsis
- septic arthritis
- septic shock
- shivering
- singultus
- sinusitis
- sixth nerve palsy
- skeletal deformity
- skeletal dysplasia
- skin - texture change
- skin infections
- skin necrosis
- skin pigmentation - spotty
- skin thickening
- skin thinning
- sleep apnoea
- sleep difficulties
- sleep disturbance
- sleep hyperhidrosis
- slow growth
- slurred speech
- social difficulties
- soft tissue swelling
- somnambulism
- somniloquy
- somnolence
- sore throat
- spasms
- spastic paraplegia
- spasticity
- speech delay
- spider naevi
- splenomegaly
- sputum production
- steatorrhoea
- stomatitis
- strabismus
- strangury
- striae
- stridor
- stroke
- subfertility
- suicidal ideation
- supraclavicular fat pads
- supranuclear gaze palsy
- sweating
- syncope
- syndactyly
- tachycardia
- tachypnoea
- teeth gapping
- telangiectasias
- telecanthus
- tetraparesis
- t-reflex (absent)
- t-reflex (depressed)
- tetany
- thermodysregulation
- thrombocytopenia
- thrombocytosis
- thrombophilia
- thrush
- tics
- tinnitus
- toe clubbing
- toe deformities
- toes - thick
- toes - widely spaced
- tongue - protruding
- tracheo-oesophageal compression
- tracheo-oesophageal fistula
- tremulousness
- tricuspid insufficiency
- umbilical hernia
- uraemia
- ureter duplex
- uricaemia
- urinary frequency
- urinary incontinence
- urogenital sinus
- urticaria
- uterine hyperplasia
- uterus duplex
- vagina duplex
- vaginal bleeding
- vaginal discharge
- vaginal dryness
- vaginal pain/tenderness
- vaginism
- ventricular fibrillation
- ventricular hypertrophy
- vertigo
- viraemia
- virilisation (abnormal)
- vision - acuity reduction
- vision - blurred
- visual disturbance
- visual field defect
- visual impairment
- visual loss
- vitiligo
- vocal cord paresis
- vomiting
- von graefe's sign
- weight gain
- weight loss
- wheezing
- widened joint space(s)
- xeroderma
- xerostomia
- 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy mandelic acid
- 17-hydroxypregnenolone (urine)
- 17-ketosteroids
- 25-hydroxyvitamin-d3
- 5hiaa
- aberrant adrenal receptors
- acid-base balance
- acth stimulation
- activated partial thromboplastin time
- acyl-ghrelin
- adrenal antibodies
- adrenal function
- adrenal scintigraphy
- adrenal venous sampling
- afp tumour marker
- alanine aminotransferase
- albumin
- albumin to creatinine ratio
- aldosterone (24-hour urine)
- aldosterone (blood)
- aldosterone (plasma)
- aldosterone (serum)
- aldosterone to renin ratio
- alkaline phosphatase
- alkaline phosphatase (bone-specific)
- alpha-fetoprotein
- ammonia
- amniocentesis
- amylase
- angiography
- anion gap
- anti-acetylcholine antibodies
- anticardiolipin antibody
- anti-insulin antibodies
- anti-islet cell antibody
- anti-gh antibodies
- antinuclear antibody
- anti-tyrosine phosphatase antibodies
- asvs
- barium studies
- basal insulin
- base excess
- apolipoprotein h
- beta-hydroxybutyrate
- bicarbonate
- bilirubin
- biopsy
- blood film
- blood pressure
- bmi
- body fat mass
- bone age
- bone biopsy
- bone mineral content
- bone mineral density
- bone mineral density test
- bone scintigraphy
- bone sialoprotein
- bound insulin
- brca1/brca2
- c1np
- c3 complement
- c4 complement
- ca125
- calcifediol
- calcium (serum)
- calcium (urine)
- calcium to creatinine clearance ratio
- carcinoembryonic antigen
- cardiac index
- catecholamines (24-hour urine)
- catecholamines (plasma)
- cd-56
- chemokines
- chest auscultation
- chloride
- chorionic villus sampling
- chromatography
- chromogranin a
- chromosomal analysis
- clomid challenge
- clonidine suppression
- collagen
- colonoscopy
- colposcopy
- continuous glucose monitoring
- core needle biopsy
- corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test
- cortisol (9am)
- cortisol (plasma)
- cortisol (midnight)
- cortisol (salivary)
- cortisol (serum)
- cortisol day curve
- cortisol, free (24-hour urine)
- c-peptide (24-hour urine)
- c-peptide (blood)
- c-reactive protein
- creatinine
- creatine kinase
- creatinine (24-hour urine)
- creatinine (serum)
- creatinine clearance
- crh stimulation
- ctpa scan
- ct scan
- c-telopeptide
- cytokines
- deoxypyridinoline
- dexa scan
- dexamethasone suppression
- dexamethasone suppression (high dose)
- dexamethasone suppression (low dose)
- dhea sulphate
- discectomy
- dldl cholesterol
- dmsa scan
- dna sequencing
- domperidone
- down syndrome screening
- ductal lavage
- echocardiogram
- eeg
- electrocardiogram
- electrolytes
- electromyography
- endoscopic ultrasound
- endoscopy
- endosonography
- enzyme immunoassay
- epinephrine (plasma)
- epinephrine (urine)
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- estimated glomerular filtration rate
- ethanol ablation
- ewing and clarke autonomic function
- exercise tolerance
- fbc
- ferritin
- fine needle aspiration biopsy
- flow cytometry
- fludrocortisone suppression
- fluticasone-propionate-17-beta carboxylic acid
- fmri
- folate
- ft3
- ft4
- gada
- gallium nitrate
- gallium scan
- gastric biopsy
- genetic analysis
- genitography
- gh day curve
- gh stimulation
- gh suppression
- glp-1
- glp-2
- glucose suppression test
- glucose (blood)
- glucose (blood, fasting)
- glucose (blood, postprandial)
- glucose (urine)
- glucose tolerance
- glucose tolerance (intravenous)
- glucose tolerance (oral)
- glucose tolerance (prolonged)
- gluten sensitivity
- gnrh stimulation
- gonadotrophins
- growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test
- gut hormones (fasting)
- haematoxylin and eosin staining
- haemoglobin
- haemoglobin a1c
- hcg (serum)
- hcg (urine)
- hcg stimulation
- hdl cholesterol
- hearing test
- heart rate
- hepatic venous sampling with arterial stimulation
- high-sensitivity c-reactive protein
- histopathology
- hla genotyping
- holter monitoring
- homa
- homocysteine
- hyaluronic acid
- hydrocortisone day curve
- hydroxyproline
- hydroxyprogesterone
- hysteroscopy
- igfbp2
- igfbp3
- igg4/igg ratio
- immunocytochemistry
- immunohistochemistry
- immunoglobulins
- immunoglobulin g2
- immunoglobulin g4
- immunoglobulin a
- immunoglobulin m
- immunostaining
- inferior petrosal sinus sampling
- inhibin b
- insulin (fasting)
- insulin suppression
- insulin tissue resistance tests
- insulin tolerance
- intracranial pressure
- irm imaging
- ketones (plasma)
- ketones (urine)
- kidney function
- lactate
- lactate dehydrogenase
- laparoscopy
- laparoscopy and dye
- laparotomy
- ldl cholesterol
- leuprolide acetate stimulation
- leukocyte esterase (urine)
- levothyroxine absorption
- lipase (serum)
- lipid profile
- liquid-based cytology
- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- liver biopsy
- liver function
- lumbar puncture
- lung function testing
- luteinising hormone releasing hormone test
- macroprolactin
- magnesium
- mag3 scan
- mammogram
- mantoux test
- metanephrines (plasma)
- metanephrines (urinary)
- methoxytyramine
- metoclopramide
- metyrapone cortisol day curve
- metyrapone suppression
- metyrapone test dose
- mibg scan
- microarray analysis
- molecular genetic analysis
- mri
- myocardial biopsy
- nerve conduction study
- neuroendocrine markers
- neuron-specific enolase
- norepinephrine
- ntx
- oct
- octreotide scan
- octreotide suppression test
- osmolality
- ovarian venous sampling
- p1np
- palpation
- pap test
- parathyroid scintigraphy
- pentagastrin
- perchlorate discharge
- percutaneous umbilical blood sampling
- peripheral blood film
- pet scan
- ph (blood)
- phosphate (serum)
- phosphate (urine)
- pituitary function
- plasma osmolality
- plasma viscosity
- platelet count
- pneumococcal antigen
- pneumococcal pcr
- polymerase chain reaction
- polysomnography
- porter-silber chromogens
- potassium
- pregnancy test
- proinsulin
- prostate-specific antigen
- protein electrophoresis
- protein fingerprinting
- protein folding analysis
- psychiatric assessment
- psychometric assessment
- pulse oximetry
- pyelography
- pyridinium crosslinks
- quicki
- plasma renin activity
- radioimmunoassay
- radionuclide imaging
- raiu test
- red blood cell count
- renal biopsy
- renin (24-hour urine)
- respiratory status
- renin (blood)
- renin plasma activity
- rheumatoid factor
- salt loading
- sdldl cholesterol
- secretin stimulation
- selective parathyroid venous sampling
- selective transhepatic portal venous sampling
- semen analysis
- serotonin
- serum osmolality
- serum free insulin
- sestamibi scan
- sex hormone binding globulin
- shbg
- skeletal muscle mass
- skin biopsy
- sleep diary
- sodium
- spect scan
- supervised 72-hour fast
- surgical biopsy
- sweat test
- synaptophysin
- systemic vascular resistance index
- tanner scale
- thoracocentesis
- thyroid transcription factor-1
- thyroglobulin
- thyroid antibodies
- thyroid function
- thyroid scintigraphy
- thyroid ultrasonography
- total cholesterol
- total ghrelin
- total t3
- total t4
- trabecular thickness
- transaminase
- transvaginal ultrasound
- trap 5b
- trh stimulation
- triglycerides
- triiodothyronine (t3) suppression
- troponin
- tsh receptor antibodies
- type 3 precollagen
- type 4 collagen
- ultrasound-guided biopsy
- ultrasound scan
- urea and electrolytes
- uric acid (blood)
- uric acid (urine)
- urinalysis
- urinary free cortisol
- urine 24-hour volume
- urine osmolality
- vaginal examination
- vanillylmandelic acid (24-hour urine)
- visual field assessment
- vitamin b12
- vitamin e
- waist circumference
- water deprivation
- water load
- weight
- western blotting
- white blood cell count
- white blood cell differential count
- x-ray
- zinc
- abscess drainage
- acetic acid injection
- adhesiolysis
- adrenalectomy
- amputation
- analgesics
- angioplasty
- arthrodesis
- assisted reproduction techniques
- bariatric surgery
- bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
- blood transfusion
- bone grafting
- caesarean section
- cardiac transplantation
- cardiac pacemaker
- cataract extraction
- chemoembolisation
- chemotherapy
- chemoradiotherapy
- clitoroplasty
- continuous renal replacement therapy
- contraception
- cordotomy
- counselling
- craniotomy
- cryopreservation
- cryosurgical ablation
- debridement
- dialysis
- diazoxide
- diet
- duodenotomy
- endonasal endoscopic surgery
- exercise
- external fixation
- extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
- extraocular muscle surgery
- eye surgery
- eyelid surgery
- fasciotomy
- fluid repletion
- fluid restriction
- gamma knife radiosurgery
- gastrectomy
- gastrostomy
- gender reassignment surgery
- gonadectomy
- heart transplantation
- hormone replacement
- hormone suppression
- hypophysectomy
- hysterectomy
- inguinal orchiectomy
- internal fixation
- intra-cardiac defibrillator
- islet transplantation
- ivf
- kidney transplantation
- laparoscopic adrenalectomy
- laryngoplasty
- laryngoscopy
- laser lithotripsy
- light treatment
- liver transplantation
- lumpectomy
- lymph node dissection
- mastectomy
- molecularly targeted therapy
- neuroendoscopic surgery
- oophorectomy
- orbital decompression
- orbital radiation
- orchidectomy
- orthopaedic surgery
- osteotomy
- ovarian cystectomy
- ovarian diathermy
- oxygen therapy
- pancreas transplantation
- pancreatectomy
- pancreaticoduodenectomy
- parathyroidectomy
- percutaneous adrenal ablation
- percutaneous nephrolithotomy
- pericardiocentesis
- pericardiotomy
- physiotherapy
- pituitary adenomectomy
- plasma exchange
- plasmapheresis
- psychotherapy
- radiofrequency ablation
- radionuclide therapy
- radiotherapy
- reconstruction of genitalia
- resection of tumour
- right-sided hemicolectomy
- salpingo-oophorectomy
- small bowel resection
- speech and language therapy
- spinal surgery
- splenectomy
- stereotactic radiosurgery
- termination of pregnancy
- thymic transplantation
- thyroidectomy
- tracheostomy
- transcranial surgery
- transsphenoidal surgery
- transtentorial surgery
- vaginoplasty
- vagotomy
- 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
- 17?-estradiol
- abiraterone
- acarbose
- acetazolamide
- acetohexamide
- adalimumab
- albiglutide
- alendronate
- alogliptin
- alpha-blockers
- alphacalcidol
- alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
- amiloride
- amlodipine
- amoxicillin
- anastrozole
- angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- angiotensin receptor antagonists
- anthracyclines
- antiandrogens
- antibiotics
- antiemetics
- antiepileptics
- antipsychotics
- antithyroid drugs
- antiseptic
- antivirals
- aripiprazole
- aromatase inhibitors
- aspirin
- astragalus membranaceus
- ativan
- atenolol
- atorvastatin
- avp receptor antagonists
- axitinib
- azathioprine
- bendroflumethiazide
- benzodiazepines
- beta-blockers
- betamethasone
- bexlosteride
- bicalutamide
- bisphosphonates
- bleomycin
- botulinum toxin
- bromocriptine
- cabergoline
- cabozantinib
- calcimimetics
- calcitonin (salmon)
- calcium
- calcium carbonate
- calcium chloride
- calcium dobesilate
- calcium edta
- calcium gluconate
- calcium-l-aspartate
- calcium polystyrene sulphonate
- canagliflozin
- capecitabine
- captopril
- carbimazole
- carboplatin
- carbutamide
- carvedilol
- ceftriaxone
- chlorothiazide
- chlorpropamide
- cholecalciferol
- cholinesterase inhibitors
- ciclosporin
- cinacalcet
- cisplatin
- clodronate
- clomifene
- clomiphene citrate
- clopidogrel
- co-cyprindiol
- codeine
- colonic polyps
- combined oral contraceptive pill
- conivaptan
- cortisone acetate
- continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion
- continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
- coumadin
- corticosteroids
- cortisol
- cyproterone acetate
- dacarbazine
- danazol
- dapagliflozin
- daunorubicin
- deferiprone
- demeclocycline
- denosumab
- desmopressin
- dexamethasone
- diazepam
- diethylstilbestrol
- digoxin
- diltiazem
- diphenhydramine
- diuretics
- docetaxel
- dopamine agonists
- dopamine antagonists
- dopamine receptor agonists
- doxazosin
- doxepin
- doxorubicin
- dpp4 inhibitors
- dutasteride
- dutogliptin
- eflornithine
- enoxaparin
- empagliflozin
- epinephrine
- epirubicin
- eplerenone
- epristeride
- equilenin
- equilin
- erlotinib
- ethinylestradiol
- etidronate
- etomidate
- etoposide
- everolimus
- exenatide
- fenofibrate
- finasteride
- fluconazole
- fluticasone
- fludrocortisone
- fluorouracil
- fluoxetine
- flutamide
- furosemide
- gaba receptor antagonists
- gefitinib
- gemcitabine
- gemigliptin
- ginkgo biloba
- glibenclamide
- glibornuride
- gliclazide
- glimepiride
- glipizide
- gliquidone
- glisoxepide
- glp1 agonists
- glucose
- glyclopyramide
- gnrh analogue
- gnrh antagonists
- heparin
- hrt (menopause)
- hydrochlorothiazide
- hydrocortisone
- ibandronate
- ibuprofen
- idarubicin
- idebenone
- imatinib
- immunoglobulin therapy
- implanon
- indapamide
- infliximab
- iron supplements
- isoniazid
- insulin aspart
- insulin glargine
- insulin glulisine
- insulin lispro
- interferon
- intrauterine system
- iopanoic acid
- ipilimumab
- ipragliflozin
- irbesartan
- izonsteride
- ketoconazole
- labetalol
- lactulose
- lanreotide
- leuprolide acetate
- levatinib
- levodopa
- levonorgestrel
- levothyroxine
- linagliptin
- liothyronine
- liraglutide
- lithium
- lisinopril
- lixivaptan
- loperamide
- loprazolam
- lormetazepam
- losartan
- low calcium formula
- magnesium glycerophosphate
- magnesium sulphate
- mecasermin
- medronate
- medroxyprogesterone acetate
- meglitinides
- menotropin
- metformin
- methadone
- methimazole
- methylprednisolone
- metoprolol
- metyrapone
- miglitol
- mitotane
- mitoxantrone
- mozavaptan
- mtor inhibitors
- multivitamins
- naproxen
- natalizumab
- nateglinide
- nelivaptan
- neridronate
- nifedipine
- nilutamide
- nitrazepam
- nivolumab
- nsaid
- octreotide
- oestradiol valerate
- olanzapine
- olpadronate
- omeprazole
- opioids
- oral contraceptives
- orlistat
- ornipressin
- otelixizumab
- oxandrolone
- oxidronate
- oxybutynin
- paclitaxel
- pamidronate
- pancreatic enzymes
- pantoprazole
- paracetamol
- paroxetine
- pasireotide
- pegvisomant
- perindopril
- phenobarbital
- phenoxybenzamine
- phosphate binders
- phosphate supplements
- phytohaemagglutinin induced interferon gamma
- pioglitazone
- plicamycin
- potassium chloride
- potassium iodide
- pramlintide
- prazosin
- prednisolone
- prednisone
- premarin
- promethazine
- propranolol
- propylthiouracil
- protease inhibitors
- proton pump inhibitors
- pyridostigmine
- quetiapine
- quinagolide
- quinestrol
- radioactive mibg
- radioactive octreotide
- radioiodine
- raloxifene
- ramipril
- relcovaptan
- remogliflozin etabonate
- repaglinide
- risperidone
- risedronate
- rituximab
- romidepsin
- rosiglitazone
- salbutamol
- saline
- salmeterol
- salt supplements
- satavaptan
- saxagliptin
- selective progesterone receptor modulators
- selenium
- sglt2 inhibitors
- sildenafil
- simvastatin
- sirolimus
- sitagliptin
- sodium bicarbonate
- sodium chloride
- sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate)
- somatostatin analogues
- sorafenib
- spironolactone
- ssris
- statins
- streptozotocin
- steroids
- strontium ranelate
- sucralfate
- sulphonylureas
- sunitinib
- tamoxifen
- taspoglutide
- temazepam
- temozolomide
- teplizumab
- terazosin
- teriparatide
- testolactone
- testosterone enanthate esters
- tetrabenazine
- thalidomide
- thiazolidinediones
- thyrotropin alpha
- tibolone
- tiludronate
- tiratricol (triac)
- tofogliflozin
- tolazamide
- tolbutamide
- tolvaptan
- tramadol
- trastuzumab
- trazodone
- triamcinolone
- triamterene
- trimipramine
- troglitazone
- tryptophan
- turosteride
- tyrosine-kinase inhibitors
- valproic acid
- valrubicin
- vandetanib
- vaptans
- vildagliptin
- vinorelbine
- voglibose
- vorinostat
- warfarin
- zaleplon
- z-drugs
- zoledronic acid
- zolpidem
- zopiclone
- cardiology
- dermatology
- gastroenterology
- general practice
- genetics
- geriatrics
- gynaecology
- nephrology
- neurology
- nursing
- obstetrics
- oncology
- otolaryngology
- paediatrics
- pathology
- podiatry
- psychology/psychiatry
- radiology/rheumatology
- rehabilitation
- surgery
- urology
- insight into disease pathogenesis or mechanism of therapy
- novel diagnostic procedure
- novel treatment
- unique/unexpected symptoms or presentations of a disease
- new disease or syndrome: presentations/diagnosis/management
- unusual effects of medical treatment
- error in diagnosis/pitfalls and caveats
- february
- 2022
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Jazdarehee
- Department of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sawyer Huget-Penner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraser Health Authority, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Monika Pawlowska
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Higashikawa T, Ito T, Mizuno T, Ishigami K, Kuroki K, Maekawa N, Usuda D, Morita T, Hamada K, Takagi S, Takeshima K, Yamada S, Sangen R, Izumida T, Mori H, Kiyosawa J, Saito A, Iguchi M, Nakahashi T, Kasamaki Y, Fukuda A, Kanda T, Okuro M. Effects of tofogliflozin on adrenocorticotropic hormone, renin and aldosterone, and cortisol levels in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study of a patient cohort. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27638. [PMID: 34766565 PMCID: PMC8589243 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol reportedly play a role in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the underlying mechanism remains controversial. We retrospectively investigated the effect of tofogliflozin on serum ACTH and cortisol levels in elderly patients with T2DM.Patients received 20 mg tofogliflozin daily for 3 months. Serum ACTH and cortisol levels were measured at baseline, as well as after 1 month and 3 months of tofogliflozin therapy.Serum ACTH levels were significantly reduced 3 months after tofogliflozin treatment (P < .01). Additionally, serum cortisol levels were reduced 3 months after tofogliflozin treatment, demonstrating borderline significance (P = .05). The higher body mass index (BMI; ≥25 kg/m2) group showed higher ACTH and cortisol levels than the lower BMI (<25 kg/m2) group, with borderline significance (P = .05). Renin levels were significantly increased 1 month after treatment (P < .05), maintaining serum aldosterone levels in parallel with the extracellular fluid.Our findings suggested that tofogliflozin decreased both serum ACTH and cortisol levels, with higher levels observed in the high BMI group. Tofogliflozin increased serum renin levels while maintaining serum aldosterone and extracellular fluid levels. Collectively, tofogliflozin could affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway in patients with T2DM, especially in the low BMI group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Higashikawa
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ito
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takurou Mizuno
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keiichirou Ishigami
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kengo Kuroki
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naoto Maekawa
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Usuda
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takuro Morita
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazu Hamada
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Susumu Takagi
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kento Takeshima
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamada
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ryusho Sangen
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshihide Izumida
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mori
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jun Kiyosawa
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Iguchi
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahashi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Kasamaki
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fukuda
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsugiyasu Kanda
- Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Kurakawa, Himi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masashi Okuro
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Japan
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Kagota S, Maruyama-Fumoto K, McGuire JJ, Shinozuka K. A Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Fails to Improve Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Mediated Modulation of Vasodilation and Cardiac Function in Rats With Metabolic Syndrome. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:480-489. [PMID: 33764804 DOI: 10.1177/10742484211001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arterial perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) can elicit vasodilator signals complementary to those elicited by the endothelium in SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr (SHRSP.ZF) rats, an animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Here, we tested whether a glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2-i; tofogliflozin) increased this PVAT effect to prevent the deterioration of cardiac function in aging SHRSP.ZF rats. Tofogliflozin treatments (1 or 10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (control) were administered for 10 weeks by oral gavage to SHRSP.ZF rats, starting at 13 weeks of age. At 23 weeks of age, glucose levels in the serum and urine (24 h after the last administration) were determined using commercial kits. Vasodilator responsiveness of PVAT-surrounded or PVAT-free superior mesenteric arteries was determined using acetylcholine with organ-bath methods. Cardiac ventricular function and coronary flow were determined using Langendorff heart preparations. Serum and urine glucose levels in SGLT2-i treatment groups did not differ from those in the controls, but the ratios of glycated to non-glycated albumin were lower than those in the controls. Tofogliflozin treatments did not alter relaxations in the presence of PVAT or affect relaxations of PVAT-free arteries. Left ventricular systolic pressures, maximum rate of pressure decline, and coronary flow in ex vivo hearts did not differ among the treatment groups. PVAT effects and cardiac dysfunction were not altered by tofogliflozin treatment in SHRSP.ZF rats with MetS. These results do not provide strong evidence to support the use of SGLT2-i as a cardiovascular protective therapy in MetS, which occurs prior to the onset of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kagota
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12955Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan.,Institute for Bioscience, 12955Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kana Maruyama-Fumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12955Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - John J McGuire
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, 6221Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12955Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Li Z, Murakoshi M, Ichikawa S, Koshida T, Adachi E, Suzuki C, Ueda S, Gohda T, Suzuki Y. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor tofogliflozin prevents diabetic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetic mice. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2761-2770. [PMID: 33098615 PMCID: PMC7714078 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trials on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes have consistently demonstrated that sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression. However, their renal protective mechanisms have yet to be completely understood and the effect on albuminuria reduction in animal models is controversial. We investigated these issues using KK and KK‐Ay mice as a control (CTRL) and as a model for type 2 diabetes (DKD), respectively. KK‐Ay mice were treated with 0.015% tofogliflozin, which is an SGLT2 inhibitor, starting at seven weeks of age for eight weeks. Compared with the CTRL mice, the DKD mice had higher HbA1c levels and albuminuria. Although tofogliflozin treatment significantly lowered HbA1c levels, it did not reverse albuminuria. Tofogliflozin treatment enhanced damage in both the glomerular (i.e., enlarged mesangial area, increased foot process effacement rate, and decreased number of WT‐1‐positive cells) and tubulointerstitial (increased protein levels of KIM‐1 and MCP‐1, increased number of macrophages, and abnormal mitochondrial morphology) areas. Our results suggest that tofogliflozin may prevent glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage, partly by ameliorating hyperglycemia, renal inflammation, and abnormal mitochondrial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Li
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Murakoshi
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Ichikawa
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Koshida
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Adachi
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chigure Suzuki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Ueda
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohito Gohda
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Sato Y, Nunoi K, Kaku K, Yoshida A, Suganami H. Basal insulin secretion capacity predicts the initial response and maximum levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate during therapy with the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor tofogliflozin, in relation to weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:222-230. [PMID: 31608549 PMCID: PMC6973158 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate predictors of the initial response of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and maximum BHB (max-BHB) values during long-term therapy with the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor tofogliflozin (TOFO), and to explore the association of the initial elevation of BHB with subsequent clinical effects in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS We analysed 774 people receiving TOFO in phase 3 trials in two groups based on measurable BHB change at week 4 (initial response): the top quartile [n = 194] and the three lower quartiles [n = 579]. Multivariate analysis was used to determine baseline predictors of inclusion in the top quartile and the max-BHB values. To investigate the association of the initial response with subsequent clinical effects, adjusted changes in variables in the two groups were compared using an analysis of covariance model. RESULTS Of the participants, 66% were men, and the mean age, glycated haemoglobin, body mass index and estimated glomerular filtration rate were 58.5 years, 8.1%, 25.6 kg/m2 and 83.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 , respectively. Median changes in BHB at week 4 in the top quartile and lower three quartiles were +246.4* and +30.8* μmol/L, respectively (*P < .001 vs baseline). Lower baseline insulin secretion capacity predicted the inclusion in the top quartile and greater max-BHB levels. The top quartile was associated with greater weight loss following greater increases in free fatty acids and greater reductions in fasting C-peptide levels compared with the lower three quartiles. CONCLUSIONS Lower basal insulin secretion capacity might predict greater initial BHB elevations and max-BHB levels during long-term TOFO therapy. Greater weight loss through lipid use might be related to high initial BHB elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sato
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologySt Mary's HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Kiyohide Nunoi
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologySt Mary's HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of Internal MedicineKawasaki Medical SchoolOkayamaJapan
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Product Marketing DepartmentKowa Company, LtdTokyoJapan
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9
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Nunoi K, Sato Y, Kaku K, Yoshida A, Suganami H. Renal effects of a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin, in relation to sodium intake and glycaemic status. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:1715-1724. [PMID: 30945431 PMCID: PMC6619387 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Little is known about whether sodium intake is associated with the clinical effects of SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2is); however, SGLT2is may increase urinary sodium excretion. Thus, we investigated the impact of daily sodium intake on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) via an SGLT2i, tofogliflozin (TOFO), in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Individual-level data on 775 T2D patients in TOFO Phase 3 trials were analysed. Adjusted changes in variables during 52 weeks of TOFO therapy were compared according to basal daily salt intake (DSI), which was measured based on estimated daily urinary sodium excretion using the Tanaka formula. Multivariable analysis was used to investigate the impact of basal DSI on changes in eGFR at Weeks 4 and 52. RESULTS Sixty-six percent of participants were men; mean age, HbA1c, body mass index, eGFRMDRD and median DSI were 58.5 years, 8.0%, 25.6 kg/m2 , 83.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 9.3 g/d, respectively. In all participants, eGFRMDRD sharply dipped during Week 4, and gradually increased by Week 52, showing a significant increase overall from baseline to Week 52. Multivariable analysis showed that basal DSI and HbA1c levels were independently correlated with eGFRMDRD changes at Weeks 4 and 52. Additionally, lower baseline HbA1c and DSI levels were significantly correlated with a greater increase in eGFRMDRD at Week 52. CONCLUSIONS Dietary salt intake, in addition to glycaemic control, correlates with changed eGFRMDRD via TOFO. Thus, an appropriate dietary approach to therapy should be considered before treatment of T2D patients with an SGLT2i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohide Nunoi
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismSt. Mary's HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Yuichi Sato
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismSt. Mary's HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of General Internal MedicineKawasaki Medical SchoolOkayamaJapan
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Medical Information and Product Advancement DepartmentKowa Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Hideki Suganami
- Clinical Data Science DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
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Goto R, Kamimura K, Shinagawa-Kobayashi Y, Sakai N, Nagoya T, Niwa Y, Ko M, Ogawa K, Inoue R, Yokoo T, Sakamaki A, Kamimura H, Abe S, Nishina H, Terai S. Inhibition of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) delays liver fibrosis in a medaka model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:643-652. [PMID: 30984539 PMCID: PMC6443870 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in the incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has necessitated the development of an effective prevention methodology. An antidiabetic drug, belonging to the group of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, has been tested for its therapeutic effect on NASH; however, no studies to date have demonstrated the preventive effect of an SGLT2 inhibitor on the histological progression of steatosis and fibrosis in a sequential manner in animal models. In the present study, we examined the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin (Tofo), on NASH liver tissue using medaka as an animal model, maintaining a feeding amount and drug concentration in all animal bodies. We generated a medaka NASH model by feeding d‐rR/Tokyo medaka a high‐fat diet and administered Tofo by dissolving the drug directly in the water of the feeding tank. Thereafter, the effects of Tofo on body weight (BW), liver weight, hepatotoxicity, fatty infiltration, and fibrotic changes in the liver were examined. We report here that SGLT2 is expressed in medaka fish and that Tofo inhibits the accumulation of fatty tissue and delays the progression of liver fibrosis in the medaka NASH model by inhibiting increases in blood sugar, serum lipids, and transaminase, irrespective of changes in BW. These results suggest that Tofo is effective for treating NASH and that the medaka model may be useful for developing new therapeutic drugs for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Goto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Yoko Shinagawa-Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Norihiro Sakai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Takuro Nagoya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Yusuke Niwa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Ryosuke Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Takeshi Yokoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Akira Sakamaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Hiroteru Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology Medical Research Institute Tokyo Medical and Dental University Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
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11
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Takata N, Tanida S, Nakae S, Shiraki K, Tozuka Y, Ishigai M. Tofogliflozin Salt Cocrystals with Sodium Acetate and Potassium Acetate. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:1035-1040. [PMID: 30381655 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the salt cocrystals formed by tofogliflozin with sodium acetate and potassium acetate by determining the crystal structures of the salt cocrystals and characterizing the solid states. The salt cocrystal screening using the slurry method and the liquid-assisted grinding method resulted in the formation of tofogliflozin-sodium acetate 1 : 1 and tofogliflozin-potassium acetate 1 : 1 salt cocrystals. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that, although each salt cocrystal belongs to a different space group, both of the salt cocrystals have almost similar structural features, including the conformation of tofogliflozin molecules, the coordination to Na+/K+ ions, and hydrogen bonds. The salt cocrystals exhibited extreme hygroscopicity with deliquescence, which is also a property of sodium acetate and potassium acetate. In addition, tofogliflozin-potassium acetate salt cocrystal had two polymorphs, which were enantiotropically related.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Koji Shiraki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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12
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Nunoi K, Sato Y, Kaku K, Yoshida A, Suganami H. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin, on the indices of renal tubular function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2018; 1:e00015. [PMID: 30815551 PMCID: PMC6354802 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Little is known of the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on the renal tubules. We investigated the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin (TOFO) on renal tubular indices, according to the degree of albuminuria, in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with preserved renal function. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 988 patients, receiving TOFO, were enroled and divided into 3 groups, based on the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). The tubular indices (urinary N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase [NAG]-to-creatinine and urinary beta-2 microglobulin [beta2MG]-to-creatinine ratios) and UACR were log-transformed in the correlation analysis. RESULTS Treatment with TOFO led to similar reductions in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, from baseline to week 24, across all groups. The NAG level increased in the normoalbuminuria group and decreased in the macroalbuminuria group significantly (P < .001, both), but did not change in the microalbuminuria group. Significant reductions in the UACR were observed in both microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria groups (P < .001, both). Significant negative correlations between changes in the NAG and beta2MG levels and their corresponding baseline values were observed in all participants. The reduction in the UACR was negatively correlated with baseline levels. The changes in the tubular indices were positively correlated with reductions in the UACR across groups. CONCLUSIONS Logarithmic reductions in the renal tubular indices, via SGLT2 inhibition, were observed in patients with T2DM. TOFO may not only improve the degree of albuminuria but may also have protective effects on the tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohide Nunoi
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismSt. Mary's HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Yuichi Sato
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismSt. Mary's HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of Internal MedicineKawasaki Medical SchoolOkayamaJapan
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Medical Information and Product Advancement DepartmentKowa Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Hideki Suganami
- Clinical Data Science DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
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13
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Ouchi M, Oba K, Kaku K, Suganami H, Yoshida A, Fukunaka Y, Jutabha P, Morita A, Otani N, Hayashi K, Fujita T, Suzuki T, Yasutake M, Anzai N. Uric acid lowering in relation to HbA1c reductions with the SGLT2 inhibitor tofogliflozin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:1061-1065. [PMID: 29171930 PMCID: PMC5887894 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An integrated analysis was performed with data from 4 phase 2 and phase 3 studies of tofogliflozin in which patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus received the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor tofogliflozin for up to 24 weeks. Sex differences, baseline haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and serum uric acid (UA) levels, and log10 -transformed urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase ratio were significantly correlated with the reduction in serum UA levels at both 4 and 24 weeks in multivariate analysis (respectively, P < .0001). The decrease in HbA1c levels was greatest in the group with the highest baseline HbA1c level (quartile 4; HbA1c > 8.6%) and lowest in the group with the lowest baseline HbA1c level (quartile 1; HbA1c ≤ 7.4%). The decrease in serum UA levels was greatest in the quartile 1 group and lowest in the quartile 4 group. In most groups, the maximum decrease in serum UA levels was seen in the first 4 weeks, while the maximum decrease in HbA1c was seen at week 24. Thus, serum UA levels were significantly decreased in patients with moderate HbA1c levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyDokkyo Medical University School of MedicineTochigiJapan
| | - Kenzo Oba
- Department of Internal MedicineOarai Coast Core ClinicIbarakiJapan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of General Internal MedicineKawasaki Medical SchoolOkayamaJapan
| | - Hideki Suganami
- Clinical Data Science DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Medical Information and Product Advancement DepartmentKowa Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Promsuk Jutabha
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyDokkyo Medical University School of MedicineTochigiJapan
| | - Asuka Morita
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyDokkyo Medical University School of MedicineTochigiJapan
| | - Naoyuki Otani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and therapeuticsOita University Faculty of MedicineOitaJapan
| | - Keitaro Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyDokkyo Medical University School of MedicineTochigiJapan
| | - Tomoe Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyDokkyo Medical University School of MedicineTochigiJapan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of General Medicine and Health ScienceNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Masahiro Yasutake
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of General Medicine and Health ScienceNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
- Department of General Medicine and Health ScienceNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of PharmacologyChiba University Graduate School of MedicineChibaJapan
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14
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Ishibashi Y, Matsui T, Yamagishi SI. Tofogliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, suppresses renal damage in KKAy/Ta mice, obese and type 2 diabetic animals. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2016; 13:438-441. [PMID: 27407083 DOI: 10.1177/1479164116657304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 ameliorate hyperglycaemia in diabetes by increasing urinary glucose excretion. However, the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on tubulointerstitial damage in diabetic nephropathy are not fully elucidated. We examined whether tofogliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, suppressed renal damage in KKAy/Ta mice, obese and type 2 diabetic animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male 8-week-old KKAy/Ta mice or control C57BL/6J mice were kept on a standard diet with or without 0.015% tofogliflozin for 5 weeks. Blood glucose and blood pressure, body and kidney weight, urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity and albumin excretion levels were monitored. RESULTS Although tofogliflozin treatment did not affect blood pressure, body weight or serum creatinine values, it improved hyperglycaemia and blocked the elevation of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity in KKAy/Ta diabetic mice at 9, 11 and 13 weeks. Furthermore, compared with control mice, urinary albumin excretion levels and kidney weight were increased in 13-week-old KKAy/Ta mice, both of which were suppressed by the treatment with tofogliflozin. CONCLUSION Our present results demonstrated that tofogliflozin could suppress albuminuria and tubulointerstitial injury in obese and type 2 diabetic mice. Inhibition of glucose entry into tubular cells by tofogliflozin may exert renoprotective properties in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishibashi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Sho-Ichi Yamagishi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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15
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Hirose S, Nakajima S, Iwahashi Y, Seo A, Takahashi T, Tamori Y. Impact of the 8-week Administration of Tofogliflozin for Glycemic Control and Body Composition in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Intern Med 2016; 55:3239-3245. [PMID: 27853064 PMCID: PMC5173489 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The adverse effects of selective sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors generally appear within about two or three months after treatment initiation in Japan. Therefore, we investigated the impact of tofogliflozin, a class of SGLT2 inhibitors, on glycemic control and body composition during this period in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods This single-arm open-label study enrolled 20 patients. Patients received tofogliflozin 20 mg once daily for 8 weeks. At week 8, changes from baseline in body weight, serum metabolic markers, and body composition were evaluated. Results A total of 17 patients completed the 8-week administration of tofogliflodin. No serious adverse events were noted. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) decreased significantly, from 7.8% to 7.3% with 8-week administration of tofogliflozin. Both the body weight and body mass index (BMI) also decreased. In addition, a decreased renal function of the boundary zone and hemoconcentration were detected. As for body composition, the free fat mass, total body water, extracellular water and intracellular water were all decreased significantly. Interestingly, the amount of fat mass did not change. The degree of improvement in HbA1c was correlated with the baseline fat mass and BMI. Conclusion An eight-week administration of tofogliflozin improved glycemic control and reduced the body weight and free fat mass in type 2 diabetic patients without affecting the fat mass. In this period, the hematocrit level and renal function should be monitored to guard against hemoconcentration and renal impairment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie Hirose
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chibune General Hospital, Japan
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16
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Nagata T, Fukuzawa T, Takeda M, Fukazawa M, Mori T, Nihei T, Honda K, Suzuki Y, Kawabe Y. Tofogliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, improves renal and pancreatic function in db/db mice. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:519-31. [PMID: 23751087 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although inhibition of renal sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) has a stable glucose-lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes, the effect of SGLT2 inhibition on renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes remains to be determined. To evaluate the renoprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibition more precisely, we compared the effects of tofogliflozin (a specific SGLT2 inhibitor) with those of losartan (an angiotensin II receptor antagonist) on renal function and beta-cell function in db/db mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of 8-week tofogliflozin or losartan treatment on renal and beta-cell function were investigated in db/db mice by quantitative image analysis of glomerular size, mesangial matrix expansion and islet beta-cell mass. Blood glucose, glycated Hb and insulin levels, along with urinary albumin and creatinine were measured KEY RESULTS Tofogliflozin suppressed plasma glucose and glycated Hb and preserved pancreatic beta-cell mass and plasma insulin levels. No improvement of glycaemic conditions or insulin level was observed with losartan treatment. Although the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio of untreated db/db mice gradually increased from baseline, tofogliflozin or losartan treatment prevented this increase (by 50-70%). Tofogliflozin, but not losartan, attenuated glomerular hypertrophy. Neither tofogliflozin nor losartan altered matrix expansion. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Long-term inhibition of renal SGLT2 by tofogliflozin not only preserved pancreatic beta-cell function, but also prevented kidney dysfunction in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest that long-term use of tofogliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes may prevent progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagata
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
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