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Greene RK, Gangidi S, Zhao R, Nelson JM, Harms K, Nakamura M. The relationship between acrochordons, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in the pediatric population: A retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38684337 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acrochordons or skin tags are common benign skin growths. Several studies explored the relationship between obesity and metabolic syndrome in adults but remains unexplored in children. METHODS This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of outpatient dermatology patients between 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2021. Children under 18 years old diagnosed with acrochordons using diagnostic codes International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) L91.8 and 9th Revision (ICD-9) 701.8 were included. We collected patient demographics, past medical history, laboratory values, vital signs, and physical exam. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and stratified into categories based on the Center for Disease Control's BMI-for-Age Growth Charts. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed when three of the five criteria were met. Data were propensity-matched and compared with NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), which offered a generalizable sample to the US population. RESULTS Fifty-five patients under 18 years old with a diagnosis of acrochordons were mostly Caucasian (76%) and female (64%). The mean BMI was 27.3, with 49.5% categorized as obese and 20% as overweight. The mean age of diagnosis was 10.1 years. Acrochordon predominantly appeared in the axilla. In our cohort, three patients (5.5%) met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of obesity (42% vs. 21%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (4.8% vs. 0.6%), hyperlipidemia (8.1% vs. 0%), and hypertension (1.6% vs. 0%) was greater in our cohort compared with NHANES. CONCLUSIONS Like the adult population, acrochordons may serve as marker for metabolic disease in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Greene
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Suma Gangidi
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jessie M Nelson
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kelly Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mio Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Sparks KS, Fialkowski MK, Dela Cruz R, Grandinetti A, Wilkens L, Banna JC, Bersamin A, Paulino Y, Aflague T, Coleman P, Deenik J, Fleming T, Novotny R. Acculturation and Health Status in the Children's Healthy Living Program in the Pacific Region. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:448. [PMID: 38673359 PMCID: PMC11050529 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Acculturation/enculturation has been found to impact childhood health and obesity status. The objective of this study is to use cross-sectional data to examine the association between proxies of adult/caregiver acculturation/enculturation and child health status (Body Mass Index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], and acanthosis nigricans [AN]) in the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands (USAPI), Alaska, and Hawai'i. Study participants were from the Children's Healthy Living (CHL) Program, an environmental intervention trial and obesity prevalence survey. Anthropometric data from 2-8 year olds and parent/caregiver questionnaires were used in this analysis. The results of this study (n = 4121) saw that those parents/caregivers who identified as traditional had children who were protected against overweight/obesity (OWOB) status and WC > 75th percentile (compared to the integrated culture identity) when adjusted for significant variables from the descriptive analysis. AN did not have a significant association with cultural classification. Future interventions in the USAPI, Alaska, and Hawai'i may want to focus efforts on parents/caregivers who associated with an integrated cultural group as an opportunity to improve health and reduce child OWOB prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalanikiekie S. Sparks
- Public Health Division, Acute and Communicable Disease Section, Oregon Health Authority, Salem, OR 97301, USA;
| | - Marie K. Fialkowski
- Nutrition Support Shared Resource, University of Hawaiʻi Cancer Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Rica Dela Cruz
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; (R.D.C.); (J.C.B.); (R.N.)
| | - Andrew Grandinetti
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;
| | - Lynne Wilkens
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, University of Hawaiʻi Cancer Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
| | - Jinan C. Banna
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; (R.D.C.); (J.C.B.); (R.N.)
| | - Andrea Bersamin
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA;
| | - Yvette Paulino
- Margaret Perez Hattori-Uchima School of Health, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA;
| | - Tanisha Aflague
- Cooperative Extension and Outreach, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA;
| | - Patricia Coleman
- Cooperative Research, Extension, and Education Services, Northern Marianas College, Saipan, MP 96950, USA;
| | - Jonathan Deenik
- Tropical Plant and Social Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;
| | - Travis Fleming
- Agriculture, Community and Natural Resources Division, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, AS 96799, USA;
| | - Rachel Novotny
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; (R.D.C.); (J.C.B.); (R.N.)
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Ghiasi M, Samii R, Tootoonchi N, Balighi K, Heidari S. Comparison of efficacy and safety of tretinoin 0.05% and glycolic acid peeling 70% in axillary and neck lesions of acanthosis nigricans: A single-blinded, randomized trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38362706 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthosis nigricans is a non-inflammatory skin pigmentary disorder characterized by a dark, velvety appearance, primarily observed in the neck and axillary areas. It is commonly associated with obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. Although the primary treatment is correcting the underlying disorders, many aesthetic modalities have been established to improve appearance owing to cosmetic concerns. AIMS We aimed to compare and investigate the effectiveness and side effects of tretinoin 0.05% and glycolic acid 70% in treating acanthosis nigricans lesions of the axillary and neck area. METHODS This single-blinded, randomized trial recruited patients with neck or axillary involvement. Each patient was randomized to use cream tretinoin 0.05% every other night on one side, while the other side was treated with glycolic acid 70%, which was applied every 2 weeks at the clinic for four consecutive sessions. The study duration was 8 weeks, and patients were evaluated every 2 weeks based on their response to treatment, satisfaction, and side effects. RESULTS Thirty patients, including 14 with neck lesions and 16 with axillary lesions, were included. Tretinoin was significantly more effective for axillary lesions in terms of treatment response and patient satisfaction (p = 0.02 and p = 0.008, respectively). It was also shown that as the severity of the lesions increased, the response to treatment and patient satisfaction decreased, specifically when treating axillary lesions with glycolic acid (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION Neither method was significantly effective for neck lesions. However, tretinoin 0.05% was shown to be more efficacious in treating axillary lesions of acanthosis nigricans, despite causing minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghiasi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rana Samii
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Tootoonchi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Balighi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sama Heidari
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Li R, Li H, Yang Z, Zhang X. Combination of metformin with liraglutide in treating HAIR-AN syndrome in children : A case report and literature review. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 48:1425-1431. [PMID: 38044655 PMCID: PMC10929875 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.230100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperandrogenism-insulin resistance-acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN) syndrome is a special and rare subtype of polycystic ovarian syndrome. It can lead to hyperandrogenism (HA), insulin resistance (IR), and acanthosis nigricans (AN) accompanied by acne, hirutism, irregular menstruation, and other androgen excess symptoms. A case of pediatric HAIR-AN syndrome with severe AN was admitted to the Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital. The patient's clinical manifestations, laboratory data, imaging features, and gene sequencing were analyzed, and the patient was diagnosed with pediatric HAIR-AN syndrome. Obesity, IR, hyperglycemia, menstrual disorder, and AN were significantly improved after treating with metformin and liraglutide. HAIR-AN syndrome occurs in various forms. When the patient appears unexplained acanthosis nigricans and menstrual disorders, the disease should be considered possible. Early diagnosis and symptomatic supportive treatment can improve the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranhao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Ulanqab Central Hospital, Ulanqab Inner Mongolia 012000.
| | - Hongxin Li
- International Ward One, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029
| | - Zhaojun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
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Enwereji N, Mallett J. Concomitant confluent and reticulated papillomatosis and acanthosis nigricans in patients with skin of color and need for early interventions for insulin resistance. Int J Womens Dermatol 2023; 9:e119. [PMID: 37927368 PMCID: PMC10617815 DOI: 10.1097/jw9.0000000000000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ndidi Enwereji
- Internal Medicine Department, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Janelle Mallett
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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Vâță D, Stanciu DE, Temelie-Olinici D, Porumb-Andrese E, Tarcău BM, Grecu VB, Gheucă-Solovăstru L. Cutaneous Manifestations Associated with Diabetes Mellitus-A Retrospective Study. Diseases 2023; 11:106. [PMID: 37606477 PMCID: PMC10443279 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the world's most important health problems, affecting more than half a billion of the world's population today, with an ever-increasing prevalence. Among the most common manifestations of diabetes are skin manifestations, with 30-70% of patients experiencing skin complications during the course of the disease. Conditions such as acanthosis nigricans, diabetic dermopathy, necrobiosis lipoidica, bacterial infections, fungal infections, skin xerosis, and metabolic prurigo are often associated with diabetes and often precede its diagnosis. We conducted a retrospective study on a group of 103 patients hospitalized between January 2018 and December 2022, in a clinic of a county hospital, using as criteria the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus complicated by cutaneous manifestations frequently associated with diabetes. The aim was to observe which are the most common manifestations and whether they correlate with data in the research literature. In the present study, manifestations such as diabetic foot (20% of patients), bacterial (35%) and fungal infections, and cutaneous xerosis (45%) were predominant. Often, the integumentary involvement may precede the diagnosis of the underlying disease. It is therefore very important to recognize, investigate and treat these manifestations as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Vâță
- Department of Dermatology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (D.V.); (E.P.-A.); (B.-M.T.); (L.G.-S.)
- Dermatology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700106 Iasi, Romania
| | - Diana-Elena Stanciu
- Dermatology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700106 Iasi, Romania
| | - Doinița Temelie-Olinici
- Dermatology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700106 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cell Biology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Elena Porumb-Andrese
- Department of Dermatology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (D.V.); (E.P.-A.); (B.-M.T.); (L.G.-S.)
| | - Bogdan-Marian Tarcău
- Department of Dermatology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (D.V.); (E.P.-A.); (B.-M.T.); (L.G.-S.)
- Dermatology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700106 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vasile-Bogdan Grecu
- Department of Cell Biology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Laura Gheucă-Solovăstru
- Department of Dermatology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (D.V.); (E.P.-A.); (B.-M.T.); (L.G.-S.)
- Dermatology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700106 Iasi, Romania
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Minich WB, Abel BS, Schwiebert C, Welsink T, Seemann P, Brown RJ, Schomburg L. A Novel In Vitro Assay Correlates Insulin Receptor Autoantibodies With Fasting Insulin in Type B Insulin Resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2324-2329. [PMID: 36869714 PMCID: PMC10438904 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Severe insulin resistance (IR) in the presence of insulin receptor autoantibodies (InsR-aAb) is known as type B insulin resistance (TBIR). Considerable progress in therapy has been achieved, but diagnosis and monitoring of InsR-aAb remains a challenge. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to establish a robust in vitro method for InsR-Ab quantification. METHODS Longitudinal serum samples from patients with TBIR at the National Institutes of Health were collected. A bridge-assay for InsR-aAb detection was established using recombinant human insulin receptor as bait and detector. Monoclonal antibodies served as positive controls for validation. RESULTS The novel assay proved sensitive, robust, and passed quality control. The measured InsR-aAb from TBIR patients was associated with disease severity, decreased on treatment, and inhibited insulin signaling in vitro. Titers of InsR-aAb correlated positively to fasting insulin in patients. CONCLUSION Quantification of InsR-aAb from serum samples via the novel in vitro assay enables identification of TBIR and monitoring of successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar B Minich
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brent S Abel
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christian Schwiebert
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
- selenOmed GmbH, D-10965, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Welsink
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
- selenOmed GmbH, D-10965, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Seemann
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
- InVivo BioTech Services GmbH, D-16761, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
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Hasse L, Jamiolkowski D, Reschke F, Kapitzke K, Weiskorn J, Kordonouri O, Biester T, Ott H. Pediatric obesity and skin disease: cutaneous findings and associated quality-of-life impairments in 103 children and adolescents with obesity. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e230235. [PMID: 37410088 PMCID: PMC10448574 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Little is known about specific cutaneous findings in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. This study assessed the association of skin signs with pivotal auxological and endocrinological parameters and their influence on the quality of life (QoL) of young people with obesity. Study design All patients initially recruited for a tertiary hospital's weight control program were offered participation in this interdisciplinary, single-center, cross-sectional study. All participants underwent a detailed dermatological examination, anthropometric measurements and laboratory examinations. QoL was assessed with validated questionnaires. Results A total of 103 children and adolescents (age 11.6 ±2.5 years, 41% female, 25% prepubertal, BMI SDS 2.6 ± 0.5, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) score 3.3 ± 4.2; mean ± s.d.) were recruited in a 12-month study period. Skin affections were linearly associated with increasing BMI and higher age. The most common skin findings were (%) striae distensae (71.0), keratosis pilaris (64.7), acanthosis nigricans (45.0), acne vulgaris (39.2), acrochordons (25.5) and plantar hyperkeratosis (17.6). The HOMA score was associated with acanthosis nigricans (P = 0.047), keratosis pilaris (P = 0.019) and acne vulgaris (P < 0.001). The general mean QoL(QoL) score, as assessed by the WHO-5, was 70 out of 100. A total of 38.9% of participants reported impaired dermatological QoL. Conclusions This study shows the high prevalence of skin lesions in children and adolescents with obesity. The association between skin lesions and the HOMA score indicates that skin manifestations are a marker of insulin resistance. To prevent secondary diseases and improve QoL, thorough skin examinations and interdisciplinary cooperation are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hasse
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmar Jamiolkowski
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Reschke
- Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kapitzke
- Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jantje Weiskorn
- Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olga Kordonouri
- Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torben Biester
- Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hagen Ott
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
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Fayne R, Mervak JE. Correlated improvement of mucosal malignant acanthosis nigricans and metastatic urothelial carcinoma with oncologic therapy. JAAD Case Rep 2023; 37:35-37. [PMID: 37324176 PMCID: PMC10265482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fayne
- Correspondence to: Rachel Fayne, MD, Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, SPC 5314/TC 1910, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
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Taren D, Alaofè H, Yamanaka AB, Coleman P, Fleming T, Aflague T, Shallcross L, Wilkens L, Novotny R. Diet and Acanthosis Nigricans over a Two-Year Period in Children of the Pacific Region. Nutrients 2023; 15:2718. [PMID: 37375623 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact that dietary carbohydrates have on children developing type 2 diabetes remains controversial. Furthermore, there are limited pediatric longitudinal studies on changes in body mass index (BMI) and diet related to the development of acanthosis nigricans (AN), a risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Two 24 h dietary records were collected for 558 children, 2-8 years of age, at baseline and at a 2-year follow-up. Data on age, sex, BMI, and the presence of AN were also collected at each time point from the Children's Healthy Living Program. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with the presence of AN at follow-up. Multinominal regression was used to determine factors associated with changes in AN status. Linear regression was used to measure the associations between changes in dietary intake and in the Burke Score for AN. RESULTS AN was present in 28 children at baseline and 34 children at follow-up. Adjusting for the presence of AN at baseline, age, sex, study group, baseline BMI, change in BMI z-score, time between assessments, and baseline intake, an increase from baseline for each teaspoon of sugar and serving of carbohydrate-rich food increased the risk for having AN at follow-up by 9% and 8%, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). An increased intake of added sugar (teaspoons) increased the risk of developing AN by 13% (p ≤ 0.01) and an increase in servings of foods rich in starch increased the risk of developing AN by 12% (p ≤ 0.01) compared to children who never had AN. Increasing the intake of fruit was also associated with decreased Burke Scores using multiple regression. However, the intake of energy and macronutrients were not associated with AN. CONCLUSIONS Added sugar and foods rich in starch were independently associated with the occurrence of AN, suggesting the type of carbohydrates consumed is a factor in AN occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Taren
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Halimatou Alaofè
- Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ashley B Yamanaka
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Patricia Coleman
- Cooperative Research, Extension, and Education Service, Northern Marianas College, Saipan, MP 96950, USA
| | - Travis Fleming
- Agriculture, Community and Natural Resources Division, Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, AS 96799, USA
| | - Tanisha Aflague
- Cooperative Extension and Outreach, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA
| | - Leslie Shallcross
- Health, Home and Family Development, UAF Institute of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Extension, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Lynne Wilkens
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Rachel Novotny
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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David A, Srivastava D. Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis Resembling Pityriasis Versicolor and Acanthosis Nigricans: Case Report. JMIR Dermatol 2023; 6:e41245. [PMID: 37632912 PMCID: PMC10335129 DOI: 10.2196/41245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (CARP) is a rare disorder mostly seen in young adults. It is characterized by persistent dull-brown, centrally confluent, peripherally reticulate macules and papules, which coalesce to form patches and plaques on the upper trunk and neck. It is commonly confused with pityriasis versicolor and acanthosis nigricans (AN). We report the case of a 15-year-old male with multiple pigmented confluent and reticulated patches and plaques on the neck, trunk, and chin for 3 years, which was successfully treated with oral minocycline, resulting in complete resolution of lesions within 2 weeks. The morphology of CARP resembles that of various other dermatological conditions such as AN and pityriasis versicolor, and, as a result, it is frequently misdiagnosed and mistreated, leading to social embarrassment for the patient. Therefore, it is prudent for dermatologists to carry out comprehensive clinical and histopathological assessments to facilitate prompt diagnosis and management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav David
- Department of Dermatology, Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India
| | - Divyanshu Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology, Naraina Medical College and Research Centre, Kanpur, India
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12
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Spigariolo CB, Berti E, Cerri A, Venegoni L, Croci G, Violetti SA. T follicular helper phenotype mycosis fungoides associated with acanthosis nigricans. J Cutan Pathol 2023; 50:420-424. [PMID: 36764679 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The association between acanthosis nigricans (AN) and mycosis fungoides (MF) has rarely been described, but it is known that MF may appear as AN-like vegetating and papillomatous plaques in skin folds, or may be associated with paraneoplastic AN. There have also been recent descriptions of a form of "intertriginous MF" that is characterized by skin fold involvement and the expression of T follicular helper (TFH) markers, and that often has an aggressive course. We describe the case of a 48-year-old man affected by MF associated with AN, whose lesions were characterized by a TFH immunophenotype and the expression of the GATA-3 nuclear master regulator that may be related to a TFH-2 subpopulation or possible disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina B Spigariolo
- Unit of Dermatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Berti
- Unit of Dermatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Amilcare Cerri
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dermatology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigia Venegoni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Croci
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Alberti Violetti
- Unit of Dermatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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13
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Shah D, Rasool S. Ethnicity in polycystic ovary syndrome. Climacteric 2023; 26:15-20. [PMID: 36459492 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2022.2144211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest gynecological endocrinopathy. Little is known about the exact etiopathogenesis and cardiometabolic mortality and morbidity in women with PCOS. PCOS is beyond the cosmetic concerns of an adolescent and fertility concerns of an adult and can cause serious unhealthy consequences in perimenopausal and postmenopausal age. This area needs to be assessed and addressed since the majority of these patients are lost to follow-up after completion of their families. Good evidence suggests that there are significant racial and ethnic differences in prevalence, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, hyperandrogenemia and the related cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shah
- The Center for Women's Health and Fertility, Gynaecworld, Mumbai, India
| | - S Rasool
- Government Medical College, Dr Sabahat's Fertility Center, Srinagar, India
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Lewin Z, Vitek WS, O’Malley W, Astapova O. Resolution of Hyperandrogenism, Insulin Resistance and Acanthosis Nigricans (HAIR-AN) Syndrome After Sleeve Gastrectomy. JCEM Case Rep 2023; 1:luac030. [PMID: 37908254 PMCID: PMC10578405 DOI: 10.1210/jcemcr/luac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN) is a severe subphenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A 32-year-old woman with HAIR-AN and class 3 obesity presented to an endocrinology clinic after she failed sequential trials of treatment with metformin, estrogen-progestin OCP, spironolactone, leuprolide, and a levonorgestrel intrauterine device. She complained of hirsutism and acanthosis nigricans severely affecting her quality of life and had secondary amenorrhea. Laboratory evaluation showed extremely elevated testosterone and insulin levels and elevated glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). She underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. One year after the surgery, she lost 32% of her body weight and reported normalization of menses, dramatic improvement in hirsutism, and near-resolution of acanthosis nigricans. Her testosterone, insulin, and HbA1c normalized. This case demonstrates the central role of hyperinsulinemia in HAIR-AN and suggests that aggressive measures to normalize insulin resistance and reduce excess weight can effectively treat the reproductive abnormalities in this syndrome. We suggest that bariatric surgery can be an effective cure for HAIR-AN syndrome and that PCOS, including HAIR-AN, should be considered a comorbidity of obesity during evaluation of bariatric surgery candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Lewin
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Wendy S Vitek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - William O’Malley
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Olga Astapova
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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15
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Alosaimi AK, Alhothali OS, Alsulami RR, Alkidaiwi S, Al Hawsawi K. Acanthosis Nigricans Presenting as Skin Tags: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e33706. [PMID: 36788915 PMCID: PMC9922088 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a common chronic disorder that is characterized by velvety-like, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic plaques, typically in intertriginous areas. However, atypical presentations have been reported. Here we present a five-year-old boy presented with a one-year history of asymptomatic slowly progressing skin lesions. He is a known case of type 1 diabetes mellites on insulin treatment, otherwise healthy. The review of systems was unremarkable. No similar case was found in the family. Skin examination revealed multiple tiny non-scaly brownish papules on the medial aspects of the upper thighs, bilaterally. Differential diagnosis included skin tags, viral warts, and dermatosis papulose nigra (DPN). Dermoscopic findings revealed a velvety-like appearance on the papules and the normal skin surrounding the papules. A 2-mm punch skin biopsy of the papule revealed papillomatosis of the epidermis, and the granular layer was normal. The dermis was normal. On the basis of the above clinicopathological findings, specifically the velvety texture of the normal skin surrounding the papules, the patient was diagnosed with ANs. The parent was reassured, and we started the patient on daily tretinoin cream.
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16
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Elmasry MF, Khalil MMF, Badawi A, Zaki NS, Fahim A. Efficacy of Fractional Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) Laser versus Q-Switched Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) and Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate (KTP) Lasers in the Treatment of Acanthosis Nigricans. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:705-715. [PMID: 36992970 PMCID: PMC10042172 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s401479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a common chronic skin disorder clinically presents by velvety hyperpigmented lesions mainly at the flexural areas. Fractional photothermolysis has been reported to improve both pigmentary and textural changes by removing thin layers of skin with minimal thermal damage. Other options are the Q-switched (Qs) Nd:YAG (1064 nm) and Qs KTP (532 nm) lasers. Both can induce collagen remodeling by dermal photo-mechanical microdamage. Aim of the Work The aim of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy and the safety of fractional CO2 laser versus Qs Nd:YAG and KTP lasers in the treatment of acanthosis nigricans. Methods This randomized-controlled split neck study was conducted on 23 patients suffering from AN. For each patient, one side of the neck was randomly assigned to fractional CO2 laser and the other side to Qs Nd:YAG and KTP lasers every four weeks for four months followed by 4 monthly follow-up assessment. Acanthosis Nigricans Area and Severity Index (ANASI) score, melanin and erythema indices as well as Patient Satisfaction Scale (PSS) were used to assess improvement on each side separately. Results There was no statistically significant difference regarding the clinical improvement between the side treated with Fractional CO2 laser and the side treated with Qs Nd:YAG and KTP lasers (P value >0.05). In most patients, both sides showed improvement during different sessions of therapy, as regards ANASI scores, melanin indices, patient satisfaction scores, and side effects. Conclusion In this study, we concluded that both fractional CO2 and Q-switched lasers proved to be a safe and effective line of treatment of acanthosis nigricans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Fathy Elmasry
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ashraf Badawi
- Department of Medical Laser Applications, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Naglaa Sameh Zaki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Fahim
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Correspondence: Aya Fahim, Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Post office Box 109, El-Malek El-Saleh, Cairo, 11562, Egypt, Tel +202 01020279628, Email
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Nur Zati Iwani AK, Jalaludin MY, Roslan FA, Mansor F, Md Zain F, Hong JYH, Zin RMWM, Yahya A, Ishak Z, Selamat R, Mokhtar AH. Cardiometabolic risk factors among children who are affected by overweight, obesity and severe obesity. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1097675. [PMID: 37181686 PMCID: PMC10173091 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1097675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing severity of obesity is expected to lead to more serious health effects. However, there is limited information on the prevalence and clinical characteristics of cardiometabolic risk factors in severely children affected by obesity in Malaysia. This baseline study aimed to investigate the prevalence of these factors and their association with obesity status among young children. Methods In this study, a cross-sectional design was employed using the baseline data obtained from the My Body Is Fit and Fabulous at school (MyBFF@school) intervention program involving obese school children. Obesity status was defined using the body mass index (BMI) z-score from the World Health Organization (WHO) growth chart. Cardiometabolic risk factors presented in this study included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood pressure, acanthosis nigricans, insulin resistance (IR), and MetS. MetS was defined using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2007 criteria. Descriptive data were presented accordingly. The association between cardiometabolic risk factors, such as obesity status, and acanthosis nigricans with MetS was measured using multivariate logistic regression, which was adjusted for gender, ethnicity, and strata. Results Out of 924 children, 38.4% (n = 355) were overweight, 43.6% (n = 403) were obese, and 18% (n = 166) were severely obese. The overall mean age was 9.9 ± 0.8 years. The prevalence of hypertension, high FPG, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, and the presence of acanthosis nigricans among severely children affected by obesity was 1.8%, 5.4%, 10.2%, 42.8%, and 83.7%, respectively. The prevalence of children affected by obesity who were at risk of MetS in <10-year-old and MetS >10-year-old was observed to be similar at 4.8%. Severely children affected by obesity had higher odds of high FPG [odds ratio (OR) = 3.27; 95% confdence interval (CI) 1.12, 9.55], hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 3.50; 95%CI 1.61, 7.64), low HDL-C (OR = 2.65; 95%CI 1.77, 3.98), acanthosis nigricans (OR = 13.49; 95%CI 8.26, 22.04), IR (OR = 14.35; 95%CI 8.84, 23.30), and MetS (OR = 14.03; 95%CI 3.97, 49.54) compared to overweight and children affected by obesity. The BMI z-score, waist circumference (WC), and percentage body fat showed a significant correlation with triglycerides, HDL-C, the TG: HDL-C ratio, and the homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) index. Conclusions Severely children affected by obesity exhibit a higher prevalence of and are more likely to develop cardiometabolic risk factors compared to overweight and children affected by obesity. This group of children should be monitored closely and screened periodically for obesity-related health problems to institute early and comprehensive intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kamil Nur Zati Iwani
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Yazid Jalaludin
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Yazid Jalaludin
| | - Farah Aqilah Roslan
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Fazliana Mansor
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Fuziah Md Zain
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Putrajaya, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Janet Yeow Hua Hong
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Putrajaya, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Ruziana Mona Wan Mohd Zin
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Abqariyah Yahya
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahari Ishak
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Education, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rusidah Selamat
- Nutrition Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Halim Mokhtar
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Kunovsky L, Dite P, Brezinova E, Sedlakova L, Trna J, Jabandziev P. Skin manifestations of pancreatic diseases. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2022; 166:353-358. [PMID: 35938387 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2022.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although symptoms of pancreatic diseases such as pancreatitis, acute and chronic and, carcinoma of the pancreas are mainly gastrointestinal in nature, the extra-pancreatic symptoms are also important. These include skin symptoms, such as pancreatic panniculitis, acanthosis nigricans, livedo reticularis, necrolytic migratory erythema, cutaneous signs of hemorrhage, as in persons with severe acute pancreatitis, or the finding of cutaneous metastases of pancreatic carcinoma, which may be a sign of advanced disease. The pancreas is therefore one of those organs for which diagnosis and therapy are often multidisciplinary. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge of the possible skin manifestations of pancreatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumir Kunovsky
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology and Geriatrics, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dite
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Brezinova
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,1st Department of Dermatovenerology, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libuse Sedlakova
- Department of Dermatology, Military Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Trna
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jabandziev
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Victorino CA, Faria JCP, Sawamura LS, de Souza FIS, Sarni ROS. Association between acanthosis nigricans and overweight with hypertension in children and adolescents from low-income families. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:1721-1725. [PMID: 36449800 PMCID: PMC9779977 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20220852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and high blood pressure in children and adolescents from low-income families, and to verify the association of elevated blood pressure with nutritional status and the presence of acanthosis nigricans. METHODS This is a cross-sectional and controlled study with 232 children and adolescents from an institution for low-income families. Pubertal stage, body mass index Z-score, waist-to-height circumference ratio (increased waist-to-height circumference ratio >0.5), the presence of acanthosis nigricans, and blood pressure were assessed. RESULTS The prevalence of excess weight and the change in waist-to-height circumference ratio was 37.9%. Acanthosis nigricans and increased blood pressure occurred in 20.3 and 34.8%, respectively. The prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and hypertension was higher in individuals with excess weight (p<0.001; p<0.001) and with an increased waist-to-height circumference ratio (p=0.009; p<0.001). Logistic regression showed a significant and independent association of body mass index Z-score (OR 2.35; 95%CI 1.52-3.65; p<0.001) and the presence of acanthosis nigricans (OR 2.43; 95%CI 1.12-5.23; p=0.023) with elevated blood pressure. CONCLUSION Acanthosis nigricans and elevated blood pressure occurred in one-fifth and one-third of the individuals in an institution for children from low-income families. Overweight and the presence of acanthosis nigricans increased the risk of high blood pressure more than twofold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Augusta Victorino
- Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC – Santo André (SP), Brazil.,Universidade Nove de Julho – São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - João Carlos Pina Faria
- Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC – Santo André (SP), Brazil.,Universidade Nove de Julho – São Paulo (SP), Brazil.,Corresponding author:
| | - Luciana Satiko Sawamura
- Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC – Santo André (SP), Brazil.,Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul – São Caetano do Sul (SP), Brazil
| | - Fabíola Isabel Suano de Souza
- Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC – Santo André (SP), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo – São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Roseli Oselka Saccardo Sarni
- Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC – Santo André (SP), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo – São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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20
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Afify AA, Fathy G, Elzawahry M, Taha SI. Assessment of serum chemerin levels in acanthosis nigricans: A case-control study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6414-6421. [PMID: 35976067 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is an asymptomatic skin condition linked to several underlying systemic conditions. Chemerin is an adipokine that increases during inflammatory disorders such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). AIMS This case-control study investigates the link between AN and the underlying MetS and serum levels of chemerin in individuals with obesity. PATIENTS/METHODS Twenty-five adults with AN and obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 30 kg/m2 ), 25 adults with obesity but no AN, and 25 healthy controls (BMI < 30 kg/m2 ) had their lipid profiles and serum chemerin concentrations examined. RESULTS The neck (80.0%) and axilla (68.0%) were the most common sites of AN. In participants with obesity, either alone or with AN, serum chemerin concentrations were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.001). Participants with obesity and AN had significantly higher levels of cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and serum chemerin levels (p < 0.001), and significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels (p < 0.001) when compared to participants with obesity alone. All participants with obesity and AN (100%) and 88% of those with obesity alone had MetS. Logistic regression revealed that systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure >85 mmHg, waist circumference >90 cm, TG >150 mg/dl, HDL-c <45 mg/dl, fasting blood glucose >100 mg/dl, and serum chemerin >300 ng/ml were significant (p < 0.05) risk factors for AN. CONCLUSIONS Acanthosis nigricans is a non-invasive and reliable sign of the underlying MetS and increased serum chemerin levels among individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelfattah Afify
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada Fathy
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Sara Ibrahim Taha
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Burke E, DeCoste RC, Wright GR, Fraser RB, Walsh NM, Bezuhly M. "Ectopic acanthosis nigricans" in inguinal skin grafted to the hands of a child. JAAD Case Rep 2022; 27:3-5. [PMID: 35941843 PMCID: PMC9356211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2022.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Burke
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryan C DeCoste
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (Central Zone), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenda R Wright
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (Central Zone), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert B Fraser
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, IWK Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Noreen M Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (Central Zone), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, IWK Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michael Bezuhly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, IWK Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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22
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Isart FA, Isart-Infante FJ, Heidel ER, Sisley S. Acanthosis Nigricans Is a Strong Predictor of Low Blood Calcidiol Levels in Children and Adolescents. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022; 20:509-516. [PMID: 35834574 DOI: 10.1089/met.2022.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinical consensus differs as to when blood vitamin D (VD) levels should be measured in children. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for low VD levels and are also associated with acanthosis nigricans (AN). Objectives: To test whether the clinical diagnosis of AN is a strong predictor for vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in children. Methods: Within the study period (2015-2020), we identified 677 consecutive individuals (age <18 years) with available calcidiol measurements and compared those with (n = 273) and without (n = 404) AN. Bivariate associations and the occurrence of AN were tested using the chi-squared test. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to control for confounding variables, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Multiple regression analysis was performed, and unstandardized beta coefficients, standard errors, and standardized beta coefficients were reported. Results: Individuals with AN had 3.6 times higher odds of VDD than those without (95% CI: 1.38-9.51, P = 0.009). Males had 0.41 times lower odds of having AN than females (95% CI: 0.21-0.79, P = 0.008). Individuals with vitamin D sufficiency (VDS) were much less likely to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome compared with those who were vitamin D deficient (P = 0.011), even after adjusting for body mass index z-scores. Conclusion: Children and adolescents with AN are at a higher risk of VDD and should likely be tested for low calcidiol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Isart
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Eric Robert Heidel
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephanie Sisley
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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23
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Güven M, Anık A, Ünüvar T, İlgün Gürel D, Şendur N. Cutaneous manifestations of obesity in Turkish children: A comparative study. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:513-519. [PMID: 35285075 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous changes in obese adults have been investigated in numerous studies, but this issue has not been adequately investigated in children. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the prevalence of skin manifestations in children with obesity by comparing them to normal-weight children. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2017 and January 2019 in which 82 children with obesity and 86 normal-weight healthy control children were enrolled. Study participants had detailed full-body skin examinations performed by the same dermatologist; mycological and Wood's lamp examinations were performed when necessary. Sociodemographic and anthropometric measurements of the participants were recorded. RESULTS Striae distensae were the most common skin manifestation in children with obesity; striae were significantly higher in the obese than in the control group (72% vs. 26.7%, p < .001). The anatomical distribution of the striae distensae in the groups differed significantly. Striae distensae were most commonly observed on the buttocks in the control group, while the thighs were the most common site in the obese group. Acanthosis nigricans (63.4% vs. 3.5%, p < .001), acrochordons (17.1% vs. 1.2%, p < .001), keratosis pilaris (32.9% vs. 17.4%, p = .021), intertrigo (11% vs. 0%, p = .001), folliculitis (31.7% vs. 5.8%, p < .001), seborrheic dermatitis (12.2% vs. 3.5%, p = .035) and facial erythema (7.3% vs. 0%, p = .012) were found to be statistically significantly more common in the obese group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Obesity in children is associated with numerous cutaneous manifestations. Further study is needed to identify whether weight loss can reduce skin manifestations in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münevver Güven
- Department of Dermatology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Anık
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Tolga Ünüvar
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Deniz İlgün Gürel
- Department of Pediatrics, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Şendur
- Department of Dermatology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
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McKenzie PL, Ogwumike E, Agim NG. Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis in pediatric patients at an urban tertiary care center. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:574-577. [PMID: 35535014 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (CARP) is a dermatosis that often presents during adolescence. Prior studies have linked CARP to metabolic syndrome and comorbidities associated with insulin resistance, such as acanthosis nigricans and type 2 diabetes. Despite this, few studies have evaluated the clinical relationship between glucose dysmetabolism and CARP. In this report, we describe the characteristics of a large cohort of pediatric patients with CARP to further evaluate the potential relationship between CARP and metabolic syndrome in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige L McKenzie
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Erica Ogwumike
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nnenna G Agim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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25
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Hirotsu KE, Chiang A, Bahrani E, Cloutier JM, Rieger KE, Kwong BY, Aleshin M. Acanthosis nigricans in the setting of severe pulmonary disease exacerbated by COVID-19 infection. JAAD Case Rep 2022; 24:78-81. [PMID: 35529073 PMCID: PMC9061579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Hirotsu
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Audris Chiang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Eman Bahrani
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey M. Cloutier
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kerri E. Rieger
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Bernice Y. Kwong
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Maria Aleshin
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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26
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Jazdarehee A, Huget-Penner S, Pawlowska M. Pseudo-pheochromocytoma due to obstructive sleep apnea: a case report. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2022; 2022:21-0100. [PMID: 35212265 PMCID: PMC8897593 DOI: 10.1530/edm-21-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition of intermittent nocturnal upper airway obstruction. OSA increases sympathetic drive which may result in clinical and biochemical features suggestive of pheochromocytoma. We present the case of a 65-year-old male with a 2.9-cm left adrenal incidentaloma on CT, hypertension, symptoms of headache, anxiety and diaphoresis, and persistently elevated 24-h urine norepinephrine (initially 818 nmol/day (89-470)) and normetanephrine (initially 11.2 µmol/day (0.6-2.7)). He was started on prazosin and underwent left adrenalectomy. Pathology revealed an adrenal corticoadenoma with no evidence of pheochromocytoma. Over the next 2 years, urine norepinephrine and normetanephrine remained significantly elevated with no MIBG avid disease. Years later, he was diagnosed with severe OSA and treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Urine testing done once OSA was well controlled revealed complete normalization of urine norepinephrine and normetanephrine with substantial symptom improvement. It was concluded that the patient never had a pheochromocytoma but rather an adrenal adenoma with biochemistry and symptoms suggestive of pheochromocytoma due to untreated severe OSA. Pseudo-pheochromocytoma is a rare presentation of OSA and should be considered on the differential of elevated urine catecholamines and metanephrines in the right clinical setting. LEARNING POINTS Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition among adults. OSA may rarely present as pseudo-pheochromocytoma with symptoms of pallor, palpitations, perspiration, headache, or anxiety. OSA should be considered on the differential of elevated urine catecholamines and metanephrines, especially in patients with negative metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan results.
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Key Words
- adolescent/young adult
- adult
- geriatric
- neonatal
- paediatric
- pregnant adult
- female
- male
- american indian or alaska native
- asian - bangladeshi
- asian - chinese
- asian - filipino
- asian - indian
- asian - japanese
- asian - korean
- asian - pakistani
- asian - vietnamese
- asian - other
- black - african
- black - caribbean
- black - other
- hispanic or latino - central american or south american
- hispanic or latino - cuban
- hispanic or latino - dominican
- hispanic or latino - mexican, mexican american, chicano
- hispanic or latino - puerto rican
- hispanic or latino - other
- native hawaiian/other pacific islander
- white
- other
- afghanistan
- aland islands
- albania
- algeria
- american samoa
- andorra
- angola
- anguilla
- antarctica
- antigua and barbuda
- argentina
- armenia
- aruba
- australia
- austria
- azerbaijan
- bahamas
- bahrain
- bangladesh
- barbados
- belarus
- belgium
- belize
- benin
- bermuda
- bhutan
- bolivia
- bosnia and herzegovina
- botswana
- bouvet island
- brazil
- british indian ocean territory
- brunei darussalam
- bulgaria
- burkina faso
- burundi
- cambodia
- cameroon
- canada
- cape verde
- cayman islands
- central african republic
- chad
- chile
- china
- christmas island
- cocos (keeling) islands
- colombia
- comoros
- congo
- congo, the democratic republic of the
- cook islands
- costa rica
- côte d'ivoire
- croatia
- cuba
- cyprus
- czech republic
- denmark
- djibouti
- dominica
- dominican republic
- ecuador
- egypt
- el salvador
- equatorial guinea
- eritrea
- estonia
- ethiopia
- falkland islands (malvinas)
- faroe islands
- fiji
- finland
- france
- french guiana
- french polynesia
- french southern territories
- gabon
- gambia
- georgia
- germany
- ghana
- gibraltar
- greece
- greenland
- grenada
- guadeloupe
- guam
- guatemala
- guernsey
- guinea
- guinea-bissau
- guyana
- haiti
- heard island and mcdonald islands
- holy see (vatican city state)
- honduras
- hong kong
- hungary
- iceland
- india
- indonesia
- iran, islamic republic of
- iraq
- ireland
- isle of man
- israel
- italy
- jamaica
- japan
- jersey
- jordan
- kazakhstan
- kenya
- kiribati
- korea, democratic people's republic of
- korea, republic of
- kuwait
- kyrgyzstan
- lao people's democratic republic
- latvia
- lebanon
- lesotho
- liberia
- libyan arab jamahiriya
- liechtenstein
- lithuania
- luxembourg
- macao
- macedonia, the former yugoslav republic of
- madagascar
- malawi
- malaysia
- maldives
- mali
- malta
- marshall islands
- martinique
- mauritania
- mauritius
- mayotte
- mexico
- micronesia, federated states of
- moldova, republic of
- monaco
- mongolia
- montenegro
- montserrat
- morocco
- mozambique
- myanmar
- namibia
- nauru
- nepal
- netherlands
- netherlands antilles
- new caledonia
- new zealand
- nicaragua
- niger
- nigeria
- niue
- norfolk island
- northern mariana islands
- norway
- oman
- pakistan
- palau
- palestinian territory, occupied
- panama
- papua new guinea
- paraguay
- peru
- philippines
- pitcairn
- poland
- portugal
- puerto rico
- qatar
- réunion
- romania
- russian federation
- rwanda
- saint barthélemy
- saint helena
- saint kitts and nevis
- saint lucia
- saint martin
- saint pierre and miquelon
- saint vincent and the grenadines
- samoa
- san marino
- sao tome and principe
- saudi arabia
- senegal
- serbia
- seychelles
- sierra leone
- singapore
- slovakia
- slovenia
- solomon islands
- somalia
- south africa
- south georgia and the south sandwich islands
- spain
- sri lanka
- sudan
- suriname
- svalbard and jan mayen
- swaziland
- sweden
- switzerland
- syrian arab republic
- taiwan, province of china
- tajikistan
- tanzania, united republic of
- thailand
- timor-leste
- togo
- tokelau
- tonga
- trinidad and tobago
- tunisia
- turkey
- turkmenistan
- turks and caicos islands
- tuvalu
- uganda
- ukraine
- united arab emirates
- united kingdom
- united states
- united states minor outlying islands
- uruguay
- uzbekistan
- vanuatu
- vatican city state
- venezuela
- viet nam
- virgin islands, british
- virgin islands, u.s.
- wallis and futuna
- western sahara
- yemen
- zambia
- zimbabwe
- maylaysia
- adipose tissue
- adrenal
- bone
- duodenum
- heart
- hypothalamus
- kidney
- liver
- ovaries
- pancreas
- parathyroid
- pineal
- pituitary
- placenta
- skin
- stomach
- testes
- thymus
- thyroid
- andrology
- autoimmunity
- cardiovascular endocrinology
- developmental endocrinology
- diabetes
- emergency
- endocrine disruptors
- endocrine-related cancer
- epigenetics
- genetics and mutation
- growth factors
- gynaecological endocrinology
- immunology
- infectious diseases
- late effects of cancer therapy
- mineral
- neuroendocrinology
- obesity
- ophthalmology
- paediatric endocrinology
- puberty
- tumours and neoplasia
- vitamin d
- 17ohp
- acth
- adiponectin
- adrenaline
- aldosterone
- amh
- androgens
- androstenedione
- androsterone
- angiotensin
- antidiuretic hormone
- atrial natriuretic hormone
- avp
- beta-endorphin
- big igf2
- brain natriuretic peptide
- calcitonin
- calcitriol
- cck
- corticosterone
- corticotrophin
- cortisol
- cortisone
- crh
- dehydroepiandrostenedione
- deoxycorticosterone
- deoxycortisol
- dhea
- dihydrotestosterone
- dopamine
- endothelin
- enkephalin
- epitestosterone
- epo
- fgf23
- fsh
- gastrin
- gh
- ghrelin
- ghrh
- gip
- glp1
- glp2
- glucagon
- glucocorticoids
- gnrh
- gonadotropins
- hcg
- hepcidin
- histamine
- human placental lactogen
- hydroxypregnenolone
- igf1
- igf2
- inhibin
- insulin
- kisspeptin
- leptin
- lh
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- melatonin
- metanephrines
- mineralocorticoids
- motilin
- nandrolone
- neuropeptide y
- noradrenaline
- normetanephrine
- oestetrol (e4)
- oestradiol (e2)
- oestriol (e3)
- oestrogens
- oestrone (e1)
- osteocalcin
- oxyntomodulin
- oxytocin
- pancreatic polypeptide
- peptide yy
- pregnenolone
- procalcitonin
- progesterone
- prolactin
- prostaglandins
- pth
- relaxin
- renin
- resistin
- secretin
- somatostatin
- testosterone
- thpo
- thymosin
- thymulin
- thyroxine (t4)
- trh
- triiodothyronine (t3)
- tsh
- vip
- 17-alpha hydroxylase/17,20 lyase deficiency
- 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency
- 3-m syndrome
- 22q11 deletion syndrome
- 49xxxxy syndrome
- abscess
- acanthosis nigricans
- acromegaly
- acute adrenocortical insufficiency
- addisonian crisis
- addison's disease
- adenocarcinoma
- aip gene mutation
- adrenal insufficiency
- adrenal salt-wasting crisis
- adrenarche
- adrenocortical adenoma
- adrenocortical carcinoma
- adrenoleukodystrophy
- aip gene variant
- amenorrhoea (primary)
- amenorrhoea (secondary)
- amyloid goitre
- amyloidosis
- anaplastic thyroid cancer
- anaemia
- aneuploidy
- androgen insensitivity syndrome
- anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome
- asthma
- autoimmune disorders
- autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 1
- autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 2
- autoimmune polyglandular syndrome
- autoimmune hypophysitis
- autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets
- autosomal dominant osteopetrosis
- bardet-biedl syndrome
- bartter syndrome
- bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
- biliary calculi
- breast cancer
- brenner tumour
- brown tumour
- burkitt's lymphoma
- casr gene mutation
- catecholamine secreting carotid body paraganglionoma
- cancer-prone syndrome
- carcinoid syndrome
- carcinoid tumour
- carney complex
- carotid body paraganglioma
- c-cell hyperplasia
- cerebrospinal fluid leakage
- chronic fatigue syndrome
- circadian rhythm sleep disorders
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- congenital hypothyroidism
- congenital hyperinsulinism
- conn's syndrome
- corticotrophic adenoma
- craniopharyngioma
- cretinism
- crohn's disease
- cryptorchidism
- cushing's disease
- cushing's syndrome
- cystolithiasis
- de quervain's thyroiditis
- denys-drash syndrome
- desynchronosis
- developmental abnormalities
- diabetes - lipoatrophic
- diabetes - mitochondrial
- diabetes - steroid-induced
- diabetes insipidus - dipsogenic
- diabetes insipidus - gestational
- diabetes insipidus - nephrogenic
- diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central
- diabetes mellitus type 1
- diabetes mellitus type 2
- diabetic foot syndrome
- diabetic hypoglycaemia
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- diabetic muscle infarction
- diabetic nephropathy
- diverticular disease
- donohue syndrome
- down syndrome
- eating disorders
- ectopic acth syndrome
- ectopic cushing's syndrome
- ectopic parathyroid adenoma
- empty sella syndrome
- endometrial cancer
- endometriosis
- eosinophilic myositis
- euthyroid sick syndrome
- familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
- familial dysalbuminaemic hyperthyroxinaemia
- familial euthyroid hyperthyroxinaemia
- fat necrosis
- female athlete triad syndrome
- fetal demise
- fetal macrosomia
- follicular thyroid cancer
- fractures
- frasier syndrome
- friedreich's ataxia
- functional parathyroid cyst
- galactorrhoea
- gastrinoma
- gastritis
- gastrointestinal perforation
- gastrointestinal stromal tumour
- gck mutation
- gender identity disorder
- gestational diabetes mellitus
- giant ovarian cysts
- gigantism
- gitelman syndrome
- glucagonoma
- glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism
- glycogen storage disease
- goitre
- goitre (multinodular)
- gonadal dysgenesis
- gonadoblastoma
- gonadotrophic adenoma
- gorham's disease
- granuloma
- granulosa cell tumour
- graves' disease
- graves' ophthalmopathy
- growth hormone deficiency (adult)
- growth hormone deficiency (childhood onset)
- gynaecomastia
- hamman's syndrome
- haemorrhage
- hajdu-cheney syndrome
- hashimoto's disease
- hemihypertrophy
- hepatitis c
- hereditary multiple osteochondroma
- hirsutism
- histiocytosis
- huntington's disease
- hürthle cell adenoma
- hyperaldosteronism
- hyperandrogenism
- hypercalcaemia
- hypercalcaemic crisis
- hyperglucogonaemia
- hyperglycaemia
- hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
- hypergonadotropism
- hyperinsulinaemia
- hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia
- hyperkalaemia
- hyperlipidaemia
- hypernatraemia
- hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
- hyperparathyroidism (primary)
- hyperparathyroidism (secondary)
- hyperparathyroidism (tertiary)
- hyperpituitarism
- hyperprolactinaemia
- hypersexuality
- hypertension
- hyperthyroidism
- hypoaldosteronism
- hypocalcaemia
- hypoestrogenism
- hypoglycaemia
- hypoglycaemic coma
- hypogonadism
- hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
- hypoinsulinaemia
- hypokalaemia
- hyponatraemia
- hypoparathyroidism
- hypophosphataemia
- hypophosphatasia
- hypophysitis
- hypopituitarism
- hypothyroidism
- iatrogenic disorder
- idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
- idiopathic pituitary hyperplasia
- igg4-related systemic disease
- inappropriate tsh secretion
- incidentaloma
- infertility
- insulin autoimmune syndrome
- insulin resistance
- insulinoma
- intracranial vasospasm
- intrauterine growth retardation
- iodine allergy
- ischaemic heart disease
- kallmann syndrome
- ketoacidosis
- klinefelter syndrome
- kwashiorkor
- kwashiorkor (marasmic)
- leg ulcer
- laron syndrome
- latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (lada)
- laurence-moon syndrome
- left ventricular hypertrophy
- leukocytoclastic vasculitis
- leydig cell tumour
- lipodystrophy
- lipomatosis
- liver failure
- lung metastases
- luteoma
- lymphadenopathy
- macronodular adrenal hyperplasia
- macronodular hyperplasia
- macroprolactinoma
- marasmus
- maturity onset diabetes of young (mody)
- mccune-albright syndrome
- mckittrick-wheelock syndrome
- medullary thyroid cancer
- meigs syndrome
- membranous nephropathy
- men1
- men2a
- men2b
- men4
- menarche
- meningitis
- menopause
- metabolic acidosis
- metabolic syndrome
- metastatic carcinoma
- metastatic chromaffin cell tumour
- metastatic gastrinoma
- metastatic melanoma
- metastatic tumour
- microadenoma
- microprolactinoma
- motor neurone disease
- myasthenia gravis
- myelolipoma
- myocardial infarction
- myositis
- myotonic dystrophy type 1
- myotonic dystrophy type 2
- myxoedema
- myxoedema coma
- nelson's syndrome
- neonatal diabetes
- nephrolithiasis
- neuroblastoma
- neuroendocrine tumour
- neurofibromatosis
- nodular hyperplasia
- non-functioning pituitary adenoma
- non-hodgkin lymphoma
- non-islet-cell tumour hypoglycaemia
- noonan syndrome
- oculocerebrorenal syndrome
- osteogenesis imperfecta
- osteomalacia
- osteomyelitis
- osteoporosis
- osteoporosis (pregnancy/lactation-associated)
- osteosclerosis
- ovarian cancer
- ovarian dysgenesis
- ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
- ovarian tumour
- paget's disease
- paget's disease (juvenille)
- pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour
- pancreatitis
- panhypopituitarism
- papillary thyroid cancer
- paraganglioma
- paranasal sinus lesion
- paraneoplastic syndromes
- parasitic thyroid nodules
- parathyroid adenoma
- parathyroid adenoma (ectopic)
- parathyroid carcinoma
- parathyroid cyst
- parathroid hyperplasia
- pcos
- periodontal disease
- phaeochromocytoma
- phaeochromocytoma crisis
- pickardt syndrome
- pituitary abscess
- pituitary adenoma
- pituitary apoplexy
- pituitary carcinoma
- pituitary cyst
- pituitary haemorrhage
- pituitary hyperplasia
- pituitary hypoplasia
- pituitary tumour (malignant)
- plurihormonal pituitary adenoma
- poems syndrome
- polycythaemia
- porphyria
- pneumonia
- posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
- post-prandial hypoglycaemia
- prader-willi syndrome
- prediabetes
- pre-eclampsia
- pregnancy
- premature ovarian failure
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- premenstrual syndrome
- primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
- prolactinoma
- prostate cancer
- pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
- pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2
- pseudohypoparathyroidism
- psychosocial short stature
- puberty (delayed or absent)
- puberty (precocious)
- pulmonary oedema
- quadrantanopia
- rabson-mendenhall syndrome
- rhabdomyolysis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- rickets
- schwannoma
- sellar reossification
- sertoli cell tumour
- sertoli-leydig cell tumour
- sexual development disorders
- sheehan's syndrome
- short stature
- siadh
- small-cell carcinoma
- small intestine neuroendocrine tumour
- solitary fibrous tumour
- solitary sellar plasmacytoma
- somatostatinoma
- somatotrophic adenoma
- squamous cell thyroid carcinoma
- stiff person syndrome
- struma ovarii
- subcutaneous insulin resistance
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- takotsubo cardiomyopathy
- tarts
- testicular cancer
- thecoma
- thyroid adenoma
- thyroid carcinoma
- thyroid cyst
- thyroid dysgenesis
- thyroid fibromatosis
- thyroid hormone resistance syndrome
- thyroid lymphoma
- thyroid nodule
- thyroid storm
- thyroiditis
- thyrotoxicosis
- thyrotrophic adenoma
- traumatic brain injury
- tuberculosis
- tuberous sclerosis complex
- tumour-induced osteomalacia
- turner syndrome
- unilateral adrenal hyperplasia
- ureterolithiasis
- urolithiasis
- von hippel-lindau disease
- wagr syndrome
- waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
- williams syndrome
- wolcott-rallison syndrome
- wolfram syndrome
- xanthogranulomatous hypophysitis
- xlaad/ipex
- zollinger-ellison syndrome
- abdominal adiposity
- abdominal distension
- abdominal cramp
- abdominal discomfort
- abdominal guarding
- abdominal lump
- abdominal pain
- abdominal tenderness
- abnormal posture
- abdominal wall defects
- abrasion
- acalculia
- accelerated growth
- acne
- acrochorda
- acroosteolysis
- acute stress reaction
- adverse breast development
- aggression
- agitation
- agnosia
- akathisia
- akinesia
- albuminuria
- alcohol intolerance
- alexia
- alopecia
- altered level of consciousness
- amaurosis
- amaurosis fugax
- ambiguous genitalia
- amblyopia
- amenorrhoea
- ameurosis
- amnesia
- amusia
- anasarca
- angiomyxoma
- anhedonia
- anisocoria
- ankle swelling
- anorchia
- anorectal malformations
- anorexia
- anosmia
- anosognosia
- anovulation
- antepartum haemorrhage
- anuria
- anxiety
- apathy
- aphasia
- aphonia
- apnoea
- appendicitis
- appetite increase
- appetite reduction/loss
- apraxia
- aqueductal stenosis
- arteriosclerosis
- arthralgia
- articulation impairment
- ascites
- asperger syndrome
- asphyxia
- asthenia
- astigmatism
- asymptomatic
- ataxia
- atrial fibrillation
- atrial myxoma
- atrophy
- adhd
- autism
- autonomic neuropathy
- avulsion
- babinski's sign
- back pain
- bacteraemia
- behavioural problems
- belching
- bifid scrotum
- biliary colic
- bitemporal hemianopsia
- blindness
- blistering
- bloating
- bloody show
- boil(s)
- bone cyst
- bone fracture(s)
- bone lesions
- bone pain
- bony metastases
- borborygmus
- bowel movements - bleeding
- bowel movements - increased frequency
- bowel movements - pain
- bowel obstruction
- bowel perforation
- brachycephaly
- brachydactyly
- bradycardia
- bradykinesia
- bradyphrenia
- bradypnea
- breast contour change
- breast enlargement
- breast lump
- breast reduction
- breast tenderness
- breastfeeding difficulties
- breathing difficulties
- bronchospasms
- brushfield spots
- bruxism
- buffalo hump
- cachexia
- calcification
- cardiac fibrosis
- cardiac malformations
- cardiac tamponade
- cardiogenic shock
- cardiomegaly
- cardiomyopathy
- cardiopulmonary arrest
- carpal tunnel syndrome
- caruncle - inflammation
- cataplexy
- cataract(s)
- catathrenia
- central obesity
- cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea
- cervical pain
- cheeks - full
- cheiloschisis
- chemosis
- chest pain
- chest pain (pleuritic)
- chest pain (precordial)
- cheyne-stokes respiration
- chills
- cholecystitis
- cholestasis
- chondrocalcinosis
- chordee
- chorea
- choroidal atrophy
- chronic pain
- circulatory collapse
- cirrhosis
- citraturia
- claudication
- clitoromegaly
- cloacal exstrophy
- clonus
- club foot
- clumsiness
- coagulopathy
- coarctation
- coeliac disease
- cognitive problems
- cold intolerance
- collapse
- colour blindness
- coma
- concentration difficulties
- confusion
- congenital heart defect
- conjunctivitis
- constipation
- convulsions
- coordination difficulties
- coughing
- crackles
- cramps
- craniofacial abnormalities
- craniotabes
- cutaneous ischaemia
- cutaneous myxoma
- cutaneous pigmentation
- cyanosis
- dalrymple's sign
- deafness
- deep vein thrombosis
- dehydration
- delayed puberty
- delirium
- dementia
- dental abscess(es)
- dental problems
- depression
- diabetes insipidus
- diabetic neuropathy
- diabetic foot infection
- diabetic foot neuropathy
- diabetic foot ulceration
- diarrhoea
- diplopia
- dizziness
- duodenal atresia
- duplex kidney(s)
- dysarthria
- dysdiadochokinesia
- dysgraphia
- dyslexia
- dyslipidaemia
- dysmenorrhoea
- dyspareunia
- dyspepsia
- dysphagia
- dysphonia
- dysphoria
- dyspnoea
- dystonia
- dysuria
- ear, nose and/or throat infection
- early menarche
- ears - low set
- ears - pinna abnormalities
- ears - small
- ecchymoses
- ectopic ureter
- emotional immaturity
- encopresis
- endometrial hyperplasia
- enlarged bladder
- enlarged prostate
- eosinophilia
- epicanthic fold
- epilepsy
- epistaxis
- erectile dysfunction
- erythema
- euphoria
- eyebrows - bushy
- eyelid retraction
- eyelid swelling
- eyelids - redness
- eyes - almond-shaped
- eyes - dry
- eyes - feeling of grittiness
- eyes - inflammation
- eyes - irritation
- eyes - itching
- eyes - pain (gazing down)
- eyes - pain (gazing up)
- eyes - redness
- eyes - watering
- face - change in appearance
- face - coarse features
- face - numbness
- facial fullness
- facial palsy
- facial plethora
- facial weakness
- facies - abnormal
- facies - hippocratic
- facies - moon
- faecal incontinence
- failure to thrive
- fallopian tube hyperplasia
- fasciculation
- fatigue
- fatigue (post-exertional)
- feet - cold
- feet - increased size
- feet - large
- feet - pain
- feet - small
- fingers - thick
- flaccid paralysis
- flatulence
- flushing
- fontanelles - enlarged
- frontal bossing
- fungating lesion
- fungating mass
- funny turns
- gait abnormality
- gait unsteadiness
- gallbladder calculi
- gallstones
- gangrene
- gastro-oesophageal reflux
- genital oedema
- genu valgum
- genu varum
- gestational diabetes
- glaucoma
- glucose intolerance
- glucosuria
- growth hormone deficiency
- growth retardation
- haematemesis
- haematochezia
- haematoma
- haematuria
- haemoglobinuria
- haemoptysis
- hair - coarse
- hair - dry
- hair - temporal balding
- hairline - low
- hallucination
- hands - enlargement
- hands - large
- hands - single palmar crease
- hands - small
- head - large
- headache
- hearing loss
- heart failure
- heart murmur
- heat intolerance
- height loss
- hemiballismus
- hemianopia
- hemiparesis
- hemispatial neglect
- hepatic cysts
- hepatic metastases
- hepatomegaly
- hidradenitis suppurativa
- high-arched palate
- hip dislocation
- hippocampal dysgenesis
- hirschsprung's disease
- hot flushes
- hydronephrosis
- hypolipidaemia
- hyperactivity
- hyperacusis
- hyperandrogenaemia
- hypercalciuria
- hypercapnea
- hypercholesterolaemia
- hypercortisolaemia
- hyperflexibility
- hyperglucagonaemia
- hyperhidrosis
- hyperhomocysteinaemia
- hypernasal speech
- hyperopia
- hyperoxaluria
- hyperpigmentation
- hyperplasia
- hyperpnoea
- hypersalivation
- hyperseborrhea
- hypersomnia
- hyperthermia
- hypertrichosis
- hypertrophy
- hyperuricaemia
- hyperventilation
- hypoadrenalism
- hypoalbuminaemia
- hypocalciuria
- hypocitraturia
- hypomagnesaemia
- hypopigmentation
- hypoplastic scrotum
- hypopotassaemia
- hypoprolactinaemia
- hyporeflexia
- hyposmia
- hypospadias
- hypotension
- hypothermia
- hypotonia
- hypoventilation
- hypovitaminosis d
- hypovolaemia
- hypovolaemic shock
- hypoxia
- immunodeficiency
- impulsivity
- inattention
- infections
- inflexibility
- insomnia
- instability
- intussusception
- irritability
- ischaemia
- ischuria
- itching
- jaundice
- keratoconus
- ketonuria
- ketotic odour
- kidney dysplasia
- kidney stones
- kyphoscoliosis
- kyphosis
- labioscrotal fold abnormalities
- laceration
- late dentition
- learning difficulties
- leg pain
- legs - increased length
- leukaemia
- leukocytosis
- libido increase
- libido reduction/loss
- lichen sclerosus
- lips - dry
- lips - thin
- little finger - in-curved
- little finger - short
- liver masses
- lordosis
- lordosis (loss of)
- lymphadenectomy
- lymphadenitis
- lymphocytosis
- lymphoedema
- macroglossia
- malaise
- malaise (post-exertional)
- malodorous perspiration
- mania
- marcus gunn pupil
- mastalgia
- meckel's diverticulum
- melena
- menorrhagia
- menstrual disorder
- mesenteric ischaemia
- metabolic alkalosis
- microalbuminuria
- microcephaly
- micrognathia
- micropenis
- milk-alkali syndrome
- miscarriage
- mood changes/swings
- mouth - down-turned
- mouth - small
- movement - limited range of
- mucosal pigmentation
- muscle atrophy
- muscle freezing
- muscle hypertrophy
- muscle rigidity
- myalgia
- myasthaenia
- mydriasis
- myelodysplasia
- myeloma
- myoclonus
- myodesopsia
- myokymia
- myopathy
- myopia
- myosis
- nail clubbing
- nail dystrophy
- nasal obstruction
- nausea
- neck - loose skin (nape)
- neck - short
- neck mass
- neck pain/discomfort
- necrolytic migratory erythema
- necrosis
- nephrocalcinosis
- nephropathy
- neurofibromas
- night terrors
- nipple change
- nipple discharge
- nipple inversion
- nipple retraction
- nipples widely spaced
- nocturia
- normochromic normocytic anaemia
- nose - depressed bridge
- nose - flat bridge
- nose - thickening
- nystagmus
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- obstetrical haemorrhage
- obstructive sleep apnoea
- odynophagia
- oedema
- oesophageal atresia
- oesophagitis
- oligomenorrhoea
- oliguria
- onychauxis
- oophoritis
- ophthalmoplegia
- optic atrophy
- orbital fat prolapse
- orbital hypertelorism
- orthostatic hypotension
- osteoarthritis
- osteopenia
- otitis media
- ovarian cysts
- ovarian hyperplasia
- palatoschisis
- pallor
- palmar erythema
- palpebral fissure (downslanted)
- palpebral fissure (extended)
- palpebral fissure (reduced)
- palpebral fissure (upslanted)
- palpitations
- pancreatic fibrosis
- pancytopaenia
- panic attacks
- papilloedema
- paraesthesia
- paralysis
- paranoia
- patellar dislocation
- patellar subluxation
- pedal ulceration
- pellagra
- pelvic mass
- pelvic pain
- penile agenesis
- peptic ulcer
- pericardial effusion
- periodontitis
- periosteal bone reactions
- peripheral oedema
- personality change
- pes cavus
- petechiae
- peyronie's disease
- pharyngitis
- philtrum - long
- philtrum - short
- phosphaturia
- photophobia
- photosensitivity
- pleurisy
- poikiloderma
- polydactyly
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
- polyuria
- poor wound healing
- postmenopausal bleeding
- post-nasal drip
- postprandial fullness
- postural instability
- prehypertension
- premature birth
- premature labour
- prenatal growth retardation
- presbyopia
- pretibial myxoedema
- proctalgia fugax
- prognathism
- proptosis
- prosopagnosia
- proteinuria
- pruritus
- pruritus scroti
- pruritus vulvae
- pseudarthrosis
- psoriatic arthritis
- psychiatric problems
- psychomotor retardation
- psychosis
- pterygium colli
- ptosis
- puberty (delayed/absent)
- puberty (early/precocious)
- puffiness
- pulmonary embolism
- purpura
- pyelonephritis
- pyloric stenosis
- pyrexia
- pyrosis
- pyuria
- rash
- rectal pain
- rectorrhagia
- refractory anemia
- reluctance to weight-bear
- renal agenesis
- renal clubbing
- renal colic
- renal cyst
- renal failure
- renal insufficiency
- renal phosphate wasting (isolated)
- renal tubular acidosis
- respiratory failure
- reticulocytosis
- retinitis pigmentosa
- retinopathy
- retrobulbar pain
- retrograde ejaculation
- retroperitoneal fibrosis
- salivary gland swelling
- salpingitis
- salt craving
- salt wasting
- sarcoidosis
- schizophrenia
- scoliosis
- scotoma
- seborrhoeic dermatitis
- seizures
- sensory loss
- sepsis
- septic arthritis
- septic shock
- shivering
- singultus
- sinusitis
- sixth nerve palsy
- skeletal deformity
- skeletal dysplasia
- skin - texture change
- skin infections
- skin necrosis
- skin pigmentation - spotty
- skin thickening
- skin thinning
- sleep apnoea
- sleep difficulties
- sleep disturbance
- sleep hyperhidrosis
- slow growth
- slurred speech
- social difficulties
- soft tissue swelling
- somnambulism
- somniloquy
- somnolence
- sore throat
- spasms
- spastic paraplegia
- spasticity
- speech delay
- spider naevi
- splenomegaly
- sputum production
- steatorrhoea
- stomatitis
- strabismus
- strangury
- striae
- stridor
- stroke
- subfertility
- suicidal ideation
- supraclavicular fat pads
- supranuclear gaze palsy
- sweating
- syncope
- syndactyly
- tachycardia
- tachypnoea
- teeth gapping
- telangiectasias
- telecanthus
- tetraparesis
- t-reflex (absent)
- t-reflex (depressed)
- tetany
- thermodysregulation
- thrombocytopenia
- thrombocytosis
- thrombophilia
- thrush
- tics
- tinnitus
- toe clubbing
- toe deformities
- toes - thick
- toes - widely spaced
- tongue - protruding
- tracheo-oesophageal compression
- tracheo-oesophageal fistula
- tremulousness
- tricuspid insufficiency
- umbilical hernia
- uraemia
- ureter duplex
- uricaemia
- urinary frequency
- urinary incontinence
- urogenital sinus
- urticaria
- uterine hyperplasia
- uterus duplex
- vagina duplex
- vaginal bleeding
- vaginal discharge
- vaginal dryness
- vaginal pain/tenderness
- vaginism
- ventricular fibrillation
- ventricular hypertrophy
- vertigo
- viraemia
- virilisation (abnormal)
- vision - acuity reduction
- vision - blurred
- visual disturbance
- visual field defect
- visual impairment
- visual loss
- vitiligo
- vocal cord paresis
- vomiting
- von graefe's sign
- weight gain
- weight loss
- wheezing
- widened joint space(s)
- xeroderma
- xerostomia
- 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy mandelic acid
- 17-hydroxypregnenolone (urine)
- 17-ketosteroids
- 25-hydroxyvitamin-d3
- 5hiaa
- aberrant adrenal receptors
- acid-base balance
- acth stimulation
- activated partial thromboplastin time
- acyl-ghrelin
- adrenal antibodies
- adrenal function
- adrenal scintigraphy
- adrenal venous sampling
- afp tumour marker
- alanine aminotransferase
- albumin
- albumin to creatinine ratio
- aldosterone (24-hour urine)
- aldosterone (blood)
- aldosterone (plasma)
- aldosterone (serum)
- aldosterone to renin ratio
- alkaline phosphatase
- alkaline phosphatase (bone-specific)
- alpha-fetoprotein
- ammonia
- amniocentesis
- amylase
- angiography
- anion gap
- anti-acetylcholine antibodies
- anticardiolipin antibody
- anti-insulin antibodies
- anti-islet cell antibody
- anti-gh antibodies
- antinuclear antibody
- anti-tyrosine phosphatase antibodies
- asvs
- barium studies
- basal insulin
- base excess
- apolipoprotein h
- beta-hydroxybutyrate
- bicarbonate
- bilirubin
- biopsy
- blood film
- blood pressure
- bmi
- body fat mass
- bone age
- bone biopsy
- bone mineral content
- bone mineral density
- bone mineral density test
- bone scintigraphy
- bone sialoprotein
- bound insulin
- brca1/brca2
- c1np
- c3 complement
- c4 complement
- ca125
- calcifediol
- calcium (serum)
- calcium (urine)
- calcium to creatinine clearance ratio
- carcinoembryonic antigen
- cardiac index
- catecholamines (24-hour urine)
- catecholamines (plasma)
- cd-56
- chemokines
- chest auscultation
- chloride
- chorionic villus sampling
- chromatography
- chromogranin a
- chromosomal analysis
- clomid challenge
- clonidine suppression
- collagen
- colonoscopy
- colposcopy
- continuous glucose monitoring
- core needle biopsy
- corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test
- cortisol (9am)
- cortisol (plasma)
- cortisol (midnight)
- cortisol (salivary)
- cortisol (serum)
- cortisol day curve
- cortisol, free (24-hour urine)
- c-peptide (24-hour urine)
- c-peptide (blood)
- c-reactive protein
- creatinine
- creatine kinase
- creatinine (24-hour urine)
- creatinine (serum)
- creatinine clearance
- crh stimulation
- ctpa scan
- ct scan
- c-telopeptide
- cytokines
- deoxypyridinoline
- dexa scan
- dexamethasone suppression
- dexamethasone suppression (high dose)
- dexamethasone suppression (low dose)
- dhea sulphate
- discectomy
- dldl cholesterol
- dmsa scan
- dna sequencing
- domperidone
- down syndrome screening
- ductal lavage
- echocardiogram
- eeg
- electrocardiogram
- electrolytes
- electromyography
- endoscopic ultrasound
- endoscopy
- endosonography
- enzyme immunoassay
- epinephrine (plasma)
- epinephrine (urine)
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- estimated glomerular filtration rate
- ethanol ablation
- ewing and clarke autonomic function
- exercise tolerance
- fbc
- ferritin
- fine needle aspiration biopsy
- flow cytometry
- fludrocortisone suppression
- fluticasone-propionate-17-beta carboxylic acid
- fmri
- folate
- ft3
- ft4
- gada
- gallium nitrate
- gallium scan
- gastric biopsy
- genetic analysis
- genitography
- gh day curve
- gh stimulation
- gh suppression
- glp-1
- glp-2
- glucose suppression test
- glucose (blood)
- glucose (blood, fasting)
- glucose (blood, postprandial)
- glucose (urine)
- glucose tolerance
- glucose tolerance (intravenous)
- glucose tolerance (oral)
- glucose tolerance (prolonged)
- gluten sensitivity
- gnrh stimulation
- gonadotrophins
- growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test
- gut hormones (fasting)
- haematoxylin and eosin staining
- haemoglobin
- haemoglobin a1c
- hcg (serum)
- hcg (urine)
- hcg stimulation
- hdl cholesterol
- hearing test
- heart rate
- hepatic venous sampling with arterial stimulation
- high-sensitivity c-reactive protein
- histopathology
- hla genotyping
- holter monitoring
- homa
- homocysteine
- hyaluronic acid
- hydrocortisone day curve
- hydroxyproline
- hydroxyprogesterone
- hysteroscopy
- igfbp2
- igfbp3
- igg4/igg ratio
- immunocytochemistry
- immunohistochemistry
- immunoglobulins
- immunoglobulin g2
- immunoglobulin g4
- immunoglobulin a
- immunoglobulin m
- immunostaining
- inferior petrosal sinus sampling
- inhibin b
- insulin (fasting)
- insulin suppression
- insulin tissue resistance tests
- insulin tolerance
- intracranial pressure
- irm imaging
- ketones (plasma)
- ketones (urine)
- kidney function
- lactate
- lactate dehydrogenase
- laparoscopy
- laparoscopy and dye
- laparotomy
- ldl cholesterol
- leuprolide acetate stimulation
- leukocyte esterase (urine)
- levothyroxine absorption
- lipase (serum)
- lipid profile
- liquid-based cytology
- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- liver biopsy
- liver function
- lumbar puncture
- lung function testing
- luteinising hormone releasing hormone test
- macroprolactin
- magnesium
- mag3 scan
- mammogram
- mantoux test
- metanephrines (plasma)
- metanephrines (urinary)
- methoxytyramine
- metoclopramide
- metyrapone cortisol day curve
- metyrapone suppression
- metyrapone test dose
- mibg scan
- microarray analysis
- molecular genetic analysis
- mri
- myocardial biopsy
- nerve conduction study
- neuroendocrine markers
- neuron-specific enolase
- norepinephrine
- ntx
- oct
- octreotide scan
- octreotide suppression test
- osmolality
- ovarian venous sampling
- p1np
- palpation
- pap test
- parathyroid scintigraphy
- pentagastrin
- perchlorate discharge
- percutaneous umbilical blood sampling
- peripheral blood film
- pet scan
- ph (blood)
- phosphate (serum)
- phosphate (urine)
- pituitary function
- plasma osmolality
- plasma viscosity
- platelet count
- pneumococcal antigen
- pneumococcal pcr
- polymerase chain reaction
- polysomnography
- porter-silber chromogens
- potassium
- pregnancy test
- proinsulin
- prostate-specific antigen
- protein electrophoresis
- protein fingerprinting
- protein folding analysis
- psychiatric assessment
- psychometric assessment
- pulse oximetry
- pyelography
- pyridinium crosslinks
- quicki
- plasma renin activity
- radioimmunoassay
- radionuclide imaging
- raiu test
- red blood cell count
- renal biopsy
- renin (24-hour urine)
- respiratory status
- renin (blood)
- renin plasma activity
- rheumatoid factor
- salt loading
- sdldl cholesterol
- secretin stimulation
- selective parathyroid venous sampling
- selective transhepatic portal venous sampling
- semen analysis
- serotonin
- serum osmolality
- serum free insulin
- sestamibi scan
- sex hormone binding globulin
- shbg
- skeletal muscle mass
- skin biopsy
- sleep diary
- sodium
- spect scan
- supervised 72-hour fast
- surgical biopsy
- sweat test
- synaptophysin
- systemic vascular resistance index
- tanner scale
- thoracocentesis
- thyroid transcription factor-1
- thyroglobulin
- thyroid antibodies
- thyroid function
- thyroid scintigraphy
- thyroid ultrasonography
- total cholesterol
- total ghrelin
- total t3
- total t4
- trabecular thickness
- transaminase
- transvaginal ultrasound
- trap 5b
- trh stimulation
- triglycerides
- triiodothyronine (t3) suppression
- troponin
- tsh receptor antibodies
- type 3 precollagen
- type 4 collagen
- ultrasound-guided biopsy
- ultrasound scan
- urea and electrolytes
- uric acid (blood)
- uric acid (urine)
- urinalysis
- urinary free cortisol
- urine 24-hour volume
- urine osmolality
- vaginal examination
- vanillylmandelic acid (24-hour urine)
- visual field assessment
- vitamin b12
- vitamin e
- waist circumference
- water deprivation
- water load
- weight
- western blotting
- white blood cell count
- white blood cell differential count
- x-ray
- zinc
- abscess drainage
- acetic acid injection
- adhesiolysis
- adrenalectomy
- amputation
- analgesics
- angioplasty
- arthrodesis
- assisted reproduction techniques
- bariatric surgery
- bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
- blood transfusion
- bone grafting
- caesarean section
- cardiac transplantation
- cardiac pacemaker
- cataract extraction
- chemoembolisation
- chemotherapy
- chemoradiotherapy
- clitoroplasty
- continuous renal replacement therapy
- contraception
- cordotomy
- counselling
- craniotomy
- cryopreservation
- cryosurgical ablation
- debridement
- dialysis
- diazoxide
- diet
- duodenotomy
- endonasal endoscopic surgery
- exercise
- external fixation
- extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
- extraocular muscle surgery
- eye surgery
- eyelid surgery
- fasciotomy
- fluid repletion
- fluid restriction
- gamma knife radiosurgery
- gastrectomy
- gastrostomy
- gender reassignment surgery
- gonadectomy
- heart transplantation
- hormone replacement
- hormone suppression
- hypophysectomy
- hysterectomy
- inguinal orchiectomy
- internal fixation
- intra-cardiac defibrillator
- islet transplantation
- ivf
- kidney transplantation
- laparoscopic adrenalectomy
- laryngoplasty
- laryngoscopy
- laser lithotripsy
- light treatment
- liver transplantation
- lumpectomy
- lymph node dissection
- mastectomy
- molecularly targeted therapy
- neuroendoscopic surgery
- oophorectomy
- orbital decompression
- orbital radiation
- orchidectomy
- orthopaedic surgery
- osteotomy
- ovarian cystectomy
- ovarian diathermy
- oxygen therapy
- pancreas transplantation
- pancreatectomy
- pancreaticoduodenectomy
- parathyroidectomy
- percutaneous adrenal ablation
- percutaneous nephrolithotomy
- pericardiocentesis
- pericardiotomy
- physiotherapy
- pituitary adenomectomy
- plasma exchange
- plasmapheresis
- psychotherapy
- radiofrequency ablation
- radionuclide therapy
- radiotherapy
- reconstruction of genitalia
- resection of tumour
- right-sided hemicolectomy
- salpingo-oophorectomy
- small bowel resection
- speech and language therapy
- spinal surgery
- splenectomy
- stereotactic radiosurgery
- termination of pregnancy
- thymic transplantation
- thyroidectomy
- tracheostomy
- transcranial surgery
- transsphenoidal surgery
- transtentorial surgery
- vaginoplasty
- vagotomy
- 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
- 17?-estradiol
- abiraterone
- acarbose
- acetazolamide
- acetohexamide
- adalimumab
- albiglutide
- alendronate
- alogliptin
- alpha-blockers
- alphacalcidol
- alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
- amiloride
- amlodipine
- amoxicillin
- anastrozole
- angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- angiotensin receptor antagonists
- anthracyclines
- antiandrogens
- antibiotics
- antiemetics
- antiepileptics
- antipsychotics
- antithyroid drugs
- antiseptic
- antivirals
- aripiprazole
- aromatase inhibitors
- aspirin
- astragalus membranaceus
- ativan
- atenolol
- atorvastatin
- avp receptor antagonists
- axitinib
- azathioprine
- bendroflumethiazide
- benzodiazepines
- beta-blockers
- betamethasone
- bexlosteride
- bicalutamide
- bisphosphonates
- bleomycin
- botulinum toxin
- bromocriptine
- cabergoline
- cabozantinib
- calcimimetics
- calcitonin (salmon)
- calcium
- calcium carbonate
- calcium chloride
- calcium dobesilate
- calcium edta
- calcium gluconate
- calcium-l-aspartate
- calcium polystyrene sulphonate
- canagliflozin
- capecitabine
- captopril
- carbimazole
- carboplatin
- carbutamide
- carvedilol
- ceftriaxone
- chlorothiazide
- chlorpropamide
- cholecalciferol
- cholinesterase inhibitors
- ciclosporin
- cinacalcet
- cisplatin
- clodronate
- clomifene
- clomiphene citrate
- clopidogrel
- co-cyprindiol
- codeine
- colonic polyps
- combined oral contraceptive pill
- conivaptan
- cortisone acetate
- continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion
- continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
- coumadin
- corticosteroids
- cortisol
- cyproterone acetate
- dacarbazine
- danazol
- dapagliflozin
- daunorubicin
- deferiprone
- demeclocycline
- denosumab
- desmopressin
- dexamethasone
- diazepam
- diethylstilbestrol
- digoxin
- diltiazem
- diphenhydramine
- diuretics
- docetaxel
- dopamine agonists
- dopamine antagonists
- dopamine receptor agonists
- doxazosin
- doxepin
- doxorubicin
- dpp4 inhibitors
- dutasteride
- dutogliptin
- eflornithine
- enoxaparin
- empagliflozin
- epinephrine
- epirubicin
- eplerenone
- epristeride
- equilenin
- equilin
- erlotinib
- ethinylestradiol
- etidronate
- etomidate
- etoposide
- everolimus
- exenatide
- fenofibrate
- finasteride
- fluconazole
- fluticasone
- fludrocortisone
- fluorouracil
- fluoxetine
- flutamide
- furosemide
- gaba receptor antagonists
- gefitinib
- gemcitabine
- gemigliptin
- ginkgo biloba
- glibenclamide
- glibornuride
- gliclazide
- glimepiride
- glipizide
- gliquidone
- glisoxepide
- glp1 agonists
- glucose
- glyclopyramide
- gnrh analogue
- gnrh antagonists
- heparin
- hrt (menopause)
- hydrochlorothiazide
- hydrocortisone
- ibandronate
- ibuprofen
- idarubicin
- idebenone
- imatinib
- immunoglobulin therapy
- implanon
- indapamide
- infliximab
- iron supplements
- isoniazid
- insulin aspart
- insulin glargine
- insulin glulisine
- insulin lispro
- interferon
- intrauterine system
- iopanoic acid
- ipilimumab
- ipragliflozin
- irbesartan
- izonsteride
- ketoconazole
- labetalol
- lactulose
- lanreotide
- leuprolide acetate
- levatinib
- levodopa
- levonorgestrel
- levothyroxine
- linagliptin
- liothyronine
- liraglutide
- lithium
- lisinopril
- lixivaptan
- loperamide
- loprazolam
- lormetazepam
- losartan
- low calcium formula
- magnesium glycerophosphate
- magnesium sulphate
- mecasermin
- medronate
- medroxyprogesterone acetate
- meglitinides
- menotropin
- metformin
- methadone
- methimazole
- methylprednisolone
- metoprolol
- metyrapone
- miglitol
- mitotane
- mitoxantrone
- mozavaptan
- mtor inhibitors
- multivitamins
- naproxen
- natalizumab
- nateglinide
- nelivaptan
- neridronate
- nifedipine
- nilutamide
- nitrazepam
- nivolumab
- nsaid
- octreotide
- oestradiol valerate
- olanzapine
- olpadronate
- omeprazole
- opioids
- oral contraceptives
- orlistat
- ornipressin
- otelixizumab
- oxandrolone
- oxidronate
- oxybutynin
- paclitaxel
- pamidronate
- pancreatic enzymes
- pantoprazole
- paracetamol
- paroxetine
- pasireotide
- pegvisomant
- perindopril
- phenobarbital
- phenoxybenzamine
- phosphate binders
- phosphate supplements
- phytohaemagglutinin induced interferon gamma
- pioglitazone
- plicamycin
- potassium chloride
- potassium iodide
- pramlintide
- prazosin
- prednisolone
- prednisone
- premarin
- promethazine
- propranolol
- propylthiouracil
- protease inhibitors
- proton pump inhibitors
- pyridostigmine
- quetiapine
- quinagolide
- quinestrol
- radioactive mibg
- radioactive octreotide
- radioiodine
- raloxifene
- ramipril
- relcovaptan
- remogliflozin etabonate
- repaglinide
- risperidone
- risedronate
- rituximab
- romidepsin
- rosiglitazone
- salbutamol
- saline
- salmeterol
- salt supplements
- satavaptan
- saxagliptin
- selective progesterone receptor modulators
- selenium
- sglt2 inhibitors
- sildenafil
- simvastatin
- sirolimus
- sitagliptin
- sodium bicarbonate
- sodium chloride
- sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate)
- somatostatin analogues
- sorafenib
- spironolactone
- ssris
- statins
- streptozotocin
- steroids
- strontium ranelate
- sucralfate
- sulphonylureas
- sunitinib
- tamoxifen
- taspoglutide
- temazepam
- temozolomide
- teplizumab
- terazosin
- teriparatide
- testolactone
- testosterone enanthate esters
- tetrabenazine
- thalidomide
- thiazolidinediones
- thyrotropin alpha
- tibolone
- tiludronate
- tiratricol (triac)
- tofogliflozin
- tolazamide
- tolbutamide
- tolvaptan
- tramadol
- trastuzumab
- trazodone
- triamcinolone
- triamterene
- trimipramine
- troglitazone
- tryptophan
- turosteride
- tyrosine-kinase inhibitors
- valproic acid
- valrubicin
- vandetanib
- vaptans
- vildagliptin
- vinorelbine
- voglibose
- vorinostat
- warfarin
- zaleplon
- z-drugs
- zoledronic acid
- zolpidem
- zopiclone
- cardiology
- dermatology
- gastroenterology
- general practice
- genetics
- geriatrics
- gynaecology
- nephrology
- neurology
- nursing
- obstetrics
- oncology
- otolaryngology
- paediatrics
- pathology
- podiatry
- psychology/psychiatry
- radiology/rheumatology
- rehabilitation
- surgery
- urology
- insight into disease pathogenesis or mechanism of therapy
- novel diagnostic procedure
- novel treatment
- unique/unexpected symptoms or presentations of a disease
- new disease or syndrome: presentations/diagnosis/management
- unusual effects of medical treatment
- error in diagnosis/pitfalls and caveats
- february
- 2022
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Jazdarehee
- Department of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sawyer Huget-Penner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraser Health Authority, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Monika Pawlowska
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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Vuillamy C, Arnault JP, Attencourt C, Dadban A, Joachim C, Chaby G, Lok C. Simultaneous occurrence of insulin-derived amyloidosis and acanthosis nigricans at the abdominal site of insulin injection. JAAD Case Rep 2022; 19:94-96. [PMID: 35024398 PMCID: PMC8724880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Vuillamy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | | | | | - Ali Dadban
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Camille Joachim
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Guillaume Chaby
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Catherine Lok
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
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Wang J, Lin H, Chiavaroli V, Jin B, Yuan J, Huang K, Wu W, Dong G, Derraik JGB, Fu J. High Prevalence of Cardiometabolic Comorbidities Among Children and Adolescents With Severe Obesity From a Large Metropolitan Centre (Hangzhou, China). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:807380. [PMID: 35663319 PMCID: PMC9160715 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.807380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with obesity, and the prevalence of cardiometabolic comorbidities over 10 years in this population from a large metropolitan centre in China. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study (2008-2017) of patients aged <18 years with obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile for age and sex] enrolled at the Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province). Clinical assessments included anthropometry, blood pressure, liver ultrasound, lipid profile, oral glucose tolerance test, and uric acid. For examination of outcomes, our study cohort was stratified by sex and age bands (<10 vs. ≥10 years), with the study period also split into two strata (2008-2012 and 2013-2017). RESULTS A total of 2,916 patients (1,954 boys and 962 girls) were assessed at a mean age of 10.5 years. Patients almost invariably presented severe obesity (median BMI SDS = 2.98; Q1 = 2.60, Q3 = 3.39). Obesity-related comorbidities were common among boys and girls, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (2.6% and 3.6%, respectively), abnormal glycaemia (33.6% and 35.5%, respectively), hypertension (33.9% and 32.0%, respectively), dyslipidaemia (35.2% and 39.6%, respectively), hyperuricaemia (16.2% and 8.3%, respectively), acanthosis nigricans (71.9% and 64.0%, respectively), abnormal liver function (66.9% and 47.0%, respectively), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (63.8% and 45.1%, respectively); 38.7% of boys and 44.4% of girls aged ≥10 years had metabolic syndrome. Notably, the incidence of many cardiometabolic comorbidities was in 2013-2017 compared to 2008-2012. For example, rates of hypertension among boys aged <10 years and aged ≥10 years rose from 28.4% and 26.5% to 48.0% and 35.8%, respectively, and in girls from 20.3% and 20.8% to 41.7% and 39.6%, respectively. In 2013-2017, 9.5% of girls in the older group had metabolic syndrome compared to 2.2% in 2008-2013. CONCLUSIONS We observed a high incidence of obesity-related cardiometabolic comorbidities among Chinese children and adolescents with severe obesity over 10 years. It was particularly concerning that rates of several comorbidities rose markedly over the study period, highlighting the need to address the obesity epidemic early in life (in China and elsewhere) to prevent the development of obesity-related comorbidities and, subsequently, of overt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Valentina Chiavaroli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Pescara Public Hospital, Pescara, Italy
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Binghan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinna Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanping Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - José G. B. Derraik
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Non-Communicable Diseases Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Junfen Fu, ; José G. B. Derraik,
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junfen Fu, ; José G. B. Derraik,
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Zeeshan M, Arfeen N, Sonthalia S, Singh A, Roy PK. Treatment of acanthosis nigricans with sequential salicylic acid-mandelic acid combination peel and maintenance with glycolic acid-urea combination cream: A retrospective pilot study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:3905-3909. [PMID: 34971480 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a common dermatosis that presents with hyperpigmented, velvety thick plaques over intertriginous areas. Though a number of treatment modalities including chemical peels have been used, none provide long-term and sustained improvement. AIM AND OBJECTIVES Our study evaluated the efficacy and safety of regular sessions of salicylic acid-mandelic acid peeling over axillary AN lesions, which was followed by daily application of a topical combination of glycolic acid, urea, and cetylated fat esters for maintenance of effect for 9 months. METHODOLOGY A retrospective pilot study was conducted in Indian patients (Fitzpatrick skin type 4 or 5), aged 18-50 with benign hereditary AN involving the underarms, with or without affection of other typical sites. Data were retrieved of seventeen patients with AN involving the axillae. Patients were started on combination salicylic-mandelic acid peel given every 2 weeks for a total of 6 sessions. Maintenance was done by night application of combination cream of glycolic acid, urea, and cetylated fat esters, which was continued for 9 months after completion of peeling sessions. Lesions were evaluated every 3 months of 9 months for improvement in pigmentation and skin thickening. RESULTS All the patients (100%) showed significant improvement in both pigmentation and thickening of lesions. In terms of improvement in skin thickening, very good improvement was seen in 41%, while 29% patients had moderate improvement. In terms of improvement in pigmentation, 35% each had very good and moderate improvement. Post peel erythema (100%) and burning sensation (90%) were the most common encountered adverse effects which lasted for only 1-2 days. Patients were followed up for another 9 months during which no relapses were seen. CONCLUSION Combination of keratolytic chemical peels and topical mild keratolytic application ensures better therapeutic outcome in patients of AN with long lasting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zeeshan
- Department of Skin & V.D, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Noorussaba Arfeen
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Sidharth Sonthalia
- Department of Dermatology & Dermatosurgery SKINNOCENCE; The Skin Clinic & Research Centre, Gurugram, India
| | - Anupama Singh
- Department of Skin & V.D, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Prasoon Kumar Roy
- Department of Skin & V.D, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
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张 玲, 李 贵, 苏 莉, 杜 磊, 周 东, 程 晓, 林 紫, 曲 伸. [Correlation between total testosterone levels and insulin resistance in patients with acanthosis nigricans and non-acanthosis nigrican]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2021; 41:1780-1786. [PMID: 35012908 PMCID: PMC8752425 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.12.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the total testosterone (TT) level with insulin secretion and resistance in patients with acanthosis nigricans (AN) and non-acanthosis nigricans (NAN). METHODS This study was conducted in a total of 639 overweight patients (body mass index ≥24 kg/m2), including 137 female AN patients, 277 female NAN patients, 129 male AN patients, and 146 male NAN patients. Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups according to the quartile of TT level for comparison of insulin secretion and insulin resistance parameters. RESULTS Both female and male patients with AN showed obvious hyperinsulinemia with increased area under the curve for insulin (AUC-INS) (P < 0.05), increased homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (P < 0.05) and decreased whole-body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) (P < 0.01) as compared with those in NAN groups, but these parameters did not show significant variations with the change of TT levels. In female patients with NAN, insulin secretion level increased progressively as the TT level increased; the AUC-INS increased (P < 0.01) and WBISI decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when the TT levels increased to Q4. In male patients with NAN, insulin secretion level increased progressively as the TT levels decreased, and the AUC-INS increased (P < 0.05) and the WBISI decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when the TT levels decreased to Q1. CONCLUSIONS The TT level has a significant effect on insulin resistance and insulin secretion, but its effect varies between genders and is more significant in NAN patients than in AN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- 玲 张
- 南京医科大学附属上海十院临床医学院内分泌与代谢病科,上海 200072Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, China
- 苏州大学附属常州肿瘤医院内分泌科,江苏 常州 213000Department of Endocrinology, Changzhou Cancer Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - 贵芳 李
- 同济大学附属第十人民医院内分泌代谢中心,同济大学附属第十人民医院减重糖尿病代谢外科,国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心(上海市第十人民医院),同济大学医学院肥胖症研究所,上海 200072Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, Department of Metabolic Surgery for Obesity and Diabetes, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University; National Metabolic Management Center (Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital), Research Institute of Obesity, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - 莉莉 苏
- 同济大学附属第十人民医院内分泌代谢中心,同济大学附属第十人民医院减重糖尿病代谢外科,国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心(上海市第十人民医院),同济大学医学院肥胖症研究所,上海 200072Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, Department of Metabolic Surgery for Obesity and Diabetes, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University; National Metabolic Management Center (Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital), Research Institute of Obesity, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - 磊 杜
- 同济大学附属第十人民医院内分泌代谢中心,同济大学附属第十人民医院减重糖尿病代谢外科,国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心(上海市第十人民医院),同济大学医学院肥胖症研究所,上海 200072Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, Department of Metabolic Surgery for Obesity and Diabetes, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University; National Metabolic Management Center (Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital), Research Institute of Obesity, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - 东雷 周
- 同济大学附属第十人民医院内分泌代谢中心,同济大学附属第十人民医院减重糖尿病代谢外科,国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心(上海市第十人民医院),同济大学医学院肥胖症研究所,上海 200072Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, Department of Metabolic Surgery for Obesity and Diabetes, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University; National Metabolic Management Center (Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital), Research Institute of Obesity, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - 晓芸 程
- 同济大学附属第十人民医院内分泌代谢中心,同济大学附属第十人民医院减重糖尿病代谢外科,国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心(上海市第十人民医院),同济大学医学院肥胖症研究所,上海 200072Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, Department of Metabolic Surgery for Obesity and Diabetes, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University; National Metabolic Management Center (Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital), Research Institute of Obesity, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - 紫薇 林
- 同济大学附属第十人民医院内分泌代谢中心,同济大学附属第十人民医院减重糖尿病代谢外科,国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心(上海市第十人民医院),同济大学医学院肥胖症研究所,上海 200072Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, Department of Metabolic Surgery for Obesity and Diabetes, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University; National Metabolic Management Center (Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital), Research Institute of Obesity, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - 伸 曲
- 南京医科大学附属上海十院临床医学院内分泌与代谢病科,上海 200072Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, China
- 同济大学附属第十人民医院内分泌代谢中心,同济大学附属第十人民医院减重糖尿病代谢外科,国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心(上海市第十人民医院),同济大学医学院肥胖症研究所,上海 200072Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, Department of Metabolic Surgery for Obesity and Diabetes, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University; National Metabolic Management Center (Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital), Research Institute of Obesity, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
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Sandru F, Popa A, Paduraru DN, Filipescu A, Carsote M, Ghemigian A. Skin anomalies in acromegalic patients (Review of the practical aspects). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1330. [PMID: 34630684 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder which occurs as the result of growth hormone (GH) and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) over-secretion; both hormones are related to skin anomalies. The skin acts as a large endocrine organ, hosting GH receptors in every cell while IGF-1 receptors are expressed only in keratinocytes. This review is a literature review of skin anomalies found in acromegaly, either related to the disease itself or associated with related complications such as secondary diabetes mellitus, or involving associated conditions such as genetic syndromes. The following clinical points are mentioned as follows. Excessive skin and enlargement of soft tissue are due to glycosaminoglycan deposits, edema, and hyperhidrosis (mostly facial and acral). Acanthosis nigricans, a body fold dermatosis associated with insulin resistance, involves local or diffuse hyperkeratotic plaques with or without hyperpigmentation, caused by growth factors including GH/IGF-1. Other findings include cherry angiomas (due to the effects of lipid anomalies on small vessels); oily skin features with keratosis, epidermoid cysts, crochordons, pseudo-acanthosis nigricans; a potentially higher prevalence of varicose veins and psoriasis; low level of evidence for basal cell carcinoma, respective hidroadenitis suppurativa has been noted. In addition, complicated uncontrolled secondary diabetes mellitus (DM) may result in necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, diabetic dermopathy, skin bacterial infections, dermatological complications of diabetic neuropathy, and nephropathy. Finally, associated hereditary syndromes may cause collagenomas, fibromas/angiofibromas, lipomas in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome; café-au-lait macules, early onset neurofibromas, juvenile xanthogranuloma (involving non-Langerhans cell histiocytes), and intertriginous freckling in neurofibromatosis type 1. Clinical findings are differentiated from pseudo-acromegaly such as pachydermoperiostosis. Iatrogenic rash, lipodystrophy (lipoatrophy with/without lipohypertrophy) are rarely reported after pegvisomant/somatostatin analogues or after insulin use for DM. Experiments using human cell lines have shown that GH/IGF-1 over-secretion are prone to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in melanoma. In non-acromegalic subjects, the exact role of GH/IGF-1 in skin tumorigenesis is yet to be determined. Skin in acromegaly speaks for itself, either as the first step of disease identification or as a complication or part of a complex syndromic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florica Sandru
- Department of Dermatology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Elias' Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adelina Popa
- Department of Dermatology, 'Elias' Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Nicolae Paduraru
- Department of General Surgery, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of General Surgery, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Filipescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Elias' Emergency Hospital, 022461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mara Carsote
- Department of Endocrinology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Endocrinology, 'C. I. Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Ghemigian
- Department of Endocrinology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Endocrinology, 'C. I. Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
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Kim DJ, Truong SV, Paik A, Kraus C, Harris RM, Barr RJ, Linden KG, Smith J. A case of acanthosis nigricans-like mycosis fungoides. JAAD Case Rep 2021; 16:144-148. [PMID: 34621939 PMCID: PMC8484728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joo Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Sam Van Truong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Aimee Paik
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Christina Kraus
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Ronald M Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Ronald J Barr
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.,Laguna Pathology Medical Group, Laguna Beach, California
| | - Kenneth G Linden
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.,The Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Janellen Smith
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.,The Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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Treesirichod A, Chuenboonngarm S, Kritsanaviparkporn C. The efficacy and safety of 20% urea cream and 10% urea cream in the treatment of acanthosis nigricans in adolescents, a randomized comparative double-blind study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:2859-2864. [PMID: 34619001 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthosis nigricans is commonly associated with obesity. It is characterized by brown-black skin thickening on the neck and the flexural areas. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of topical 20% urea cream compared to 10% urea cream in the treatment of acanthosis nigricans in adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS A randomized comparative, double-blind study was conducted on participants aged 12-18 years with acanthosis nigricans of the neck. Treatment efficacy was assessed via narrowband reflectance spectrophotometer, while the overall success rates at weeks 2, 4, and 8 were evaluated by the investigator- and participant-assessed global evaluation scales. RESULTS A total of 40 participants with acanthosis nigricans were enrolled and completed the study. Throughout the period of 8 weeks of treatment, 20% urea showed greater improvement of hyperpigmentation compared to 10% urea (p = 0.001), with 22.5 ± 11.9% and 10.7 ± 8.1% improvements, respectively. Findings from the overall global evaluation scales were consistent with the results from the narrowband reflectance spectrophotometer. Treatment with 10% urea and 20% urea was well-tolerated without any local serious adverse reactions. CONCLUSION Urea cream improves neck hyperpigmentation associated with acanthosis nigricans in adolescents, in which the 20% concentration shows superior efficacy to the 10% concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arucha Treesirichod
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorrawis Chuenboonngarm
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chawan Kritsanaviparkporn
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Calcaterra V, De Silvestri A, Schneider L, Acunzo M, Vittoni V, Meraviglia G, Bergamaschi F, Zuccotti G, Mameli C. Acanthosis Nigricans in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes or Obesity: The Potential Interplay Role between Insulin Resistance and Excess Weight. Children (Basel) 2021; 8:children8080710. [PMID: 34438601 PMCID: PMC8391689 DOI: 10.3390/children8080710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, where insulin resistance (IR) is considered a predisposing factor. IR can also affect patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We evaluated the prevalence of AN in patients with T1D compared to subjects with obesity in order to define the interplay between IR and excess weight. We considered 138 pediatric patients who presented with T1D and 162 with obesity. As controls, 100 healthy normal-weight subjects were included. A physical examination with the detection of AN and biochemical assessments was performed. IR was calculated by using the homeostasis model assessment for IR in patients with obesity and the estimated glucose disposal rate in T1D. The AN prevalence was higher in T1D and obese subjects compared with controls in whom AN was not detected (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively). A greater number of AN cases were observed in subjects with obesity compared with T1D (p < 0.001). Patients with AN were older than subjects without AN (p = 0.005), and they had higher body mass index (BMI) values, waist circumference (WC), fasting triglycerides and blood pressure (all p < 0.001). Thirty-five patients with AN exhibited IR with an association between AN presence and IR in patients with obesity (p < 0.001). In T1D, there was an association between AN and being overweight/obese (p = 0.02), independently of IR. AN is a dermatological condition associated with obesity. In T1D, the presence of AN was significantly associated with overweight status or obesity but not IR. The presence of AN in the absence of IR supports the interplay role between impaired insulin signaling, IR and excess weight in the pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milan, Italy; (L.S.); (M.A.); (G.M.); (F.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Annalisa De Silvestri
- Biometry & Clinical Epidemiology, Scientific Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Laura Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milan, Italy; (L.S.); (M.A.); (G.M.); (F.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Miriam Acunzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milan, Italy; (L.S.); (M.A.); (G.M.); (F.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Viola Vittoni
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giulia Meraviglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milan, Italy; (L.S.); (M.A.); (G.M.); (F.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Bergamaschi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milan, Italy; (L.S.); (M.A.); (G.M.); (F.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milan, Italy; (L.S.); (M.A.); (G.M.); (F.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milan, Italy; (L.S.); (M.A.); (G.M.); (F.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
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Abu Oun AA, Ahmed NA, Hafiz HSA. Comparative study between fractional carbon dioxide laser versus retinoic acid chemical peel in the treatment of acanthosis nigricans. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1023-1030. [PMID: 33998772 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a common dermatological issue with several therapeutic modalities to treat. Despite retinoid is the first drug of choice in the treatment, the fractional-ablative carbon dioxide (CO2 ) laser has revealed as a promising procedure for the management of neck-AN, outstanding to its ability for superficial ablation of the skin surface, with trans-epidermal melanin elimination. OBJECTIVES To decide whether fractional-ablative CO2 laser or retinoic acid (5%) peel is the more effective and safe choice for AN treatment. METHODS In this study, twenty Egyptian cases with neck-AN were enrolled, where each case was exposed to four sessions with 2 weeks apart of both fractional CO2 laser on the right half of the neck and retinoic acid peel on the left half of the neck. Cases were assessed by a scoring system: Acanthosis Nigricans Area and Severity Index (ANASI) score, two blinded dermatologists, and dermoscopically before and one month after treatment. RESULTS We found a highly statistically significant improvement among both treated groups regarding (ANASI) score and dermatologist's assessments. Bedside, the degree of sulci cutis, cristae cutis, brown-to-dark brown dots, and milia-like cysts, dermoscopic sign improvement was evident in both treated groups. However, fractional CO2 laser shows the superior result to retinoic acid peel in the treatment. CONCLUSION Fractional CO2 laser and retinoic acid peel are considered effective modalities for neck-AN treatment. However, fractional CO2 laser was more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat A Abu Oun
- Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa A Ahmed
- Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala S A Hafiz
- Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Das A, Datta D, Kassir M, Wollina U, Galadari H, Lotti T, Jafferany M, Grabbe S, Goldust M. Acanthosis nigricans: A review. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 19:1857-1865. [PMID: 32516476 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a cutaneous disorder characterized by symmetric velvety hyperpigmented plaques on intertriginous areas like axilla, neck, inframammary, and groin. AIMS To summarize the pathophysiology and classification of AN, provide an update of diagnostic testing strategies, and describe the current therapeutic options described so far in the literature for this disease. METHODS A comprehensive english language literature search across multiple databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane) for keywords (alone and in combination) was performed. MeSH as well as non-MeSH terms such as "acanthosis nigricans," "classification," "pathophysiology," "diagnosis," "treatment," "topical drugs," "systemic drugs," "chemical peeling," and "lasers" were taken into consideration. RESULTS The pathophysiology of AN revolves around a multifactorial stimulation of proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Various types of AN include benign, obesity-associated, syndromic, malignant, acral, unilateral, medication-induced, and mixed-type. Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is a good tool for assessment of insulin resistance. Management involves general measures (weight reduction and addressing the underlying cause, if any), topical drugs (retinoids, vitamin D analogs, and keratolytics), oral drugs (retinoids and insulin sensitizers), chemical peels (trichloroacetic acid), and lasers (Long pulsed alexandrite, fractional 1550-nm erbium fiber, and CO2 ). CONCLUSION Acanthosis nigricans is a treatable condition; however, complete cure and disappearance of lesions are difficult to achieve. Weight reduction is the most scientific and practical management strategy. Long-term studies and further research is warranted in the pathophysiology and treatment of this common condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Das
- Department of Dermatology, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hassan Galadari
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Torello Lotti
- University of Studies Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- University of Rome G. Marconi, Rome, Italy.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Eldeeb F, Wahid RM, Alakad R. Fractional carbon dioxide laser versus trichloroacetic acid peel in the treatment of pseudo- acanthosis nigricans. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:247-253. [PMID: 33749961 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of acanthosis nigricans (AN) is challenging, and new modalities are being explored continuously to increase the therapeutic efficacy. AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fractional CO2 laser compared to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel in the treatment of pseudo-acanthosis nigricans (pseudo-AN). METHODS The study included 40 patients with pseudo-AN on the neck and axilla allocated into two groups each containing 20 patients. Group (A) was treated with TCA 20% peel applied on the pigmented area while group (B) received fractional CO2 laser. Both treatments were performed till complete clearance or for a maximum of four treatment sessions. Patients with excellent response were further followed up for 6 months after the end of treatment. RESULTS Both modalities were effective in the treatment of pseudo-AN; however, the therapeutic response was significantly higher in the fractional CO2 laser group compared to the TCA peel group (p < 0.01). Marked to excellent response (51%-100% clearance of AN lesions) was achieved in 85% of the patients in the fractional laser group versus 10% of the patients in the TCA group. Adverse effects, for example, persistent erythema, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and burning sensation, were also statistically higher in the TCA group compared to the laser group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Fractional CO2 laser is a promising effective and well-tolerated treatment modality for pseudo-acanthosis nigricans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Eldeeb
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Member of Interactive Dermatology Research Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham M Wahid
- Physiology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rania Alakad
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Member of Interactive Dermatology Research Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Dermatologically, FGFR3 mutations can lead to acanthosis nigricans (AN), epidermal nevi, and seborrheic keratosis. A recent case report found that topical rapamycin (sirolimus) can improve FGFR3-induced epidermal nevi with AN features in children, specifically with Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) I/II, and we would like to expand these findings to skin plaques with extensive AN-like features in the FST IV/V adolescent population. An 18-year-old female with FST IV/V and FGFR3-induced hypochondroplasia presented to our clinic with extensive AN-like plaques. Significant improvement with lightening and thinning of the plaques was observed after applying 1% topical rapamycin cream twice daily. Topical rapamycin should be considered as a treatment option for AN, particularly in FST IV/V adolescents with FGFR3-induced AN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah P Todd
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cynthia M C DeKlotz
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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39
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Daye M, Selver Eklioglu B, Atabek ME. Relationship of acanthosis nigricans with metabolic syndrome in obese children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:1563-1568. [PMID: 33581705 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acanthosis nigricans is a skin symptom in obesity that helps to identify patients at high risk for dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and diabetes. It is the most important complication of obesity in metabolic syndrome. Studies investigating the relationship between acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome in obese children are insufficient. In our study, the relationship of acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome was evaluated in children. METHODS Obese children aged between 6 and 18 years old, who were examined in the pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic, were included. The patients' anthropometric measurements and laboratory results were recorded. Modified IDF (International Diabetes Federation) criteria for children were used in metabolic syndrome classification. RESULTS A hundred and forty-eight obese children were evaluated. The mean age of the cases was 11.91 ± 2.94 years old. Of the cases, 56.1% were female (n=83) 43.9% (n=65) were male. In 39.9% (n=59) of cases, acanthosis nigricans was determined. Acanthosis nigricans was mostly located in the axillary area (27.1%) and the neck (16.9%). In 55.9% of the cases, it was located in more than one area. The relation of regionally detected acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome was not significant (p=0.291). Metabolic syndrome was detected in 14% of 136 patients according to IDF criteria. Acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome combination was present in 27.7%; however, 6.7% of the metabolic syndrome patients did not have acanthosis nigricans. There was a strong relation between metabolic syndrome and the presence of acanthosis nigricans (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS In our study, a correlation between acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome was detected. Acanthosis nigricans is a skin sign that can be easily detected by clinician. It is an important and easy-to-detect dermatosis that helps determine patients at risk of metabolic syndrome in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munise Daye
- Department of Dermatology, Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Beray Selver Eklioglu
- Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emre Atabek
- Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Konya, Turkey
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Chang JE, Choi MS. A Molecular Perspective on the Potential Benefits of Metformin for the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238960. [PMID: 33255783 PMCID: PMC7728327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its anti-hyperglycemic effect, metformin is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are obese. However, metformin is a drug with a very wide range of pharmacological properties and reports of its therapeutic effect on diseases including inflammation and cancer are increasing. Numerous research groups have reported that metformin has beneficial effects on a variety of inflammatory skin disorders including psoriasis, acanthosis nigricans, acne, hidradenitis suppurativa, and allergic contact dermatitis. According to these reports, in addition to the well-known action of metformin, that is, its anti-hyperglycemic effect, NF-kB inhibition and the resulting alteration to the cytokine network may be the potential targets of metformin. Its anti-hyperandrogenism effect has also been confirmed as the major action of metformin in some inflammatory skin diseases. Moreover, novel regulatory mechanisms, including autophagy and antioxidant processes, have been suggested as promising mechanisms of action for metformin in inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Chang
- Lab of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea;
| | - Min Sik Choi
- Lab of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea
- Correspondence:
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41
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Pardeshi SS, Khemani UN, Kamath RR, Kura MM, Jafferany M. Therapeutic implications of dermoscopic findings in acanthosis nigricans: A clinical and histopathological study. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e14521. [PMID: 33176058 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acanthosis nigricans is associated with numerous systemic disorders. These include endocrinological conditions such as, diabetes, acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, as well as metabolic abnormalities like obesity and polycystic ovarian disease. Its association with visceral malignancy is known. Moreover, Acanthosis nigricans is known to be a cutaneous marker of insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia. The primary aim of this study was to study clinical and histopathological patterns of acanthosis nigricans and its correlation with dermoscopic patterns and treatment implications. 103 patients clinically diagnosed as acanthosis nigricans were enrolled in the study. Clinical evaluation, dermoscopy, and skin biopsy was done for histopathological evaluation. Consistency was observed in the changes seen on dermoscopy with clinical and histopathological findings. Common dermoscopy findings were Crista Cutis, Sulcus Cutis, Papillary projections, hyperpigmented dots, crypts, and blotching Dermoscopic findings can be correlated with histopathological features. Dermoscopy allows visualization on higher magnification which helps to pick up subtle changes which are not visible to naked eye. Dermoscopy can be a useful tool to distinguish acanthosis nigricans from other pigmentary disorders in patients who are not willing for histopathological examination and helps in treatment making decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Usha N Khemani
- Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Mahendra M Kura
- Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Mohammad Jafferany
- Central Michigan University/CMU Medical Education Partners Saginaw, Michigan, USA
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42
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Karadag AS, Uzuncakmak TK, Ozlu E, Takir M, Karadag R, Kostek O, Simsek M, Akdeniz N, Wollina U, Chen W. Introduction of a novel quantitative scoring system for acanthosis nigricans and its validation in a pilot study. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e14450. [PMID: 33103332 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inconsistent data exist regarding the diagnostic value of acanthosis nigricans (AN) or skin tags as clinical markers for obesity or diabetes. In an outpatient department-based prospective study, we designed a scoring for AN severity (SCANS) to evaluate AN and skin tags, their correlation with obesity or diabetes. Quantification of AN in six anatomic sites, in consideration of the affected skin surface areas, texture changes, number of skin tags, leads to a total severity score between 0 and 46. Among 336 adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with AN, a higher BMI was associated with AN (r = 0.299, P < .001), but not with diabetes (P = .43), as compared with 243 age- and sex-matched controls without AN. Among nondiabetics, AN scores were significantly correlated with waist circumference (r = 0.131, P = .024) and total cholesterol levels (r = 0.155, P = .04). Skin tags alone in the absence of AN were not associated with obesity (P = .333) or diabetes (P = .164). The total AN scores were positively correlated with the presence of skin tags (r = 0.132, P < .001), and the involvement of anterior neck (r = 0.668, P < .001) and axilla (r = 0.793, P < .001). Knuckles and groins were unaffected in our series. Our results indicate that combination of AN with skin tags can be used as clinical marker for obesity, but not for diabetes. Large-scale studies on patients of different ethnic background are required to further validate our proposed scoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Serap Karadag
- Department of Dermatology, Goztepe Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Emin Ozlu
- Department of Dermatology, Duzce University School of Medicine, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Mumtaz Takir
- Department of Endocrinology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Remzi Karadag
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veni Vidi Eye Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Kostek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Simsek
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Akdeniz
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - WenChieh Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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43
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Abstract
A 47-year-old Asian Indian woman presented with uncontrolled hyperglycaemia and osmotic symptoms despite multiple oral antidiabetic medications and insulin. She had a history of recurrent oral ulcers, profound weight loss, and intermittent fever for one and a half years before the presentation. She had severe acanthosis nigricans, although her body mass index (BMI) was 14.6 kg/m2. Her blood glucose remained uncontrolled despite very large dosages of intravenous insulin (more than 12,000 units daily). Evaluation for possible underlying collagen vascular diseases and malignancies were negative. Her serum insulin levels were high. She tested negative for anti-insulin antibodies but positive for anti-insulin-receptor antibodies. She improved with a pulse dose of intravenous methylprednisolone but relapsed within one month. A second pulse dose was given following which a complete remission of diabetes and regression of acanthosis was observed. Type B insulin resistance, a rare cause of severe insulin resistance, may respond favourably to immunosuppressive therapy with high-dose methylprednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaja Rao
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Yash V Chauhan
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Premlata K Varthakavi
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Nikhil Bhagwat
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
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Miulescu R, Balaban DV, Sandru F, Jinga M. Cutaneous Manifestations in Pancreatic Diseases-A Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2611. [PMID: 32806580 PMCID: PMC7464368 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic pathology, comprising acute and chronic pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis and pancreatic neoplasms, primarily presents with gastrointestinal symptoms and signs; however, it is well recognized that it can also associate a wide range of extra-digestive features. Among these systemic manifestations, cutaneous involvement plays an important role both as a diagnostic clue for the pancreatic disease itself and serving as a prognostic factor for the severity of the condition. Recognition of these cutaneous signs is, however, far from being satisfactory, all the more as some of them are relatively rare. In the current review, we discuss skin involvement in pancreatic diseases, referring to pancreatic panniculitis, cutaneous hemorrhagic manifestations, skin metastasis, acanthosis nigricans, livedo reticularis, necrolytic migratory erythema and cutaneous fistula. We highlight the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognostic value of these lesions. Better awareness among medical specialties other than dermatology is needed for detection of the skin clues associated with pancreatic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Miulescu
- Dermatology Department, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (R.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Daniel Vasile Balaban
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania;
- Gastroenterology Department, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Sandru
- Dermatology Department, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (R.M.); (F.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mariana Jinga
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania;
- Gastroenterology Department, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Mourad
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Richard M Haber
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Aghababaie AS, Ford-Adams M, Buchanan CR, Arya VB, Colclough K, Kapoor RR. A novel heterozygous mutation in the insulin receptor gene presenting with type A severe insulin resistance syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:809-812. [PMID: 32441669 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Inherited severe insulin resistance syndromes (SIRS) are rare and can be caused by mutations in the insulin receptor gene (INSR). Case presentation A 12-year-old Jamaican girl with a BMI of 24.4 kg/m2 presented with polyuria and polydipsia. A diagnosis of T1DM was made in view of hyperglycaemia (18 mmol/l), and elevated Hba1C (9.9%), and insulin therapy was initiated. Over the next 2 years, she developed hirsutism and acanthosis nigricans, and had minimal insulin requirements with frequent post-prandial hypoglycaemia. In view of this, and her strong family history suggestive of a dominantly inherited type of diabetes, the diagnosis was revisited. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the patient's monogenic diabetes genes was performed. What is new? NGS revealed a novel heterozygous missense INSR variant, NM_000208.3:c.3471T>G, p.(His1157Gln), confirming a diagnosis of Type A SIRS. Conclusions Type A SIRS can be difficult to differentially diagnose due to the variable phenotype. Features of insulin resistance may be absent at initial presentation and may develop later during pubertal progress. Awareness of the clinical features and comprehensive genetic testing are essential to identify the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arameh S Aghababaie
- Paediatric Diabetes & Endocrinology Department, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | | | | | - Ved B Arya
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Maguolo A, Maffeis C. Acanthosis nigricans in childhood: A cutaneous marker that should not be underestimated, especially in obese children. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:481-487. [PMID: 31560795 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The occurrence of acanthosis nigricans (AN) in childhood should not be underestimated since it acts as a cutaneous marker of underlying diseases, such as insulin resistance, endocrinopathy, syndromes and malignancy. The purpose of this review was to highlight the clinical significance of AN in childhood and draw attention to its possible role as early marker of alterations in glucose metabolism in obese children. METHODS The Cochrane Library and PubMed databases were searched for papers published in English up to April 2019. Observational studies, case reports and reviews from 1994 to 2019 were included. RESULTS Most of the cases of AN are associated with obesity. The prevalence of obesity is rising worldwide and is paralleled by global increases in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children. Insulin resistance and AN are closely associated. Evidence indicates that AN is a useful clinical marker for the identification of obese and overweight children and adolescents with insulin resistance who are susceptible to type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION In clinical practice, the recognition of AN is useful for an early identification of children and adolescents, prone to the insulin-resistant obese phenotype, who could benefit from early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maguolo
- Paediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit University Hospital of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Claudio Maffeis
- Paediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit University Hospital of Verona Verona Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Alkeswani
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Evelina Pierce
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Nadelman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence to: Daniel A. Nadelman, BA, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109.
| | - David Orbuch
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sabina Sandigursky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Alisa N. Femia
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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50
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Nolan CF, Brelsford MA. The metabolic salute: A unique presentation of transverse nasal acanthosis nigricans and allergic rhinitis in an obese pediatric patient. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36:973-974. [PMID: 31497892 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a well-known cutaneous condition that is most commonly associated with insulin resistance and obesity when present in a pediatric patient. We present a unique presentation of AN in an adolescent African American girl with a history of perennial allergic rhinitis. She presented with AN affecting the neck, axillae, as well as the transverse nasal crease, a consequence of habitual pushing of the nasal tip upward due to chronic obstruction and itching from allergic rhinitis known as the "allergic salute." All providers should be aware of this rare presentation, as the presence of AN should prompt additional evaluation to determine the underlying cause and effect of appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Nolan
- Carrier Air Wing SEVEN (CVW-7), Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
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