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Burghelle-Mayeur C, Geffrotin C, Vaiman M. Sequences of the swine 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21) and a portion of the opposite-strand overlapping gene of unknown function previously described in human. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1171:153-61. [PMID: 1482677 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90115-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced a 4.8 kb BamHI swine genomic fragment comprising the entire 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21) and its 5' and 3' flanking segments. The CYP21 coding sequence spanned 3050 bp and as in other species, comprised 10 exons separated by the corresponding introns. The deduced protein corresponded to 492 amino acid residues, 8 of which differed from a previously sequenced swine CYP21 enzyme. The 5' flanking region displayed several putative cis-acting elements which may be involved in either constitutive or cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) dependent transcriptional expression. We also characterized within the 5' region a 139 bp repetitive element of the short interspersed nucleotide element (SINE) family located on the opposite strand. In addition, we characterized the last five exons of a human-like opposite strand gene (OSG/X) located in the swine at the 3' end of CYP21. The sequenced part of this OSG/X displayed a very strong homology with its human counterpart.
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2
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Bungert J, Kober I, Düring F, Seifart KH. Transcription factor eUSF is an essential component of isolated transcription complexes on the duck histone H5 gene and it mediates the interaction of TFIID with a TATA-deficient promoter. J Mol Biol 1992; 223:885-98. [PMID: 1538403 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(92)90250-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the formation of transcription complexes on the H5 gene of the duck which is efficiently transcribed in HeLa cell extracts in vitro. Upon deletion of its TATA-box, the fidelity of transcription of the H5 gene is maintained, although the efficiency of this process is significantly reduced. Selective inactivation of TFIID in whole cell extracts and reconstitution experiments either with human recombinant TFIID or a protein fraction from duck erythrocytes enriched in TFIID show that transcription of the TATA-less H5 promoter nevertheless requires the protein TFIID. Screening of promoter elements which could indirectly mediate the interaction of TFIID with a TATA-less H5 promoter led to the identification of a sequence element located about 40 base-pairs downstream from the H5 initiation site that shows partial homology to the USF consensus sequence. In electrophoretic mobility shift and footprinting studies we demonstrated a specific interaction of the erythroid factor USF (eUSF) with this downstream element. By isolating active transcription complexes we found that all components required for correct initiation remain stably associated with the H5 promoter irrespective of the presence or absence of the TATA box. Moreover, the reconstitution of eUSF and TFIID-depleted transcription complexes with purified protein fractions demonstrate that not only TFIID but also eUSF essentially participates in complex formation even on H5 promoter mutations lacking the TATA-box. Mutual interactions between eUSF and TFIID appear to stabilize the binding of TFIID in the presence or absence of its proper binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bungert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Tumorforschung, Marburg/Lahnberge, Germany
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3
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Purification of two transcription factors required for initiation by mammalian RNA polymerase II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:6619-23. [PMID: 2395865 PMCID: PMC54588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.17.6619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have purified two general transcription factors (FA and FE) necessary for specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II to near homogeneity. Both activities are associated with peptides of approximately 33 kDa. FA and FE do not replace one another and show different kinetics of action in a sarkosyl block assay. In particular, FE participated in a rapid reaction after the formation of an initial complex with the other transcription factors. Furthermore, FE can associate with purified calf thymus RNA polymerase II.
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4
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Kitajima S, Tanaka Y, Kawaguchi T, Nagaoka T, Weissman SM, Yasukochi Y. A heteromeric transcription factor required for mammalian RNA polymerase II. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:4843-9. [PMID: 2395645 PMCID: PMC331960 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.16.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A general transcription factor, FC, essential for specific initiation of in vitro transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II was identified and a procedure developed to purify it to near homogeneity from HeLa cell nuclei. Purified FC is composed of two polypeptides of apparent molecular masses 80 kDa and 30 kDa, on SDS-PAGE, and has a native size of 280 kDa estimated by gel filtration column. Both polypeptides were shown to be essential for reconstituting in vitro transcription activity. Biochemical analysis showed that the 80 kDa and 30 kDa components were present in a 1:1 molar ratio. FC was also demonstrated to interact directly or indirectly with purified RNA polymerase II. Similarities between FC and transcription factors reported by others from human, rat or Drosophila cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kitajima
- Department of Human Genetics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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5
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Mason BB, Davis AR, Bhat BM, Chengalvala M, Lubeck MD, Zandle G, Kostek B, Cholodofsky S, Dheer S, Molnar-Kimber K. Adenovirus vaccine vectors expressing hepatitis B surface antigen: importance of regulatory elements in the adenovirus major late intron. Virology 1990; 177:452-61. [PMID: 2371766 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90509-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus types 4 and 7 are currently used as live oral vaccines for prevention of acute respiratory disease caused by these adenovirus serotypes. To investigate the concept of producing live recombinant vaccines using these serotypes, adenovirus types 4 (Ad4) and 7 (Ad7) were constructed that produce HBsAg upon infection of cell cultures. Ad4 recombinants were constructed that express HBsAg from a cassette inserted 135 bp from the right-hand terminus of the viral genome. The cassette contained the Ad4 major late promoter followed by leader 1 of the tripartite leader, the first intervening sequence between leaders 1 and 2, leaders 2 and 3, the HBsAg gene, and tandem polyadenylation signals from the Ad4 E3B and hexon genes. Using this same cassette, a series of Ad4 recombinants expressing HBsAg were constructed with deletions in the intervening sequence between leaders 1 and 2 to evaluate the contribution of the downstream control elements more precisely. Inclusion of regions located between +82 and +148 as well as +148 and +232 resulted in increases in expression levels of HBsAg in A549-infected cells by 22-fold and 44-fold, respectively, over the levels attained by an adenovirus recombinant retaining only sequences from +1 to +82, showing the importance of these elements in the activation of the major late promoter during the course of a natural Ad4 viral infection. Parallel increases were also observed in steady-state levels of cytoplasmic HBsAg-specific mRNA. When similar Ad7 recombinant viruses were constructed, these viruses also expressed 20-fold more HBsAg due to the presence of the intron. All Ad4 and Ad7 recombinants produced HBsAg particles containing gp27 and p24 which were secreted in the medium. When dogs were immunized intratracheally with one of these Ad7 recombinants, they seroconverted to both Ad7 and HBsAg to a high level.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Mason
- Biotechnology and Microbiology Division, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101
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6
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Identification and characterization of an adenovirus 2 major late promoter CAP sequence DNA-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)86947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Düring F, Gerhold H, Seifart KH. Transcription factor USF from duck erythrocytes transactivates expression of the histone H5 gene in vitro by interacting with an intragenic sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:1225-31. [PMID: 2320416 PMCID: PMC330438 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.5.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The duck histone H5 gene contains a 12 base pair (bp) sequence motif within the coding region, which shows homology in 10 out of 12 bp with the consensus sequence of the USF binding site in the Ad2ML-promoter. The functional equivalent of transcription factor USF, partially purified from whole cell extracts of duck erythrocytes (EUSF), was shown to interact with this intragenic sequence. Electrophoretic mobility shift analyses revealed the selective formation of a complex between this protein fraction and the duck H5 gene. Footprint assays with DNase I delineated specific binding to the intragenic sequence outlined above. Moreover this protein fraction, containing EUSF, transactivates the expression of the duck H5 gene in vitro and elimination of the USF-consensus sequence leads to a loss of stimulation but retains the basic transcription of the gene. These results suggest an as yet unknown functional role of EUSF in the expression of the H5 gene of the duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Düring
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Tumorforschung, Marburg/Lahn, FRG
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8
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Abstract
An overview of the chemical and photochemical probes which over the past ten years have been used in studies of DNA/ligand complexes and of non-B-form DNA conformations is presented with emphasis on the chemical reactions of the probes with DNA and on their present 'use-profile'. The chemical probes include: dimethyl sulfate, ethyl nitroso urea, diethyl pyrocarbonate, osmium tetroxide, permanganate, aldehydes, methidiumpropyl-EDTA-Fell (MPE), phenanthroline metal complexes and EDTA/FeII. The photochemical probes that have been used include: psoralens, UVB, acridines and uranyl salts. The biological systems analysed by use of these probes are reviewed by tabulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry B, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Zhang J, Logan K, Yu XB, Davis EA, Posner M, Ackerman S. Early events of RNA polymerase II transcription initiation. Life Sci 1990; 46:729-35. [PMID: 2314195 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the earliest stages of assembly of an RNA polymerase II transcription complex. General transcription factors from HeLa cells were partially purified and assayed using the adenovirus-2 major late promoter. Preincubation of either all the transcription factors (TF) with the DNA or only the subset consisting of TFIIA, TFIID, and DNA overcame the 15-20 min lag normally observed. The kinetics demonstrate that TFIIA first interacts with the template over a 5 min. period, and then TFIID interacts with the IIA:DNA complex over a 2 min. period. The remainder of the necessary transcription factors then interact with the IIA:IID:DNA complex. There are apparently interactions between IIA and IID, as a pre-incubation of these factors (without DNA) overcomes the lag period. Both IIA:DNA and IIA:DNA:IID interactions are temperature sensitive, resulting in slower kinetics at 0 degree C. Thus, the kinetics of transcription involve activation processes in addition to DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Boston 02125
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10
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Giacca M, Gutierrez MI, Demarchi F, Diviacco S, Biamonti G, Riva S, Falaschi A. A protein target site in an early replicated human DNA sequence: a highly conserved binding motif. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 165:956-65. [PMID: 2575384 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that a human nuclear factor, probably corresponding to the USF/MLTF protein [1,2], is able to bind specifically to a DNA sequence present in DNA replicated at the onset of S-phase [3]. Here we demonstrate that the same factor binds also to several other similar sequences, present in eukaryotic and viral genomes. Mutations or methylation in a CpG dinucleotide, central in the palindromic binding site, completely abolish binding. Furthermore, we present evidence for the existence of at least two other nuclear proteins in human cells with the same DNA binding specificity. The data presented suggest a strong evolutionary conservation, among distantly related organisms, of the binding motif, which is probably the target of a number of nuclear factors that share the same DNA binding specificity albeit in the context of different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giacca
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
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11
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Jansen-Durr P, Mondésert G, Kédinger C. Replication-dependent activation of the adenovirus major late promoter is mediated by the increased binding of a transcription factor to sequences in the first intron. J Virol 1989; 63:5124-32. [PMID: 2585599 PMCID: PMC251175 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5124-5132.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During lytic infection, the adenovirus major late promoter (MLP) is primarily activated after the onset of viral DNA replication. Using a combination of DNA binding and in vitro transcription assays, we delineated a discrete MLP element spanning positions +80 to +106 which is essential for the replication-dependent activation of this promoter. We also identified a 40-kilodalton protein (the downstream element factor [DEF]) which binds to the +86-TTGTCAGTTT-+95 motif within this element. Whereas the DEF-binding activity is barely detectable in uninfected cells, it is readily visualized in adenovirus-infected cells, but only after the onset of viral DNA replication. Preventing the interaction of DEF with the MLP template impairs the in vitro transcriptional stimulation. We conclude that this replication-dependent activation of the MLP is, at least in part, mediated by induction of the specific binding of DEF to the MLP downstream element.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jansen-Durr
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, Unité 184 de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génie, Génétique de l'INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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12
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Logan K, Zhang J, Davis EA, Ackerman S. Drug inhibitors of RNA polymerase II transcription. DNA (MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC.) 1989; 8:595-604. [PMID: 2574659 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1989.8.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcription by RNA polymerase II occurs after formation of a transcription complex. This complex is assembled in stages by the interaction of transcription factors with the template and/or with each other. We report on the ability of six drugs to inhibit the assembly of the RNA polymerase II transcription complex. Assembly of the complex on the adenovirus major late promoter requires several transcription factors. The normal assembly process requires that the DNA first interact with TFIIA, then with TFIID, and finally with at least four additional transcription factors (one of which is RNA polymerase II). We observed that streptolydigin (10 micrograms/ml) inhibits association of ILA and IID, and at higher concentrations (100 micrograms/ml) inhibits that IIA/IID complex from binding to DNA. Streptovaricin (100 micrograms/ml) appears to inhibit the IIA/IID interaction with DNA and prevents reinitiation (at 500 micrograms/ml). Adriamycin (1 microgram/ml) inhibits the interaction of TFIID with the IIA/DNA complex and inhibits an additional event immediately prior to, or during, elongation. Daunorubicin may be an elongation inhibitor. Heparin at 10 micrograms/ml inhibits further assembly after the IIA/IID/DNA complex has formed, and at 100 micrograms/ml also inhibits a late event in the assembly process and blocks reinitiation. Rifamycin AF/013 (100 micrograms/ml) inhibits the early events necessary to form the IIA/IID/DNA complex and (at 10 micrograms/ml) an assembly event following formation of the IIA/IID/DNA complex. Therefore, these compounds should be useful as probes for further examination of the assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Logan
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Boston 02125
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13
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Lazard D, Fernández-Tomás C, Gariglio P, Weinmann R. Modification of an adenovirus major late promoter-binding factor during poliovirus infection. J Virol 1989; 63:3858-64. [PMID: 2474675 PMCID: PMC250980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3858-3864.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To further characterize the mechanism involved in poliovirus-induced inhibition of HeLa cells mRNA synthesis, in vitro formation of DNA-protein complexes between nuclear upstream stimulatory transcription factor (USF) and the adenovirus type 2 major late promoter upstream promoter element (UPE; located between -45 and -65 base pairs) was studied. Using the gel shift assay, we found differences between the UPE-protein complex formed with partially purified nuclear extracts from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells and that obtained in the presence of mock-infected extracts. Formation of the modified UPE-USF complex coincided with virus-induced inhibition of host cell RNA synthesis in vivo and with a less efficient in vitro transcriptional activity of the nuclear extracts from infected cells. Furthermore, using a cross-linking protocol, we found that the host 46-kilodalton UPE-binding USF factor was severely diminished and that a virus-induced or -modified 50-kilodalton polypeptide appeared to be specifically bound to the UPE template.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lazard
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México, D.F
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14
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Weingart S, Sommer U, Gerhold H, Seifart KH. Transcription of the alpha A-globin gene of the duck. Development of a homologous in vitro system and identification of trans-acting factors. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 183:145-53. [PMID: 2546768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A homologous in vitro transcription system was developed in which the alpha A-globin gene of the duck was faithfully transcribed. Whole-cell extracts from duck erythrocytes were separated into fractions A, B, C and D by consecutive elution from phosphocellulose columns and were individually reconstituted in run-off transcription assays. Fractions A, C and D were required to achieve faithful initiation on the alpha A-globin gene. The latter fractions were mutually interchangeable with comparable fractions from HeLa cells. A fourth fraction, B, was not required but enhanced basal transcription when reconstituted with fractions A, C and D or a very low amount of HeLa whole-cell extract which by itself did not yield a detectable signal. Fraction B from duck erythrocytes was further purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and was shown to contain two trans-acting factors. One of these differentially acts on the alpha A-globin gene of the duck. The other component from duck erythrocytes surprisingly resembles the upstream stimulatory factor, previously isolated from HeLa cells. This latter protein binds to and trans-activates the adenovirus 2 major late promoter, but is not involved in the transcription of the alpha A-globin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Weingart
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Tumorforschung der Phillipps-Universität Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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15
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Watt F, Molloy PL. Cytosine methylation prevents binding to DNA of a HeLa cell transcription factor required for optimal expression of the adenovirus major late promoter. Genes Dev 1988; 2:1136-43. [PMID: 3192075 DOI: 10.1101/gad.2.9.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine methylation within CpG dinucleotides has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression in vertebrates and, in some cases, has been shown to be causative in repression of transcription. We have examined whether methylation of CpG dinucleotides located within the binding site for a specific transcription factor, MLTF or USF, affects its binding to DNA. This HeLa cell factor binds to the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP), as well as endogenous cellular genes, and stimulates transcription in an in vitro assay. Synthetic oligonucleotides in which 5-methylcytosine replaces cytosine at specific sites were used to generate duplex DNAs, and the formation of complexes of these oligomers with MLTF was studied using a gel retardation assay. Methylation at a CpG site centrally located within the binding site strongly inhibited complex formation, whereas methylation at a site 6 bases away had no demonstrable effect. Methylation at the central site was also shown to inhibit specific transcription in vitro from the AdMLP. Methylation at the central site on only one strand caused a partial inhibition of binding, the effect being greater when the noncoding strand was methylated. The results indicate that in some cases, site-specific methylation may inhibit gene expression directly by blocking binding to DNA of factors required for optimal transcription. Along with other recent findings, they suggest an interplay between DNA methylation and transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Watt
- CSIRO Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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16
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Genomic footprinting detects factors bound to major late and IVa2 promoters in adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 3380088 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.4.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used DNase I footprinting assays on nuclei isolated from adenovirus-infected cells to examine the nucleoprotein configuration of a 250-base-pair segment which encompasses the adenovirus type 5 major late (ML) and IVa2 promoters. At 12 and 20 h postinfection (p.i.), fine DNase I digestion mapping of wild-type adenovirus-infected cells revealed specific sequences protected from digestion which corresponded to promoter elements required for expression of the ML gene in vivo. At 12 h p.i., a G+C-rich region which lies upstream of the IVa2 cap site and is important for maximal IVa2 activity was also found masked to nuclease activity. At 20 h p.i., however, this element became more sensitive to nuclease attack, while the ML promoter elements stayed protected. No major changes in DNA-protein interactions were detected in the region spanning the ML and IVa2 cap sites upon promoter activation, suggesting that the binding properties of the cognate factors for this region are not modified during the process.
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17
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Identification of a downstream sequence and binding protein that regulate adenovirus major late promoter transcription in vitro. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Lee RF, Concino MF, Weinmann R. Genetic profile of the transcriptional signals from the adenovirus major late promoter. Virology 1988; 165:51-6. [PMID: 3388777 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Identical functional profiles were obtained for in vivo and in vitro transcription assays of more than 30 site-directed point mutants within the adenovirus major late promoter. The functional limits of the functional regions encompassing upstream promoter element are defined (-51 to -61), as well as a region around the transcription start site (-1 to +1), flanked by regions insensitive to sequence alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Ohio 45267
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19
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Albrecht G, Devaux B, Kedinger C. Genomic footprinting detects factors bound to major late and IVa2 promoters in adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:1534-9. [PMID: 3380088 PMCID: PMC363313 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.4.1534-1539.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We used DNase I footprinting assays on nuclei isolated from adenovirus-infected cells to examine the nucleoprotein configuration of a 250-base-pair segment which encompasses the adenovirus type 5 major late (ML) and IVa2 promoters. At 12 and 20 h postinfection (p.i.), fine DNase I digestion mapping of wild-type adenovirus-infected cells revealed specific sequences protected from digestion which corresponded to promoter elements required for expression of the ML gene in vivo. At 12 h p.i., a G+C-rich region which lies upstream of the IVa2 cap site and is important for maximal IVa2 activity was also found masked to nuclease activity. At 20 h p.i., however, this element became more sensitive to nuclease attack, while the ML promoter elements stayed protected. No major changes in DNA-protein interactions were detected in the region spanning the ML and IVa2 cap sites upon promoter activation, suggesting that the binding properties of the cognate factors for this region are not modified during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Albrecht
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wingender
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Braunschweig, FRG
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21
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Watt F, Molloy PL. High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 stimulate binding of a specific transcription factor to the adenovirus major late promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16:1471-86. [PMID: 2831501 PMCID: PMC336328 DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.4.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 (HMGs 1 and 2) are abundant chromosomal proteins which are believed to be preferentially associated with regions of active chromatin. Our previous results have shown that HMGs 1 and 2 can significantly stimulate specific transcription in vitro from the adenovirus major late promoter. This stimulation is now shown to be due, at least in part, to the influence of HMGs 1 and 2 on binding of a specific transcription factor (MLTF) upstream of the start site of the gene to a region (-66 to -51) which is required for optimal transcription both in vivo and in vitro. HMGs 1 and 2 cause both an increase in the rate of binding of the transcription factor to the DNA and alterations to the pattern of the DNaseI footprint of the factor on the DNA. Different binding states of the factor are also observed dependent on the presence of MgCl2, the factor being bound but not protecting the binding region from DNaseI in the absence of MgCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Watt
- CSIRO Division of Molecular Biology, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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22
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DNA affinity labeling of adenovirus type 2 upstream promoter sequence-binding factors identifies two distinct proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 3336354 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid affinity labeling procedure with enhanced specificity was developed to identify DNA-binding proteins. 32P was first introduced at unique phosphodiester bonds within the DNA recognition sequence. UV light-dependent cross-linking of pyrimidines to amino acid residues in direct contact at the binding site, followed by micrococcal nuclease digestion, resulted in the transfer of 32P to only those specific protein(s) which recognized the binding sequence. This method was applied to the detection and characterization of proteins that bound to the upstream promoter sequence (-50 to -66) of the human adenovirus type 2 major late promoter. We detected two distinct proteins with molecular weights of 45,000 and 116,000 that interacted with this promoter element. The two proteins differed significantly in their chromatographic and cross-linking behaviors.
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23
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Cordingley MG, Hager GL. Binding of multiple factors to the MMTV promoter in crude and fractionated nuclear extracts. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16:609-28. [PMID: 2829133 PMCID: PMC334681 DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.2.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone activation of MMTV transcription results in the establishment of a tightly bound transcription factor complex at the promoter (Cordingley et al., Cell 48, 261-270, 1987). We have characterized two fractionable binding activities which participate in this complex. One factor, previously identified as the mouse homologue of NF-1 (or CTF), protects sequences -82 to -56 from exonuclease III digestion in vitro. Sequences protected by a second factor (-42 to -4) span the TATA box of the promoter, suggesting that the binding activity in this fraction is equivalent to the HeLa cell transcription factor TFIID (Sawadogo and Roeder, Cell 43, 165-175, 1986). The downstream boundary of exonuclease protection by the putative TATA-binding factor is -4; DNase1 footprinting of this fraction, however, showed additional protection of discrete sites downstream of the cap site. The apparent concentration and promoter-specific binding activity of both factors is unaffected by hormone treatment of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Cordingley
- Hormone Action and Oncogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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24
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Wasylyk B. Transcription elements and factors of RNA polymerase B promoters of higher eukaryotes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 23:77-120. [PMID: 3048889 DOI: 10.3109/10409238809088317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The promoter for eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase B can be divided into the TATA box (located at -30) and startsite (+1), the upstream element (situated between -40 and about -110), and the enhancer (no fixed position relative to the startsite). Trans-acting factors, which bind to these elements, have been identified and at least partially purified. The role of the TATA box is to bind factors which focus the transcription machinery to initiate at the startsite. The upstream element and the enhancer somehow modulate this interaction, possibly through direct protein-protein interactions. Another class of transcription factors, typified by viral proteins such as the adenovirus EIA products, do not appear to require binding to a particular DNA sequence to regulate transcription. The latest findings in these various subjects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wasylyk
- Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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25
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Safer B, Cohen RB, Garfinkel S, Thompson JA. DNA affinity labeling of adenovirus type 2 upstream promoter sequence-binding factors identifies two distinct proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:105-13. [PMID: 3336354 PMCID: PMC363088 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.1.105-113.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid affinity labeling procedure with enhanced specificity was developed to identify DNA-binding proteins. 32P was first introduced at unique phosphodiester bonds within the DNA recognition sequence. UV light-dependent cross-linking of pyrimidines to amino acid residues in direct contact at the binding site, followed by micrococcal nuclease digestion, resulted in the transfer of 32P to only those specific protein(s) which recognized the binding sequence. This method was applied to the detection and characterization of proteins that bound to the upstream promoter sequence (-50 to -66) of the human adenovirus type 2 major late promoter. We detected two distinct proteins with molecular weights of 45,000 and 116,000 that interacted with this promoter element. The two proteins differed significantly in their chromatographic and cross-linking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Safer
- Section on RNA and Protein Biosynthesis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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26
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Zheng XM, Moncollin V, Egly JM, Chambon P. A general transcription factor forms a stable complex with RNA polymerase B (II). Cell 1987; 50:361-8. [PMID: 3607874 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A general transcription factor (BTF3) has been purified from HeLa whole cell extracts and shown to be required for accurate initiation of transcription from the adenovirus-2 major late promoter (Ad2MLP) and other RNA polymerase class B promoters. We show that purified BTF3 (27 kd) binds to RNA polymerase B (II), forming a complex that is transcriptionally active. We found no evidence that purified BTF3 interacts with DNA or is required for the formation of the stable preinitiation complex.
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27
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Ackerman S, Flynn PA, Davis EA. Partial purification of plant transcription factors. I. Initiation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1987; 9:147-158. [PMID: 24276904 DOI: 10.1007/bf00015647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/1986] [Revised: 04/24/1987] [Accepted: 05/07/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Crude plant cell protein extracts prepared from wheat germ are inactive for in vitro transcription by RNA polymerase II. These extracts do, however, have correct initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Initiation is monitored by measuring the formation of transcription complexes in vitro. A nuclear extract produces more initiation events than a whole cell extract or a cytosol extract. Some factors necessary for initiation can be separated from other proteins, including inhibitors, by ion exchange column chromatography. One specific fraction is sufficient for the formation of transcription complexes and several other fractions may be stimulatory or accessory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ackerman
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts (Boston), 02125, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Wingender E, Seifart KH. Transkription in Eukaryonten – die Rolle von Transkriptionskomplexen und ihren Komponenten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19870990307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Hirai H, Ohtsuki M, Nakanishi Y, Horikoshi M, Tanaka N, Natori S. Transcription factor(s) of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells having affinity to the 'TATA' box and a further upstream region of the adenovirus 2 major late gene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 868:243-8. [PMID: 3790568 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(86)90060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A fraction containing a transcription factor(s) of RNA polymerase II was prepared from a nuclear lysate of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and its binding to a promoter region of the adenovirus 2 major late gene was examined. Results showed that this fraction contained a factor(s) binding to two distinct regions: a region including the 'TATA' box and another region further upstream. The upstream protected region was different from that reported to be protected by a HeLa cell factor, suggesting species specificity of transcription factor(s) in DNA binding.
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