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Ri S, Hwang W, Ri S, Shi W, Han Y, Tang Y, Zhang L, Yan M, Liu G. Cloning, characterization, and transcriptional activity of β-actin promoter of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2561-2571. [PMID: 33829356 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Selection of suitable promoters is crucial for the efficient expression of exogenous genes in transgenic animals. Although one of the most effective promoters, the β-actin promoter, has been widely studied in fish species, it still remains unknown in the economical important African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). In this study, the β-actin promoter of African catfish (cgβ-actinP) was cloned and characterized. In addition, recombinant plasmid pcgβ-actinP-EGFP with enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene as the reporter gene was constructed to verify the transcriptional activity. We obtained a cgβ-actinP fragment length of 1405 bp, consisting 104 bp of the 5' proximal promoter, 96 bp of the first exon, and 1205 bp of the first intron. Similar to those of other fish species, cgβ-actinP contains three key transcription regulatory elements (CAAT box, CArG motif, and TATA box). GFP-specific fluorescent signals were detected in chicken embryonic fibroblasts cells (DF-1 cells) transfected with pcgβ-actinP-EGFP, which was approximately 1.11 times of the positive control. In addition, GFP was effectively expressed in zebrafish larvae microinjected with linearized cgβ-actinP-EGFP, with expression rate reaching approximately 49.84%. Our data indicate that cgβ-actinP could be a potential candidate promoter in the practice of constructing "all fish" transgenic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyok Ri
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
- College of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, 99903, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Wenho Hwang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Sangryong Ri
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kim II Sung University, Pyongyang, 99903, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Lining Zhang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, 325005, PR China
| | - Maocang Yan
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, 325005, PR China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Abstract
Transgenic technique provides a new way for fish breeding. Stable lines of growth hormone gene transfer carps, salmon and tilapia, as well as fluorescence protein gene transfer zebra fish and white cloud mountain minnow have been produced. The fast growth characteristic of GH gene transgenic fish will be of great importance to promote aquaculture production and economic efficiency. This paper summarized the progress in transgenic fish research and ecological assessments. Microinjection is still the most common used method, but often resulted in multi-site and multi-copies integration. Co-injection of transposon or meganuclease will greatly improve the efficiency of gene transfer and integration. "All fish" gene or "auto gene" should be considered to produce transgenic fish in order to eliminate misgiving on food safety and to benefit expression of the transferred gene. Environmental risk is the biggest obstacle for transgenic fish to be commercially applied. Data indicates that transgenic fish have inferior fitness compared with the traditional domestic fish. However, be-cause of the genotype-by-environment effects, it is difficult to extrapolate simple phenotypes to the complex ecological interactions that occur in nature based on the ecological consequences of the transgenic fish determined in the laboratory. It is critical to establish highly naturalized environments for acquiring reliable data that can be used to evaluate the environ-mental risk. Efficacious physical and biological containment strategies remain to be crucial approaches to ensure the safe application of transgenic fish technology.
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Yu EM, Ye X, Wang HY, Bai JJ, Xia SL, Lao HH, Jian Q. Isolation of Tanichthys albonubes beta actin gene and production of transgenic Tanichthys albonubes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 36:173-180. [PMID: 20467859 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A beta actin cDNA of Tanichthys albonubes was isolated through the RT-PCR and RACE approach. The cDNA was 1,787-bp in length, including a 1,128-bp CDS, a 95-bp 5'UTR and a 564-bp 3'UTR. Genomic DNA containing the transcription region and 5'-flanking region was cloned based on the beta actin cDNA by Genome walker. A 3,000-bp beta actin gene promoter was then produced by PCR according to the sequences of the 5'-flanking region and the first intron. This promoter consisted of a 1,800-bp 5'-flanking region, and a 1,200-bp 5'-UTR. 3 transcription elements, CAAT box, CArG motif and TATA box were found in the 5'-flanking region. This promoter was inserted into the vector pDsRed2-1 and microinjected into fertilized eggs of Tanichthys albonubes to prove its transcription activity. The beta actin promoter and GH CDS of Tanichthys albonubes were then fused to construct an expression vector pTLA-GH. GH-transgenic Tanichthys albonubes was obtained by microinjection of the pTLA-GH into the fertilized eggs. Fast-growth individuals were observed in the transgenic group and the body weight of the largest individual was 2.1-fold that of the maximum in its non-transgenic siblings in 100 dph. In addition, a co-injection strategy was employed with pTLA-DsRed and pTLA-GH vector and proven to enhance the efficiency of GH-transgenic fish detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-meng Yu
- College of Aqua-life Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200090, China
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[Cloning of the promoter region of Leuciscus Merzbacheri beta-actin gene and detection of its function]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2009; 31:1029-36. [PMID: 19840925 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2009.01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To utilize the gene resources of Leuciscus merzbacheri, a 2,398 bp (SZ21) DNA fragment including the 5'-flanking region and partial open reading frame of the beta-actin gene was obtained through PCR amplification. SZ21 includes a regulatory sequence which contains the 5'-proximal promoter, the first, the second and the third exons and the partial fourth exon sequence. The 5'-proximal promoter region is critical for transcription activity including the CAAT box, TATA box and CArG box. The analysis of putative transcription binding sites of the promoter by on-line software revealed the presence of the critical transcription binding sites (such as E-box, RU49, ZBPF, CEBP and CREB). CMV promoter for eukaryote vector pEGFP-N1-AFP III was destroyed by Aat II digestion. SZ21 regulatory sequence was inserted into the vector pEGFP-N1-AFP III (with destroyed CMV) that can express green fluorescence protein, and beta2 pEGFP-N1-AFP III recombination vector was constructed. Linearized beta2 pEGFP-N1-AFP III was transfected into BHK-21 cell through lipofectin. EGFP expression of the transgenic cell was observed by micro fluoroscope. The results indicated that the cloned Leuciscus merzbacheri beta-actin gene promoter SZ21 has the activity to switch on the EGFP expression in mammal cell, and has a con-tinued starting expression activity passing on from generation to generation in green fluorescence cell. In addition, the SZ21 target fragment was detected in the BHK-21 green fluorescence cell genomic DNA by PCR. This suggested that the SZ21 promoter of beta-actin gene has effective transcription activity and can promote the expression of foreign gene.
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Kim KY, Lee SY, Cho YS, Bang IC, Kim DS, Nam YK. Characterization and phylogeny of two β-cytoskeletal actins fromHemibarbus mylodon(Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes), a threatened fish species in Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 19:87-97. [PMID: 17852350 DOI: 10.1080/10425170701445691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Complementary DNA and genomic sequences representing two different beta-actins were isolated from a threatened freshwater fish species Hemibarbus mylodon. The beta-actin 1 and 2 encoded an identical number of amino acids (375 aa), and shared 88.8 and 99.7% of identity at coding nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Genomic open reading frame (ORF) sequences of both isoforms contained five translated exons interrupted by four introns with conserved GT/AG exon/intron boundary rule. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that the two isoform mRNAs were ubiquitously detected in all tissues tested, but transcript levels were variable across tissues. Phylogenetic analysis showed that H. mylodon beta-actin 1 and 2 were clustered into two distinct major and minor branches of Cypriniformes, respectively. Comparisons of the 5'-upstream region and 3'-UTR of H. mylodon beta-actin 1 also showed a high degree of homology with those of the major teleost beta-actins and warmblooded vertebrate beta-cytoskeletal actins, suggesting their more recent common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Yong Kim
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Living Modified Organisms, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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6
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Rajesh R, Majumdar KC. The growth hormone-encoding gene isolated and characterized from Labeo rohita Hamilton is expressed in CHO cells under the control of constitutive promoters in 'autotransgene' constructs. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 34:413-436. [PMID: 18958599 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) gene along with its regulatory sequences has been isolated from the blood and pituitary gland of Labeo rohita. This GH gene is approximately 2.8 kb long and consists of five exons and four introns of varying sizes with AG/TA in its exon-intron junctions. The promoter has a single cyclic AMP response unit (CRE) element, TATA, CAT and several Pit 1 binding sequences. The 1169-bp gene transcript starts 54 bp upstream of the ATG initiation codon and has two polyadenylation signals, ATTAAA, after the TAG stop codon. The mature mRNA has the poly (A) tail inserted 16 bp downstream of the second polyadenylation signal. Four chimeric 'autotransgenes' were constructed having either histone 3 or beta-actin promoter and cDNA or the total GH gene. The functionality of the individual components of the autotransgene was determined in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by transfection experiments. Based on the results, the transcription of the GH gene is initiated at the transcription start signal of the respective promoters and terminates at the 3' regulatory sequence of the GH gene. Expression of GH in CHO cells shows that the fish promoters are active, the splicing signal is recognized, and the mRNA produced is stable and translated. The GH protein produced is effectively translocated and secreted into the medium. These results indicate the usefulness of CHO cells in determining the property of individual components of autotransgenes constructed from L. rohita and overall functional commonality between fish and mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajesh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India
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Thayanithy V, Venugopal T, Anathy V, Kirankumar S, Pandian TJ. Growth enhancement and food conversion efficiency of transgenic fishLabeo rohita. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 301:477-90. [PMID: 15181642 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Three family lines of fast growing transgenic rohu Labeo rohita (rohu) were generated by electroporated-sperm-mediated transfer of the vectors harboring CMV promoter or grass carp beta-actin promoter fused to endogenous rohu GH (rGH) cDNA. The gene transfer efficiency was 25%. The transgenic rohu (family line 1) with CMV promoter showed a growth enhancement of four times normal size, whereas those (family lines 2 and 3) generated with beta-actin promoter grew 4.5 and 5.8 times faster than their respective control siblings. Southern analysis confirmed the transgene extrachromosomal (Te) persistence until the 60th week in family 1. The individuals of family lines 2 and 3, however, showed integration (Ti), as well as persistence as extrachromosomal copies (Te) until the age of 30 weeks. Mosaicism of the transgene was shown at the levels of its presence and expression. The ectopic expression of rGH mRNA was confirmed by RT-PCR. Feeding experiments revealed that the transgenic rohu ate food at a lower rate but grew more efficiently than their control siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Thayanithy
- Department of Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies in Functional Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021 India
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Hwang GL, Azizur Rahman M, Abdul Razak S, Sohm F, Farahmand H, Smith A, Brooks C, Maclean N. Isolation and characterisation of tilapia beta-actin promoter and comparison of its activity with carp beta-actin promoter. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1625:11-8. [PMID: 12527420 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory sequence including proximal promoter, untranslated exon 1 and intron 1 of the beta-actin gene from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has been isolated and spliced to a beta-galactosidase reporter gene to test its activity. Comparisons of promoter activity have been carried out with three different constructs: (1) 1.6 kb tilapia beta-actin regulatory sequence, (2) 1.5 kb carp beta-actin regulatory sequence, and (3) 4.7 kb carp beta-actin regulatory sequence. Although the 1.6 kb tilapia beta-actin regulatory sequence gave slightly different expression patterns in tilapia embryos assayed by in situ X-gal staining, no difference was observed in expression level when the tilapia sequence was compared with the 4.7 kb carp beta-actin regulatory sequence by quantitative assay. In comparison with the 1.5 kb carp beta-actin regulatory sequence, the 1.6 kb tilapia beta-actin regulatory sequence gave higher expression levels in tilapia embryos, while a reverse result was observed in zebrafish embryos. In cell transfection experiments, the 1.6 kb tilapia beta-actin regulatory sequence showed three to four times better activity in blue gill cells than either the 4.7 kb carp beta-actin or the 1.5 kb carp beta-actin regulatory sequences. The 1.6 kb tilapia beta-actin regulatory sequence also drove higher reporter gene activity in somatic cells of tilapia than did the 4.7 kb carp beta-actin regulatory sequence following direct injection of constructs into muscle. Therefore, taken together, the data demonstrate that the tilapia beta-actin promoter can be used as an efficient regulatory sequence to produce autotransgenic tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Lin Hwang
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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9
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Kim S, Karsi A, Dunham RA, Liu Z. The skeletal muscle alpha-actin gene of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and its association with piscine specific SINE elements. Gene 2000; 252:173-81. [PMID: 10903449 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-actin gene of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) was cloned and sequenced. The gene has a similar organization and exhibited a high level of sequence similarity to those from other vertebrate animals. The upstream region of the alpha-actin gene included a TATA box, a CAAT box, three E-boxes, and a CArG box. Nested deletion segments containing these transcriptional motifs were fused to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). Transfection of the clones into C2C12 cells indicated that all these motifs are required for transcriptional activities. The channel catfish alpha-actin gene is associated with two distinct short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs). The first SINE element showed high levels of sequence similarity to the zebrafish Mermaid element, while the second SINE element is not similar to the Mermaid element except for an 8bp sequence CCCCGTGC suggesting their evolutionary linkage. However, the second SINE element appeared to co-exist with the Mermaid element in most cases and therefore was designated as the Merman element. Approximately 9000 copies and 1200 copies of the Mermaid and Merman elements exist per haploid channel catfish genome, respectively. BLAST searches indicated that both the Mermaid and the Merman elements were frequently associated with gene sequences, mostly those of aquatic animals, suggesting their evolutionary origin in association with aquatic organisms and their function in shaping the evolution of genomes in aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, 36849, Auburn, AL, USA
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Nakamura I, Todo T, Nagae M, Kazeto Y, Adachi S, Yamauchi K. The Establishment of a Quantitative RT-PCR Assay for Estrogen Receptor mRNA in Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica. Zoolog Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.15.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Santos CR, Power DM, Kille P, Llewellyn L, Ramsurn V, Wigham T, Sweeney GE. Cloning and sequencing of a full-length sea bream (Sparus aurata) beta-actin cDNA. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 117:185-9. [PMID: 9226879 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(96)00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA clone encoding beta-actin (beta-actin) was isolated from a sea bream (Sparus aurata) liver cDNA library. Sequencing of this clone reveals an open reading frame encoding a 375 amino acid protein that shares a high degree of conservation to other known actins. The sea bream beta-actin sequence showed 98% identity to carp and human beta-actin and 95% and 94% identity to sea squirt and Dictyostelium cytoplasmic actins, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Santos
- CCMAR, Universidade do Aloarve, Portugal
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12
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Conservation of genome and gene structure from fishes to mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1064-6000(96)80003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Horard B, Bello B, Abraham EG, Coulon-Bublex M, Garel A, Mounier N. A cytoplasmic actin gene from the silkworm Bombyx mori is expressed in tissues of endodermal origin and previtellogenic germ cells of transgenic Drosophila. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 2:175-183. [PMID: 9087555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1993.tb00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A cytoplasmic actin gene from Bombyx mori introduced into Drosophila melanogaster by P-element mediated transformation, is efficiently transcribed in larvae, pupae and adults of the host. The exogenous mRNA has the same size as the one observed in the Bombyx cells and the intron located within the coding region is properly excised, indicating a correct recognition of the exogenous sequences by the Drosophila transcriptional and splicing machineries. The expression of the Bombyx gene in Drosophila tissues was determined by transforming flies with a hybrid gene in which a large part of the Bombyx actin coding sequences was replaced by those of the bacterial lac Z gene. This chimaeric gene is specifically and highly expressed, from the embryo to the adult of the transgenic lines, in tissues of endodermal origin, the midgut and its derivatives, i.e. gastric caeca, the outer layer of the proventriculus, and in the Malpighian tubules. This gene is also expressed, at a lower level, in germ cells but restricted to the sixteen cell cysts during previtellogenesis. The expression of the Bombyx gene during development of transgenic flies was compared to that of the two Drosophila endogenous cytoplasmic actin genes and the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Horard
- Université Lyon 1, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Villeurbanne, France
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14
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Liu Z, Hackett PB. Reverse cloning procedure for generation of subclones for DNA sequencing. Methods Enzymol 1993; 218:47-58. [PMID: 8389968 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(93)18007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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15
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Liu ZJ, Moav B, Faras AJ, Guise KS, Kapuscinski AR, Hackett P. Importance of the CArG box in regulation of beta-actin-encoding genes. Gene 1991; 108:211-7. [PMID: 1748307 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90436-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The beta-actin-encoding gene (Act) in carp is regulated by several cis-acting regulatory elements including the evolutionarily conserved CC(A/T)6GG (CArG box or serum-response element) sequences positioned in the promoter region between the CAAT and TATA boxes and in the first intron. To address the roles of the two CArG boxes on gene expression, we replaced them with linker sequences. The CArG box in the proximal promoter was not required for promoter activity in tissue-cultured cells, but was required in conjunction with a second CArG box in the first intron to give full expression in transgenic embryos. Likewise, the geometry of cis-acting transcriptional elements in the proximal promoter was more important for expression of transgenic constructs in developing embryos than in tissue-cultured fibroblasts. Mobility-shift and exonuclease mapping experiments indicated that the same or similar protein factors bind around the two CArG boxes, suggesting that interactions between the promoter and the first intron are involved in Act regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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16
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Liu ZJ, Moav B, Faras AJ, Guise KS, Kapuscinski AR, Hackett PB. Development of expression vectors for transgenic fish. Nat Biotechnol 1991; 8:1268-72. [PMID: 1366961 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1290-1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alteration of fish is important for aquatic biotechnology as well as for investigating molecular interactions that occur during vertebrate development. The numerous, large, transparent, and externally fertilized eggs of many fish species make them ideally suitable for genetic manipulation, especially for production of transgenic animals. Genetic engineering of fish requires suitable expression vectors. Accordingly, we developed two fish expression vectors, FV-1 and FV-2, which contain the proximal promoter and enhancer regulatory elements of the carp beta-actin gene and the polyadenylation signal from the salmon growth hormone gene. The two fish expression vectors were tested in microinjected fish eggs and in tissue cultured fish and mammalian cells. These two "all-fish" expression vectors should be useful for genetic engineering of fish and have been used with growth-enhancing genes in transgenic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Cross S, Kovarik P, Schmidtke J, Bird A. Non-methylated islands in fish genomes are GC-poor. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:1469-74. [PMID: 2027755 PMCID: PMC333903 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.7.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate genomes studied to date the 5' end of many genes are associated with distinctive sequences known as CpG islands. CpG islands have three properties: they are non-methylated; the dinucleotide CpG occurs at the frequency predicted by base composition; and they are GC-rich. Unexpectedly we have found that CpG islands in certain fish only have the first two properties; that is, their GC-content is not elevated compared to bulk genomic DNA. Based on this finding, we speculate that the GC-richness of CpG islands in vertebrates other than fish is a passive consequence of a higher mutation rate in regions of open chromatin under conditions where the nucleotide precursor pools are biased.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cross
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Cresnar B, Mages W, Müller K, Salbaum JM, Schmitt R. Structure and expression of a single actin gene in Volvox carteri. Curr Genet 1990; 18:337-46. [PMID: 2253273 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Southern blot analysis of Volvox carteri DNA indicated the presence of a single actin gene; the nucleotide sequence of that gene is reported here. In comparison with plant animal and fungal actins, the derived primary structure of 377 amino acids is highly conserved yielding similarity values of 79% to 94% (including non-identical conservative exchanges). In contrast, the intron structure of the gene is highly unusual: in addition to one intron in the 5' untranslated region (ten nucleotides upstream of the initiator ATG), it has eight introns in the coding region, only three of which are in locations where introns have previously been reported. Transcription starts 26 nucleotides downstream of the putative TATA box and 70 nucleotides downstream of a conspicuous CCAAT motif. A potential polyadenylation signal, TGTAA, is located 366 nucleotides downstream of the terminator TAA. Northern hybridization indicates that the actin gene is transcribed throughout the Volvox life cycle with only a slight depression during the release of juveniles from mother spheroids. This pattern of gene expression suggests that actin may assume various functional roles in the differentiation and growth of Volvox.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cresnar
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Universität Regensburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Abstract
Regulatory regions of the beta-actin gene of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) have been examined by linking upstream, 5'-flanking sequences and regions of the first intron to a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. By analysis of the mRNA products and encoded CAT activity, we have identified four putative regions that influence expression: (i) a negative regulatory region 2,300 to 1,100 base pairs (bp) ahead of the gene; (ii) a proximal promoter element, containing the highly conserved CCAAT, CC(A/T)6GG, and TATA boxes, that is within the first 204 bp upstream of the initiation site; (iii) a negative element of 426 bp in the 5' region of the first intron; and (iv) a positive 304-bp element near the end of the first intron that contains highly conserved sequences found in all characterized beta-actin genes. The positive intron element is not a classical enhancer; it is position and orientation dependent, as has been observed in other housekeeping genes in vertebrates. Depending on the elements joined together, CAT gene expression can be modulated more than 500-fold in transfected mouse cells.
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20
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Liu ZJ, Moav B, Faras AJ, Guise KS, Kapuscinski AR, Hackett PB. Functional analysis of elements affecting expression of the beta-actin gene of carp. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:3432-40. [PMID: 2355913 PMCID: PMC360779 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.7.3432-3440.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory regions of the beta-actin gene of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) have been examined by linking upstream, 5'-flanking sequences and regions of the first intron to a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. By analysis of the mRNA products and encoded CAT activity, we have identified four putative regions that influence expression: (i) a negative regulatory region 2,300 to 1,100 base pairs (bp) ahead of the gene; (ii) a proximal promoter element, containing the highly conserved CCAAT, CC(A/T)6GG, and TATA boxes, that is within the first 204 bp upstream of the initiation site; (iii) a negative element of 426 bp in the 5' region of the first intron; and (iv) a positive 304-bp element near the end of the first intron that contains highly conserved sequences found in all characterized beta-actin genes. The positive intron element is not a classical enhancer; it is position and orientation dependent, as has been observed in other housekeeping genes in vertebrates. Depending on the elements joined together, CAT gene expression can be modulated more than 500-fold in transfected mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Kapuscinski AR. Integration of transgenic fish into aquaculture. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129009540878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Liu ZJ, Zhu ZY, Roberg K, Faras A, Guise K, Kapuscinski AR, Hackett PB. Isolation and characterization of beta-actin gene of carp (Cyprinus carpio). DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 1990; 1:125-36. [PMID: 2134183 DOI: 10.3109/10425179009016040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A beta-actin gene of carp (Cyprinus carpio) was isolated from a genomic EMBL3 library. The nucleotide sequence of the gene indicates six exons spanning 3.6 kb. Southern blot hybridization of restriction endonuclease digests of carp genomic DNA indicate that there are two copies of the beta-actin isotype and several other species of actin genes. The transcriptional start site is 85 bp and 24 bp downstream respectively from consensus CCAAT and TATA promoter elements. The organization of the carp beta-actin gene is identical to that of chicken, human, and rat genes in terms of size, exon/intron locations and junctions and in having a translationally silent first exon. The fish gene is 90% and 99% conserved at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, with land vertebrate beta-actin genes. Northern blot analysis of beta-actin gene expression indicated that the gene is highly expressed in brain, less so in muscle, and much less so in liver cells. The putative beta-actin proximal promoter of carp, identified by the conservation of known actin regulatory sequences, is transcriptionally active in both mammalian and piscine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108
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