A cellular repressor regulates transcription initiation from the minute virus of mice P38 promoter

The 5' Untranslated Region of the Capsid Protein 2 Gene of Mink Enteritis Virus Is Essential for Its Expression

Mink enteritis virus (MEV), as a parvovirus, is among the smallest of the animal DNA viruses. The limited genome leads to multifunctional sequences and complex gene expression regulation. Here, we show that the expression of viral capsid protein 2 (VP2) of MEV requires its 5' untranslated regions (5' UTR) which promote VP2 gene expression at both transcriptional and translational levels. The expression of VP2 was inhibited in several common eukaryotic expression vectors. Our data showed that the 5' UTR of VP2 enhanced capsid gene transcription but not increased stability or promotes nucleocytoplasmic export of VP2 mRNA. Analysis of the functions of 5' UTR fragments showed that the proximal region (nucleotides [nt] 1 to 270; that is, positions +1 to +270 relative to the transcription initiation site, nt 2048 to 2317 of MEV-L) of 5' UTR of VP2 was necessary for VP2 transcription and also promoted the activity of P38 promoter. Unexpectedly, further analysis showed that deletion of the distal region (nt 271 to 653) of the 5' UTR of VP2 almost completely abolished VP2 translation in the presence of P38, whereas the transcription was still induced significantly. Furthermore, using a luciferase reporter bicistronic system, we identified that the 5' UTR had an internal ribosome entry site-like function which could be enhanced by NS1 via the site at nt 382 to 447. Mutation of the 5' UTR in the MEV full-length clones further showed that the 5' UTR was required for VP2 gene expression. Together, our data reveal an undiscovered function of 5' UTR of MEV VP2 in regulating viral gene expression.IMPORTANCE MEV, a parvovirus, causes acute enteritis in mink. In the present report, we describe an untranslated sequence-dependent mechanism by which MEV regulates capsid gene expression. Our results highlight the roles of untranslated sequences in regulating the transcriptional activity of P38 promoter and translation of capsid genes. These data also reveal the possibility of an unusual translation mechanism in capsid protein expression and the multiple functions of nonstructural protein. A better understanding of the gene expression regulation mechanism of this virus will help in the design of new vaccines and targets for antiviral agents against MEV.

A heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B-related protein binds to single-stranded DNA near the 5' end or within the genome of feline parvovirus and can modify virus replication

Phage display of cDNA clones prepared from feline cells was used to identify host cell proteins that bound to DNA-containing feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) capsids but not to empty capsids. One gene found in several clones encoded a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-related protein (DBP40) that was very similar in sequence to the A/B-type hnRNP proteins. DBP40 bound specifically to oligonucleotides representing a sequence near the 5' end of the genome which is exposed on the outside of the full capsid but did not bind most other terminal sequences. Adding purified DBP40 to an in vitro fill-in reaction using viral DNA as a template inhibited the production of the second strand after nucleotide (nt) 289 but prior to nt 469. DBP40 bound to various regions of the viral genome, including a region between nt 295 and 330 of the viral genome which has been associated with transcriptional attenuation of the parvovirus minute virus of mice, which is mediated by a stem-loop structure of the DNA and cellular proteins. Overexpression of the protein in feline cells from a plasmid vector made them largely resistant to FPV infection. Mutagenesis of the protein binding site within the 5' end viral genome did not affect replication of the virus.

Gene expression and regulation from the p7 promoter of Aedes densonucleosis virus

The nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 are thought to be expressed from the p7 promoter of Aedes densonucleosis virus (AeDNV). To study gene expression from the p7 promoter, eight different plasmids were constructed by fusing beta-galactosidase or beta-glucuronidase into the genome so that the reporter gene was in different open reading frames and under the transcriptional control of the p7 promoter. After transfection into C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells, constructs generated comparable amounts of RNA, but only the NS1 and NS2 fusion constructs produced appreciable levels of active enzyme. NS1 and NS2 fusion constructs contained wild-type AeDNV sequences from the p7 promoter downstream to nucleotide 458. The remaining constructs, with the exception of p7GUS.rf3, lacked some or all of these necessary sequences and inefficiently produced protein. These data suggest that sequences downstream of the p7 promoter play a role in translational regulation of gene expression from the p7 promoter of AeDNV.