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He M, Yin S, Huang X, Li Y, Li B, Gong T, Liu Q. Insights into the regulatory role of bacterial sncRNA and its extracellular delivery via OMVs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:29. [PMID: 38159117 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) play important regulatory roles in bacterial physiological processes and host-pathogen interactions. Meanwhile, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), as naturally secreted outer membrane structures, play a vital role in the interaction between bacteria and their living environment, including the host environment. However, most current studies focus on the biological functions of sncRNAs in bacteria or hosts, while neglecting the roles and regulatory mechanisms of the OMVs that encapsulate these sncRNAs. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the intracellular regulatory roles of bacterial sncRNAs in promoting pathogen survival by regulating virulence, modulating bacterial drug resistance, and regulating iron metabolism, and their extracellular regulatory function for influencing host immunity through host-pathogen interactions. Additionally, we introduce the key role played by OMVs, which serve as important cargoes in bacterial sncRNA-host interactions. We propose emerging pathways of sncRNA action to further discuss the mode of host-pathogen interactions, highlighting that the inhibition of sncRNA delivery by OMVs may prevent the occurrence of infection to some extent. Hence, this review lays the foundation for future prophylactic treatments against bacterial infections and strategies for addressing bacterial drug resistance. KEY POINTS: •sncRNAs have intracellular and extracellular regulatory functions in bacterial physiological processes and host-pathogen interactions. •OMVs are potential mediators between bacterial sncRNAs and host cells. •OMVs encapsulating sncRNAs have more potential biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan He
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Center for Advanced Diagnostic Technology and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Shuanshuan Yin
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Center for Advanced Diagnostic Technology and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xinlei Huang
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Li
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Center for Advanced Diagnostic Technology and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Biaoxian Li
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Center for Advanced Diagnostic Technology and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Tian Gong
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Center for Advanced Diagnostic Technology and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Center for Advanced Diagnostic Technology and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Ding X, Robbe-Masselot C, Fu X, Léonard R, Marsac B, Dauriat CJG, Lepissier A, Rytter H, Ramond E, Dupuis M, Euphrasie D, Dubail I, Schimmich C, Qin X, Parraga J, Leite-de-Moraes M, Ferroni A, Chassaing B, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Charbit A, Coureuil M, Jamet A. Airway environment drives the selection of quorum sensing mutants and promote Staphylococcus aureus chronic lifestyle. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8135. [PMID: 38065959 PMCID: PMC10709412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a predominant cause of chronic lung infections. While the airway environment is rich in highly sialylated mucins, the interaction of S. aureus with sialic acid is poorly characterized. Using S. aureus USA300 as well as clinical isolates, we demonstrate that quorum-sensing dysfunction, a hallmark of S. aureus adaptation, correlates with a greater ability to consume free sialic acid, providing a growth advantage in an air-liquid interface model and in vivo. Furthermore, RNA-seq experiment reveals that free sialic acid triggers transcriptional reprogramming promoting S. aureus chronic lifestyle. To support the clinical relevance of our results, we show the co-occurrence of S. aureus, sialidase-producing microbiota and free sialic acid in the airway of patients with cystic fibrosis. Our findings suggest a dual role for sialic acid in S. aureus airway infection, triggering virulence reprogramming and driving S. aureus adaptive strategies through the selection of quorum-sensing dysfunctional strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongqi Ding
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Robbe-Masselot
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Xiali Fu
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Léonard
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Marsac
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Charlene J G Dauriat
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Team «Mucosal Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases», F75014, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Lepissier
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Rytter
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Ramond
- Genoscope, UMR8030, Laboratory of Systems & Synthetic Biology (LISSB), Xenome team, F91057, Evry, France
| | - Marion Dupuis
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Euphrasie
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Iharilalao Dubail
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Schimmich
- Anses, Laboratory of Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and epidemiology of equine diseases (PhEED), RD 675, F14430, Goustranville, France
| | - Xiaoquan Qin
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F75005, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Parraga
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP Centre Université de Paris Cité, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Maria Leite-de-Moraes
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Ferroni
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP Centre Université de Paris Cité, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Team «Mucosal Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases», F75014, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Alain Charbit
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France.
| | - Anne Jamet
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F75015, Paris, France.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP Centre Université de Paris Cité, F75015, Paris, France.
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Allouche D, Kostova G, Hamon M, Marchand CH, Caron M, Belhocine S, Christol N, Charteau V, Condon C, Durand S. New RoxS sRNA Targets Identified in Bacillus subtilis by Pulsed SILAC. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0047123. [PMID: 37338392 PMCID: PMC10433868 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00471-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (sRNA) play a key role in controlling gene expression in bacteria, typically by base-pairing with ribosome binding sites to block translation. The modification of ribosome traffic along the mRNA generally affects its stability. However, a few cases have been described in bacteria where sRNAs can affect translation without a major impact on mRNA stability. To identify new sRNA targets in Bacillus subtilis potentially belonging to this class of mRNAs, we used pulsed-SILAC (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture) to label newly synthesized proteins after short expression of the RoxS sRNA, the best characterized sRNA in this bacterium. RoxS sRNA was previously shown to interfere with the expression of genes involved in central metabolism, permitting control of the NAD+/NADH ratio in B. subtilis. In this study, we confirmed most of the known targets of RoxS, showing the efficiency of the method. We further expanded the number of mRNA targets encoding enzymes of the TCA cycle and identified new targets. One of these is YcsA, a tartrate dehydrogenase that uses NAD+ as co-factor, in excellent agreement with the proposed role of RoxS in management of NAD+/NADH ratio in Firmicutes. IMPORTANCE Non-coding RNAs (sRNA) play an important role in bacterial adaptation and virulence. The identification of the most complete set of targets for these regulatory RNAs is key to fully identifying the perimeter of its function(s). Most sRNAs modify both the translation (directly) and mRNA stability (indirectly) of their targets. However, sRNAs can also influence the translation efficiency of the target primarily, with little or no impact on mRNA stability. The characterization of these targets is challenging. We describe here the application of the pulsed SILAC method to identify such targets and obtain the most complete list of targets for a defined sRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Allouche
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Gergana Kostova
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Marion Hamon
- FR550, CNRS, Plateforme de Protéomique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Christophe H. Marchand
- FR550, CNRS, Plateforme de Protéomique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR7238, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Caron
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Sihem Belhocine
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Ninon Christol
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Violette Charteau
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Ciarán Condon
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Durand
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
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Nandavaram A, Nandakumar A, Kashif GM, Sagar AL, Shailaja G, Ramesh A, Siddavattam D. Unusual Relationship between Iron Deprivation and Organophosphate Hydrolase Expression. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0190322. [PMID: 37074175 PMCID: PMC10231211 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01903-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate hydrolases (OPH), hitherto known to hydrolyze the third ester bond of organophosphate (OP) insecticides and nerve agents, have recently been shown to interact with outer membrane transport components, namely, TonB and ExbB/ExbD. In an OPH negative background, Sphingopyxis wildii cells failed to transport ferric enterobactin and showed retarded growth under iron-limiting conditions. We now show the OPH-encoding organophosphate degradation (opd) gene from Sphingobium fuliginis ATCC 27551 to be part of the iron regulon. A fur-box motif found to be overlapping with the transcription start site (TSS) of the opd gene coordinates with an iron responsive element (IRE) RNA motif identified in the 5' coding region of the opd mRNA to tightly regulate opd gene expression. The fur-box motif serves as a target for the Fur repressor in the presence of iron. A decrease in iron concentration leads to the derepression of opd. IRE RNA inhibits the translation of opd mRNA and serves as a target for apo-aconitase (IRP). The IRP recruited by the IRE RNA abrogates IRE-mediated translational inhibition. Our findings establish a novel, multilayered, iron-responsive regulation that is crucial for OPH function in the transport of siderophore-mediated iron uptake. IMPORTANCE Sphingobium fuliginis, a soil-dwelling microbe isolated from agricultural soils, was shown to degrade a variety of insecticides and pesticides. These synthetic chemicals function as potent neurotoxins, and they belong to a class of chemicals termed organophosphates. S. fuliginis codes for OPH, an enzyme that has been shown to be involved in the metabolism of several organophosphates and their derivatives. Interestingly, OPH has also been shown to facilitate siderophore-mediated iron uptake in S. fuliginis and in another Sphingomonad, namely, Sphingopyxis wildii, implying that this organophosphate-metabolizing protein has a role in iron homeostasis, as well. Our research dissects the underlying molecular mechanisms linking iron to the expression of OPH, prompting a reconsideration of the role of OPH in Sphingomonads and a reevaluation of the evolutionary origins of the OPH proteins from soil bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Nandavaram
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anirudh Nandakumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences & Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G. M. Kashif
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - G. Shailaja
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arati Ramesh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India
| | - Dayananda Siddavattam
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
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Zeng S, Shi Q, Liu Y, Li M, Lin D, Zhang S, Li Q, Pu J, Shen C, Huang B, Chen C, Zeng J. The small RNA PrrH of Pseudomonas aeruginosa regulates hemolysis and oxidative resistance in bloodstream infection. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106124. [PMID: 37105322 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) regulate multiple physiological functions in bacteria, and sRNA PrrH can regulate iron homeostasis and virulence. However, the function of PrrH in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bloodstream infection (BSI) is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PrrH in P. aeruginosa BSI model. First, P. aeruginosa PAO1 was co-cultured with peripheral blood cells for 6 h qRT-PCR results showed a transient up-regulation of PrrH expression at 1 h. Simultaneously, the expression of iron uptake genes fpvA, pvdS and phuR was upregulated. In addition, the use of iron chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl to create low-iron conditions caused up-regulation of PrrH expression, a result similar to the BSI model. Furthermore, the addition of FeCl3 was found to decrease PrrH expression. These results support the hypothesis that the expression of PrrH is regulated by iron in BSI model. Then, to clarify the effect of PrrH on major cells in the blood, we used PrrH mutant, overexpressing and wild-type strains to act separately on erythrocytes and neutrophils. On one hand, the hemolysis assay revealed that PrrH contributes to the hemolytic activity of PAO1, and its effect was dependent on the T3SS system master regulator gene exsA, yet had no association with the hemolytic phospholipase C (plcH), pldA, and lasB elastase genes. On the other hand, PrrH mutant enhanced the oxidative resistance of PAO1 in the neutrophils co-culture assay, H2O2-treated growth curve and conventional plate spotting assays. Furthermore, the katA was predicted to be a target gene of PrrH by bioinformatics software, and then verified by qPCR and GFP reporter system. In summary, dynamic changes in the expression of prrH are iron-regulated during PAO1 bloodstream infection. In addition, PrrH promotes the hemolytic activity of P. aeruginosa in an exsA-dependent manner and negatively regulates katA to reduce the oxidative tolerance of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghe Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Qixuan Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - YinZhen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Dongling Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Shebin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Qiwei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jieying Pu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Cong Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Cha Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Jianming Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Yue Z, Liu Y, Chen Y, Chen C, Zhang J, He L, Ma K. Comprehensive Genomics and Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Multiple Response Strategies of Endophytic Bacillus sp. WR13 to Iron Limitation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020367. [PMID: 36838332 PMCID: PMC9961900 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an important metal element for the growth of bacteria. Many bacteria respond to Fe limitation through a variety of strategies. We previously isolated an endophyte Bacillus sp. WR13 from wheat root. However, whether and how this strain can cope with Fe-deficient environments remains unclear. In this study, the growth of WR13 under Fe starvation was investigated, and the underlying mechanisms of WR13 in response to Fe starvation were elucidated via genomics and iTRAQ-based proteomics. Under Fe limitation, WR13 showed a growth pattern similar to that of Fe sufficiency. Genomics analysis demonstrated that WR13 had gene clusters related to siderophore synthesis (dhbACEBF), transportation (bcbE), uptake (feuABC-yusV) and hydrolysis (besA). These genes were significantly up-regulated in Fe-starved WR13, which resulted in more siderophore production. Proteomics data revealed that many Fe-containing proteins such as ACO, HemQ, ferredoxin, CNP, and SufD were significantly reduced under Fe limitation. Meanwhile, significant decreases in many proteins involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway; asparagine, glutamine, methionine, and serine metabolism; and phospholipid hydrolysis were also observed. Overall, this study shows that Bacillus sp. WR13 was able to respond to Fe limitation via multiple strategies and provides a theoretical basis for the application of WR13 in Fe-deficient soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghao Yue
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Yongchuang Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Yanjuan Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Can Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding and Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding and Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Le He
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Keshi Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-158-9672-0176
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