Seizure outcome after radiotherapy and chemotherapy in low-grade glioma patients: a systematic review

Unlocking new horizons: advances in treating IDH-mutant, 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendrogliomas

Oligodendrogliomas are a distinct subtype of diffuse gliomas characterized by IDH mutations and 1p/19q codeletion, classified as grade 2 or 3 based on histological features. This review examines current advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of oligodendrogliomas, with an emphasis on personalized approaches driven by molecular insights. Surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment, aiming for maximal safe resection to obtain tissue for diagnosis and alleviate symptoms. For grade 2 tumors with residual disease but no symptomatic progression, the IDH inhibitor vorasidenib has emerged as a promising option to delay the need for radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy. For grade III oligodendrogliomas, postoperative combined-modality therapy with RT and chemotherapy, such as the PCV regimen, demonstrates significant survival benefits, while temozolomide is an alternative due to its ease of administration and reduced toxicity. Recurrent oligodendrogliomas present therapeutic challenges, necessitating tailored strategies based on prior treatments and the interval since initial therapy. Options include repeat surgery, reirradiation, or novel targeted therapies. Advances in molecular diagnostics, such as homozygous CDKN2A/B deletion as a prognostic marker, have refined risk stratification and informed treatment decisions. Despite these strides, further research is needed to optimize long-term outcomes and address resistance mechanisms. This review underscores the importance of integrating molecular diagnostics with clinical management to achieve personalized, evidence-based care for patients with oligodendrogliomas.

Seizures in brain tumors: pathogenesis, risk factors and management (Review)

Seizures in the context of brain tumors are a relatively common symptom, with higher occurrence rates observed in glioneuronal tumors and gliomas. It is a serious burden that can have a significant impact on the quality of life (QoL) of patients and influence the disease's prognosis. Brain tumor‑related epilepsy (BTRE) is a challenging entity because the pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood yet. Nonetheless, neuroinflammation is considered to play a pivotal role. Next to neuroinflammation, findings on the pathogenesis of BTRE have established that certain genetic mutations are involved, of which the most known would be IDH mutations in gliomas. Others discussed more thoroughly in the present review include genes such as PTEN, TP53, IGSF3, and these findings all provide fresh and fascinating insights into the pathogenesis of BTRE. Treatment for BTRE presents unique challenges, mainly related to burdens of polytherapy, debated necessity of anti‑epileptic prophylaxis, and overall impact on the QoL. In fact, there are no established anti‑seizure medications (ASMs) of choice for BTRE, nor is there any protocol to guide the use of these medications at every step of disease progression. Treatment strategies aimed at the tumor, that is surgical procedures, radio‑ and chemotherapy appear to influence seizure control. Conversely, some ASMs have also shown antitumor properties. The present review summarizes and retrospectively analyzes the literature on the pathogenesis and management of BTRE to provide an updated comprehensive understanding. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities for developing future therapies aimed at BTRE are discussed.

Antiseizure medication choice in diffuse glioma: A single-center population-based experience

OBJECTIVE

Several antiseizure medications (ASMs) can be considered as first-line treatment for glioma-associated epilepsy (GAE). We aimed to find out, if there are subgroups of glioma patients which may benefit from different first-line ASMs.

METHODS

All diffuse glioma (grade 2-4) patients, who were in contact with Helsinki University Hospital Neurology or Oncology Departments during 2013-2015, were recognized from medical records. Follow-up data was retrospectively collected of all GAE patients living in Helsinki for 5 years from diagnosis of glioma, or until death.

RESULTS

A total of 121 patients with GAE fulfilling inclusion criteria were identified. Forty-nine (40.5%) had grade 2 glioma, 18 (14.9%) had grade 3 glioma, and 54 (44.6%) had grade 4 glioma. The most common first ASM was oxcarbazepine (39.2%), followed by levetiracetam (22.5%), carbamazepine (19.3%), phenytoin (10.8%) and valproic acid (8.3%). The first ASM was retained in use in 70 (57.9%) patients until the end of follow-up. Among patients with low-grade glioma, oxcarbazepine was favored, whereas grade 4 glioma patients more often received levetiracetam as first ASM. At the end of follow-up, the retention rate of levetiracetam as first ASM was higher than retention rate of other ASMs in grade 4 glioma patients (p 0.002). Patients who initiated valproic acid as first ASM underwent more ASM changes than patients who initiated other first-line ASM (p 0.005).

SIGNIFICANCE

Levetiracetam seems to be a favorable first-line treatment for GAE, especially for patients with grade 4 glioma. For grade 2-3 glioma patients, oxcarbazepine may be a reasonable option.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY

Grade 2-4 gliomas are central nervous system tumors originating from glial cells, and epilepsy is common in glioma patients. We found that levetiracetam was favored as first antiseizure medication for patients with malignant, grade 4, glioma. For patients with slower-growing tumors, grade 2-3 gliomas, oxcarbazepine may be a reasonable choice for first antiseizure medication. The findings highlight the need for individual assessment in the use of antiseizure medications in glioma patients.

Gene mutations linked to drug-resistant epilepsy in astrocytoma

Introduction

Epilepsy is common in gliomas, particularly astrocytomas, even in patients who have undergone total tumor resection. Resistance to antiseizure drugs presents a significant challenge in managing epilepsy. Seizure outcomes after brain surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) are heterogeneous and difficult to predict using models that evaluate current clinical, imaging, and electrophysiological variables. This study aimed to investigate possible correlations between genetic mutations and antiseizure resistance using whole-exome sequencing.

Methods

Tumor samples from a medical biobank were subjected to whole-exome sequencing, and the contribution of 64 genes from a previous report was analyzed.

Results

Fifteen patients had DRE. Compared to the patients who showed drug responsiveness, patients in the DRE group exhibited mutations in glutamate receptor genes (GRIA1, GRIK5, GRIN2B, or GRIN2C), ATRX, and the glutamate-S-transferase gene. No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of mutations in BRAF, Olig2, Ki-67, IDH, PIK3CA, p53, GRM, or BCL2A.

Discussion

These findings suggest that somatic gene mutations are closely linked to DRE. Identifying the molecular basis of antiseizure drug resistance is crucial for improving the management of DRE.

Management of brain tumour related epilepsy (BTRE): a narrative review and therapy recommendations

Brain Tumour Related Epilepsy (BTRE) has a significant impact on Quality of Life with implications for driving, employment, and social activities. Management of BTRE is complex due to the higher incidence of drug resistance and the potential for interaction between anti-cancer therapy and anti-seizure medications (ASMs). Neurologists, neurosurgeons, oncologists, palliative care physicians and clinical nurse specialists treating these patients would benefit from up-to-date clinical guidelines. We aim to review the current literature and to outline specific recommendations for the optimal treatment of BTRE, encompassing both Primary Brain Tumours (PBT) and Brain Metastases (BM). A comprehensive search of the literature since 1995 on BTRE was carried out in PubMed, MEDLINE and EMCARE. A broad search strategy was used, and the evidence evaluated and graded based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Seizure frequency varies between 10 and 40% in patients with Brain Metastases (BM) and from 30% (high-grade gliomas) to 90% (low-grade gliomas) in patients with PBT. In patients with BM, risk factors include number of BM and melanoma histology. In patients with PBT, BTRE is more common in patients with lower grade histology, frontal and temporal tumours, presence of an IDH mutation and cortical infiltration. All patients with BTRE should be treated with ASMs. Non-enzyme inducing ASMs are recommended as first line treatment for BTRE, but up to 50% of patients with BTRE due to PBT remain resistant. There is no proven benefit for the use of prophylactic ASMs, although there are no randomised trials testing newer agents. Surgical and oncological treatments i.e. radiotherapy and chemotherapy improve BTRE. Vagus Nerve Stimulation has been used with partial success. The review highlights the relative dearth of high-quality evidence for the management of BTRE and provides a framework for further studies aiming to improve seizure control, quality of life, and indications for ASMs.

Medical and neurologic management of brain tumor patients

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This article discusses commonly encountered medical and neurological complications in patients with brain tumors and highlights recommendations for their management based on updated evidence.

RECENT FINDINGS

Use of dexamethasone is correlated with worse prognosis in patients with glioblastoma, and in brain metastases, high doses may lead to increased side effects without additional clinical benefit. There are multiple antiseizure medications (ASM) to choose from and possible interactions and toxicity must be considered when choosing an agent. Additionally, there is growing interest in the use of AMPA receptor blockers as ASM in patients with brain tumors. Nonpharmacological strategies for the management of fatigue remain paramount. Cognitive decline is common after whole brain radiation (WBRT) and hippocampal-sparing WBRT results in superior cognitive outcomes. Venous thromboembolism is a common complication and there is growing evidence on the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in this population.

SUMMARY

There is evolving evidence on the management of medical and neurological complications in patients with brain tumors. These complications, require early identification and multidisciplinary collaboration and expertise.

Cancer-specific utility: clinical validation of the EORTC QLU-C10D in patients with glioblastoma

INTRODUCTION

Many health economic evaluations rely on the validity of the utility measurement for health-related quality of life (HRQoL). While generic utility measures perform well in HRQoL assessments of many diseases and patient populations, appropriateness for cancer-specific disease burdens needs attention and condition-specific measures could be a viable option. This study assessed the clinical validity of the cancer-specific EORTC QLU-C10D, a utility scoring algorithm for the EORTC QLQ-C30, in patients with glioblastoma. We expect the EORTC QLU-C10D to be sensitive and responsive in glioblastoma patients. Furthermore, we compared its statistical efficiency with the generic utility measure EQ-5D-3L.

METHODS

We used data from a multi-center randomized controlled trial (NCT00689221) with patients from 146 study sites in 25 countries. Both, the QLQ-C30 and the EQ-5D-3L, had been administered at seven assessment points together. Utilities of both measures were calculated for four country value set (Australia, Canada, UK, USA). Ceiling effects, agreement (Bland-Altman plots (BA), intra-class correlation (ICC)), were calculated to analyze construct validity. Sensitivity to known-groups (performance status; global health) and responsiveness to changes (progressive vs. non-progressive; stable vs. improved or deteriorated HRQoL) were investigated for clinical validity. Relative Efficiency (RE) was calculated to compare statistical efficiency of both utility measures.

RESULTS

435 patients were included at baseline and six subsequent time points (median timeframe 497 days). QLU-C10D country value set showed negligible ceiling effects (< 6.7%) and high agreement with EQ-5D-3L (ICC > 0.750). BA indicated that differences between both utility measures increased with deteriorating health states. While the QLU-C10D was more sensitive to global health groups (RE > 1.2), the EQ-5D-3L was more sensitive to performance status groups (RE < 0.7) than the other utility measure. Statistical efficiency to detect differences between change groups and within HRQoL deterioration group (RE > 1.4) favored QLU-C10D in 18 of 24 (75%) and 20 of 24 (83%) comparisons with the EQ-5D-3L respectively. Responsiveness to overall HRQoL change (RE > 3.4) also favored the QLU-C10D.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that the QLU-C10D is a valid utility measure to assess HRQoL in patients with glioblastoma. This facilitates the investigation of HRQoL profiles and utilities in this patient population by administering a single questionnaire, the EORTC QLQ-C30. Efficiency analyses point to higher statistical power of the QLU-C10D compared to the EQ-5D-3L.

Progression-free survival versus post-progression survival and overall survival in WHO grade 2 gliomas

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Progression-free survival (PFS) remains to be validated as an outcome measure for diffuse WHO grade 2 gliomas, and knowledge about the relationships between PFS, post-progression survival (PPS), and overall survival (OS) in this subset of tumors is limited. We sought to assess correlations between PFS and OS, and identify factors associated with PFS, PPS, and OS in patients treated for diffuse supratentorial WHO grade 2 gliomas.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We included 319 patients from three independent observational cohorts. The correlation between PFS and OS was analyzed using independent exponential distributions for PFS and time from progression to death. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the effects of covariates on PFS, PPS, and OS.

RESULTS

The overall correlation between PFS and OS was rs0.31. The correlation was rs 0.37 for astrocytomas and rs 0.19 for oligodendrogliomas. Longer PFS did not predict longer PPS. Patients with astrocytomas had shorter PFS, PPS, and OS. Larger preoperative tumor volume was a risk factor for shorter PFS, while older age was a risk factor for shorter PPS and OS. Patients who received early radio- and chemotherapy had longer PFS, but shorter PPS and OS.

INTERPRETATION

We found a weak correlation between PFS and OS in WHO grade 2 gliomas, with the weakest correlation observed in oligodendrogliomas. Our analyses did not demonstrate any association between PFS and PPS. Critically, predictors of PFS are not necessarily predictors of OS. There is a need for validation of PFS as an endpoint in diffuse WHO grade 2 gliomas.

The course of tumor-related epilepsy in glioblastoma patients: A retrospective analysis

PURPOSE

Many patients with glioblastoma suffer from tumor-related seizures. However, there is limited data on the characteristics of tumor-related epilepsy achieving seizure freedom. The aim of this study was to characterize the course of epilepsy in patients with glioblastoma and the factors that influence it.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of glioblastoma patients treated at the University Hospital Erlangen between 01/2006 and 01/2020.

RESULTS

In the final cohort of patients with glioblastoma (n = 520), 292 patients (56.2 %) suffered from tumor-related epilepsy (persons with epilepsy, PWE). Levetiracetam was the most commonly used first-line antiseizure medication (n = 245, 83.9 % of PWE). The onset of epilepsy was preoperative in 154/292 patients (52.7 %). 136 PWE (46.6 %) experienced only one single seizure while 27/292 PWE (9.2 %) developed drug-resistant epilepsy. Status epilepticus occurred in 48/292 patients (16.4 %). Early postoperative onset (within 30 days of surgery) of epilepsy and total gross resection (compared with debulking) were independently associated with a lower risk of further seizures. We did not detect dose-dependent pro- or antiseizure effects of radiochemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

Tumor-related epilepsy occurred in more than 50% of our cohort, but drug-resistant epilepsy developed in less than 10% of cases. Epilepsy usually started before tumor surgery.

Association of Clinical, Tumor, and Treatment Characteristics With Seizure Control in Patients With IDH1/2-Mutant Lower-Grade Glioma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Patients with IDH1/2-mutant lower-grade glioma have a high frequency of seizures. We aimed to investigate the correlations between seizures and tumor/patient characteristics and the impact of surgery and adjuvant treatments (AT) on seizure control along the disease trajectory.

METHODS

We retrospectively included patients with IDH1/2-mutant lower-grade glioma who underwent surgery at the neurosurgery divisions of the University of Turin and Milan and were treated at the Division of Neuro-Oncology of Turin. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis according to the 2021 WHO Classification and presentation with seizures; exclusion criteria were presence of CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion, intense/ring contrast enhancement on MRI at presentation, and small tissue biopsy. We evaluated seizure freedom for 2 months after surgery, 6 months from starting observation or AT, at recurrence, and for 6 months after treatments of recurrence.

RESULTS

We included 150 patients. There were 77 (51%) and 31 (21%) patients with IDH-mutant/1p19q-codeleted grade 2 and 3 oligodendroglioma and 30 (20%) and 12 (8%) with IDH-mutant grade 2 and 3 astrocytoma, respectively. Total resection was accomplished in 68 (45%). Seventy-five patients (50%) received AT while the remaining 75 were observed with MRI. After 6 months after AT, 28 of 29 patients (96.5%) displayed seizure reduction, 5 of 28 (18%) being seizure-free. 66 of 124 patients (53%) had seizures at recurrence. After 6 months after second-line treatments, 60 of 66 patients (91%) had seizure reduction, 11 (17%) being seizure-free. In multivariable analyses, grade 3 histology positively correlated with seizure freedom at 2 months after surgery (OR 3.5, 1.4-8.9, p = 0.008), 6 months after AT (OR 9.0, 1.5-54.9, p = 0.017), and 6 months after treatment of recurrence (OR 4.9, 1.5-16.5, p = 0.009). Adjuvant radiotherapy reduced seizures at recurrence in a univariate analysis (OR 0.14, 0.03-0.7, p = 0.020). Patients with seizure freedom after surgery and AT displayed longer progression-free survival (PFS) (65, 24.5-105, vs 48 months, 32-63.5, p = 0.037).

DISCUSSION

This study analyzed seizure control in patients with IDH1/2-mutant lower-grade glioma across multiple time points. Grade 3 correlated with better seizure control throughout the entire disease trajectory, and seizure freedom after surgery and AT correlated with a longer PFS regardless of tumor grade. These results could serve as an external control arm in clinical trials evaluating the efficacy on seizures of antitumor agents in patients with IDH-mutant lower-grade glioma.

Pre-operative predictors of post-operative seizure control in low-grade glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

As many as 80% of low-grade gliomas (LGGs) present with seizures, negatively impacting quality of life. While seizures are associated with gliomas regardless of grade, the importance of minimizing impact of seizures for patients with low grade tumors cannot be understated given the prolonged survival period in this population. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize existing literature and identify factors associated with post-operative seizure control (defined as Engel I classification) in patients with LGGs, with a focus on pre-operative factors. Patient data extracted include tumor location and histology, pre-operative anti-seizure medication use, extent of resection (EOR), adjuvant treatment, pre-operative seizure type, duration, and frequency, and post-operative Engel classification. A random-effects model was used to calculate the effects of EOR, pre-operative seizure duration, adjuvant radiation, and adjuvant chemotherapy on post-operative seizure control. The effect of tumor location and histology on post-operative Engel I classification was determined using contingency analyses. Thirteen studies including 1628 patients with seizures were included in the systematic review. On meta-analyses, Engel I classification was associated with pre-operative seizure type (OR = 0.79 (0.63-0.99), p = 0.0385, focal versus generalized), frontal lobe LGGs (OR = 1.5 (1.1-2.0), p = 0.0195), and EOR (OR (95% CI) = 4.5 (2.3-6.7), p < 0.0001 gross-total versus subtotal). Pre-operative seizure duration less than one year, adjuvant radiation, adjuvant chemotherapy, and tumor histology were not associated with achieving Engel I classification. In addition to the known effects of EOR, Engel I classification is less likely to be achieved in patients with focal pre-operative seizures and more likely to be achieved in patients with frontal lobe LGGs.

Brain tumor-related epilepsy management: A Society for Neuro-oncology (SNO) consensus review on current management

Tumor-related epilepsy (TRE) is a frequent and major consequence of brain tumors. Management of TRE is required throughout the course of disease and a deep understanding of diagnosis and treatment is key to improving quality of life. Gross total resection is favored from both an oncologic and epilepsy perspective. Shared mechanisms of tumor growth and epilepsy exist, and emerging data will provide better targeted therapy options. Initial treatment with antiseizure medications (ASM) in conjunction with surgery and/or chemoradiotherapy is typical. The first choice of ASM is critical to optimize seizure control and tolerability considering the effects of the tumor itself. These agents carry a potential for drug-drug interactions and therefore knowledge of mechanisms of action and interactions is needed. A review of adverse effects is necessary to guide ASM adjustments and decision-making. This review highlights the essential aspects of diagnosis and treatment of TRE with ASMs, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy while indicating areas of uncertainty. Future studies should consider the use of a standardized method of seizure tracking and incorporating seizure outcomes as a primary endpoint of tumor treatment trials.

Glioma Response to IDH Inhibition: Real-World Experience

Treatment of IDH-mutated non-enhancing grade 2 and 3 diffuse gliomas with ivosidenib leads to reduction of tumor size when assessed via volumetric MRI. Isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibition has a therapeutic benefit in patients with these tumors. See related article by Kamson et al., p. 4863.

Refractory seizures secondary to radiation-induced focal cortical dysplasia/neuronal gigantism: illustrative case

BACKGROUND

Focal cortical dysplasia is a structural cause of drug-resistant epilepsy commonly identified in childhood. In rare cases, radiation-induced injury has led to radiation-induced cortical dysplasia, also known as "focal neuronal gigantism."

OBSERVATIONS

The authors present a 53-year-old woman with recurrent status epilepticus events after she had radiation therapy and surgery for a left frontal meningioma several years prior. Imaging revealed findings consistent with radiation necrosis and possible recurrence. The patient's status epilepticus events required escalating therapies to manage. Scalp electroencephalography indicated that the seizure's origin was in the left hemisphere. A craniotomy was performed to remove the left frontal lesion, and histopathology was consistent with radiation-induced focal cortical dysplasia/neuronal gigantism. The patient's seizures ceased following the surgery, and she remains on maintenance antiseizure medications.

LESSONS

Radiation-induced focal cortical dysplasia/neuronal gigantism is an incredibly rare complication of therapy. However, it warrants consideration in the context of radiation necrosis and intractable epilepsy.

Seizure Management and Prophylaxis Considerations in Patients with Brain Tumors

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The article gives an overview of the current knowledge in the management of tumor related epilepsy, including systematic reviews and consensus statements as well as recent insight into a potentially more individualized treatment approach.

RECENT FINDINGS

Tumor molecular markers as IDH1 mutation and MGMT methylation status may provide future treatment targets. Seizure control should be included as a metric in assessing efficacy of tumor treatment. Prophylactic treatment is recommended in all brain tumor patients after the first seizure. Epilepsy has a profound effect on the quality of life in this patient group. The clinician should tailor the choice of seizure prophylactic treatment to the individual patient, with the goal of limiting adverse effects, avoiding interactions and obtaining a high degree of seizure freedom. Status epilepticus is associated with inferior survival and must be treated promptly. A multidisciplinary team should treat patients with brain tumors and epilepsy.

IDH1/2 wildtype gliomas grade 2 and 3 with molecular glioblastoma-like profile have a distinct course of epilepsy compared to IDH1/2 wildtype glioblastomas

BACKGROUND

IDH1/2 wildtype (IDHwt) glioma WHO grade 2 and 3 patients with pTERT mutation and/or EGFR amplification and/or + 7/-10 chromosome gain/loss have a similar overall survival time as IDHwt glioblastoma patients, and are both considered glioblastoma IDHwt according to the WHO 2021 classification. However, differences in seizure onset have been observed. This study aimed to compare the course of epilepsy in the 2 glioblastoma subtypes.

METHODS

We analyzed epilepsy data of an existing cohort including IDHwt histologically lower-grade glioma WHO grade 2 and 3 with molecular glioblastoma-like profile (IDHwt hLGG) and IDHwt glioblastoma patients. Primary outcome was the incidence proportion of epilepsy during the disease course. Secondary outcomes included, among others, onset of epilepsy, number of seizure days, and antiepileptic drug (AED) polytherapy.

RESULTS

Out of 254 patients, 78% (50/64) IDHwt hLGG and 68% (129/190) IDHwt glioblastoma patients developed epilepsy during the disease (P = .121). Epilepsy onset before histopathological diagnosis occurred more frequently in IDHwt hLGG compared to IDHwt glioblastoma patients (90% vs 60%, P < .001), with a significantly longer median time to diagnosis (3.5 vs 1.3 months, P < .001). Median total seizure days was also longer for IDHwt hLGG patients (7.0 vs 3.0, P = .005), and they received more often AED polytherapy (32% vs 17%, P = .028).

CONCLUSIONS

Although the incidence proportion of epilepsy during the entire disease course is similar, IDHwt hLGG patients show a significantly higher incidence of epilepsy before diagnosis and a significantly longer median time between first seizure and diagnosis compared to IDHwt glioblastoma patients, indicating a distinct clinical course.

Antitumor Potential of Antiepileptic Drugs in Human Glioblastoma: Pharmacological Targets and Clinical Benefits

Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by fast-growing cells, genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, and radio-chemo-therapy resistance, contributing to its dismal prognosis. Various medical comorbidities are associated with the natural history of GBM. The most disabling and greatly affecting patients' quality of life are neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and GBM-related epilepsy (GRE). Hallmarks of GBM include molecular intrinsic mediators and pathways, but emerging evidence supports the key role of non-malignant cells within the tumor microenvironment in GBM aggressive behavior. In this context, hyper-excitability of neurons, mediated by glutamatergic and GABAergic imbalance, contributing to GBM growth strengthens the cancer-nervous system crosstalk. Pathogenic mechanisms, clinical features, and pharmacological management of GRE with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and their interactions are poorly explored, yet it is a potentially promising field of research in cancer neuroscience. The present review summarizes emerging cooperative mechanisms in oncogenesis and epileptogenesis, focusing on the neuron-to-glioma interface. The main effects and efficacy of selected AEDs used in the management of GRE are discussed in this paper, as well as their potential beneficial activity as antitumor treatment. Overall, although still many unclear processes overlapping in GBM growth and seizure onset need to be elucidated, this review focuses on the intriguing targeting of GBM-neuron mutual interactions to improve the outcome of the so challenging to treat GBM.

Adherence to Prophylactic Anticonvulsant Guidelines for Newly Diagnosed Brain Tumor Patients: A Quality Improvement Study

Background and Purpose

Clinical guidelines suggest that prophylactic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) should be given to newly diagnosed seizure-naive brain tumor patients for up to 1 week after craniotomy. Yet, data suggest that prophylactic AEDs are used up to 12 months after surgery. A quality improvement project was implemented to improve adherence to evidence-based prophylactic AED guidelines.

Methods

A quasi-experimental, pre- and post-test intervention design was used to assess the effect of a multiphase intervention on guideline adherence and prophylactic anticonvulsant prescription rates. The 16-week intervention consisted of provider education sessions, provider alerts, documentation templates, and a weekly audit and feedback. Participants included four providers and newly diagnosed seizure-naive brain tumor patients. Measures included guideline adherence rates and AED prescription rates extracted from chart review, and a provider attitude and knowledge survey. Analyses included descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and Chi-square tests.

Results

Guideline adherence increased significantly (p < .01) from 4 months before implementation (15.8%) to 1 year before implementation (27.8%) and then to 93.3% after implementation. Provider knowledge showed clinically meaningful decreases in the likelihood to prescribe prophylactic AEDs (-.5 point) and increased understanding of prophylactic AED side effects (+0.5 point), although these were not statistically significant (p = .083). Finally, prophylactic AED prescription rates decreased by 2.2% (p = .119) compared with 4 months and 1 year before implementation (2.6%; p = .072).

Conclusion

This project highlights the important role of provider education, provider alerts, a documentation template, and audit and feedback in improving guideline adherence rate. Findings suggest that the combination intervention and weekly audit and feedback strategy can improve guideline adherence to prophylactic anticonvulsant use in seizure-naive newly diagnosed brain tumor patients.

Implications

By following prophylactic AED guideline recommendations, clinicians can avoid the potential side effects of anticonvulsant-induced cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric issues that can impair patients' quality of life.

Management of epilepsy in brain tumor patients

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

A concise review of recent findings in brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE), with focus on the effect of antitumor treatment on seizure control and the management of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

RECENT FINDINGS

Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation and its active metabolite d -2-hydroxyglutarate seem important contributing factors to epileptogenesis in BTRE. A beneficial effect of antitumor treatment (i.e. surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) on seizure control has mainly been demonstrated in low-grade glioma. AED prophylaxis in seizure-naïve BTRE patients is not recommended, but AED treatment should be initiated after a first seizure has occurred. Comparative efficacy randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are currently lacking, but second-generation AED levetiracetam seems the preferred choice in BTRE. Levetiracetam lacks significant drug-drug interactions, has shown favorable efficacy compared to valproic acid in BTRE, generally causes no hematological or neurocognitive functioning adverse effects, but caution should be exercised with regard to psychiatric adverse effects. Potential add-on AEDs in case of uncontrolled seizures include lacosamide, perampanel, and valproic acid. Ultimately, in the end-of-life phase when oral intake of medication is hampered, benzodiazepines via nonoral administration routes are potential alternatives.

SUMMARY

Management of seizures in BTRE is complex and with currently available evidence levetiracetam seems the preferred choice. Comparative efficacy RCTs in BTRE are warranted.

The Clinical Characteristics of New-Onset Epilepsy in the Elderly and Risk Factors for Treatment Outcomes of Antiseizure Medications

Objective

To describe the clinical characteristics of elderly patients with new-onset epilepsy in a Class A tertiary comprehensive hospital in north China and evaluate the treatment outcomes of antiseizure medications (ASMs). This study focuses on investigating the factors affecting the treatment outcomes, guiding the drug treatment, and judging the prognosis of elderly epilepsy patients.

Methods

We included patients aged 60 years or older at the time of their first seizure between January 2014 and August 2020. Demographic characteristics, effects of ASM, and the proportion of 1-year and long-term seizure freedom were reported. The univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were used to identify factors potentially influencing treatment outcomes.

Results

A total of 326 patients (median age 65 years, 67.2% men) were included. Moreover, 185 (56.7%) patients who received the first ASM monotherapy achieved 1 year of seizure freedom in the early stage. Compared with structural etiology, unknown etiology was associated with a higher likelihood of early seizure freedom (odds ratio [OR] = 0.545; p < 0.05). Conversely, comorbid intracranial malignant tumors, taking carbamazepine (CBZ), and sodium valproate (VPA) were associated with a lower likelihood of seizure freedom (OR = 3.527 vs. 6.550 vs. 8.829; p < 0.05). At long-term follow-up, 263 (80.6%) patients achieved seizure freedom, with 79.8% on monotherapy.

Conclusions

Elderly patients with new-onset epilepsy responded well to the initial ASMs treatment. Patients with intracranial malignant tumors and prescribed VPA and CBZ were less likely to achieve early seizure freedom, while those with unknown etiology had higher probabilities of achieving early seizure freedom than those with structural etiology.

Postoperative epilepsy and survival in glioma patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study from 2009 to 2018

PURPOSE

Postoperative epilepsy is common in glioma patients and has been suggested to indicate disease progression, yet knowledge of its role as a prognostic factor is limited. This study investigates the association between postoperative epilepsy and survival amongst patients with gliomas.

METHODS

We included 3763 patients with histopathologically diagnosed grade II, III, and IV gliomas from 2009 to 2018 according to the Danish Neuro-Oncology Registry. Information on epilepsy diagnosis was redeemed from the Danish National Patient Registry, the National Prescription Registry and the Danish Neuro-Oncology Registry. We used Cox proportional hazards models with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between postoperative epilepsy and risk of death. We examined the role of the timing of epilepsy in three different samples: Firstly, in all glioma patients with postoperative epilepsy; secondly, in patients with postoperative de novo epilepsy; thirdly, exclusively in a homogeneous sub-group of grade IV patients with postoperative de novo epilepsy.

RESULTS

Glioma patients with postoperative epilepsy had an increased risk of death, regardless of prior epilepsy status (HR = 4.03; CI 2.69-6.03). A similar increase in the risk of death was also seen in patients with postoperative de novo epilepsy (HR = 2.08; CI 1.26-3.44) and in the sub-group of grade IV patients with postoperative de novo epilepsy (HR = 1.83; CI 1.05-3.21).

CONCLUSIONS

Postoperative epilepsy may negatively impact survival after glioma diagnosis, regardless of preoperative epilepsy status. Postoperative epilepsy may be an expression of a more invasive growth pattern of the gliomas following primary tumor treatment.

The IDH1 inhibitor ivosidenib improved seizures in a patient with drug-resistant epilepsy from IDH1 mutant oligodendroglioma

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Focal epilepsy from oligodendrogliomas can be very treatment resistant.

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IDH1/2 mutation can lower seizure threshold by D2HG production.

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Ivosidenib, an IDH1 inhibitor, significantly improved seizures in our patient.

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In our patient, seizure improvement was seen with stable tumor appearance on MRI.

Compared to high grade gliomas, low grade gliomas such as oligodendrogliomas are often more epileptogenic. Epilepsy develops in 70–90% of patients with oligodendrogliomas and 40% of these are resistant to anti-seizure medications and surgery [3]. IDH1/2 mutation is one defining feature of oligodendrogliomas and confers improved prognosis when found in astrocytomas [7]. One possible etiology of the high rate of epileptogenicity in oligodendrogliomas is D-2-Hydroxyglutarate (D2HG), an oncometabolite seen in IDH mutation [8]. D2HG can mimic the effect of glutamate at the NMDA receptor and increase the seizure risk [11]. In this case report, we present a patient with drug resistant focal epilepsy from IDH1 mutant oligodendroglioma with markedly improved seizure frequency after starting Ivosidenib, an IDH1 inhibitor, in the absence of any changes to traditional anti-seizure medications. Our case suggests the possibility that IDH1 inhibitors may help reduce seizure burden in patients with difficult to control epilepsy from IDH1 mutant oligodendrogliomas. This is significant because we show that a targeted cancer therapy is able to improve seizure frequency through a unique pathway, and suggests that research into similar targeted, precision medicine therapies in brain lesions associated with epilepsy may be beneficial.

Antiepileptic drug management in pediatric patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy

BACKGROUND

Patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE) are at a higher risk of significant morbidity, lower quality of life, and increased risk of mortality. We surveyed providers regarding anti-seizure medication (ASM) management in pediatric BTRE to determine if practices are standard or markedly variable.

METHODS

An anonymous voluntary online survey was sent to members of the Child Neurology Society. Providers were asked specific questions regarding initiation and wean of ASMs and if this was dependent on multiple factors. Demographic information was collected.

RESULTS

Fifty-one providers responded to the survey. Ninety-four percent of providers would start an ASM after a second seizure. Eighty-four percent chose levetiracetam as the preferred ASM. Management was variable when based on tumor location, extent of surgical resection, pathology, and tumor prognosis. Statistically significant differences in responses regarding management were identified when comparing neurologists and epileptologists, providers with formal neuro-oncology or epilepsy training, providers at large institutions, and years of experience. For patients who underwent a gross total resection of the tumor, neuro-oncology and epilepsy-trained providers were more likely to wean off ASMs (p < 0.049). Providers without formal training in neuro-oncology or epilepsy were more likely to get an EEG prior to making a decision about weaning off ASMs (p < 0.016).

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that ASM management in BTRE varies greatly according to sub-specialty and experience. Further studies and potential development of guidelines are needed to identify the most appropriate management of ASMs for BTRE.

The persistence of seizures after tumor resection negatively affects survival in low-grade glioma patients: a clinical retrospective study

INTRODUCTION

Seizures are the most common clinical manifestation of low-grade glioma (LGG). Many papers hypothesized an influence of epilepsy on glioma progression. To our knowledge, no clinical study demonstrated a direct relationship between persistence of epileptic seizures after surgery and overall survival (OS) in LGG patients. The present study aims at investigating the correlation between post-operative seizure outcome and survival in tumor-related epilepsy (TRE) patients.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis of adult patients affected by TRE who underwent surgery for resection of LGG in a single high-volume neurosurgical center. Seizure outcome was assessed 1 year after surgery and categorized according to Engel classification. Clinical, molecular and radiological features were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate the correlation with OS.

RESULTS

A total of 146 patients met the inclusion criteria. Histopathological diagnosis was Diffuse Astrocytoma isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild type in 16 patients (11%), Diffuse astrocytoma IDH mutated in 89 patients (61%) and oligodendroglioma IDH mutated, 1p 19q codeleted in 41 patients (28%). 1 year after surgery, 103 (70.6%) patients were in Engel class 1. Median duration of follow-up period was 69.5 months. Median OS was 79.3 (72.2-86.4) months in the whole population, while it was 86.8 (78.4-95.2), 63.9 (45.7-82), 63.7 (45.2-82.2) and 47.5 (18.3-76.6) months for patients in Engel class 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. In a univariate analysis, Engel class evaluated 1 year after surgery significantly influenced OS (p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that OS was independently associated with extent of resection (p = 0.02), molecular class (p < 0.01) and Engel class (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Seizure control 1 year after surgery significantly predicted survival of patients affected by LGG-related epilepsy in a large monocentric retrospective series. Future studies are needed to confirm these results and to assess if an epilepsy-surgical therapeutic approach may improve OS.

Efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in glioma patients with epilepsy: a systematic review

Background

Comprehensive data on the efficacy and tolerability of antiepileptic drugs (AED) treatment in glioma patients with epilepsy are currently lacking. In this systematic review, we specifically assessed the efficacy of AEDs in patients with a grade II-IV glioma.

Methods

Electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched up to June 2020. Three different outcomes for both mono- and polytherapy were extracted from all eligible articles: (i) seizure freedom; (ii) ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency; and (iii) treatment failure. Weighted averages (WA) were calculated for outcomes at 6 and 12 months.

Results

A total of 66 studies were included. Regarding the individual outcomes on the efficacy of monotherapy, the highest seizure freedom rate at 6 months was with phenytoin (WA = 72%) while at 12-month pregabalin (WA = 75%) and levetiracetam (WA = 74%) showed highest efficacy. Concerning ≥50% seizure reduction rates, levetiracetam showed highest efficacy at 6 and 12 months (WAs of 82% and 97%, respectively). However, treatment failure rates at 12 months were highest for phenytoin (WA = 34%) and pregabalin (41%). When comparing the described polytherapy combinations with follow-up of ≥6 months, levetiracetam combined with phenytoin was most effective followed by levetiracetam combined with valproic acid.

Conclusion

Given the heterogeneous patient populations and the low scientific quality across the different studies, seizure rates need to be interpreted with caution. Based on the current limited evidence, with the ranking of AEDs being confined to the AEDs studied, levetiracetam, phenytoin, and pregabalin seem to be most effective as AED monotherapy in glioma patients with epilepsy, with levetiracetam showing the lowest treatment failure rate, compared to the other AEDs studied.

Seizure Outcome After Surgery for Insular High-Grade Glioma

BACKGROUND

The insular cortex is an eloquent island of mesocortex surrounded by vital structures making this region relatively challenging to neurosurgeons. Historically, lesions in this region were considered too high risk to approach given the strong chance of poor surgical outcome. Advances in recent decades have meant that surgeons can more safely access this eloquent region. Seizure outcome after excision of insular low-grade gliomas is well reported, but little is known about seizure outcomes after excision of insular high-grade gliomas.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed of all patients presenting with new-onset seizures during 2015-2019 who underwent excision of an insular high-grade glioma at 3 regional neurosurgical centers in the United Kingdom.

RESULTS

We identified 38 patients with a mean (SD) age of 45.7 (15.3) years with median follow-up of 21 months. At long-term follow-up, of 38 patients, 23 were seizure-free (Engel class I), 2 had improved seizures (Engel class II), 6 had poor seizure control (Engel class III/IV), and 7 died.

CONCLUSIONS

Excision of insular high-grade gliomas is safe and results in excellent postoperative seizure control.

Molecular Classification of Gliomas is Associated with Seizure Control: A Retrospective Analysis

Classically, histologic grading of gliomas has been used to predict seizure association, with low-grade gliomas associated with an increased incidence of seizures compared to high-grade gliomas. In 2016, WHO reclassified gliomas based on histology and molecular characteristics. We sought to determine whether molecular classification of gliomas is associated with preoperative seizure presentation and/or post-operative seizure control across multiple glioma subtypes. All gliomas operated at our institution from 2007 to 2017 were identified based on ICD 9 and 10 billing codes and were retrospectively assessed for molecular classification of the IDH1 mutation, and 1p/19q codeletion. Logistic regression models were performed to assess associations of seizures at presentation as well as post-operative seizures with IDH status and the new WHO integrated classification. Our study included 376 patients: 82 IDH mutant and 294 IDH wildtype. The presence of IDH mutation was associated with seizures at presentation [OR 3.135 (1.818-5.404), p < 0.001]. IDH-mutant glioblastomas presented with seizures less often than other IDH-mutant glioma subtypes grade II and III [OR 0.104 (0.032-0.340), p < 0.001]. IDH-mutant tumors were associated with worse post-operative seizure outcomes, demonstrated by Engel Class [OR 2.666 (1.592-4.464), p < 0.001]. IDH mutation in gliomas is associated with an increased risk of seizure development and worse post-operative seizure control, in all grades except for GBM.

Seizures, Edema, Thrombosis, and Hemorrhages: An Update Review on the Medical Management of Gliomas

Patients affected with gliomas develop a complex set of clinical manifestations that deeply impact on quality of life and overall survival. Brain tumor-related epilepsy is frequently the first manifestation of gliomas or may occur during the course of disease; the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explained and depend on both patient and tumor factors. Novel treatment options derive from the growing use of third-generation antiepileptic drugs. Vasogenic edema and elevated intracranial pressure cause a considerable burden of symptoms, especially in high-grade glioma, requiring an adequate use of corticosteroids. Patients with gliomas present with an elevated risk of tumor-associated venous thromboembolism whose prophylaxis and treatment are challenging, considering also the availability of new oral anticoagulant drugs. Moreover, intracerebral hemorrhages can complicate the course of the illness both due to tumor-specific characteristics, patient comorbidities, and side effects of antithrombotic and antitumoral therapies. This paper aims to review recent advances in these clinical issues, discussing the medical management of gliomas through an updated literature review.

Scale-Free Analysis of Intraoperative ECoG During Awake Craniotomy for Glioma

BACKGROUND

Electrocorticography (ECoG) has been utilized in many epilepsy cases however, the use of this technique for evaluating electrophysiological changes within tumoral zones is spare. Nonetheless, epileptic activities seem to arise from the neocortex surrounding the gliomas suggesting a link between epileptogenesis and glioma cell infiltration in the peritumoral area. The purpose of this study was to implement novel scale-free measures to assess how cortical physiology is altered by the presence of an invasive brain tumor.

METHODS

Twelve patients undergoing an awake craniotomy for resection of a supratentorial glioma were included. ECoG data over the main tumor and the exposed surroundings was acquired intra-operatively just prior to tumor resection. Six of the patients presented with seizures and had data acquired both in the awake and anesthetic state. The corresponding anatomical location of each electrode in relation to the macroscopically-detectable tumor was recorded using the neuronavigation system based on structural anatomical images obtained pre-operatively. The electrodes were classified into tumoral, healthy or peritumoral based on the macroscopically detectable tumoral tissue from the pre-operative structural MRI.

RESULTS

The electrodes overlying the tumoral tissue revealed higher power law exponent (PLE) values across tumoral area compared to the surrounding tissues. The difference between the awake and anesthetic states was significant in the tumoral and healthy tissue (p < 0.05) but not in the peritumoral tissue. The absence of a significant PLE reduction in the peritumoral tissue from the anesthetic to the awake state could be considered as an index of the presence or absence of infiltration of tumor cells into the peritumoral tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study portrays for the first time distinct power law exponent features in the tumoral tissue, which could provide a potential novel electrophysiological marker in the future. The distinct features seen in the peritumoral tissue of gliomas seem to indicate the area where both the onset of epileptiform activity and the tumor infiltration take place.

Clinical Diagnosis and Perioperative Management of Glioma-Related Epilepsy

Gliomas account for more than half of all adult primary brain tumors. Epilepsy is the most common initial clinical presentation in gliomas. Glioma related epilepsy (GRE) is defined as symptomatic epileptic seizures secondary to gliomas, occurring in nearly 50% in high-grade glioma (HGG) patients and up to 90% in patients with low-grade glioma (LGG). Uncontrolled seizures, which have major impact on patients’ quality of life, are caused by multiple factors. Although the anti-seizure medications (ASMs), chemotherapy and radiation therapy are also beneficial for seizure treatment, the overall seizure control for GRE continue to be unsatisfactory. Due to the close relationship between GRE and glioma, surgical resection is often the treatment of choice not only for the tumor treatment, but also for the seizure control. Despite aggressive surgical treatment, there are about 30% of patients continue to have poor seizure control postoperatively. Furthermore, the diagnostic criteria for GRE is not well established. In this review, we propose an algorithm for the diagnosis and perioperative management for GRE.

Neuro-Oncology Practice Clinical Debate: long-term antiepileptic drug prophylaxis in patients with glioma

Patients with primary brain tumors often experience seizures, which can be the presenting symptom or occur for the first time at any point along the illness trajectory. In addition to causing morbidity, seizures negatively affect independence and quality of life in other ways, for example, by leading to loss of driving privileges. Long-term therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is the standard of care in brain tumor patients with seizures, but the role of prophylactic AEDs in seizure-naive patients remains controversial. In this article, experts in the field discuss the issues of AED efficacy and toxicity, and explain their differing recommendations for routine use of prophylactic AEDs.

Perampanel Add-on to Standard Radiochemotherapy in vivo Promotes Neuroprotection in a Rodent F98 Glioma Model

An abnormal glutamate signaling of glioblastoma may contribute to both tumor progression and the generation of glioma-associated epileptic seizures. We hypothesized that the AMPA receptor antagonist perampanel (PER) could attenuate tumor growth and epileptic events. F98 glioma cells, grown orthotopically in Fischer rats, were employed as a model of glioma to investigate the therapeutic efficiency of PER (15 mg/kg) as adjuvant to standard radiochemotherapy (RCT). The epileptiform phenotype was investigated by video-EEG analysis and field potential recordings. Effects on glioma progression were estimated by tumor size quantification, survival analysis and immunohistological staining. Our data revealed that orthotopically-growing F98 glioma promote an epileptiform phenotype in rats. RCT reduced the tumor size and prolonged the survival of the animals. The adjuvant administration of PER had no effect on tumor progression. The tumor-associated epileptic events were abolished by PER application or RCT respectively, to initial baseline levels. Remarkably, PER preserved the glutamatergic network activity on healthy peritumoral tissue in RCT-treated animals. F98 tumors are not only a robust model to investigate glioma progression, but also a viable model to simulate a glioma-associated epileptiform phenotype. Furthermore, our data indicate that PER acts as a potent anticonvulsant and may protect the tumor-surrounding tissue as adjuvant to RCT, but failed to attenuate tumor growth or promote animal survival.

Clinical Management of Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas

Diffuse low-grade gliomas (LGG) represent a heterogeneous group of primary brain tumors arising from supporting glial cells and usually affecting young adults. Advances in the knowledge of molecular profile of these tumors, including mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase genes, or 1p/19q codeletion, and in neuroradiological techniques have contributed to the diagnosis, prognostic stratification, and follow-up of these tumors. Optimal post-operative management of LGG is still controversial, though radiation therapy and chemotherapy remain the optimal treatments after surgical resection in selected patients. In this review, we report the most important and recent research on clinical and molecular features, new neuroradiological techniques, the different therapeutic modalities, and new opportunities for personalized targeted therapy and supportive care.

Effectiveness and tolerability of lacosamide as add-on therapy in patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy: Results from a prospective, noninterventional study in European clinical practice (VIBES)

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of lacosamide added to one or two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the treatment of patients with brain tumor–related epilepsy (BTRE), and to evaluate patients’ global impression of change and quality of life (QoL).

Methods

This was a prospective, multicenter, single‐arm, noninterventional study with a 6‐month observation period (EP0045; NCT02276053). Eligible patients (≥16 years old) had active BTRE secondary to low‐grade glioma (World Health Organization grade 1 and 2) and were receiving treatment with one or two AEDs at baseline. Lacosamide was initiated by the treating physician in the course of routine clinical practice. Primary outcomes were 50% responders (≥50% reduction in focal seizure frequency from baseline) and Patient's Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at month 6. Secondary outcomes included seizure‐free status and Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) at month 6, change in QoL (5‐Level EuroQol‐5 Dimension Quality of Life Assessment) and symptom outcomes (MD Anderson Symptom Inventory–Brain Tumor) from baseline to month 6, and Kaplan‐Meier estimated 6‐month retention on lacosamide. Safety variables included adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Results

Patients were recruited from 24 sites in Europe. Ninety‐three patients received lacosamide (mean [standard deviation] age = 44.5 [14.7] years; 50 [53.8%] male; median baseline focal seizure frequency = five seizures/28 days [range = 1‐280]), of whom 79 (84.9%) completed the study. At 6 months, 66 of 86 (76.7%) patients were 50% responders and 30 of 86 (34.9%) were seizure‐free. Improvements on PGIC were reported by 49 of 76 (64.5%) patients. Based on CGIC, 52 of 81 (64.2%) patients improved. QoL and symptoms outcome measures remained stable. Kaplan‐Meier estimated 6‐month retention rate was 86.0% (N = 93). Fifteen (16.1%) patients reported ADRs; four (4.3%) had ADRs leading to discontinuation (N = 93).

Significance

Results of this prospective, noninterventional study suggest that add‐on lacosamide is effective and generally well tolerated in patients with BTRE.

The biological and clinical basis for early referral of low grade glioma patients to a surgical neuro-oncologist

The discovery of IDH1/2 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) mutation in large scale, genomewide mutational analyses of gliomas has led to profound developments in understanding tumourigenesis, and restructuring of the classification of both high and low grade gliomas. Owing to this progress made in the recognition of molecular markers which predict tumour behavior and treatment response, the increasing importance of adjuvant treatments such as chemo- and radiotherapy, and the tremendous advances in surgical technique and intraoperative monitoring which have facilitated superior extents of resection whilst preserving neurological functioning and quality of life, contemporary management of low grade glioma (LGG) has switched from a passive, observant approach to a more active, interventional one. Furthermore, this has implications for the manner in which patients with incidentally discovered and/or asymptomatic LGG are managed, and this review of the biological behaviour of LGG, as well as its clinical investigation and management, should act as a timely reminder to all clinicians of the importance of referring LGG patients early to a surgical neuro-oncologist who is not only familiar and acquainted with the vagaries of this disease process, but who, in addition, is devoted to delivering care to these patients with the support of a multi-disciplinary clinical decision-making unit, comprising medical neuro-oncologists, radiation oncologists and allied health professionals.

Epilepsy in brain metastasis: an emerging entity

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The purpose of this review is to highlight advances in the management of seizures in brain metastases from solid tumors.

RECENT FINDINGS

The highest risk for seizures is in patients with melanoma and lung cancer. There is lack of data on the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), but interactions between enzyme-inducing AEDs and anticancer agents must be avoided. Levetiracetam and valproic acid are the most appropriate drugs. Prophylaxis with AEDs for patients with brain metastases without a history of seizures is not recommended. Total resection of a brain metastasis allows complete seizure control. Seizures may represent an adverse effect of stereotactic radiosurgery or of high-dose chemotherapy. New preclinical and clinical studies should define the risk of brain metastasis in light of the new treatment options in the different tumor types. New clinical trials should be designed in patients with brain metastases in terms of treatment or prophylaxis of seizures.

Molecular Aberrations Associated with Seizure Control in Diffuse Astrocytic and Oligodendroglial Tumors

Diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors are frequently associated with symptomatic epilepsy, and predictive seizure control is important for the improvement of patient quality of life. To elucidate the factors related to drug resistance of brain tumor-associated epilepsy from a pathological perspective. From January 2012 to October 2017, 36 patients diagnosed with diffuse astrocytic or oligodendroglial tumors were included. Assessment for seizure control was performed according to the Engel classification of seizures. Patient clinical, radiological, and pathological data were stratified based on the following 16 variables: age, sex, location of tumor, existence of the preoperative seizure, extent of resection, administration of temozolomide, radiation therapy, recurrence, Karnofsky performance scale, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, 1p/19q co-deletion, Olig2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, p53, ATRX, and Ki67. These factors were compared between the well-controlled group and drug-resistant seizure group. Twenty-seven patients experienced seizures; of these, 14 cases were well-controlled, and 13 cases were drug-resistant. Neither clinical nor radiological characteristics were significantly different between these two groups, though p53 immunodetection levels were significantly higher, and the frequency of 1p/19q co-deletion was significantly lower in the group with drug-resistant seizures than in the well-controlled group. In the multivariate analysis, only one item was selected according to stepwise methods, and a significant difference was observed for p53 (OR, 21.600; 95% CI, 2.135–218.579; P = 0.009). Upregulation of p53 may be a molecular mechanism underlying drug resistant epilepsy associated with diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors.

Seizures in patients with cancer

Seizures are common in patients with cancer and either result from brain lesions, paraneoplastic syndromes, and complications of cancer treatment or are provoked by systemic illness (metabolic derangements, infections). Evaluation should include a tailored history, neurologic examination, laboratory studies, neuroimaging, and electroencephalogram. In unprovoked seizures, antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment is required, and a nonenzyme-inducing AED is preferred. Treatment of the underlying cancer with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy also can help reduce seizures. Benzodiazepines are useful in the treatment of both provoked seizures and breakthrough epileptic seizures and as first-line treatment for status epilepticus. Counseling for safety is an important component in the care of a patient with cancer who has seizures. Good seizure management can be challenging but significantly improves the quality of life during all phases of care, including end-of-life care.

Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adult diffuse glioma-related epilepsy

BACKGROUND

Glioma-related epilepsy (GRE) is defined as symptomatic epileptic seizures secondary to gliomas, it brings both heavy financial and psychosocial burdens to patients with diffuse glioma and significantly decreases their quality of life. To date, there have been no clinical guidelines that provide recommendations for the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for GRE patients.

METHODS

In March 2017, the Joint Task Force for GRE of China Association Against Epilepsy and Society for Neuro-Oncology of China launched the guideline committee for the diagnosis and treatment of GRE. The guideline committee conducted a comprehensive review of relevant domestic and international literatures that were evaluated and graded based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence, and then held three consensus meetings to discuss relevant recommendations. The recommendations were eventually given according to those relevant literatures, together with the experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of over 3000 GRE cases from 24 tertiary level hospitals that specialize in clinical research of epilepsy, glioma, and GRE in China.

RESULTS

The manuscript presented the current standard recommendations for the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of GRE.

CONCLUSIONS

The current work will provide a framework and assurance for the diagnosis and treatment strategy of GRE to reduce complications and costs caused by unnecessary treatment. Additionally, it can serve as a reference for all professionals involved in the management of patients with GRE.

Seizure response to temozolomide chemotherapy in patients with WHO grade II oligodendroglioma: a single-institution descriptive study

Background

Tumor-related epilepsy (TRE) is common in patients with low-grade oligodendrogliomas. TRE is difficult to control despite multiple antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in up to 30% of patients. Chemotherapy has been used for treatment to avoid potential radiotherapy-related neurotoxicity. This study evaluates the effect of temozolomide on seizure frequency in a homogeneous group with World Health Organization (WHO) grade II oligodendrogliomas.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of adult patients with WHO grade II oligodendrogliomas and TRE followed at Memorial Sloan Kettering between 2005 and 2015 who were treated with temozolomide alone either as initial treatment or for disease progression. All had seizures 3 months prior to starting temozolomide. Seizure frequency was reviewed every 2 cycles and at the end of temozolomide treatment. Seizure reduction of ≥50% compared to baseline was defined as improvement.

Results

Thirty-nine individuals met inclusion criteria. Median follow-up since starting temozolomide was 6 years (0.8-13 years). Reduction in seizure frequency occurred in 35 patients (89.7%). Improvement was independent of AED regimen adjustments or prior antitumor treatment in 16 (41%); of these, AED dosage was successfully reduced or completely eliminated in 10 (25.6%). Twenty-five patients (64.1%) remained on a stable AED regimen. The majority (n = 32, 82%) had radiographically stable disease, 5 (12.8%) had objective radiographic response, and 2 (5.2%) had disease progression.

Conclusions

Temozolomide may result in reduced seizure frequency, and permit discontinuation of AEDs in patients with WHO II oligodendroglioma. Improvement was observed irrespective of objective tumor response on MRI, emphasizing the importance of incorporating seizure control in assessing response to tumor-directed therapy.

Withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in patients with low grade and anaplastic glioma after long-term seizure freedom: a prospective observational study

Background

When glioma patients experience long-term seizure freedom the question arises whether antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) should be continued. As no prospective studies exist on seizure recurrence in glioma patients after AED withdrawal, we evaluated the decision-making process to withdraw AEDs in glioma patients, and seizure outcome after withdrawal.

Methods

Patients with a histologically confirmed low grade or anaplastic glioma were included. Eligible patients were seizure free ≥ 1 year from the date of last antitumor treatment, or ≥ 2 years since the last seizure when seizures occurred after the end of the last antitumor treatment. Patients and neuro-oncologists made a shared decision on the preferred AED treatment (i.e. AED withdrawal or continuation). Primary outcomes were: (1) outcome of the shared decision-making process and (2) rate of seizure recurrence.

Results

Eighty-three patients fulfilled all eligibility criteria. However, in 12/83 (14%) patients, the neuro-oncologist had serious objections to AED withdrawal. Therefore, 71/83 (86%) patients were analyzed; In 46/71 (65%) patients it was decided to withdraw AED treatment. In the withdrawal group, 26% (12/46) had seizure recurrence during follow-up. Seven of these 12 patients (58%) had tumor progression, of which three within 3 months after seizure recurrence. In the AED continuation group, 8% (2/25) of patients had seizure recurrence of which one had tumor progression.

Conclusion

In 65% of patients a shared decision was made to withdraw AEDs, of which 26% had seizure recurrence. AED withdrawal should only be considered in carefully selected patients with a presumed low risk of tumor progression.

On high-risk, low-grade glioma: What distinguishes high from low?

The distinction between high‐risk and low‐risk patients with low‐grade glioma is far from clear. yet this criterion is used to select patients for immediate postsurgery radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Prevalence of symptoms in glioma patients throughout the disease trajectory: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Glioma patients suffer from a wide range of symptoms which influence quality of life negatively. The aim of this review is to give an overview of symptoms most prevalent in glioma patients throughout the total disease trajectory, to be used as a basis for the development of a specific glioma Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) for early assessment and monitoring of symptoms in glioma patients.

METHODS

A systematic review focused on symptom prevalence in glioma patients in different phases of disease and treatment was performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE according to PRISMA recommendations. We calculated weighted means for prevalence rates per symptom.

RESULTS

The search identified 2.074 unique papers, of which 32 were included in this review. In total 25 symptoms were identified. The ten most prevalent symptoms were: seizures (37%), cognitive deficits (36%), drowsiness (35%), dysphagia (30%), headache (27%), confusion (27%), aphasia (24%), motor deficits (21%), fatigue (20%) and dyspnea (20%).

CONCLUSIONS

Eight out of ten of the most prevalent symptoms in glioma patients are related to the central nervous system and therefore specific for glioma. Our findings emphasize the importance of tailored symptom care for glioma patients and may aid in the development of specific PROMs for glioma patients in different phases of the disease.

MicroRNA‑3666 suppresses the growth and migration of glioblastoma cells by targeting KDM2A

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are acknowledged as essential regulators in human cancer types, including glioblastoma (GBM). However, the functions of microRNA-3666 (miR-3666) in GBM remain unclear. In the present study, it was identified that the expression of miR-3666 was significantly downregulated in GBM tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, miR-3666 was downregulated in GBM cell lines. Furthermore, it was observed that the miR-3666 expression level in patients with GBM was associated with prognosis. With functional experiments, it was identified that overexpression of miR-3666 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of GBM cells in vitro by Cell Counting kit-8 and Transwell assays. Ectopic expression of miR-3666 significantly arrested GBM cells in the G₀ phase by fluorescence activated cell sorting. In terms of the underlying mechanism, it was identified that lysine-specific demethylase 2A (KDM2A) is a direct target of miR-3666 in GBM cells. Overexpression of miR-3666 significantly decreased the expression of KDM2A in GBM cells. Furthermore, it was observed that knockdown of KDM2A significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of GBM cells. Collectively, the present results demonstrated that the miR-3666/KDM2A axis serves an important role in the progression of GBM, which provides novel insight into the development of therapeutic strategies for GBM treatment.

Brain tumor related-epilepsy

INTRODUCTION

Gliomas are commonly associated with the development of epilepsy; in some cases the two conditions share common pathogenic mechanisms and may influence each other. Brain tumor related-epilepsy (BTRE) complicates the clinical management of gliomas and can substantially affect daily life.

STATE OF THE ART

The incidence of seizures is high in patients with slow growing tumors located in the frontotemporal regions. However, recent studies suggest that epileptogenesis may be more associated with tumor molecular genetic markers than tumor grade or location. Although the exact mechanism of epileptogenesis in glioma is incompletely understood, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and disruption of intracellular communication have garnered the most attention.

CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

Management of BTRE requires a multidisciplinary approach involving the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), surgery aided by electrocorticography, and adjuvant chemoradiation.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Insight into the mechanisms of glioma growth and epileptogenesis is essential to identify new treatment targets and to develop effective treatment for both conditions. Selecting AEDs tailored to act against known tumor molecular markers involved in the epileptogenesis could enhance treatment value and help inform individualized medicine in BRTE.

Grade II and III Oligodendroglioma and Astrocytoma

In the 2016 WHO classification of diffuse glioma, the diagnosis of an (anaplastic) oligodendroglioma requires the presence of both an IDH mutation (mt) and 1p/19q codeletion, whereas (anaplastic) astrocytoma are divided in IDH wild-type and IDHmt tumors. Standard of care for grade II and III glioma consists of resection. For patients with tumors that require postoperative treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are recommended. Trials in newly diagnosed grade II and III glioma have shown survival benefit of the addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy compared with initial treatment with radiotherapy alone; both temozolomide and PCV have been shown to improve survival.