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Notley C, Brown TJ, Bauld L, Boyle EM, Clarke P, Hardeman W, Holland R, Hubbard M, Naughton F, Nichols A, Orton S, Ussher M, Ward E. Development of a Smoke-Free Home Intervention for Families of Babies Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063670. [PMID: 35329355 PMCID: PMC8949360 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) have a disproportionately higher number of parents who smoke tobacco compared to the general population. A baby’s NICU admission offers a unique time to prompt behaviour change, and to emphasise the dangerous health risks of environmental tobacco smoke exposure to vulnerable infants. We sought to explore the views of mothers, fathers, wider family members, and healthcare professionals to develop an intervention to promote smoke-free homes, delivered on NICU. This article reports findings of a qualitative interview and focus group study with parents whose infants were in NICU (n = 42) and NICU healthcare professionals (n = 23). Thematic analysis was conducted to deductively explore aspects of intervention development including initiation, timing, components and delivery. Analysis of inductively occurring themes was also undertaken. Findings demonstrated that both parents and healthcare professionals supported the need for intervention. They felt it should be positioned around the promotion of smoke-free homes, but to achieve that end goal might incorporate direct cessation support during the NICU stay, support to stay smoke free (relapse prevention), and support and guidance for discussing smoking with family and household visitors. Qualitative analysis mapped well to an intervention based around the ‘3As’ approach (ask, advise, act). This informed a logic model and intervention pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Notley
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (T.J.B.); (P.C.); (E.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1603-591275
| | - Tracey J. Brown
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (T.J.B.); (P.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute and SPECTRUM Consortium, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK;
| | - Elaine M. Boyle
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
- Neonatal Unit, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK;
| | - Paul Clarke
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (T.J.B.); (P.C.); (E.W.)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK;
| | - Wendy Hardeman
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (W.H.); (F.N.)
| | - Richard Holland
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7HA, UK;
| | - Marie Hubbard
- Neonatal Unit, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK;
| | - Felix Naughton
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (W.H.); (F.N.)
| | - Amy Nichols
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK;
| | - Sophie Orton
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Michael Ussher
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK;
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Emma Ward
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (T.J.B.); (P.C.); (E.W.)
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Giving parents support: a randomized trial of peer support for parents after NICU discharge. J Perinatol 2022; 42:730-737. [PMID: 35260824 PMCID: PMC9184279 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-022-01341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peer support during inpatient hospitalization has been recommended for NICU parents and can improve maternal mental health. Less is known about the impact of peer support after NICU discharge on parental mental health and infant healthcare utilization. METHODS Three hundred families of infants approaching discharge from a Level IV NICU were randomized to receive a care notebook (control) or care notebook plus peer support for 12 months (intervention). Participants reported on measures of stress, depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, and infant healthcare utilization. Analysis compared outcomes between control and treatment groups. RESULTS Parental depression, anxiety, stress, and self-efficacy improved significantly for all participants, yet there were no differences between control and intervention groups. Infant ED visits, hospitalizations, immunization status, and developmental status at 12 months did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Peer support after NICU discharge did not improve self-reported parental mental health measures or infant healthcare utilization. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02643472.
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Understanding motivation to implement smoking bans among mothers with a hospitalized infant. Addict Behav 2016; 58:60-7. [PMID: 26914262 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) poses risks to hospitalized children upon discharge and no uniformly effective interventions have been identified. Understanding change-related processes and social-contextual factors related to motivation for implementing home and car smoking bans may inform interventions to reduce infant SHSe among mothers with a hospitalized infant. METHODS In this cross-sectional, secondary analysis, mothers of neonatal ICU infants who reported smoking or living with a smoker (N=205) were assigned to stages of change (pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, or action) based on behaviors and intentions for establishing smoking bans in their homes and cars. Processes of change (POC) for SHSe reduction practices, self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, and social support for not smoking in the home were examined across all four stages. RESULTS The majority of mothers were in the action stage for having a home smoking ban in place (55%); only 35% of participants were in action for a car smoking ban. POC use differed across the stages of change for having a home ban (p=0.004) and car ban (p=0.02), with earlier stages using fewer overall and relatively fewer cognitive/affective processes. Earlier stage women also reported lower self-efficacy to change, less familial and partner support for in-home smoking bans, and more depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Novel intervention targets were identified, including cognitive/affective change processes, mental health, and familial/social contingencies for implementing SHSe protective practices. Creative ways in which to affect change at the individual and household level are needed in order to fully address the complexity of child SHSe.
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Hilliard ME, Riekert KA, Hovell MF, Rand CS, Welkom JS, Eakin MN. Family Beliefs and Behaviors About Smoking and Young Children's Secondhand Smoke Exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:1067-75. [PMID: 25480933 PMCID: PMC4553755 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Home smoking bans (HSBs) reduce children's secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe), a contributor to health disparities. General psychosocial characteristics and SHSe beliefs and behaviors within the family may relate to HSB existence. This study's aim was to identify general psychosocial characteristics and SHSe beliefs associated with HSB presence and lower SHSe among children living with a smoker. METHODS Caregivers (n = 269) of Head Start preschool students (age 1-6 years) living with a smoker reported on HSBs, caregiver depressive symptoms and stress, family routines, SHSe beliefs, and household smoking characteristics. SHSe biomarkers included air nicotine in 2 areas of the home and child salivary cotinine. RESULTS One-quarter of families reported complete HSBs, and HSBs were more common among nonsmoking (37%) versus smoking caregivers (21%; p < .01). Perceived importance of HSBs differed between nonsmoking (9.7±1.0) versus smoking caregivers (9.1±2.0; p < .01). Smoking caregivers, more smokers in the home, and lower self-efficacy and intent to implement an HSB were consistently associated with lower likelihood of HSB existence and children's higher SHSe. Caregiver SHSe beliefs were more consistently associated with HSBs and SHSe than were general psychosocial factors. CONCLUSIONS Despite greater HSB likelihood and higher perceived importance of HSBs among nonsmoking versus smoking primary caregivers, SHSe reduction self-efficacy and intent are protective for Head Start students at high-risk for exposure. Pediatric healthcare providers and early education professionals may be able to support SHSe reduction efforts (e.g., smoking cessation, HSB implementation) and reduce children's SHSe with counseling strategies to address caregivers' HSB self-efficacy, intent, and related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin A Riekert
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Cynthia S Rand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Josie S Welkom
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michelle N Eakin
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Northrup TF, Matt GE, Hovell MF, Khan AM, Stotts AL. Thirdhand Smoke in the Homes of Medically Fragile Children: Assessing the Impact of Indoor Smoking Levels and Smoking Bans. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:1290-8. [PMID: 26315474 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thirdhand smoke (THS) residue results from secondhand smoke, and is emerging as a distinct public health hazard, particularly for medically fragile pediatric patients living with smokers. THS is difficult to remove and readily reacts with other pollutants to form carcinogens and ultrafine particles. This study investigated THS found in homes of high-risk infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit and their association with characteristics (eg, number of household smokers) hypothesized to influence THS. METHODS Baseline data from 141 hospitalized infants' homes were analyzed, along with follow-up data (n = 22) to explore household smoking characteristics and THS changes in response to indoor smoking ban policies. RESULTS Households with an indoor ban, in which not more than 10 cigarettes/d were smoked, had the lowest levels of THS contamination compared to homes with no ban (P < .001) and compared to homes with an indoor ban in which greater numbers of cigarettes were smoked (P < .001). Importantly, homes with an indoor ban in which at least 11 cigarettes/d were smoked were not different from homes without a ban. The follow-up sample of 22 homes provided initial evidence indicating that, unless a ban was implemented, THS levels in homes continued to increase over time. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary longitudinal data suggest that THS may continue to accumulate in homes over time and household smoking bans may be protective. However, for homes with high occupant smoking levels, banning indoor smoking may not be fully adequate to protect children from THS. Unless smoking is reduced and bans are implemented, medically fragile children will be exposed to the dangers of THS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Northrup
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX;
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- School of Public Health, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Amir M Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Angela L Stotts
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
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Northrup TF, Green C, Evans PW, Stotts AL. Characteristics associated with intervention and follow-up attendance in a secondhand smoke exposure study for families of NICU infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 28:1208-13. [PMID: 25053191 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.947950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is an ideal setting to intervene with an under served population on secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe). Unfortunately, attrition may compromise outcomes. Baseline characteristics associated with intervention and follow-up attendance were investigated in mothers who participated in a novel SHSe prevention study designed for households with a smoker and a NICU-admitted infant. METHODS Intervention participants received two motivational, NICU-based counseling sessions; usual care participants received pamphlets. Home-based follow-up assessments occurred at 1, 3 and 6 months. Sociodemographic, smoking history, and psychosocial factors were analyzed. RESULTS Mothers from households with greater numbers of cigarettes smoked and fewer children had higher odds of both intervention and follow-up attendance. Maternal smoking abstinence (lifetime), more adults in the home and higher perceived interpersonal support were also associated with higher odds of follow-up visit completion. CONCLUSIONS Innovative strategies are needed to engage mothers in secondhand smoke interventions, especially mothers who smoke, have lower levels of social support and have greater childcare responsibilities.
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Kassem NOF, Daffa RM, Liles S, Jackson SR, Kassem NO, Younis MA, Mehta S, Chen M, Jacob P, Carmella SG, Chatfield DA, Benowitz NL, Matt GE, Hecht SS, Hovell MF. Children's exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke carcinogens and toxicants in homes of hookah smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16:961-75. [PMID: 24590387 PMCID: PMC4072898 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined homes of hookah-only smokers and nonsmokers for levels of indoor air nicotine (a marker of secondhand smoke) and indoor surface nicotine (a marker of thirdhand smoke), child uptake of nicotine, the carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and the toxicant acrolein by analyzing their corresponding metabolites cotinine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and NNAL-glucuronides (total NNAL) and 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid. METHODS Data were collected at 3 home visits during a 7-day study period from a convenience sample of 24 households with a child 5 years or younger. Three child urine samples and 2 air and surface samples from the living room and the child bedroom were taken in homes of nonsmokers (n = 5) and hookah-only smokers (n = 19) comprised of daily hookah smokers (n = 8) and weekly/monthly hookah smokers (n = 11). RESULTS Nicotine levels in indoor air and on surfaces in the child bedrooms in homes of daily hookah smokers were significantly higher than in homes of nonsmokers. Uptake of nicotine, NNK, and acrolein in children living in daily hookah smoker homes was significantly higher than in children living in nonsmoker homes. Uptake of nicotine and NNK in children living in weekly/monthly hookah smoker homes was significantly higher than in children living in nonsmoker homes. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide the first evidence for uptake of nicotine, the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen NNK, and the ciliatoxic and cardiotoxic agent acrolein in children living in homes of hookah smokers. Our findings suggest that daily and occasional hookah use in homes present a serious, emerging threat to children's long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada O F Kassem
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;
| | - Reem M Daffa
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Sandy Liles
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Sheila R Jackson
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Noura O Kassem
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Maram A Younis
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Setoo Mehta
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Menglan Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Dale A Chatfield
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
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Begun AL, Barnhart SM, Gregoire TK, Shepherd EG. If mothers had their say: research-informed intervention design for empowering mothers to establish smoke-free homes. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2014; 53:446-459. [PMID: 24835089 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2014.888125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Empowering Mothers to Establish Smoke-free Homes (EMESH) project developed in response to an interdisciplinary health team seeking effective interventions for reducing/eliminating the environmental tobacco smoke exposure of infants with compromised respiratory status. Two study phases that informed the EMESH intervention design are described. Phase I involved semi-structured interviews with 20 caretakers of infants diagnosed with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD). In Phase II, 75 randomly selected medical records of infants with BPD were reviewed to explore the family demographics and staff behavior regarding environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) interventions. Interview results suggest that families are open to partnering with social workers and interdisciplinary team members in addressing infants' ETS exposure, families' unique circumstances indicate a need for tailored interventions, and the use of self-efficacy and decisional balance tools are feasible options. Results from the medical records review indicate that many families are economically vulnerable and reside in regions where smoking is common. There is a paucity of staff documentation regarding ETS conversations and interventions, indicating that these conversations may not take place. Together these results suggest a two-pronged approach in the next phases of EMESH: staff training in hosting and documenting ETS conversations and a tailored, parent-driven set of intervention options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Begun
- a College of Social Work , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA
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Feasibility and efficacy of an intervention to reduce secondhand smoke exposure among infants discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2013; 33:811-6. [PMID: 23619375 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility and efficacy of a hospital-based, motivational intervention to reduce secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) with mothers of infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). STUDY DESIGN One-hundred and forty-four mothers with infants ( ≤ 1500 g at birth or ≥ 12 h ventilation) in a NICU who reported a smoker in the household were randomized to two sessions of motivational interviewing (MI) conducted in the hospital, usual care (UC) or usual care-reduced measurement (UC-RM); follow-up occurred at 1- and 6-months post discharge. RESULT For households that did not have a total smoking ban at baseline, 63.6% of those in the MI group instituted a ban by 1-month post discharge compared with 20% of the UC group, P<0.02. Six months post discharge, fewer smoking bans were noted in the UC-RM group relative to MI and UC, P<0.01. CONCLUSION A need for SHSe interventions among NICU parents exists and initial evidence suggests MI can impact SHSe after discharge.
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Northrup TF, Wootton SH, Evans PW, Stotts AL. Breastfeeding practices in mothers of high-respiratory-risk NICU infants: impact of depressive symptoms and smoking. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:1838-43. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.805195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Stotts AL, Northrup TF, Schmitz JM, Green C, Tyson J, Velasquez MM, Khan A, Hovell MF. Baby's Breath II protocol development and design: a secondhand smoke exposure prevention program targeting infants discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit. Contemp Clin Trials 2013; 35:97-105. [PMID: 23466754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over one-third of all children live with at least one parent who smokes cigarettes, which is associated with compromised child health. The impact of secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) in medically fragile infants born prematurely is likely to be much higher. The Baby's Breath II study tests whether a hospital-initiated, motivational-enhancement program will result in less SHSe relative to conventional care in high-risk, low birthweight (LBW) infants discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The design and protocol for the ongoing BBII trial is described. METHODS/DESIGN Eligible participants are: (1) primary caregivers (typically mothers) of NICU infants who were born at LBW (<2500g) or ventilated for more than 12h; and (2) who smoke or live with at least one smoker. This randomized controlled trial has two conditions: Motivational interviewing plus incentives (MI+) and conventional care (CC). MI+ participants receive two hospital-based and two home-based counseling sessions, as well as incentives (i.e., prize-based draws) for (a) intervention attendance and (b) biochemical validation (i.e., urine cotinine dipstick) indicative of low or no infant SHSe. Participants in the control group receive conventional education-based care. Assessments are completed at baseline, mid-point, and 1- and 4-months post-intervention. DISCUSSION This study is the first to determine the efficacy of a brief intervention for reducing SHSe among high-risk, LBW infants discharged from a NICU, with the potential for saving lives and healthcare costs. Strengths, limitations and challenges to the conduct of this trial are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Stotts
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Adams KK, Beem A, Diener E, Merritt TA. Protecting the Vulnerable: The Importance of Effective Parental Tobacco-Dependence Treatment During Prenatal and Newborn Care. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY IMMUNOLOGY AND PULMONOLOGY 2012; 25:3-10. [DOI: 10.1089/ped.2011.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K. Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, California
| | - Ashley Beem
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Elizabeth Diener
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - T. Allen Merritt
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, California
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