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Caslavska J, Joneli J, Wanzenried U, Schiess J, Lanz C, Thormann W. Determination of genetic transferrin variants in human serum by high-resolution capillary zone electrophoresis†. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1663-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Caslavska
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Joneli
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Ursula Wanzenried
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Jeannette Schiess
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Christian Lanz
- Laboratory of Phytopharmacology, Bioanalytics and Pharmacokinetics; Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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Joneli J, Wanzenried U, Schiess J, Lanz C, Caslavska J, Thormann W. Determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in human serum by capillary zone electrophoresis: Evaluation of assay performance and quality assurance over a 10-year period in the routine arena. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1563-71. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Joneli
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
| | - Ursula Wanzenried
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
| | - Jeannette Schiess
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
| | - Christian Lanz
- Department of Clinical Research; Laboratory of Phytopharmacology; Bioanalytics and Pharmacokinetics; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
| | - Jitka Caslavska
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Caslavska
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
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Caslavska J, Joneli J, Wanzenried U, Schiess J, Thormann W. Transferrin immunoextraction for determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in human serum by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3521-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Caslavska
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Joneli
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Ursula Wanzenried
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Jeannette Schiess
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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Schellenberg F, Mennetrey L, Girre C, Nalpas B, Pages JC. Automated Measurement of Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin Using the Bio-Rad %CDT by the HPLC Test on a VariantTM HPLC System: Evaluation and Comparison with Other Routine Procedures. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 43:569-76. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Helander A, Beck O. Chapter 17 Analytical markers of acute and chronic alcohol consumption. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(06)06017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in human serum using the Bio-Rad %CDT by HPLC test. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 371:187-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Pascali JP, Trevisan MT, Floreani M, Tagliaro F. Analysis of Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin: Comparative Evaluation of Turbidimetric Immunoassay, Capillary Zone Electrophoresis, and HPLC. Clin Chem 2005; 51:2368-71. [PMID: 16306099 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.051805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bortolotti
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, University Hospital (Policlinico), Italy
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Wuyts B, Delanghe JR. The analysis of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, marker of chronic alcoholism, using capillary electrophoresis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:739-46. [PMID: 12880136 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2003.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is currently considered to be the best available marker for the diagnosis of chronic alcoholism. A large variety of methods have been developed, demonstrating the need for standardisation. Commercially available anion-exchange chromatographic-based assays are easy to use and require no specialised, expensive instruments. However, these methods cannot identify genetic transferrin variants or the carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome. In 1989, a capillary isoelectric focusing method was developed for quantitative measurement of CDT. Despite the optimal resolution, this method is not easily applied in a clinical routine environment due to the complexity of analysis. Capillary electrophoresis in a polymer network using coated capillaries allowed full resolution of the sialoforms of human transferrin. The drawbacks due to an expensive and time-consuming sample preparation were eliminated when a method in neat serum was developed. Capillary zone electrophoresis allowed full resolution of the transferrin isoforms with a high analytical performance in a short analysis time thanks to a strong electroosmotic flow. Genetic transferrin variants were easily detected, avoiding false-positive results. Also, using capillary zone electrophoresis, it was shown that CDT is a suitable marker of chronic alcohol abuse detection in transferrin CD (common/cathodal) variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Wuyts
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Gent, Gent, Belgium
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Lanz C, Kuhn M, Bortolotti F, Tagliaro F, Thormann W. Evaluation and optimization of capillary zone electrophoresis with different dynamic capillary coatings for the determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2002; 979:43-57. [PMID: 12498232 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Serum transferrin (Tf) comprises several isoforms with up to two complex oligosaccharide chains containing zero to eight sialic acid residues and neutral sugars. The major glycoform, known as tetrasialo-Tf, contains four sialic acid residues and accounts for about 80% of whole Tf in human serum. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) encompasses isoforms that are deficient in carbohydrate chains and consequently in sialic acid residues (including asialo-, monosialo- and disialo-Tf) and is a well known marker for chronic alcohol abuse. Recently capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been reported as a tool extremely effective for the simultaneous, individual, quantitative determination of CDT isoforms. Three CZE methods that feature different dynamic capillary coatings were evaluated and optimized for CDT determination in human serum of alcohol abusers and control subjects. CZE separation was performed in alkaline borate buffers after serum sample saturation with iron, electropherograms were detected at 200 nm, data were evaluated as % area of disialo-Tf in relation to tetrasialo-Tf and peak identification was accomplished via relative migration times to tetrasialo-Tf, immunosubtraction and enzymatic sequential cleavage of sialic acid residues. Dynamic capillary coatings with diaminobutane, spermine and a double coating produced by commercially available proprietary agents were investigated and found to be suitable for determination of CDT in human serum. For all three approaches, best results were obtained in 50 microm I.D. fused-silica capillaries of 50 cm effective length and a capillary cartridge temperature of 20-25 degrees C. Using 3 mM 1,4-diaminobutane or 0.02 mM spermine in a borate-based running buffer of pH 8.3 provided data of remarkable similarity with resolution of di-, tri-, tetra- and pentasialo-Tf within 15-18 min. With the double coating, asialo-Tf and Tf isoforms with two to six sialic acid residues were baseline separated. Compared to the two amine-based procedures, the run times were found to be somewhat shorter, the detector signals higher, the applied power level significantly lower and the reproducibility better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lanz
- University of Bern, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Murtenstrasse 35, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Musshoff F. Chromatographic methods for the determination of markers of chronic and acute alcohol consumption. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:457-80. [PMID: 12450674 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development in chromatographic methods for the determination of markers of alcohol consumption is summarized in this review. The markers included in this article are ethanol in body fluids, ethanol congeners, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), ethyl glucuronide (EtG), cocaethylene (CE), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), phosphatidylethanol (PEth), 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL), dolichol, ketone bodies, acetaldehyde-protein adducts, and salsolinol (SAL). Some of these markers for alcohol consumption do not only indicate previous ethanol ingestion, but also approximate the amount of intake and the time when ethanol ingestion last occurred. Basic information about the procedures, work-up, and chromatographic conditions are summarized in tables. Also the main metabolic pathways and reaction schemes are demonstrated in figures. Some examples of typical applications are presented. The author points out that in many of the reviewed papers validation data of the procedures as well as specificities and sensitivities were not clearly presented and consequently were not comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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Turpeinen U, Methuen T, Alfthan H, Laitinen K, Salaspuro M, Stenman UH. Comparison of HPLC and Small Column (CDTect) Methods for Disialotransferrin. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.10.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Current methods for determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) are based on separation of the CDT fraction by ion-exchange chromatography on minicolumns and quantification by immunoassay. Alternatively, the transferrin isoforms can be separated by HPLC anion-exchange chromatography and quantified by absorbance. This method has been reported to improve the validity of CDT as a marker of chronic alcohol abuse.
Methods: HPLC on either MonoQ or ResourceQ anion-exchange columns was used to separate and quantify isoforms of transferrin with detection at 460 nm. The result was expressed as the percentage of the disialo form (pI 5.7) of total transferrin (DST). The commercial CDTectTM assay was used as a comparison method. Serum samples from nondrinkers (n = 57), moderate drinkers (n = 77), and heavy drinkers (n = 139) were analyzed.
Results: In ROC analysis for differentiation between moderate and heavy drinkers, the area under the curve (AUC) for the HPLC method was 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.81–0.93), whereas that for CDTect was 0.72 (95% confidence interval, 0.64–0.80). At 90% specificity, the sensitivity of DST was 63% (95% confidence interval, 53–73%) compared with 33% (22–44%) for CDT. The reference interval of the HPLC method was 0.68–1.7%.
Conclusions: The HPLC anion-exchange method for quantification of CDT provides substantially better separation between moderate and heavy drinkers than the CDTect method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taina Methuen
- Research Unit of Alcohol Diseases, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kalevi Laitinen
- Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Salaspuro
- Research Unit of Alcohol Diseases, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Wuyts B, Delanghe JR, Kasvosve I, Wauters A, Neels H, Janssens J. Determination of Carbohydrate-deficient Transferrin Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Current methods for carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) often suffer from low precision, complexity, or risk of false positives attributable to genetic variants. In this study, a new capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for CDT was developed.Methods: CZE was performed on a P/ACE 5000 using fused-silica capillaries [50 μm (i.d.) × 47 cm] and the CEOFIX CDT buffer system with addition of 50 μL of anti-C3c and 10 μL of anti-hemoglobin. Native sera were loaded by high-pressure injection for 3 s, separated at 28 kV over 12 min, and monitored at 214 nm.Results: CDT was completely resolved by differences in migration times (di-trisialotransferrin, 9.86 ± 0.05 min; monosialotransferrin, 9.72 ± 0.05 min; asialotransferrin, 9.52 ± 0.04 min), with a CV of 0.15%. The number of theoretical plates was 312 000 ± 21 000 for the mono- and 199 000 ± 6500 for the di-trisialylated transferrin. Genetic CB and CD variants showed prominent peaks with migration times of 10.12 ± 0.06 and 9.89 ± 0.03 min, respectively, and the carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome could be detected, excluding false-positive results. CZE results (as a percentage; y) correlated with the Axis %CDT TIATM (x) values by Deming regression analysis: y = 1.92x − 7.29; r = 0.89. CDT values in 130 healthy nonalcoholics were determined. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were 1.84% and 6.79%.Conclusions: CZE without sample pretreatment can determine CDT with good precision, allows detection of variants, and correlates with ion-exchange chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Wuyts
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ishmael Kasvosve
- Departments of Medicine and Chemical Pathology, Medical School, The University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Annick Wauters
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Middelheim Hospital, Lindendreef 1, B2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, AZ Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, B2060 Antwerp, Belgium
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Lieber CS. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin in alcoholic liver disease: mechanisms and clinical implications. Alcohol 1999; 19:249-54. [PMID: 10580515 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(99)00042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is now considered to be the most sensitive and specific biological marker of alcohol abuse. The mechanism by which chronic alcohol consumption causes an elevation of CDT levels in serum is discussed. The sensitivity and specificity of various test procedures are compared, with special emphasis on the impact of liver disease. Clinical applications are reviewed, including the utility of CDT as a marker of relapse in alcoholic patients, and the use of CDT for the systematic screening of drinking in vulnerable populations as part of a public health approach to alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lieber
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Alcohol Research and Treatment Center, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York 10468, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Ohio 44115, USA
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BEAN PAMELA. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in the assessment of harmful alcohol consumption: diagnostic performance and clinical significance. Addict Biol 1999; 4:151-61. [PMID: 20575781 DOI: 10.1080/13556219971650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The last decade saw the emergence of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as the most promising marker for the diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Daily alcohol consumption of four beers, four glasses of wine or three standard drinks causes increased concentrations of CDT in serum. CDT is serum transferrin with a reduced content of oligosaccharides due to the detrimental effects of alcohol metabolism on the glycosylation pathway of hepatocytes and/or the increased activity of circulating glycosidases in serum. Most current CDT procedures entail separation of normal transferrin from CDT in a charged matrix-like isoelectric focusing and ion exchange chromatography, followed by detection/quantitation of CDT by a myriad of immunoassays: immunoblotting, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay and nephelometry. New CDT procedures present the advantages of improved performance, inexpensive automation and CDT results expressed as a percentage of total serum transferrin. CDT's major asset is its high specificity in well-defined populations i.e. individuals ingesting 60 g alcohol daily for at least a week.The sensitivity rates, which vary between 22% and 81%, depend on the amount of alcohol ingested, time of sample collection after the cessation of drinking, age, gender and the cut-off point chosen for analysis of tests' results. Regarding clinical applications, best outcome is achieved when the test is used to confirm a suspicion of alcohol abuse and when monitoring abstinence and relapses.The low prevalence of alcohol abuse in the general population challenges its use as a screening test.With the advent of inexpensive automation and the constant emergence of innovative, improved tests, we are seeing the rise of a new era in alcohol abuse diagnosis as affordability and education allows widespread use of CDT in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Foo
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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