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Rekola M, Korhonen K, Unkila-Kallio L, Alfthan H, Stefanovic V, Tiitinen A, Mikkola TS, Savolainen-Peltonen H. Serum erythropoietin level is increased during stimulation for IVF but not in OHSS. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2024; 22:14. [PMID: 38243286 PMCID: PMC10799481 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (Epo) is a potent vascular growth factor that induces angiogenesis and antiapoptotic signalling. We investigated whether the development of numerous follicles and corpora lutea during in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle affects circulating Epo levels and further, if Epo could be used as a novel marker for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). METHODS 24 women were included in the uncomplicated IVF group and 35 women in the OHSS group. Repeated blood samples from both groups were analysed for Epo, progesterone, blood haemoglobin, and creatinine. Follicular fluid from the IVF group was analysed for Epo and progesterone. Repeated measure analysis was performed for the variables and circulating Epo levels were compared between the IVF group and early OHSS. Furthermore, related growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) were analysed from subgroup of women to test for correlation with Epo. RESULTS During IVF, circulating Epo increased from natural mid-luteal phase to stimulated mid-luteal phase (median 9.5; 95% CI 7.2-13.4 IU/L and 12.5; 10.3-13.4 IU/L; p = 0.003). In cycles resulting in pregnancy, Epo level decreased 14 days after oocyte pick-up (OPU) and remained low thereafter. In cycles not resulting in pregnancy, Epo level increased again 35 days after OPU. Follicle fluid Epo concentration was 1.5 times higher than the serum concentration (median 15.4; 95% CI 10.4-19.2 IU/L vs. 10.2; 8.8-12.7; p = 0.006). There was no difference in circulating Epo concentration between early OHSS and uncomplicated IVF. Circulating Epo did not correlate with VEGF or HIF-1. CONCLUSIONS Circulating Epo levels fluctuate during IVF cycle. We hypothesise this may suggest Epo's involvement in ovarian physiology and angiogenesis. However, Epo was not a clinical marker for OHSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merituuli Rekola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 140, Haartmaninkatu 2, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Kati Korhonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 140, Haartmaninkatu 2, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Leila Unkila-Kallio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 140, Haartmaninkatu 2, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Topeliuksenkatu 32, Helsinki, 00029, Finland
| | - Vedran Stefanovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 140, Haartmaninkatu 2, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Aila Tiitinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 140, Haartmaninkatu 2, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 140, Haartmaninkatu 2, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 140, Haartmaninkatu 2, Helsinki, 00290, Finland.
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Collazo Abal C, Fernández Marcos MC, Casado Rey P, Vázquez Caamaño MP, Alfthan H, Koistinen H, Stenman UH. Persistently elevated serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:2028-2032. [PMID: 37279342 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We describe a woman with constantly elevated hCG levels in serum. Since assay interference, pregnancy or cancer did not explain the elevated levels, we measured the concentrations of hCG, its β subunit (hCGβ) and its core fragment (hCGβcf) in serum and urine using specific assays, to understand the nature of the elevated hCG levels. METHODS We used 3 assays for total hCG (these assays also recognize hCGβ and to various degrees hCGβcf), 3 for intact hCG heterodimer, 3 for free hCGβ and one for hCGβcf. RESULTS With an hCG assay detecting total hCG the serum concentrations were in the range of 150-260 IU/L for the whole study period of almost 5 years, except for a peak of 1,200 IU/L, coinciding with a spontaneous abortion. Quantitation of different forms of hCG with specific immunoassays showed that the immunoreactivity in serum consisted of hCGβ. Urine contained hCGβ and hCGβcf. CONCLUSIONS The laboratory findings are in keeping with familial hCG syndrome. However, so far the condition remains to be determined in any family members. Elevated hCG levels without any explanation are problematic as they cause suspicion of cancer or ectopic pregnancy and may lead to harmful therapy. Specific assays, as used here, will aid in diagnosis of such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Casado Rey
- Clinical Analysis Department, University Hospital of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Henrik Alfthan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Demir A, Hero M, Alfthan H, Passioni A, Tapanainen JS, Stenman UH. Identification of the LH surge by measuring intact and total immunoreactivity in urine for prediction of ovulation time. Hormones (Athens) 2022; 21:413-420. [PMID: 35614178 PMCID: PMC9464748 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-022-00368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In our earlier study, we separated three different molecular forms of urinary LH-ir (U-LH-ir) by gel filtration and identified them by immunoassay in urine from regularly menstruating women on periovulatory days. U-LH-ir is composed of intact luteinizing hormone (LH), its free beta-subunit (LHβ), and the core fragment of LHβ (LHβcf), the latter two establishing the non-intact portion of LH-ir. The aim was to determine whether timing of ovulation can be improved by detecting different molecular forms of U-LH-ir in women of reproductive age. METHODS We determined intact and total U-LH-ir in 14 regularly menstruating women on consecutive periovulatory days during the menstrual cycle. Non-intact LH-ir was calculated as the arithmetic difference between total and intact LH-ir. In addition, LH-ir was determined in both serum and urine from four of the women throughout the menstrual cycle. RESULTS During the LH surge, U-LH-ir consisted mainly of intact LH and presented with an abrupt increase. Intact U-LH-ir dropped rapidly within 1 day after the surge, reaching baseline levels at the end of the luteal phase. In contrast, LHβcf in urine increased further 1 day after the surge. After this, most of the U-LH-ir consisted of LHβcf and it remained strongly elevated (over fivefold compared to intact LH) for the first 3 days after the LH surge, moderately elevated (over threefold) thereafter until day + 5, and mildly elevated until day + 7. CONCLUSIONS Total and non-intact LH-ir are potential add-on characteristics which can be utilized in ovulation predictor kits to measure LH-ir in urine beyond the LH surge during a broader time frame, thereby paving the way for more precise prediction of the timing of ovulation than that obtained with currently available products.
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Affiliation(s)
- And Demir
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum II, 6th floor, Tukholmankatu 8 A, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matti Hero
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum II, 6th floor, Tukholmankatu 8 A, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Amro Passioni
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Demir A, Hero M, Alfthan H, Passioni A, Tapanainen JS, Stenman UH. Intact luteinizing hormone (LH), LHβ, and LHβ core fragment in urine of menstruating women. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2022:S2724-6507.22.03565-5. [PMID: 35166468 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined different molecular forms of luteinizing hormone (LH) in urine samples taken during periovulatory days with the aim of revealing different forms of LH immunoreactivity (LH-ir) in normally menstruating women. METHODS Serum and first-morning-voided urine serum samples were obtained from six healthy, 22 to 38 years old, regularly menstruating women during their periovulatory days based on their previous menstrual cycles. The day of the LH surge was determined on the basis of serum LH concentrations and confirmed by an at least two-fold increase in urinary concentrations of intact LH on consecutive days. Different molecular forms of LH-ir were identified by gel filtration of first-morning-voided urine samples obtained from regularly menstruating women on periovulatory days. RESULTS Different forms of LH immunoreactivity (LH-ir) were distinguished as intact LH, its free beta-subunit (LHβ), and the core fragment of LHβ (LHβcf) according to their molecular sizes. The latter two are also called non-intact LH. Intact LH was the dominating form on the day before and on the day of LH surge while LHβcf was the major form of LH immunoreactivity after the LH surge for the following 5-7 days. LHβ was detected on the day of the LH surge as well as on the following day. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that LH is degraded in the kidneys and excreted as LHβ, and mainly as LHβcf for 7 days following the LH peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- And Demir
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland -
| | - Matti Hero
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Amro Passioni
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Adibi JJ, Xun X, Zhao Y, Yin Q, LeWinn K, Bush NR, Panigrahy A, Peddada S, Alfthan H, Stenman UH, Tylavsky F, Koistinen H. Second-Trimester Placental and Thyroid Hormones Are Associated With Cognitive Development From Ages 1 to 3 Years. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab027. [PMID: 33928202 PMCID: PMC8064052 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate maternal thyroid hormone (TH) is necessary for fetal brain development. The role of placental human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in ensuring the production of TH is less well understood. The objective of the study was to evaluate 1) associations of placental hCG and its subunits, and maternal TH in the second trimester, and 2) the single and joint effects of TH and placental hormones on cognitive development and communication at ages 1 and 3 years. Fifty individuals (5%) were selected from the CANDLE (Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Early Learning) pregnancy cohort in Memphis, Tennessee, with recruitment from 2006 to 2011, to equally represent male and female fetuses. Participants were 68% Black and 32% White. Hormones measured were maternal thyroid (thyrotropin [TSH] and free thyroxine [FT4]) and placental hormones (hCG, its hyperglycosylated form [hCG-h], and free - [hCG] and -subunits [hCG]) in maternal serum (17-28 weeks). The primary outcome measurement was the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. All forms of hCG were negatively associated with FT4 and not associated with TSH. hCG was associated with cognitive development at age 1 year and jointly interacted with TSH to predict cognitive development at age 3 years. This pilot study added insight into the thyrotropic actions of hCG in the second trimester, and into the significance of this mechanism for brain development. More research is warranted to elucidate differences between hCG, hCG, and hCG-h in relation to TH regulation and child brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Adibi
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoshuang Xun
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Qing Yin
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Kaja LeWinn
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
| | - Shyamal Peddada
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hannu Koistinen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fecal calprotectin is a valued surrogate marker for intestinal inflammation. It has been argued that calprotectin levels are higher in early age than in later life hampering the use of calprotectin in young children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS To study age-related variation, we used data from our laboratory information system on consecutive, unselected fecal calprotectin measurements from 2014 to 2017 in all children aged 0 to 18 years. From each individual, the first measurement was included and repeated measurements were excluded. Fecal calprotectin was quantitated in the major clinical laboratory in southern Finland, HUSLAB with an ELISA kit from Calpro AS (Calpro/Calprolab, Oslo, Norway). Currently, the assay is performed on two automatic pipetting analysers (Dynex DS2, Chantilly, USA) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. RESULTS There were altogether 11,255 fecal calprotectin results from as many children. The median level of fecal calprotectin was 51 mg/kg in infants < 1 year of age (95th percentile 648 mg/kg; n = 239). This was 3-4-fold higher when compared to yearly age groups from 1 to 10 years (total number of children included 5,691). Across yearly age groups from 11 to 18, the median values varied from 11 to 19 mg/kg (total number of included children 5,325). The proportion of samples above the routine cut-off for an elevated concentration >100 mg/kg increased with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS Fecal calprotectin values in children beyond the first year of life are in general low and comparable in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaija-Leena Kolho
- Children´s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Korhonen K, Unkila-Kallio L, Alfthan H, Hämäläinen E, Tiitinen A, Mikkola T, Tapanainen J, Savolainen-Peltonen H. Plasma pentraxin 3 is higher in early ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome than in uncomplicated in vitro fertilization cycle of high-risk women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 301:1569-1578. [PMID: 32372340 PMCID: PMC7246248 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a locally secreted, quicker responsive pro-inflammatory protein than C-reactive protein (CRP). We evaluated the value of PTX3 in the prediction of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), a severe complication of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods This two-year prospective follow-up study included 27 women with uncomplicated IVF-cycles (IVF group) and 31 patients diagnosed with moderate or severe early OHSS (OHSS group). PTX3 was analysed from follicular fluid (FF) and serial blood samples with enzyme-linked immunoassay and CRP with particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. The value of PTX3 and CRP in detecting OHSS was examined with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and expressed as the area under the curve (AUC). Results The circulating PTX3 level peaked at two days after oocyte pick-up (OPU2), and in the OHSS group the level was 1.9 times higher (P = 0.006) than in the IVF group. However, in ROC curve analysis PTX3 (AUC 0.79, best cut off 1.1 µg/L) was not superior to CRP (AUC 0.87; best cut off 9.5 mg/L) in predicting early OHSS. In the IVF group, the FF-PTX3 concentration was 15–20 times higher than in the plasma. PTX3 level at OPU2 correlated with the number of punctured follicles (r = 0.56, n = 22, P = 0.006). Triggering with human chorionic gonadotrophin or early pregnancy had no effect on PTX3 level. Conclusion The elevated PTX3 concentration in OHSS at OPU2, when freeze-all embryos strategy is still possible to consider, indicates that PTX3 level could provide additional benefit in the risk assessment for early OHSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Korhonen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, PO Box 140, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leila Unkila-Kallio
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, PO Box 140, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Topeliuksenkatu 32, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aila Tiitinen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, PO Box 140, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi Mikkola
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, PO Box 140, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Tapanainen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, PO Box 140, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, Linnanmaa, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, PO Box 140, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the home monitoring with a rapid fecal calprotectin test combined with a symptom questionnaire in patients with colonic IBD in real-life setting. Methods: We randomized 180 patients with colonic IBD in a study or a control group. The home monitoring patients performed the fecal calprotectin test and filled in a symptom questionnaire every second month and in cases with increasing symptoms. The control patients filled in the symptom questionnaire at baseline and at 6 and 12 months as well as for the appointment at the outpatient clinic. The study duration was 12 months. Results: The patient adherence to the self-monitoring program was low. Patients with a higher disease burden were more adherent than patients with better health-related quality of life, but otherwise, there were no significant factors predicting the adherence. The home monitoring patients had fewer contacts with the outpatient clinic, but otherwise, the disease course between the home monitoring and the control group were similar. Conclusions: The self-monitoring of IBD activity with a combination of a rapid fecal calprotectin home test and a symptom questionnaire provides an option for individualized care for IBD patients. However, adherence to the self-monitoring program remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maija Puolanne
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Hospital, Jorvi Hospital , Espoo , Finland
| | - Kaija-Leena Kolho
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,Tampere University, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Martti Färkkilä
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
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Karlberg S, Tiitinen A, Alfthan H, Lipsanen-Nyman M. Premature ovarian insufficiency and early depletion of the ovarian reserve in the monogenic Mulibrey nanism disorder. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:1254-1261. [PMID: 29860321 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the timing of onset and clinical course of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) in patients with Mulibrey nanism (MUL), a monogenic disorder caused by mutations of the peroxisomal TRIM37 gene? SUMMARY ANSWER The number of ovarian follicles is highly reduced already in infant and young MUL girls and the majority of them will have early depletion of follicles resulting in clinical and biochemical signs of POI. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Both female and male patients with MUL show failure of sexual maturation, signs of hypogonadism and infertility. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We studied the gonadal function, pubertal development and ovarian reserve in 33 MUL patients aged 5.1-47.3 years (median age 22.3) at the end of observation. The patients were followed between 2004 and 2014 and 19 pubertal or postpubertal patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The period of postnatal activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (minipuberty), pubertal development and menstrual history were assessed longitudinally. The cross-sectional study included gynecological examination, analysis of reproductive hormones and ultrasonography with evaluation of ovarian volume and antral follicle count. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Infant girls experienced a transient minipuberty with a high FSH surge. In childhood, gonadotropins were normal or slightly elevated but began to rise to hypergonadotropic levels in prepuberty. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels remained undetectable or low throughout childhood. The onset of puberty occurred spontaneously and the median age at menarche was 12.5 years. Of the patients, 54% never attained regular menses and 10 years from menarche, only 8% of the women menstruated regularly. In the cross-sectional study, none of the patients had normal ovarian morphology under ultrasonography. Ovaries were hypoplastic and 82% had no or fewer than two visible antral follicles. AMH levels were undetectable in the vast majority (89%). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The Finnish MUL patients genotypically form a homogenous group and therefore it is possible, that different TRIM37 mutations lead to different hypogonadal phenotypes. However, to date there is no known genotype-phenotype correlation in MUL. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS In MUL, AMH is a useful marker of ovarian function. MUL should be added to the list of syndromes associated with POI and correspondingly, TRIM37 should be added to the list of genes associated with POI. To our knowledge, TRIM37 is the first known gene coding for a peroxisomal membrane protein associated with female gonadal failure and infertility. Elucidating the role of syndromic genes in reproduction may aid in a greater understanding of ovarian biology. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by the Finnish Foundation for Pediatric Research, Finska Läkaresällskapet, the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and Helsinki University Hospital Research Funds. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Karlberg
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aila Tiitinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marita Lipsanen-Nyman
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUS, Helsinki, Finland
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Koistinen H, Koel M, Peters M, Rinken A, Lundin K, Tuuri T, Tapanainen JS, Alfthan H, Salumets A, Stenman UH, Lavogina D. Hyperglycosylated hCG activates LH/hCG-receptor with lower activity than hCG. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 479:103-109. [PMID: 30287399 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) appears to have an essential role in early pregnancy, it is controversial whether the hyperglycosylated form of hCG (hCG-h), which is the major hCG isoform during the first 4-5 weeks of pregnancy, is able to activate LH/hCG receptor (LHCGR). To address this, we utilized different extensively characterized hCG and hCGβ reference reagents, cell culture- and urine-derived hCG-h preparations, and an in vitro reporter system for LHCGR activation. The WHO hCG reference reagent (99/688) was found to activate LHCGR with an EC50-value of 3.3 ± 0.6 pmol/L (n = 9). All three studied hCG-h preparations were also able to activate LHCGR, but with a lower potency (EC50-values between 7.1 ± 0.5 and 14 ± 3 pmol/L, n = 5-11, for all P < 0.05 as compared to the hCG reference). The activities of commercial urinary hCG (Pregnyl) and recombinant hCG (Ovitrelle) preparations were intermediate between those of the hCG reference and the hCG-h. These results strongly suggest that the hCG-h is functionally similar to hCG, although it has lower potency for LHCGR activation. Whether this explains the reduced proportion of hCG-h to hCG reported in patients developing early onset pre-eclampsia or those having early pregnancy loss remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mariann Koel
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maire Peters
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ago Rinken
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karolina Lundin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andres Salumets
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Darja Lavogina
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Lahdentausta LSJ, Paju S, Mäntylä P, Buhlin K, Tervahartiala T, Pietiäinen M, Alfthan H, Nieminen MS, Sinisalo J, Sorsa T, Pussinen PJ. Saliva and serum biomarkers in periodontitis and coronary artery disease. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:1045-1055. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. J. Lahdentausta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Susanna Paju
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Päivi Mäntylä
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Kåre Buhlin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Taina Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Milla Pietiäinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- Laboratory, HUSLAB; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Markku S. Nieminen
- HUCH Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- HUCH Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Pirkko J. Pussinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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12
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Karhu E, Forsgård RA, Alanko L, Alfthan H, Pussinen P, Hämäläinen E, Korpela R. Exercise and gastrointestinal symptoms: running-induced changes in intestinal permeability and markers of gastrointestinal function in asymptomatic and symptomatic runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2519-2526. [PMID: 29032392 PMCID: PMC5694518 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Athletes frequently experience gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms during training and competition. Although the prevalence of exercise-induced GI symptoms is high, the mechanisms leading to GI distress during exercise are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to identify running-induced changes in intestinal permeability and markers of GI function and investigate their association with gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS We recruited 17 active runners who we allocated as either asymptomatic or symptomatic based on their history of experiencing GI symptoms during running. The participants took part in a running test where they were asked to run for 90 min at 80% of their best 10 km race speed. Intestinal permeability was measured at baseline and after the running test. Levels of serum intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), zonulin, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and fecal calprotectin were also measured at baseline and after the running test. RESULTS Running induced a significant increase in intestinal permeability and serum I-FABP concentration but there were no differences between asymptomatic and symptomatic runners. Serum LPS activity did not change from baseline following the running test but the symptomatic group exhibited higher LPS activity at baseline compared to the asymptomatic runners. CONCLUSIONS Running for 90 min at a challenging pace causes small intestinal damage and increases intestinal permeability. However, these alterations in GI function do not appear to correlate with the development of GI symptoms during running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Karhu
- Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard A Forsgård
- Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lauri Alanko
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Korpela
- Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Markkanen HM, Pekkarinen T, Hämäläinen E, Välimäki MJ, Alfthan H, Stenman UH. Gender has to be taken into account in diagnosing adult growth hormone deficiency by the GHRH plus arginine test. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 35:52-56. [PMID: 28755537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data on the effect of gender on the interpretation of the GHRH plus arginine stimulation test (GHRH+ARG test) is controversial. We validated the GHRH+ARG stimulation test in control subjects and patients with organic or idiopathic pituitary disease and a suspicion of adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) using the Immulite 2000 XPi GH assay. DESIGN We studied 126 apparently healthy adults (median age 38.8years) and 34 patients with a suspicion of AGHD (median age 42.2years). Identification of AGHD with the GHRH+ARG test was investigated with commonly accepted BMI-related consensus cut-off limits for peak GH concentrations. Serum samples collected during the GHRH+ARG test were analysed for GH in 2014-2015. Serum IGF-1 concentrations were studied as a reference. RESULTS In 14 of 65 (22%) control males the GH peak value was below the BMI-related cut-off limits for GH sufficiency indicating a false diagnosis of AGHD. All control females had a normal GHRH+ARG response. Median peak GH response was significantly (p<0.001) higher in female (39.3μg/L) than in male controls (21μg/L). According to consensus cut-offs all but one young female patient had a deficient response compatible with a diagnosis of AGHD. CONCLUSIONS The GH response to stimulation by GHRH+ARG is gender-dependent, being lower in healthy males than in females. Gender should be considered when defining cut-off limits for peak GH concentrations in the GHRH+ARG test. The presently used BMI-related cut-off levels will lead to a significant misclassification of males as GH deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuula Pekkarinen
- HUS Abdominal Centre, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J Välimäki
- HUS Abdominal Centre, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Kaijomaa M, Ulander VM, Hämäläinen E, Alfthan H, Markkanen H, Heinonen S, Stefanovic V. The risk of adverse pregnancy outcome among pregnancies with extremely low maternal PAPP-A. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:1115-1120. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marja Kaijomaa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Ulander
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- HUSLAB and Department of Clinical Chemistry; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- HUSLAB and Department of Clinical Chemistry; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Helene Markkanen
- HUSLAB and Department of Clinical Chemistry; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Seppo Heinonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Vedran Stefanovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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15
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Kaijomaa M, Rahkonen L, Ulander VM, Hämäläinen E, Alfthan H, Markkanen H, Heinonen S, Stefanovic V. Low maternal pregnancy-associated plasma protein A during the first trimester of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016; 136:76-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marja Kaijomaa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Leena Rahkonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Ulander
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- HUSLAB and Department of Clinical Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- HUSLAB and Department of Clinical Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Helene Markkanen
- HUSLAB and Department of Clinical Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Seppo Heinonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Vedran Stefanovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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16
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Puolanne AM, Kolho KL, Alfthan H, Ristimäki A, Mustonen H, Färkkilä M. Rapid faecal tests for detecting disease activity in colonic inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:825-32. [PMID: 27438629 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing numbers of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have raised the need for a rapid noninvasive means to monitor disease activity. We validated two rapid tests for faecal calprotectin and one for faecal lactoferrin and compared them to the most common clinical and endoscopic scores, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) calprotectin test and systemic inflammation markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical and endoscopic disease activity of 72 patients with colonic IBD, who underwent ileocolonoscopy, was determined. The patients provided stool samples to measure calprotectin and lactoferrin, and blood samples to measure systemic inflammation markers. RESULTS Rapid calprotectin tests correlated significantly with clinical and endoscopic indices and standard ELISA calprotectin in ulcerative colitis, but not in Crohn's disease. CalDetect correlated more closely with ELISA calprotectin than CerTest FC in concentrations exceeding 200 μg/g. CalDetect was also more sensitive in indicating histological remission or mild disease than was CerTest FC at cut-off of 200 μg/g. CerTest Lactoferrin was comparable to CalDetect in their correlation with clinical, endoscopic and histological scores. CONCLUSIONS These rapid tests are suitable for identifying patients with inactive or mildly active disease, but as semiquantitative or qualitative tests, they cannot totally replace ELISA calprotectin in decision-making related to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maija Puolanne
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kaija-Leena Kolho
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB and Haartman Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Mustonen
- Department of Surgery, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martti Färkkilä
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Färkkilä A, Koskela S, Bryk S, Alfthan H, Bützow R, Leminen A, Puistola U, Tapanainen JS, Heikinheimo M, Anttonen M, Unkila-Kallio L. The clinical utility of serum anti-Müllerian hormone in the follow-up of ovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumors--A comparative study with inhibin B. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1661-71. [PMID: 25808251 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs) require prolonged follow-up, but evidence regarding the optimal follow-up marker is lacking. The objective of our study was to validate the clinical usefulness of serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and the current marker inhibin B as single and combined markers of AGCTs. We conducted a longitudinal, partially prospective cohort study of 123 premenopausal and postmenopausal AGCT patients with a median follow-up time of 10.5 years (range 0.3-50.0 years). Serum AMH and inhibin B levels were measured from 560 pretreatment and follow-up serum samples by using immunoenzymometric assays. We found that serum AMH and inhibin B levels were significantly elevated in patients with primary or recurrent AGCTs. The levels of both markers positively correlated to tumor size (p < 0.05). AMH and inhibin B performed similarly in receiving operator characteristic analyses; area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.92 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88-0.95] for AMH, and 0.94 (95% CI 0.90-0.96) for inhibin B. AMH was highly sensitive (92%) and specific (81%) in detecting a macroscopic AGCT. However, in AUC comparison analyses, the combination of the markers was superior to inhibin B alone. In conclusion, serum AMH is a sensitive and specific marker of AGCT, and either AMH or inhibin B can be monitored during follow-up. However, combining AMH and inhibin B in AGCT patient follow-up improves the detection of recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Färkkilä
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Koskela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Saara Bryk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and HUSlab, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ralf Bützow
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and HUSlab, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Leminen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Puistola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO
| | - Mikko Anttonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leila Unkila-Kallio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Determination of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is used for diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy, pregnancy related disorders, for trophoblastic and some nontrophoblastic tumors. In addition, hCG is determined for doping control in males. Assay of hCG is complicated by the occurrence of different molecular forms, which are detected to various degrees by different assays. The main form of hCG in circulation and in patients with trophoblastic tumors is intact heterodimeric hCG. The free β subunit (hCGβ) is a minor form in plasma in both conditions, but it may be the major form aggressive trophoblastic cancer. Therefore, assays measuring hCG and hCGβ together are mainly used for diagnosis of pregnancy and trophoblastic diseases. When excreted into urine, most of hCG (and hCGβ) is broken down to the core fragment of hCGβ (hCGβcf), which is the main immunoreactive form of hCG in urine during pregnancy. Specific determination of hCGβ is of value in screening for Down's syndrome and diagnosis of nontrophoblastic cancer. hCGbcf is of limited utility but it is important because it may disturb assay of hCG in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University, Biomedicum, PB 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Markkanen HM, Pekkarinen T, Välimäki MJ, Alfthan H, Hämäläinen E, Stenman UH. Comparison of two growth hormone stimulation tests and their cut-off limits in healthy adults at an outpatient clinic. Growth Horm IGF Res 2013; 23:165-169. [PMID: 23835226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A peak GH less than 3 μg/L to insulin tolerance test (ITT) is commonly used as a threshold indicating severe adult GH deficiency (GHD). This cut-off is based on results obtained by polyclonal radioimmunoassays preferably under standard conditions at hospital. Our aim was to evaluate the validity of this cut-off limit using two currently used immunometric GH assays and to compare GH responses in the ITT and the GH releasing hormone + arginine (GHRH + ARG) test in healthy adults at our outpatient endocrine unit. DESIGN ITT was performed on 73 subjects and the GHRH + ARG test on those 28 who showed insufficient response to the ITT. METHODS GH was measured by an immunofluorometric and immunochemiluminometric assay. RESULTS GH peak above 3 μg/L was observed in 56% of the healthy volunteers with adequate hypoglycemia in the ITT. Among the 28 subjects with a peak GH below 3 μg/L, only two overweight men had a GH peak response below the commonly used cut-off limit of 9.1 μg/L in the GHRH + ARG test. CONCLUSIONS Lean healthy adults could erroneously be classified as GH deficient by the ITT while their results in the GHRH + ARG test were normal. The GH results are highly dependent on the immunoassay used, but false positive results in the ITT are often obtained even if lower cutoff limits determined on the basis on the calibration of the GH assay are used. Confounding factors seemed to blunt the GH response to the ITT more than to the GHRH + ARG test at our outpatient clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Markkanen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 HUS, Finland
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20
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Sipponen T, Haapamäki J, Savilahti E, Alfthan H, Hämäläinen E, Rautiainen H, Koskenpato J, Nuutinen H, Färkkilä M. Fecal calprotectin and S100A12 have low utility in prediction of small bowel Crohn's disease detected by wireless capsule endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:778-84. [PMID: 22519419 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.677953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data on fecal calprotectin and S100A12 in predicting wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) findings in suspicion of Crohn's disease (CD) are scarce. Our aim was to study the role of calprotectin and S100A12 in predicting inflammatory lesions of small bowel in patients undergoing WCE. MATERIAL AND METHODS 84 patients undergoing WCE (77 for suspicion of CD and 7 CD patients for evaluation of disease extent) were prospectively recruited. WCE findings were scored. Patients provided a stool sample for measurements of biomarkers. Patients underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ileocolonoscopy before WCE. RESULTS WCE was abnormal in 35 (42%) of 84 patients: 14 patients with CD, 8 with NSAID enteropathies, 8 with angioectasias, 4 with polyps or tumors, and 1 with ischemic stricture. Median calprotectin concentration in the study population was 22 μg/g (range 2-342) and S100A12 concentration 0.048 μg/g (range 0.003-1.215). Fecal calprotectin was significantly higher in CD patients (median 91, range 2-312) compared with those with normal WCE or other abnormalities (p = 0.008), whereas fecal S100A12 (0.087 μg/g, range 0.008-0.896) did not differ between the groups (p = 0.166). In detecting inflammatory small bowel lesions, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for fecal calprotectin (cutoff 50 μg/g) were 59%, 71%, 42%, and 83%, and for S100A12 (cutoff 0.06 μg/g) these were 59%, 66%, 38%, and 82%. CONCLUSIONS In predicting small bowel inflammatory changes, fecal biomarkers calprotectin and S100A12 have moderate specificity, but low sensitivity. Neither fecal calprotectin nor S100A12 can be used for screening or excluding small bowel CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Sipponen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.B 340, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Lempiäinen A, Hotakainen K, Blomqvist C, Alfthan H, Stenman UH. Hyperglycosylated Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Serum of Testicular Cancer Patients. Clin Chem 2012; 58:1123-9. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.183723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG-h) contains larger and more complex carbohydrate chains than regular human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). hCG-h is thought to be the major form of hCG produced by testicular cancers and it has been suggested to play a key role in tumor invasion, but studies on hCG-h in testicular cancer are limited. We studied whether serum hCG is hyperglycosylated, and whether measurement of hCG-h in serum offers clinical value in the management of testicular cancer.
METHODS
We determined the serum concentrations of hCG-h, hCG, and the free β subunit of hCG (hCGβ) by time-resolved immunofluorometric assays in 176 serum samples (preoperative n = 67, relapse n = 20, follow-up n = 89) obtained from 84 testicular cancer patients. We analyzed the association between preoperative serum concentrations of hCG, hCG-h, and hCGβ with known prognostic factors and progression-free survival time.
RESULTS
A major proportion of hCG was hyperglycosylated preoperatively, at relapse, and shortly after treatment. The serum concentrations of hCG-h and hCG correlated strongly with each other and had similar diagnostic value. The preoperative serum concentration of hCG-h correlated with prognostic factors and outcome in the same way as hCG. Increased preoperative hCGβ concentration predicted shorter progression-free survival.
CONCLUSIONS
Most of the hCG expressed by testicular cancers is hyperglycosylated and therefore it is important that hCG assays used for management of testicular cancer recognize hCG-h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lempiäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristina Hotakainen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
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Lempiäinen A, Hotakainen K, Alfthan H, Stenman UH. Loss of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine during storage at − 20 °C. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:232-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Cowans NJ, Alfthan H, Stenman UH, Spencer K. Stability of first trimester placental growth factor in serum and whole blood. Prenat Diagn 2011; 31:1193-7. [PMID: 22028208 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a proposed first-trimester screening marker for pre-eclampsia. This study investigates the stability of PlGF in serum and whole blood at typical routine storage temperatures. METHODS Serum pools were stored at refrigerator temperature, room temperature or 30 °C for up to 30 days, or exposed to up to six freeze-thaw cycles. Whole blood was stored at room temperature or 30 °C for up to 6 days. PlGF was quantified using a DELFIA Xpress analyser. RESULTS Placental growth factor levels increased over time, seemingly because of the dissociation of PlGF bound to a soluble binding protein, sFlt-1. Increase was slow in serum at refrigerator temperature, remaining stable (less than 10% change from start point) for at least 30 days. At room temperature PlGF was stable for 3.3 days and at 30 °C for 1 day. Serum PlGF remained stable for at least six freeze-thaw cycles. In whole blood, instability was worse, being stable for only 19.4 h at room temperature and just 3.3 h at 30 °C. CONCLUSION Routine screening of sample handling requires careful monitoring. However, no extra precautions need to be taken when PlGF is used for pre-eclampsia screening run alongside existing first trimester aneuploidy screening programs that include hCGβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cowans
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King George Hospital, Goodmayes, Essex, UK
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Stenman UH, Birken S, Lempiäinen A, Hotakainen K, Alfthan H. Elimination of Complement Interference in Immunoassay of Hyperglycosylated Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1075-7. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.159939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry Helsinki University and HUSLAB Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steven Birken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York, NY
| | - Anna Lempiäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry Helsinki University and HUSLAB Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristina Hotakainen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry Helsinki University and HUSLAB Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Alfthan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, HUSLAB Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki, Finland
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Alfthan H, Björses UM, Tiitinen A, Stenman UH. Specificity and Detection Limit of Ten Pregnancy Tests. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00365519309086911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Leinonen E, Wathén KA, Alfthan H, Ylikorkala O, Andersson S, Stenman UH, Vuorela P. Maternal serum angiopoietin-1 and -2 and tie-2 in early pregnancy ending in preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:126-33. [PMID: 19875484 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The antiangiogenic growth factor angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) antagonizes, whereas angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) activates the endothelial cell-specific tyrosine kinase receptor-2 (Tie-2). In preeclampsia, circulating concentrations of Ang-1 are increased and those of Ang-2 and Tie-2 are decreased. OBJECTIVE We wanted to study whether maternal serum concentrations of Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie-2 are altered at gestational wk 12-15 or 16-20 in women with subsequent preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). DESIGN This was a case-control study. SETTING The study was conducted in Helsinki University Central Hospital, a tertiary referral center. PATIENTS This study comprised 124 pregnant women, of whom 49 developed preeclampsia and 16 gave birth to infants with IUGR, and 59 healthy women served as controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum concentrations of Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie-2 were assessed by ELISA. Data were combined with our earlier data on soluble VEGF receptor (sVEGFR)-1. RESULTS At gestational wk 12-15, the median concentrations of Ang-1, Ang-2, or Tie-2 were all similar between the study groups. At 16-20 wk, Ang-2 concentrations were higher in women with subsequent preeclampsia [25.0 ng/ml, 19.3-39.5 ng/ml; median, interquartile range (IQR)] than in the controls (17.7 ng/ml, 10.8-27.4 ng/ml, P = 0.006). The odds ratio of high Ang-2 concentrations for subsequent preeclampsia was 4.2 (95% confidence interval 1.4-12.6; P = 0.011) and high Ang-2 combined with high sVEGFR-1, 6.4 (95% confidence interval 2.2-18.7; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Maternal serum Ang-2 concentrations are increased prior to preeclampsia. High concentrations of both Ang-2 and sVEGFR-1 indicate subsequent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Leinonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum, Helsinki 00029 HUS, Finland.
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Pekkarinen T, Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E, Löyttyniemi E, Alfthan H, Välimäki MJ. Serum 25(OH)D3 vitamin status of elderly Finnish women is suboptimal even after summer sunshine but is not associated with bone density or turnover. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162:183-9. [PMID: 19841043 DOI: 10.1530/eje-09-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concentrations of 50 and 75 nmol/l are proposed as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) target for older people from the view of bone health. We evaluated vitamin D status of elderly Finnish women in light of these definitions, its relationship to bone mineral density (BMD) and turnover, and improvement by summer sunshine. DESIGN Population-based study. METHODS A total of 1604 ambulatory women aged 62-79 years were studied; 66% used vitamin D supplements. Serum 25(OH)D(3) was measured with HPLC before and after summer, and heel BMD in spring. In subgroups, serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and type I procollagen aminoterminal propeptide (PINP) were analyzed. RESULTS In spring, 60.3% of the women had 25(OH)D(3) <or=50 nmol/l, and the target of 75 nmol/l was reached by 9.1%. For supplement users, the respective numbers were 52.1 and 11.9%. Serum 25(OH)D(3) did not determine BMD or bone turnover measured by serum PINP. Summer sunshine increased serum 25(OH)D(3) by 17.4% (P<0.0001), but in autumn 84% of the subjects remained under the target of 75 nmol/l. In supplement users, PTH remained stable but decreased in others during summer (P=0.025). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D status of elderly Finnish women is suboptimal if 25(OH)D(3) levels of 50 or 75 nmol/l are used as a threshold. It is moderately increased by supplement intake and summer sunshine. However, 25(OH)D(3) concentrations did not influence bone density in terms of serum PINP and bone turnover rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula Pekkarinen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Peijas Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Cervinski MA, Lockwood CM, Ferguson AM, Odem RR, Stenman UH, Alfthan H, Grenache DG, Gronowski AM. Qualitative point-of-care and over-the-counter urine hCG devices differentially detect the hCG variants of early pregnancy. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 406:81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hotakainen K, Tanner P, Alfthan H, Haglund C, Stenman UH. Comparison of three immunoassays for CA 19-9. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 400:123-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wathén KA, Ylikorkala O, Andersson S, Alfthan H, Stenman UH, Vuorela P. Maternal serum endostatin at gestational weeks 16–20 is elevated in subsequent pre-eclampsia but not in intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009; 88:593-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00016340902838293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Loukovaara M, Teramo K, Alfthan H, Hämäläinen E, Stefanovic V, Andersson S. Amniotic fluid S100B protein and erythropoietin in pregnancies at risk for fetal hypoxia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 142:115-8. [PMID: 19042077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE S100B protein is a biochemical marker for brain injury, and high serum S100B levels have been observed in newborns with birth asphyxia. We hypothesized that the concentration of amniotic fluid erythropoietin, which increases in chronic fetal hypoxia, correlates with amniotic fluid S100B concentration. STUDY DESIGN Amniotic fluid samples in 35 pregnancies at high risk for chronic fetal hypoxia were obtained at cesarean section or by amniocentesis done within a median of 2 days before delivery. S100B and erythropoietin concentrations were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassays. RESULTS A positive correlation existed between the concentrations of S100B and erythropoietin in the amniotic fluid (r=0.57, p<0.0001). Amniotic fluid S100B concentration was higher (70 ng/l; 33-469, n=17) (median; range) in pregnancies with elevated amniotic fluid erythropoietin (>or= 50 IU/l) than in pregnancies with normal erythropoietin (34 ng/l; 20-340, n=18) (p<0.0001, Mann-Whitney U-test). S100B predicted an elevated amniotic fluid erythropoietin concentration in the study population with the sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 83%. CONCLUSION A strong positive correlation exists between amniotic fluid S100B and erythropoietin concentrations in pregnancies at high risk for chronic fetal hypoxia. This suggests that chronic fetal hypoxia increases the intrauterine release of S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Loukovaara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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Vartiainen J, Lassus H, Lehtovirta P, Finne P, Alfthan H, Butzow R, Stenman UH. Combination of serum hCG beta and p53 tissue expression defines distinct subgroups of serous ovarian carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2125-9. [PMID: 18098286 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Serous ovarian carcinoma comprises a clinically heterogenous group of tumors, and molecular markers stratifying patients into clinically meaningful subgroups are needed. Numerous markers have been evaluated, but none of them has yet been routinely incorporated into clinical practice. Previously we have found that elevated serum levels of the free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG beta) and aberrant p53 expression confer poor prognosis in ovarian carcinoma. The aim of our study was to evaluate their combined effect in predicting the outcome of patients with serous ovarian carcinoma. The study material consisted of 173 consecutive patients treated for primary serous ovarian carcinoma in 1 institution between 1990 and 2000. The preoperative serum level of hCG beta was analyzed by a ultrasensitive and specific immunofluorometric assay, and p53 tumor tissue expression by immunohistochemistry using a novel classification. Elevated serum hCG beta (>or=2.0 pmol/L) was detected in 57 (33%) of 173 patients, and aberrant p53 expression in 103 (62%) of 167 interpretable cancers. Elevated hCG beta and aberrant p53 expression were strongly associated with poor prognosis (p < 0.0001 for both). Their additive prognostic effect was marked. Five-year survival was 14% (0-29%) when both markers were aberrant, 44% (29-60%) when either one was aberrant and 82% (70-94%) when both were normal. Preoperative serum hCG beta and tumor tissue p53 expression are feasible markers that divide serous ovarian carcinomas into clinically relevant subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhani Vartiainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kahila H, Stefanovic V, Loukovaara M, Alfthan H, Hämäläinen E, Halmesmäki E. Prenatal buprenorphine exposure: Effects on biochemical markers of hypoxia and early neonatal outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87:1213-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00016340802460297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rajecki M, Kanerva A, Stenman UH, Tenhunen M, Kangasniemi L, Särkioja M, Ala-Opas MY, Alfthan H, Sankila A, Rintala E, Desmond RA, Hakkarainen T, Hemminki A. Treatment of prostate cancer with Ad5/3Delta24hCG allows non-invasive detection of the magnitude and persistence of virus replication in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:742-51. [PMID: 17308070 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer is a deadly disease that currently lacks curative treatments. Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) are promising new agents against cancer due to their innate capability to cause oncolysis of tumor cells. Their antitumor effect is determined in part by their capacity for infecting cancer cells. However, the respective primary receptor, the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR), is variably expressed in many cancer types. We created Ad5/3Delta24hCG, a novel CRAd retargeted to the adenovirus serotype 3 receptor, which has been reported to be highly expressed in tumors. Furthermore, we added a transgene for the beta-chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCGbeta), whose expression was tightly coupled to virus replication. Ad5/3Delta24hCG was found effective in killing prostate cancer cells, and oncolysis was seen in concordance with hCGbeta production. In a s.c. in vivo model of hormone refractory prostate cancer, Ad5/3Delta24hCG treatment resulted in statistically significant tumor growth inhibition. Moreover, i.v. injection of Ad5/3Delta24hCG prolonged the survival of mice with hormone refractory prostate cancer metastatic to the lung. Detection of hCGbeta in serum samples confirmed viral replication in vivo. Infection of human clinical samples of cancerous and normal prostatic tissue resulted in effective hCGbeta production in cancer tissue, whereas it remained low in nonmalignant tissue, suggesting cancer-specific replication. These results suggest that Ad5/3Delta24hCG is a potent virus for the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. These preclinical data set the stage for translation into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rajecki
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki 00014, Finland
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35
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Lempiäinen A, Hotakainen K, Blomqvist C, Alfthan H, Stenman UH. Increased human chorionic gonadotropin due to hypogonadism after treatment of a testicular seminoma. Clin Chem 2007; 53:1560-1. [PMID: 17644799 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.088518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Riska A, Finne P, Koskela P, Alfthan H, Jalkanen J, Lehtinen M, Sorvari T, Stenman UH, Paavonen J, Leminen A. Human papillomavirus infection and primary fallopian tube carcinoma: a seroepidemiological study. BJOG 2007; 114:425-9. [PMID: 17309544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 or 33 infection in primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC). DESIGN A retrospective case-control study. SETTING Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. POPULATION Seventy-eight consecutive women with PFTC diagnosed between 1985 and 2000 were studied. For each case, two healthy controls were selected. METHODS Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 and 33 were measured from women with PFTC and their healthy controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Analysis of HPV 6, 11, 18, 31 and 33 seropositivity among women with PFTC and controls. RESULTS Seropositivity rates of non-oncogenic or oncogenic HPV types did not differ between cases and controls, odds ratios being 1.04-1.30 for oncogenic HPVs and 1.08-1.19 for non-oncogenic HPVs, similarly. We did not find any multiplicative joint effect in PFTC by antibodies to more than one oncogenic HPV type; neither did we find any antagonistic effect among women with antibodies to non-oncogenic and oncogenic HPV types. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not suggest any link between PFTC and serological evidence for HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Riska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Riska A, Finne P, Alfthan H, Anttila T, Jalkanen J, Sorvari T, Stenman UH, Paavonen J, Leminen A. Past chlamydial infection is not associated with primary fallopian tube carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:1835-8. [PMID: 16765590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective seroepidemiological study to evaluate the relationship between past chlamydial infection and primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC). Postoperative serum samples were drawn from 79 consecutive patients treated for PFTC in 1985-2000. For each case two controls were selected. Serum samples were analysed for IgG antibodies to different C. trachomatis serotype pools and to C. pneumoniae. Seropositivity in general or serum antibody levels to different C. trachomatis serovars or C. pneumoniae did not differ between PFTC patients and controls. The lack of association between anti-chlamydial antibodies and PFTC suggests that past chlamydial infection does not play a role in the etiopathogenesis of PFTC. However, because chlamydial infection is common at young age and PFTC develops decades later, we cannot definitively exclude the possibility that C.trachomatis contributes to the development of PFTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Riska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, 00290, Finland.
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Valmu L, Alfthan H, Hotakainen K, Birken S, Stenman UH. Site-specific glycan analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit from malignancies and pregnancy by liquid chromatography--electrospray mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 2006; 16:1207-18. [PMID: 16880503 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important posttranslational modification in proteins, and aberrant glycosylation occurs in malignancies. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced in high concentrations during pregnancy. It is also expressed as particular glycoforms by certain malignancies. These glycoforms, which are called "hyperglycosylated" hCG (hCGh), have been reported to contain more complex glycan moieties. We have analyzed tryptic glycopeptides of the beta-subunit of hCG of various origins by liquid chromatography (LC) connected to an electrospray mass spectrometer. Site-specific glycan structures were visualized by the use of differential expression analysis software. hCGbeta was purified from urine of two patients with testicular cancer, one with choriocarcinoma, one with an invasive mole, two pregnant women at early and late gestation, from a pharmaceutical preparation and culture medium of a choriocarcinoma cell line. N-glycans at Asn-13 and Asn-30 as well as O-glycans at Ser-121, Ser-127, Ser-132, and Ser-138 were characterized. In all samples, the major type of N-glycan was a biantennary complex-type structure, but triantennary structures linked to Asn-30 as well as fucosylation of the Asn-13-bound glycan are increased in cancer-derived hCGbeta. There were significant site-specific differences in the O-glycans, with constant core-2 glycans at Ser-121, core-1 glycans at Ser-138, and putative sites unoccupied by any glycan. Core-2 glycans at either Ser-127 or Ser-132 were enriched in cancer. The glycans of free hCGbeta were larger and had a higher fucose content of Asn-13-linked oligosaccharides than intact hCG. This may facilitate the detection of this malignancy-associated variant by a lectin assay. Analysis of hCGh affinity purified with antibody B152 confirmed that this antibody recognizes a core-2 glycan on Ser-132.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acids/chemistry
- Amino Acids/metabolism
- Antibodies/immunology
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/chemistry
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/isolation & purification
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/urine
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Female
- Fucose/analysis
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Polysaccharides/analysis
- Pregnancy
- Software
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Trypsin/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Valmu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland.
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Abstract
HCG is composed of two subunits, HCGalpha and HCGbeta. During early pregnancy, HCG stimulates progesterone production in the corpus luteum, and injection of HCG is widely used to induce ovulation in assisted reproduction treatment (ART). Under experimental conditions, the free subunits have been shown to exert functions other than those of HCG, but the relevance of these remains to be determined. Intact HCG, free subunits and degraded forms of these occur in biological fluids, and determinations of these are important for diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy, pregnancy-related disorders and several types of cancer. Development of optimal methods for the various forms has been hampered by lack of appropriate standards and expression of the concentrations of the various forms in units that are not comparable. Furthermore, the nomenclature for HCG assays is confusing and in some cases misleading. These problems can now be solved; a uniform nomenclature has been established, and new standards are available for HCG, its subunits HCGalpha and HCGbeta, the partially degraded or nicked forms of HCG and HCGbeta, and the beta-core fragment. This review describes the biochemical and biological background for the clinical use of determinations of various forms of HCG. The clinical use of HCG and studies on HCG vaccines are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kangasniemi L, Kiviluoto T, Kanerva A, Raki M, Ranki T, Sarkioja M, Wu H, Marini F, Höckerstedt K, Isoniemi H, Alfthan H, Stenman UH, Curiel DT, Hemminki A. Infectivity-enhanced adenoviruses deliver efficacy in clinical samples and orthotopic models of disseminated gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3137-44. [PMID: 16707613 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastatic gastric cancer remains a common and devastating disease without curative treatment. Recent proof-of-concept clinical trials have validated gene therapy with adenoviruses as an effective and safe modality for the treatment of cancer. However, expression of the primary coxsackie-adenovirus receptor is variable in advanced cancers, and therefore, the use of heterologous receptors could be advantageous. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we used capsid-modified adenoviruses for increasing the transduction and subsequent antitumor efficacy. 5/3 chimeric viruses have a serotype 3 knob which allows binding to a receptor distinct from coxsackie-adenovirus receptor. The fiber of Ad5lucRGD is modified with an integrin-targeted motif. Polylysine motifs, pK7 and pK21, bind to heparan sulfates. Oncolytic adenoviruses replicate in and kill tumor cells selectively. Gastric cancer cell lines and fresh clinical samples from patients were infected with transductionally targeted viruses. Capsid-modified oncolytic adenoviruses were used in cell killing experiments. To test viral transduction and therapeutic efficacy in vivo, we developed orthotopic mouse models featuring i.p. disseminated human gastric cancer, which allowed the evaluation of biodistribution and antitumor efficacy in a system similar to humans. RESULTS Capsid modifications benefited gene transfer efficiency and cell killing in gastric cancer cell lines and clinical samples in vitro and in vivo. Modified oncolytic adenoviruses significantly increased the survival of mice with orthotopic gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical data set the stage for the clinical evaluation of safety and efficacy in patients with disease refractory to current modalities.
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Markkanen H, Pekkarinen T, Välimäki MJ, Alfthan H, Kauppinen-Mäkelin R, Sane T, Stenman UH. Effect of sex and assay method on serum concentrations of growth hormone in patients with acromegaly and in healthy controls. Clin Chem 2006; 52:468-73. [PMID: 16439607 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis and follow-up of acromegaly is based on measurements of serum growth hormone (GH) concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A nadir value <1 microg/L is commonly used to define a normal response, but some authors suggest lower cutoff values. METHODS To compare the results and subsequent patient classification obtained with 3 GH assays, we obtained basal serum samples from 78 apparently healthy adult controls (43 women and 35 men; median age, 32.5 years) and from 71 treated (44 women and 27 men; median age, 55.2 years) and 7 untreated acromegaly patients (4 women and 3 men; median age, 54.6 years), and OGTT was performed on all patients and on 72 of the 78 controls. GH was determined by 2 immunometric assays-a double monoclonal (AutoDELFIA; Wallac) and a monopolyclonal (Immulite 2000; DPC) assay-and in a limited set of samples by an RIA (Spectria RIA; Orion). RESULTS There was a strong correlation (r = 0.995; P < 0.001) between the 2 immunometric methods, but the results obtained with the Immulite 2000 were, on average, 1.4-fold higher than those obtained with the AutoDELFIA. At concentrations around the cutoff (1 microg/L), however, the difference was approximately 2-fold. Overall, the Orion RIA method also showed a good correlation (r = 0.951-0.959) with the other methods, but it did not measure concentrations <2 microg/L. Women had higher basal and OGTT nadir GH concentrations than men. CONCLUSION Reference intervals should be determined separately for each method, and the need for establishing sex-specific reference values should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Markkanen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Wathén KA, Tuutti E, Stenman UH, Alfthan H, Halmesmäki E, Finne P, Ylikorkala O, Vuorela P. Maternal serum-soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in early pregnancy ending in preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:180-4. [PMID: 16263826 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes placental vascularization, which is inadequate in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The soluble receptor of VEGF (sVEGFR-1), also known as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, is produced in the placenta and reduces VEGF activity. Therefore, elevated sVEGFR-1 could contribute to the development of preeclampsia and IUGR. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to study maternal serum sVEGFR-1 concentration in early pregnancy ending in preeclampsia and IUGR. DESIGN This was a case-control study. SETTING This study was conducted at Helsinki University Central Hospital (Helsinki, Finland), a tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Patients included 124 pregnant women, of whom 49 developed preeclampsia, 16 gave birth to IUGR infants without preeclampsia, and 59 remained normotensive and gave birth to normal-sized infants. Serum samples were collected at 12-15 and 16-20 gestational weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum sVEGFR-1 concentrations were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Women with subsequent preeclampsia had higher [median; interquartile range (IQR)] concentrations of sVEGFR-1 at 16-20 wk gestation (436 and 282-699 ng/liter; P = 0.005) than the controls (296 and 184-508 ng/liter). The conclusion was the same if women with mild (340 and 285-750 ng/liter; P = 0.043) or severe (497 and 235-699 ng/liter; P = 0.022) preeclampsia were analyzed separately. An elevated sVEGFR-1 concentration at 16-20 wk gestation is associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia but not of isolated IUGR. Soluble VEGFR-1 concentration decreased by 15% from the first to the second sampling in the controls but not in women with preeclampsia or IUGR. CONCLUSION Elevated sVEGFR-1 concentrations at 16-20 wk gestation precede the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia. By neutralizing VEGF, sVEGFR-1 may contribute to inadequate placental vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja-Anneli Wathén
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
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Riska A, Alfthan H, Finne P, Jalkanen J, Sorvari T, Stenman UH, Leminen A. Preoperative Serum hCGβ as a Prognostic Marker in Primary Fallopian Tube Carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2006; 27:43-9. [PMID: 16340249 DOI: 10.1159/000090155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It was the aim of this study to evaluate the prognostic value of the pretreatment serum concentrations of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCGbeta), CA 125 and tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) in primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC). METHODS The pretreatment serum concentrations of hCGbeta, CA 125 and TATI were analyzed in serum samples from 60 women with a mean age of 61 years, treated for PFTC between 1985 and 2000. Of the 91 patients treated during this period, 31 were excluded because no serum sample was available. The patients were followed-up for recurrence and survival until February 14, 2003. The prognostic value of the serum markers were compared with those of stage, grade and histological type. RESULTS The median survival time was 27 months and the overall 5-year survival rate 33%. Stage and size of the residual tumour (<1 vs. > or =1 cm) predicted both overall and disease-free survival (p < 0.050). Histology (serous vs. others) (p = 0.023) also influenced overall survival. Overall 5-year survival was 38% when serum hCGbeta was below 3.5 pmol/l, while it was 18% when the level was higher (p = 0.052). The corresponding disease-free 5-year survival was 38 and 20%, respectively (p = 0.014). Patients with CA 125 values above 1,017 kU/l had an overall 5-year survival of 39% as compared with 14% for those with lower values (p = 0.009), while the disease-free survival was 37 and 23%, respectively (p = 0.096). Serum TATI was not a prognostic marker. Serum concentrations of hCGbeta and CA 125 correlated significantly with stage (p = 0.049 and p = 0.050, respectively). In multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, only hCGbeta, stage and histology emerged as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS Clearly elevated serum concentrations of hCGbeta and CA 125 predict survival in fallopian tube carcinoma, but in multivariate analyses, only hCGbeta is a prognostic factor independent of stage and histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Riska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Välimäki VV, Alfthan H, Lehmuskallio E, Löyttyniemi E, Sahi T, Suominen H, Välimäki MJ. Risk factors for clinical stress fractures in male military recruits: a prospective cohort study. Bone 2005; 37:267-73. [PMID: 15964254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This prospective study was aimed at evaluating risk factors for symptomatic stress fractures among 179 Finnish male military recruits, aged 18 to 20 years. The subjects were studied in the very beginning of the military service of 6 to 12 months in summer. Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine and at the hip and heel ultrasound investigation was performed. Blood was sampled for determination of serum total and free testosterone, total and free estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), procollagen type I N propeptide, total and carboxylated osteocalcin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), as well as for studying the XbaI and PvuII polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor gene and the CAG repeat polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene. Urine was collected for the determination of N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen. Muscle strength was measured and Cooper's test was performed. Current exercise, smoking, calcium intake, and alcohol consumption were recorded using a questionnaire. During military service, 15 men experienced a stress fracture, diagnosed with X-ray in 14 and with nuclear magnetic resonance in one man. Those who experienced a fracture were taller than those who did not (P = 0.047). The result of Cooper's test was worse in the fracture group than in the non-fracture group (P = 0.026). Femoral neck and total hip BMC and BMD, adjusted for age, weight, height, exercise, smoking, and alcohol and calcium intake were lower (P = 0.021-0.041) for the fracture group. Stress fractures associated with higher iPTH levels (P = 0.022) but not with lower 25-OHD levels. Bone turnover markers as well as sex hormone and SHBG levels were similar for men with and without stress fracture. There was no difference in the genetic analyses between the groups. In conclusion, tall height, poor physical conditioning, low hip BMC and BMD, as well as high serum PTH level are risk factors for stress fractures in male Finnish military recruits. Given the poor vitamin D status of young Finnish men, intervention studies of vitamin D supplementation to lower serum PTH levels and to possibly reduce the incidence of stress fractures are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville-Valtteri Välimäki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Kananen K, Volin L, Laitinen K, Alfthan H, Ruutu T, Välimäki MJ. Prevention of bone loss after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by calcium, vitamin D, and sex hormone replacement with or without pamidronate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:3877-85. [PMID: 15797959 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In controlled studies, bisphosphonates have been used to prevent bone loss after solid organ transplantations but not in conjunction with stem cell transplantation (SCT). OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test whether additional iv pamidronate would prevent bone loss associated with SCT more effectively than the combination of calcium, vitamin D, and sex steroid replacement therapy alone. SETTING The study was carried out at the Helsinki University Central Hospital. PATIENTS, DESIGN, INTERVENTION: Ninety-nine adult recipients of allogeneic SCT were randomized by age and gender into two groups. In one group, the patients received 1000 mg calcium carbonate and 800 IU vitamin D daily, and females received estrogen and males received testosterone replacement therapy. In another group, the patients received the same treatments plus six iv infusions of 60 mg pamidronate before and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 months after SCT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and the upper femur, measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and bone turnover markers were followed for 12 months. RESULTS In the pamidronate group, lumbar spine BMD remained stable but decreased in the other group by 2.9% at 12 months (P = 0.0084 between the groups over time). Total hip BMD reduced 5.1% in the pamidronate group and 7.8% in the other group by 12 months (P = 0.0015), and femoral neck BMD reduced 4.2 and 6.2%, respectively (P = 0.074). In the pamidronate group, serum type I procollagen amino-terminal propeptide (P = 0.032 between the groups over time) and urinary type I collagen amino-terminal telopeptide (P = 0.035) decreased 79 and 68% during the first 3 months, and remained lowered thereafter, but did not change in the other group. CONCLUSIONS The recipients of allogeneic SCT receiving additional pamidronate sustain less bone loss than those treated with calcium, vitamin D, and sex steroid replacement alone. Despite all the efforts, however, bone loss is not totally abolished at the hip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Kananen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Kanerva A, Zinn KR, Peng KW, Ranki T, Kangasniemi L, Chaudhuri TR, Desmond RA, Wang M, Takayama K, Hakkarainen T, Alfthan H, Stenman UH, Curiel DT, Hemminki A. Noninvasive dual modality in vivo monitoring of the persistence and potency of a tumor targeted conditionally replicating adenovirus. Gene Ther 2005; 12:87-94. [PMID: 15385953 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In clinical trials with cancer patients, the safety of conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) has been good. However, marginal data are available on the persistence or antitumor efficacy of these agents. The oncolytic potency of CRAds is determined by their capacity for entering target cells. Consequently, we constructed a retargeted CRAd featuring a secreted marker protein, soluble human carcinoembryogenic antigen (hCEA), which can be measured in growth medium or plasma. We found that virus replication closely correlated with hCEA secretion both in vitro and in vivo. Further, antitumor efficacy and the persistence of the virus could be deduced from plasma hCEA levels. Finally, using in vivo bioluminescence imaging, we were able to detect effective tumor cell killing by the virus, which led to enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Rational Drug Design, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Kokkola A, Louhimo J, Puolakkainen P, Alfthan H, Haglund C, Rautelin H. Helicobacter pylori infection and low serum pepsinogen I level as risk factors for gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1032-6. [PMID: 15742409 PMCID: PMC4250766 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i7.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study whether examination of CagA antibodies could increase the odds ratio for gastric cancer in a case-control study, and how often other serum markers of gastric cancer risk could be found in Helicobacter pylori -negative patients.
METHODS: H pylori CagA and parietal cell antibodies (PCAs), and serum pepsinogen I (SPGI) levels were compared between patients with gastric cancer and controls who received endoscopic examination due to reasons other than gastrointestinal malignancy.
RESULTS: The odds ratio (OR) for gastric cancer was 2.9 (95% CI 1.4-5.8) in H pylori+ patients, and 2.4 (95% CI 1.2-4.9) in CagA+ patients. When results of H pylori and CagA antibodies were combined, OR increased to 5.0 (95% CI 2.5-10.0). Furthermore, if cardia cancer patients were excluded, the OR increased to 6.8 (95% CI 3.1-14.8). Among patients with a low SPGI level, the OR was 12.0 (95% CI 4.1-35.3). However, the risk was significant only in the older age group. The number of patients with low SPGI was significantly higher in H pylori-/CagA+ patients as compared to other cancer patients.
CONCLUSION: Examination of both H pylori and CagA antibodies increases the OR for gastric cancer in our case-control study. CagA antibodies are important in detecting previous H pylori infection in advanced atrophic gastritis or cancer when spontaneous decline of H pylori antibodies occurs. SPGI may be helpful in screening elderly gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto Kokkola
- Department of Surgery, Meilahti Hospital, PO Box 340 (Haartmaninkatu 4), FIN-00029 HUS, Finland.
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Carpelan-Holmström M, Louhimo J, Stenman UH, Alfthan H, Järvinen H, Haglund C. CEA, CA 242, CA 19-9, CA 72-4 and hCGbeta in the diagnosis of recurrent colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2005; 25:228-34. [PMID: 15627885 DOI: 10.1159/000081385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2004] [Accepted: 07/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the utility of serum CEA, CA 19-9, CA 242, CA 72-4 and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)beta in the follow-up of 102 surgically treated colorectal cancer patients, out of which 40 patients developed clinical recurrence. METHODS In patients with recurrent disease, serum samples were obtained at the time of clinical recurrence, and in the disease-free group, they were obtained postoperatively. The combined use of the markers was evaluated with logistic regression analysis. The sensitivities of the different tumour markers at various specificity levels were compared by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS When the five tumour markers, Dukes stage and location of the primary tumour were evaluated together in the same model, only CEA provided significant diagnostic information (p < 0.0005) in addition to the location of the primary tumour (p = 0.003). The diagnostic information provided by the other serum tumour markers was insignificant, although CA 72-4 approached borderline significance (p = 0.053). ROC curves were constructed and the difference in the values of the area under the curve (AUC) between the different serum tumour markers was determined at the time of clinical recurrence. Of the individual markers, the highest AUC was observed for CEA (AUC = 0.931). The difference in AUC values between CEA and the other tumour markers was highly significant (p < or = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS CEA had the highest diagnostic accuracy in detecting recurrent colorectal cancer. Inclusion of CA 19-9, CA 242, CA 72-4 or hCGbeta in the model did not improve the accuracy, although CA 72-4 approached borderline significance (p = 0.053). Thus, CEA seems to retain its position as the surveillance marker of choice for patients surgically treated for colorectal cancer.
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Abstract
In gastric cancer, the role of tumour markers in assessment of prognosis is unconfirmed. In our study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of serum tumour markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA 19-9, CA 72-4, CA 242 and free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCGbeta) in gastric cancer. Preoperative serum samples were obtained from 146 patients with gastric cancer, including 29 with stage I, 11 with stage II, 42 with stage III and 64 patients with stage IV cancer. Quantitation of CEA, CA 19-9, CA 72-4 and CA 242 in serum was performed with commercial assays. HCGbeta was measured with an in-house immunofluorometric assay based on monoclonal antibodies specific for the free beta-subunit of hCG. Survival analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meier life-tables and log-rank test, and with multivariate Cox regression analysis. Disease-specific cumulative 2-year survival rate was 40%. Serum levels of CEA, CA 72-4, CA 242 and hCGbeta showed significant correlation with stage (p<0.027); for CA 19-9 the association was of borderline significance (p=0.056). Of the studied markers, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, CA 242 and hCGbeta were found to be prognostic factors in univariate analysis (p< 0.022). In multivariate analysis, stage had the statistically most significant association with prognosis followed by hCGbeta, tumour histology according to the Laurén classification and by CA 72-4. In gastric cancer, tumour markers hCGbeta and CA 72-4 are independent prognostic factors in addition to stage and histological type of the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Louhimo
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Välimäki VV, Alfthan H, Ivaska KK, Löyttyniemi E, Pettersson K, Stenman UH, Välimäki MJ. Serum estradiol, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin as regulators of peak bone mass and bone turnover rate in young Finnish men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:3785-9. [PMID: 15292305 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-032187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
To study the role of serum testosterone (T), estradiol (E(2)), and SHBG as regulators of peak bone mass and bone turnover rate in males, a cross-sectional study with data on lifestyle factors collected retrospectively was performed in 204 young Finnish men, 18.3-20.6 yr old. One hundred fifty-four men were recruits of the Finnish Army, and 50 were men of similar age who had postponed their military service for reasons not related to health. Bone mineral content, density, and scan area were measured in lumbar spine and upper femur by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Blood was sampled for determination of serum total and free T, total and free E(2), SHBG, type I procollagen aminoterminal propeptide (PINP), total osteocalcin (TOC) and carboxylated osteocalcin (COC), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP5b); and urine was collected for determination of type I collagen aminoterminal telopeptide (NTX). Serum sex steroid concentrations did not associate with bone mineral content, scan area, or bone mineral density, adjusted for anthropometric and lifestyle factors at any measurement site. Instead, serum total (r = 0.23; P = 0.008) and free (r = 0.15; P = 0.023) T were positive predictors of serum TOC, whereas serum free E(2) correlated inversely with serum PINP (r = -0.20; P = 0.0039), TOC (r = -0.12; P = 0.086), COC (r = -0.14; P = 0.036), and urinary NTX (r = -0.15; P = 0.041). Interestingly, serum SHBG correlated positively with all the bone markers studied, the correlation coefficients being 0.18 for serum PINP (P = 0.012), 0.24 for TOC (P = 0.0006), 0.24 for COC (P = 0.0005), 0.27 for serum TRACP5b (P < 0.0001), and 0.21 for urine NTX (P = 0.0031). Serum SHBG was also a positive predictor of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D level (r = 0.20; P = 0.0036). The correlations of SHBG persisted after adjusting for weight, free E(2), and free T. We conclude that single measurements of serum E(2) and T were not determinants of peak bone mass in this population of young men. However, E(2) and T contributed to bone turnover rate, with serum T increasing bone formation, and serum E(2) suppressing both bone formation and resorption. Moreover, serum SHBG appeared to be an independent positive predictor of bone turnover rate, which also positively associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville-Valtteri Välimäki
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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