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Chen HF, Chang SP, Wu SH, Lin WH, Lee YC, Ni YH, Chen CA, Ma GC, Ginsberg NA, You EM, Tsai FP, Chen M. Validating a rapid, real-time, PCR-based direct mutation detection assay for preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Gene 2014; 548:299-305. [PMID: 25034658 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although co-amplification of polymorphic microsatellite markers is the current gold standard for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of single-gene disorders (SGD), this approach can be hampered by the lack of availability of informative markers. We recently (2011) devised a novel in-house assay for PGD of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, based on an amplification refractory mutation system and quantitative PCR (ARMS-qPCR). The objective of the present study was to verify ARMS-qPCR in a cohort of 20 PGD cycles with a diverse group of SGDs (15 couples at risk for 10 SGDs). Day-3 cleavage-stage embryos were subjected to biopsy and genotyping, followed by fresh embryo transfer (FET). The diagnostic rate was 82.9%; unaffected live births were achieved in 9 of 20 FET cycles (45%), with only one false negative (among 54 transferred embryos). Overall, the ARMS-qPCR had frequent allele-dropout (ADO), rendering it inappropriate as the sole diagnostic method (despite a favorable live-birth rate). Regardless, it has the potential to complement the current gold-standard methodology, especially when trophectoderm biopsy becomes a preferred option and genotyping needs to be timely enough to enable FET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Fu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ping Chang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hai Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-An Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Chin Ma
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Norman A Ginsberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - En-Min You
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Genomic Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Chong SS, Gore-Langton RE, Hughes MR, Weremowicz S. Single-cell DNA and FISH analysis for application to preimplantation genetic diagnosis. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2010; Chapter 9:Unit9.10. [PMID: 20063266 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg0910s64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Preimplantation genetic testing, which includes preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), is a form of a very early prenatal testing. The goal of this method is to avoid transfer of embryos affected with a specific genetic disease or condition. This unit describes the steps involved in amplifying DNA from a single blastomere and specific assays for detecting a variety of DNA mutations. For some assays, whole-genome amplification by primer-extension preamplification (PEP) is performed prior to analysis. Support protocols describe the biopsy of one or two blastomeres from the developing preimplantation embryo, isolation for further investigation of all blastomeres from embryos shown to have the mutant allele, and isolation of single lymphocytes or lymphoblastoid cells as models for single-cell DNA analysis. A procedure for FISH analysis on single interphase blastomeres is provided along with support protocols for probe preparation and probe validation, which is recommended as a preliminary step before performing any PGD or PGS FISH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Chong
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for nonsyndromic deafness by polar body and blastomere biopsy. J Assist Reprod Genet 2009; 26:391-7. [PMID: 19728075 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-009-9335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of an efficient and reliable PGD protocol for nonsyndromic deafness, by polar body (PB) and blastomere PGD. METHODS The GJB2/GJB6 mutations along with 12 polymorphic markers were used in PGD analysis of blastomeres or polar bodies in 14 couples for 35 cycles. Marker informativity, diagnosis rates, Allele Drop Out (ADO) rates and PB1 heterozygosity rates were assessed. RESULTS Six cycles were performed by PB biopsy, 27 by blastomere and two combined cycles, resulting in delivery of three unaffected children and five ongoing pregnancies. Diagnosis rates for PB and blastomeres were similar. Only 17% PB1s were heterozygote. ADO rates of 19% were observed in both groups. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a single cell multiplex PGD protocol for nonsyndromic deafness with a high efficiency of diagnosis. Most PB1 are homozygous, and similar ADO rates were observed; therefore, blastomere biopsy appears to be the method of choice for this autosomal recessive disease.
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Abstract
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for monogenic diseases has known a considerable evolution since its first application in the early 1990s. Especially the technical aspects of the genetic diagnosis itself, the single-cell genetic analysis, has constantly evolved to reach levels of accuracy and efficiency nearing those of genetic diagnosis on regular DNA samples. In this review, we will focus on the molecular biological techniques that are currently in use in the most advanced centers for PGD for monogenic disorders, including multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and post-PCR diagnostic methods, whole genome amplification (WGA) and multiple displacement amplification (MDA). As it becomes more and more clear that when it comes to ethically difficult indications, PGD goes further than prenatal diagnosis (PND), we will also briefly discuss ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Spits
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Centre for Medical Genetics of the UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Spits C, De Rycke M, Verpoest W, Lissens W, Van Steirteghem A, Liebaers I, Sermon K. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Marfan syndrome. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:310-20. [PMID: 16756980 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and apply efficient and reliable protocols for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for Marfan syndrome. DESIGN Two mutation-specific protocols were developed, and the markers D15S1028, D15S992, D15S196, D15S576, D15S123, and D15S143 were used to set up four multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). SETTING Research Center Reproduction and Genetics. PATIENT(S) Ten couples carrying mutations in the FBN1 gene. INTERVENTION(S) Six PGD protocols were developed for 10 couples, and 7 of them underwent a total of 16 clinical cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Amplification, allele drop-out (ADO), and contamination rates during the preclinical assays. DNA analyses of blastomeres from embryos biopsied during PGD cycles. RESULT(S) Six different protocols were set up, with the main objective being to to use one protocol for several couples. A total of 16 PGD cycles were performed, which resulted in the delivery of an unaffected boy and three ongoing pregnancies. CONCLUSION(S) The development of single-cell multiplex PCRs for linked markers and its use in PGD reduce the workload of the genetic diagnostic laboratory as well as the average waiting time for patients. This approach also allows for the simultaneous and accurate detection of recombination, contamination, and ADO, thereby increasing the reliability of the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Spits
- Research Center Reproduction and Genetics, Academisch Ziekenhuis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Fassihi H, Renwick PJ, Black C, McGrath JA. Single cell PCR amplification of microsatellites flanking the COL7A1 gene and suitability for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of Hallopeau–Siemens recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42:241-8. [PMID: 16500083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hallopeau-Siemens recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (HS-RDEB) is a severe inherited blistering skin disorder caused by mutations in the anchoring fibril type VII collagen gene, COL7A1. There is currently no effective treatment but DNA-based prenatal testing in families at risk of recurrence is possible, mostly involving chorionic villus sampling at 10-11 weeks' gestation. OBJECTIVES An alternative method, for avoiding recurrence of HS-RDEB, is preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). This involves DNA analysis of single blastomeres extracted from late cleavage stage embryos following in vitro fertilisation. METHODS To establish PGD for HS-RDEB, we designed and optimised a sensitive single cell semi-duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for two highly polymorphic dinucleotide repeat microsatellite markers, D3S1581 (telomeric) and D3S1289 (centromeric), close to the COL7A1 gene. RESULTS We demonstrated high PCR efficiency, low allele drop out rates and no contamination in testing this assay on 50 single buccal cells of known heterozygous genotype and 13 research blastomeres from donated embryos. CONCLUSIONS This semi-duplex PCR method provides robust, reproducible and informative amplification results for single cells. Moreover, this test has now been approved for clinical application by the UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA). As such, the development of PGD for HS-RDEB broadens the range of prenatal testing options and personal choice for couples at reproductive risk of this severe genetic skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fassihi
- Genetic Skin Disease Group, St John's Institute of Dermatology, The Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' School of Medicine, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Spits C, De Rycke M, Van Ranst N, Joris H, Verpoest W, Lissens W, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A, Liebaers I, Sermon K. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for neurofibromatosis type 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:381-7. [PMID: 15833774 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gah170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PGD is an alternative to prenatal diagnosis that circumvents therapeutic abortion. Diagnosis is carried out on single cells obtained from three-day-old embryos, and only those that are free of the disease under consideration are transferred to the mother. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common neurocutaneous disorder, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. For some patients, PGD may be the only acceptable manner to ensure the birth of unaffected children. Because of the large number of known NF1 mutations, the development of mutation-specific single-cell protocols is impractical, labour-intensive and expensive. This paper discusses the development of five PGD protocols, three of which are based on multiplex PCR for microsatellite-markers linked to the NF1 gene. After a linkage study, the diagnosis can be established through the markers, thereby obviating the need to detect the mutation itself. This not only ensures the accurate diagnosis of the embryos, but also a prompt acceptance of PGD referrals since one protocol can be useful for several couples. In addition, two mutation-specific PCRs were developed for two couples where a marker-based protocol was not applicable. In total, 16 PGD cycles were carried out for six couples, which resulted in one ongoing pregnancy and the delivery of a healthy unaffected boy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spits
- Research Centre Reproduction and Genetics, University Hospital and Medical School, Dutch-speaking Brussels Free University, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Thornhill AR, deDie-Smulders CE, Geraedts JP, Harper JC, Harton GL, Lavery SA, Moutou C, Robinson MD, Schmutzler AG, Scriven PN, Sermon KD, Wilton L. ESHRE PGD Consortium ‘Best practice guidelines for clinical preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS)’. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:35-48. [PMID: 15539444 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many educational materials produced by the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) are guidelines. ESHRE guidelines may be developed for many reasons but their intent is always to promote best quality practices in reproductive medicine. In an era in which preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has become a reality, we must strive to maintain its efficacy and credibility by offering the safest and most effective treatment available. The dominant motivators for the development of current comprehensive guidelines for best PGD practice were (i) the absence of guidelines and/or regulation for PGD in many countries and (ii) the observation that no consensus exists on many of the clinical and technical aspects of PGD. As a consequence, the ESHRE PGD Consortium undertook to draw up guidelines aimed at giving information, support and guidance to potential, fledgling and established PGD centres. The success of a PGD treatment cycle is the result of great attention to detail. We have strived to provide a similar level of detail in this document and hope that it will assist staff in achieving the best clinical outcome for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Thornhill
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA, Genetics and IVF Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Abstract
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an evolving technique that provides a practical alternative to prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy for couples who are at substantial risk of transmitting a serious genetic disorder to their offspring. Samples for genetic testing are obtained from oocytes or cleaving embryos after in vitro fertilization. Only embryos that are shown to be free of the genetic disorders are made available for replacement in the uterus, in the hope of establishing a pregnancy. PGD has provided unique insights into aspects of reproductive genetics and early human development, but has also raised important new ethical issues about assisted human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Braude
- Centre for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, Thomas Guy House, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Thornhill
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Thornhill AR, McGrath JA, Eady RA, Braude PR, Handyside AH. A comparison of different lysis buffers to assess allele dropout from single cells for preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21:490-7. [PMID: 11438956 DOI: 10.1002/pd.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Single cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) requires high efficiency and accuracy. Allele dropout (ADO), the random amplification failure of one of the two parental alleles, remains the most significant problem in PCR-based PGD testing since it can result in serious misdiagnosis for compound heterozygous or autosomal dominant conditions. A number of different strategies (including the use of lysis buffers to break down the cell and make the DNA accessible) have been employed to combat ADO with varying degrees of success, yet there is still no consensus among PGD centres over which lysis buffer should be used (ESHRE PGD Consortium, 1999). To address this issue, PCR amplification of three genes (CFTR, LAMA3 and PKP1) at different chromosomal loci was investigated. Single lymphocytes from individuals heterozygous for mutations within each of the three genes were collected and lysed in either alkaline lysis buffer (ALB) or proteinase K/SDS lysis buffer (PK). PCR amplification efficiencies were comparable between alkaline lysis and proteinase K lysis for PCR products spanning each of the three mutated loci (DeltaF508 in CFTR 90% vs 88%; R650X in LAMA3 82% vs 78%; and Y71X in PKP1 91% vs 87%). While there was no appreciable difference between ADO rates between the two lysis buffers for the LAMA3 PCR product (25% vs 26%), there were significant differences in ADO rates between ALB and PK for the CFTR PCR product (0% vs 23%) and the PKP1 PCR product (8% vs 56%). Based on these results, we are currently using ALB in preference to PK/SDS buffer for the lysis of cells in clinical PGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Thornhill
- Guy's and St Thomas' Centre for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Thornhill AR, Pickering SJ, Whittock NV, Caller J, Andritsos V, Bickerstaff HE, Handyside AH, Eady RA, Braude PR, McGrath JA. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of compound heterozygous mutations leading to ablation of plakophilin-1 (PKP1) and resulting in skin fragility ectodermal dysplasia syndrome: a case report. Prenat Diagn 2000; 20:1055-62. [PMID: 11180229 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0223(200012)20:13<1055::aid-pd978>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new form of genodermatosis resulting from mutations in the gene plakophilin 1 (PKP1) has recently been identified. The clinical features of a functional knockout of PKP1 are a combination of skin fragility and a form of hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia. We have developed a single cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay suitable for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and here we report on the clinical application of this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Thornhill
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Dreesen JC, Jacobs LJ, Bras M, Herbergs J, Dumoulin JC, Geraedts JP, Evers JL, Smeets HJ. Multiplex PCR of polymorphic markers flanking the CFTR gene; a general approach for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Mol Hum Reprod 2000; 6:391-6. [PMID: 10775641 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/6.5.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the first monogenic disorder for which single cell preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been successfully applied. The spectrum of mutations in CF is extremely heterogeneous, and hence, the development of mutation-specific PGD protocols is impracticable. The current study reports the development and evaluation of a general multiplex marker polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol for PGD of CF. Four closely linked highly polymorphic (CA)(n) repeat markers D7S523, D7S486, D7S480 and D7S490, flanking the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene, were used. In 99% of the single cells tested (100 leukocytes and 50 blastomeres), multiplex PCR results were obtained and the overall allelic drop out (ADO) rate varied from 2 to 5%. After validation for the presence of ADO and additional alleles, 95% of the multiplex PCR results were accepted to construct the marker genotypes. Depending on the genotype of the couple, and taking into account the embryos lost for transfer due to validation criteria (5%), ADO (0-2%) and single recombination (1.1-3%), in general >90% of the embryos could be reliably genotyped by PGD using a single blastomere. The risk of misdiagnosis equals the chance of a double recombination between informative flanking markers and is <0.05%. Therefore, this polymorphic and multi-allelic marker system is a reliable and generally applicable alternative for mutation-directed PGD protocols. Furthermore, it provides a test for the origin of the detected genotype and also gives an indication of the chromosomal ploidy status of the blastomere tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Dreesen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Genetics, Research Institute Grow and Development (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 GR Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Braude PR, De Wert GM, Evers-Kiebooms G, Pettigrew RA, Geraedts JP. Non-disclosure preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Huntington's disease: practical and ethical dilemmas. Prenat Diagn 1998; 18:1422-6. [PMID: 9949442 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199812)18:13<1422::aid-pd499>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of Huntington's Disease (HD) is controversial. Selective abortion is considered unacceptable by some, since, being a late-onset disorder, any child born carrying the HD mutation might still expect many years of disease-free life. The test result itself has implications for the parents and other members of the family who may have decided not to be tested but who know that they may be at risk because a family member is affected. For this reason some potential carriers do not want to know their carrier status and may prefer prenatal exclusion testing. However, since half the fetuses carrying the affected grandparental allele may be normal, aborting these fetuses is also controversial. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been suggested as an alternative by which asymptomatic individuals who are at high risk of carrying HD can avail themselves of antenatal genetic testing without incurring the emotional, social and financial burdens that might result from the presymptomatic disclosure of their own carrier status. However, non-disclosure testing of embryos in vitro presents specific practical difficulties. Assurance of absolute secrecy is difficult in the large team required for in vitro fertilization biopsy and diagnosis, and changes in practice which may be required to maintain the deception may be unethical.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Braude
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, Guy's College, London, U.K
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Lissens W, Sermon K, Staessen C, Assche EV, Janssenswillen C, Joris H, Van Steirteghem A, Liebaers I. Review: preimplantation diagnosis of inherited disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 1996; 19:709-23. [PMID: 8982942 DOI: 10.1007/bf01799159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Preimplantation diagnosis of inherited diseases has become possible with the techniques of in vitro fertilization, blastomere biopsy of the 6- to 10-cell embryo and DNA analysis of the single blastomeres. Disease-free embryos are selected for transfer to the uterus, thereby avoiding the need for termination of a fetus diagnosed as affected in prenatal diagnosis in the first or early-second trimester of pregnancy. The genetic indications for preimplantation diagnosis are theoretically the same as for prenatal diagnosis, but the defects must be detectable by the polymerase chain reaction. For X-linked recessive diseases, fluorescence in situ hybridization can be used as an alternative for the selection of female embryos. So far almost 40 healthy children have been born worldwide after preimplantation diagnosis for genetic disease. The possibilities and limitations of preimplantation diagnosis, especially in prevention of inherited disease, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lissens
- Centre for Medical Genetics, University Hospital of the Dutch-speaking Brussels Free University (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Rojas FJ, Garner C, Schiewe M, Asch RH, Balmaceda JP, Moretti-Rojas I. Enzymatic amplification of specific deoxyribonucleic acid sequences from single cells: evaluation of a simplified and rapid method for use in preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Fertil Steril 1995; 64:255-60. [PMID: 7615099 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a simplified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol on single cells for the purpose of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Also to evaluate a new thermal cycler, RoboCycler 40 (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), for reducing the time to complete PCR amplification. DESIGN PCR amplification without DNA purification or reamplification of a 149 base pair (bp) segment of the human Y chromosome was used as a model. The assay was tested in human fetal cells, single lymphocytes and single human blastomeres. RESULTS Amplification of the 149 bp segment using fetal cells was 100% correct. Results on single lymphocytes were concordant in all but one of the 15 male cases. However, 2 of the 25 female cases were identified as male suggesting the occurrence of DNA contamination. Analysis of 61 blastomeres were concordant in 57 cases (93%); results for male blastomeres showed 12% of false negatives. No false positives were detected for female cells. Amplification using the simplified PCR protocol in combination with the RoboCycler was completed in 2 hours. CONCLUSION These data show that this PCR assay performed directly, without DNA extraction or purification and without re-amplification is a practical and effective approach for amplification of specific DNA sequences in single cells. Furthermore, the simplified PCR protocol significantly reduced the time to complete DNA amplification. The reduced time is expected to facilitate the management of a routine program for preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Rojas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, USA
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