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Emri T, Gila B, Antal K, Fekete F, Moon H, Yu JH, Pócsi I. AtfA-Independent Adaptation to the Toxic Heavy Metal Cadmium in Aspergillus nidulans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071433. [PMID: 34361869 PMCID: PMC8307709 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is an exceptionally toxic industrial and environmental pollutant classified as a human carcinogen. In order to provide insight into how we can keep our environment safe from cadmium contamination and prevent the accumulation of it in the food chain, we aim to elucidate how Aspergillus nidulans, one of the most abundant fungi in soil, survives and handles cadmium stress. As AtfA is the main transcription factor governing stress responses in A. nidulans, we examined genome-wide expression responses of wild-type and the atfA null mutant exposed to CdCl2. Both strains showed up-regulation of the crpA Cu2+/Cd2+ pump gene and AN7729 predicted to encode a putative bis(glutathionato)-cadmium transporter, and transcriptional changes associated with elevated intracellular Cys availability leading to the efficient adaptation to Cd2+. Although the deletion of atfA did not alter the cadmium tolerance of the fungus, the cadmium stress response of the mutant differed from that of a reference strain. Promoter and transcriptional analyses of the “Phospho-relay response regulator” genes suggest that the AtfA-dependent regulation of these genes can be relevant in this phenomenon. We concluded that the regulatory network of A. nidulans has a high flexibility allowing the fungus to adapt efficiently to stress both in the presence and absence of this important transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.G.); (F.F.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Barnabás Gila
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.G.); (F.F.); (I.P.)
- Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Károly Antal
- Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly University, 3300 Eger, Hungary;
| | - Fanni Fekete
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.G.); (F.F.); (I.P.)
| | - Heungyun Moon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (H.M.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (H.M.); (J.-H.Y.)
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.G.); (F.F.); (I.P.)
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Ohtsuka H, Aiba H. Factors extending the chronological lifespan of yeast: Ecl1 family genes. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 17:4085637. [PMID: 28934413 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecl1 family genes are conserved among yeast, in which their overexpression extends chronological lifespan. Ecl1 family genes were first identified in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe; at the time, they were considered noncoding RNA owing to their short coding sequence of fewer than 300 base pairs. Schizosaccharomyces pombe carries three Ecl1 family genes, ecl1+, ecl2+ and ecl3+, whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae has one, ECL1. Their overexpression extends chronological lifespan, increases oxidative stress resistance and induces sexual development in fission yeast. A recent study indicated that Ecl1 family genes play a significant role in responding to environmental zinc or sulfur depletion. In this review, we focus on Ecl1 family genes in fission yeast and describe the relationship between nutritional depletion and cellular output, as the latter depends on Ecl1 family genes. Furthermore, we present the roles and functions of Ecl1 family genes characterized to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Transcriptome-Based Modeling Reveals that Oxidative Stress Induces Modulation of the AtfA-Dependent Signaling Networks in Aspergillus nidulans. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:6923849. [PMID: 28770220 PMCID: PMC5523550 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6923849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the molecular functions of the master stress-response regulator AtfA in Aspergillus nidulans, transcriptomic analyses of the atfA null mutant and the appropriate control strains exposed to menadione sodium bisulfite- (MSB-), t-butylhydroperoxide- and diamide-induced oxidative stresses were performed. Several elements of oxidative stress response were differentially expressed. Many of them, including the downregulation of the mitotic cell cycle, as the MSB stress-specific upregulation of FeS cluster assembly and the MSB stress-specific downregulation of nitrate reduction, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, showed AtfA dependence. To elucidate the potential global regulatory role of AtfA governing expression of a high number of genes with very versatile biological functions, we devised a model based on the comprehensive transcriptomic data. Our model suggests that an important function of AtfA is to modulate the transduction of stress signals. Although it may regulate directly only a limited number of genes, these include elements of the signaling network, for example, members of the two-component signal transduction systems. AtfA acts in a stress-specific manner, which may increase further the number and diversity of AtfA-dependent genes. Our model sheds light on the versatility of the physiological functions of AtfA and its orthologs in fungi.
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Shimasaki T, Ohtsuka H, Naito C, Murakami H, Aiba H. Ecl1 is activated by the transcription factor Atf1 in response to H2O2 stress in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 289:685-93. [PMID: 24696293 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Ecl1 family genes extend the lifespan of fission yeast when overexpressed. They also cause resistance against H(2)O(2) stress. In this study, we found that the bZip transcription factor Atf1 is a direct activator of the induction of extender of chronological lifespan (ecl1 (+)) by H(2)O(2) stress. Based on ChIP analysis, we identified that Atf1 binds to the upstream DNA region of ecl1(+). Previously, we reported that overexpression of ecl1(+) increased the expression of the catalase-encoding ctt1(+). This ecl1(+)-dependent increase of ctt1(+) expression occurred in ∆atf1 mutant. On the other hand, the activation of ctt1 (+) caused by the ∆pyp1 mutation, which enhances Sty1-Atf1 activity, could occur in ∆ecl1 mutant. Based on these results, we propose that Atf1 can regulate ctt1(+) in both an Ecl1-dependent and an Ecl1-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Belfield C, Queenan C, Rao H, Kitamura K, Walworth NC. The oxidative stress responsive transcription factor Pap1 confers DNA damage resistance on checkpoint-deficient fission yeast cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89936. [PMID: 24587136 PMCID: PMC3934961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells invoke mechanisms to promote survival when confronted with cellular stress or damage to the genome. The protein kinase Chk1 is an integral and conserved component of the DNA damage response pathway. Mutation or inhibition of Chk1 results in mitotic death when cells are exposed to DNA damage. Oxidative stress activates a pathway that results in nuclear accumulation of the bZIP transcription factor Pap1. We report the novel finding that fission yeast Pap1 confers resistance to drug- and non-drug-induced DNA damage even when the DNA damage checkpoint is compromised. Multi-copy expression of Pap1 restores growth to chk1-deficient cells exposed to camptothecin or hydroxyurea. Unexpectedly, increased Pap1 expression also promotes survival of chk1-deficient cells with mutations in genes encoding DNA ligase (cdc17) or DNA polymerase δ (cdc6), but not DNA replication initiation mutants. The ability of Pap1 to confer resistance to DNA damage was not specific to chk1 mutants, as it also improved survival of rad1- and rad9-deficient cells in the presence of CPT. To confer resistance to DNA damage Pap1 must localize to the nucleus and be transcriptionally active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Belfield
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Craig Queenan
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hui Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kenji Kitamura
- Center for Gene Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nancy C. Walworth
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chujo M, Tarumoto Y, Miyatake K, Nishida E, Ishikawa F. HIRA, a conserved histone chaperone, plays an essential role in low-dose stress response via transcriptional stimulation in fission yeast. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23440-50. [PMID: 22589550 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.349944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells that have been pre-exposed to mild stress (priming stress) acquire transient resistance to subsequent severe stress even under different combinations of stresses. This phenomenon is called cross-tolerance. Although it has been reported that cross-tolerance occurs in many organisms, the molecular basis is not clear yet. Here, we identified slm9(+) as a responsible gene for the cross-tolerance in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Slm9 is a homolog of mammalian HIRA histone chaperone. HIRA forms a conserved complex and gene disruption of other HIRA complex components, Hip1, Hip3, and Hip4, also yielded a cross-tolerance-defective phenotype, indicating that the fission yeast HIRA is involved in the cross-tolerance as a complex. We also revealed that Slm9 was recruited to the stress-responsive gene loci upon stress treatment in an Atf1-dependent manner. The expression of stress-responsive genes under stress conditions was compromised in HIRA disruptants. Consistent with this, Pol II recruitment and nucleosome eviction at these gene loci were impaired in slm9Δ cells. Furthermore, we found that the priming stress enhanced the expression of stress-responsive genes in wild-type cells that were exposed to the severe stress. These observations suggest that HIRA functions in stress response through transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeko Chujo
- Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Calvo IA, García P, Ayté J, Hidalgo E. The transcription factors Pap1 and Prr1 collaborate to activate antioxidant, but not drug tolerance, genes in response to H2O2. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:4816-24. [PMID: 22344694 PMCID: PMC3367182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the transcription factor Pap1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe regulates transcription of genes required for adaptation to oxidative stress and for tolerance to toxic drugs. H2O2 induces oxidation of Pap1, its nuclear accumulation and expression of more than fifty Pap1-dependent genes. Oxidation and nuclear accumulation of Pap1 can also be accomplished by genetic inhibition of thioredoxin reductase. Furthermore, genetic alteration of the nuclear export pathway, or mutations in Pap1 nuclear export signal trigger nuclear accumulation of reduced Pap1. We show here that a subset of Pap1-dependent genes, such as those coding for the efflux pump Caf5, the ubiquitin-like protein Obr1 or the dehydrogenase SPCC663.08c, only require nuclear Pap1 for activation, whereas another subset of genes, those coding for the antioxidants catalase, sulfiredoxin or thioredoxin reductase, do need oxidized Pap1 to form a heterodimer with the constitutively nuclear transcription factor Prr1. The ability of Pap1 to bind and activate drug tolerance promoters is independent on Prr1, whereas its affinity for the antioxidant promoters is significantly enhanced upon association with Prr1. This finding suggests that the activation of both antioxidant and drug resistance genes in response to oxidative stress share a common inducer, H2O2, but alternative effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Calvo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Department de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
The mechanisms of production and elimination of reactive oxygen species in the cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are analyzed. Coordinative role of special regulatory proteins including Yap1p, Msn2/4p, and Skn7p (Pos9p) in regulation of defense mechanisms in S. cerevisiae is described. A special section is devoted to two other well-studied species from the point of view of oxidative stress -- Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Candida albicans. Some examples demonstrating the use of yeast for investigation of apoptosis, aging, and some human diseases are given in the conclusion part.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry, Vassyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
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AtfA bZIP-type transcription factor regulates oxidative and osmotic stress responses in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Genet Genomics 2010; 283:289-303. [PMID: 20131067 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-010-0513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to demonstrate that the bZIP-type transcription factor AtfA regulates different types of stress responses in Aspergillus nidulans similarly to Atf1, the orthologous 'all-purpose' transcription factor of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Heterologous expression of atfA in a S. pombe Deltaatf1 mutant restored the osmotic stress tolerance of fission yeast in surface cultures to the same level as recorded in complementation studies with the atf1 gene, and a partial complementation of the osmotic and oxidative-stress-sensitive phenotypes was also achieved in submerged cultures. AtfA is therefore a true functional ortholog of fission yeast's Atf1. As demonstrated by RT-PCR experiments, elements of both oxidative (e.g. catalase B) and osmotic (e.g. glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase B) stress defense systems were transcriptionally regulated by AtfA in a stress-type-specific manner. Deletion of atfA resulted in oxidative-stress-sensitive phenotypes while the high-osmolarity stress sensitivity of the fungus was not affected significantly. In A. nidulans, the glutathione/glutathione disulfide redox status of the cells as well as apoptotic cell death and autolysis seemed to be controlled by regulatory elements other than AtfA. In conclusion, the orchestrations of stress responses in the aspergilli and in fission yeast share several common features, but further studies are needed to answer the important question of whether a fission yeast-like core environmental stress response also operates in the euascomycete genus Aspergillus.
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Song SH, Kim BM, Lim CJ, Song YS, Park EH. Expression of the atf1+ gene is upregulated in fission yeast under nitrosative and nutritional stresses. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:1323-7. [PMID: 19940942 DOI: 10.1139/w09-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This work was designed to assess regulation of the atf1+ gene in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe under nitrosative and nutritional stresses, using the atf1+-lacZ fusion gene and RT-PCR. Nitric oxide (NO)-generating sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10 micromol/L) and nitrogen depletion significantly enhanced synthesis of beta-galactosidase from the atf1+-lacZ fusion gene in S. pombe Pap1-positive KP1 cells, but not in S. pombe Pap1-negative TP108-3C cells. SNP (10 micromol/L) and nitrogen depletion also caused a significant increase in atf1+ mRNA levels in Pap1-positive cells, but not in Pap1-negative cells. Depletion of glucose marginally increased synthesis of beta-galactosidase from the fusion gene in S. pombe Pap1-positive cells. Taken together, the S. pombe atf1+ gene is upregulated by nitrosative and nutritional stresses on a transcriptional level, possibly via the mediation of Pap1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Song
- Division of Life Sciences and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-2-dong, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Mutoh N, Kawabata M, Kitajima S. Effects of four oxidants, menadione, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, hydrogen peroxide and cumene hydroperoxide, on fission yeast Schizosaccharmoyces pombe. J Biochem 2009; 138:797-804. [PMID: 16428309 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvi179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several chemical agents have been used to exert oxidative stress in the study of stress response, but differences in the effects of different reagents have received little attention. To elucidate whether such differences exist, the response of Schizosaccharomyces pombe to menadione (MD), 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), hydrogen peroxide and cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), which are frequently used to exert oxidative stress, was investigated. Sensitivity to these reagents differed among mutants deficient in genes involved in oxidative stress resistance. N-Acetylcysteine restored resistance to MD, CHP and hydrogen peroxide but did not change sensitivity to CDNB. The induction kinetics of genes induced by oxidative stress differed for each reagent. MD, CDNB and hydrogen peroxide caused a transient induction of genes, but the peak times of induction differed among the reagents. CHP gave quite different kinetics in that the induction continued for up to 2 h. The ctt1(+) gene was not induced by CHP. GSH rapidly decreased in the cells treated with high concentrations of these reagents, but at a low concentration only CDNB decreased GSH. These results indicated that S. pombe responded differently to the oxidative stress exerted by these different reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Mutoh
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kagiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392
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12
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Master and commander in fungal pathogens: the two-component system and the HOG signaling pathway. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:2017-36. [PMID: 18952900 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00323-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Miki R, Saiki R, Ozoe Y, Kawamukai M. Comparison of a coq7 deletion mutant with other respiration-defective mutants in fission yeast. FEBS J 2008; 275:5309-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Song JY, Roe JH. The role and regulation of Trxl, a cytosolic thioredoxin in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Microbiol 2008; 46:408-14. [PMID: 18758731 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genome of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe harbors two genes for thioredoxins, trx1(+) and trx2(+), which encode cytosolic and mitochondrial thioredoxins, respectively. The Deltatrx1 mutant was found sensitive to diverse external stressors such as various oxidants, heat, and salt, whereas Deltatrx2 mutant was not sensitive except to paraquat, a superoxide generator. Both Deltatrx1 and Deltatrx2 mutants were more resistant to diamide, a thiol-specific oxidant, than the wild type. The trx1(+) gene expression was induced by H(2)O(2) and menadione, being mediated through a stress-responsive transcription factor Papl. In Deltatrx1 cells, the basal expression of Pap1-regulated genes were elevated, suggesting a role for Trxl as a reducer for oxidized (activated) Papl. The Deltatrx1 mutant exhibited cysteine auxotrophy, which can be overcome by adding sulfite. This suggests that Trxl serves as a primary electron donor for 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) reductase and thus is an essential protein for sulfur assimilation in S. pombe. These results suggest that, in contrast to Trx2 whose role is more confined to mitochondrial functions, Trxl plays a major role in protecting S. pombe against various stressful conditions and enables proper sulfur metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Gao J, Davidson MK, Wahls WP. Distinct regions of ATF/CREB proteins Atf1 and Pcr1 control recombination hotspot ade6-M26 and the osmotic stress response. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:2838-51. [PMID: 18375981 PMCID: PMC2396409 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Atf1 protein of Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains a bZIP (DNA-binding/protein dimerization) domain characteristic of ATF/CREB proteins, but no other functional domains or clear homologs have been reported. Atf1-containing, bZIP protein dimers bind to CRE-like DNA sites, regulate numerous stress responses, and activate meiotic recombination at hotspots like ade6–M26. We defined systematically the organization of Atf1 and its heterodimer partner Pcr1, which is required for a subset of Atf1-dependent functions. Surprisingly, only the bZIP domain of Pcr1 is required for hotspot activity and tethering of Atf1 to ade6 promotes recombination in the absence of its bZIP domain and the Pcr1 protein. Therefore the recombination–activation domain of Atf1-Pcr1 heterodimer resides exclusively in Atf1, and Pcr1 confers DNA-binding site specificity in vivo. Atf1 has a modular organization in which distinct regions affect differentially the osmotic stress response (OSA) and meiotic recombination (HRA, HRR). The HRA and HRR regions are necessary and sufficient to activate and repress recombination, respectively. Moreover, Atf1 defines a family of conserved proteins with discrete sequence motifs in the functional domains (OSA, HRA, HRR, bZIP). These findings reveal the functional organization of Atf1 and Pcr1, and illustrate several mechanisms by which bZIP proteins can regulate multiple, seemingly disparate activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
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Aspergillus oryzae atfB encodes a transcription factor required for stress tolerance in conidia. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:922-32. [PMID: 18448366 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using an Aspergillus oryzae EST database, we identified a gene encoding a transcription factor (atfB), which is a member of the ATF/CREB family. Expression of atfB was barely detectable during vegetative growth, but was readily detected during conidiation in solid-state culture. Microarray analyses showed that expression of many other genes, including catalase (catA), were downregulated in an atfB-disruptant. The expression of most of these genes was upregulated in the wild-type strain during the conidiation phase in solid-state culture, and the expression pattern was similar to that of atfB itself. In the absence of stress, e.g. heat-shock or hydrogen peroxide, the conidial germination ratios for the DeltaatfB strain and the wild-type strain were similar, but the stress tolerance of conidia carrying the DeltaatfB deletion was less than that of the wild-type conidia. CRE-like DNA motifs, which are bound by ATF/CREB proteins, were found in the promoters of most of the downregulated genes in the DeltaatfB strain. Thus, atfB appears to encode a transcription factor required for stress tolerance in conidia.
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Abstract
Unicellular fungi thrive in diverse niches around the world, and many of these niches present unique and stressful challenges that must be contended with by their inhabitants. Numerous studies have investigated the genomic expression responses to environmental stress in 'model' ascomycete fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This review presents a comparative-genomics perspective on the environmental stress response, a common response to diverse stresses. Implications for the role of this response, based on its presence or absence in fungi from disparate ecological niches, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey P Gasch
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Hida Y, Ikeda S. Base Excision Repair of Oxidative DNA Damage in a Catalase-deficient Mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genes Environ 2008. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.30.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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19
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Vivancos AP, Castillo EA, Biteau B, Nicot C, Ayté J, Toledano MB, Hidalgo E. A cysteine-sulfinic acid in peroxiredoxin regulates H2O2-sensing by the antioxidant Pap1 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8875-80. [PMID: 15956211 PMCID: PMC1157045 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503251102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schizosaccharomyces pombe transcription factor Pap1 regulates antioxidant-gene transcription in response to H2O2. Pap1 activation occurs only at low, but not elevated, H2O2 concentrations that instead strongly trigger the mitogen-activated protein kinase Sty1 pathway. Here, we identify the peroxiredoxin Tpx1 as the upstream activator of Pap1. We show that, at low H2O2 concentrations, this oxidant scavenger can transfer a redox signal to Pap1, whereas higher concentrations of the oxidant inhibit the Tpx1-Pap1 redox relay through the temporal inactivation of Tpx1 by oxidation of its catalytic cysteine to a sulfinic acid. This cysteine modification can be reversed by the sulfiredoxin Srx1, its expression in response to high doses of H2O2 strictly depending on active Sty1. Thus, Tpx1 oxidation to the cysteine-sulfinic acid and its reversion by Srx1 constitutes a previously uncharacterized redox switch in H2O2 signaling, restricting Pap1 activation within a narrow range of H2O2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Vivancos
- Cell Signaling Unit, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Mutoh N, Kawabata M, Nakagawa CW, Kitajima S. Pro-oxidant action of phloxine B on fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast 2005; 22:91-7. [PMID: 15645504 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant deficient in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (sod1 mutant) was hypersensitive to phloxine B, which is used as a food-colouring agent and also to distinguish diploid strains of Sz. pombe from haploid strains, under illumination with light. The pro-oxidant nature of phloxine B was confirmed biochemically. The carbonyl content of proteins (which represents protein oxidation) increased, and the reduced form of glutathione was transiently decreased by phloxine B treatment under illumination with light. When cells were treated with phloxine B under light, carbonyl content of proteins in the sod1 mutant was greater than that in the wild-type and amount of glutathione was much decreased in the sod1 mutant compared with the wild-type. Genes induced by oxidative stress were induced by phloxine B under illumination with light and some were induced by phloxine B without light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Mutoh
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kagiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
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21
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Abstract
Oxidative stress that generates the reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the major causes of DNA damage and mutations. The "DNA damage checkpoint" that arrests cell cycle and repairs damaged DNA has been a focus of recent studies, and the genetically amenable model systems provided by yeasts have been playing a leading role in the eukaryotic checkpoint research. However, means to eliminate ROS are likely to be as important as the DNA repair mechanisms in order to suppress mutations in the chromosomal DNA, and yeasts also serve as excellent models to understand how eukaryotes combat oxidative stress. In this article, we present an overview of the signaling pathways that sense oxidative stress and induce expression of various anti-oxidant genes in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Three conserved signaling modules have been identified in the oxidative stress response of these diverse yeast species: the stress-responsive MAP kinase cascade, the multistep phosphorelay and the AP-1-like transcription factor. The structure and function of these signaling modules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminah Ikner
- Section of Microbiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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22
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Chung WH, Kim KD, Cho YJ, Roe JH. Differential expression and role of two dithiol glutaredoxins Grx1 and Grx2 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:922-9. [PMID: 15358115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins are glutathione-specific thiol oxidoreductases. The regulation and the role of grx1(+) and grx2(+) genes encoding dithiol glutaredoxins were analyzed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. When tested in the same genetic background including mating type, the grx1 null mutant became sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, whereas grx2 mutant became highly sensitive to paraquat, a superoxide generator. The grx1grx2 double mutant showed additive phenotype of each single mutant. The grx1(+) gene expression was induced by various stresses such as oxidants, salts, and heat, and increased in the stationary phase, whereas grx2(+) stayed constitutive. The induction was mediated via Spc1 MAP kinase path involving both Atf1 and Pap1 transcription factors. Sub-cellular fractionation as well as fluorescence microscopy revealed that Grx1 resides mainly in the cytosol, whereas Grx2 is in mitochondria. These results suggest distinct roles for Grx1 and Grx2 in S. pombe in mediating glutathione-dependent redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hyun Chung
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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23
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Vivancos AP, Castillo EA, Jones N, Ayté J, Hidalgo E. Activation of the redox sensor Pap1 by hydrogen peroxide requires modulation of the intracellular oxidant concentration. Mol Microbiol 2004; 52:1427-35. [PMID: 15165244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pap1 and the MAP kinase Sty1 are key regulators of hydrogen peroxide-induced responses in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Pap1 can be activated quickly at low, but not high, hydrogen peroxide concentrations. The MAP kinase Sty1 has been reported to participate in Pap1 activation by the oxidant. Here, we provide biochemical and genetic evidence for the in vivo formation of a hydrogen peroxide-induced disulphide bond in Pap1, which precedes the rapid and reversible nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor. We show that activation of the Sty1 cascade before the oxidative insult, or overexpression of the Sty1-regulated genes ctt1 (encoding catalase) or gpx1 (encoding glutathione peroxidase), can accelerate Pap1 entry even at high doses of hydrogen peroxide. In fact, the lack of Sty1 impedes Pap1 nuclear localization, but only at high doses of the oxidant. We propose that, whereas low doses of hydrogen peroxide lead directly to Pap1 oxidation-activation, high concentrations of the oxidant initially activate the Sty1 pathway, with the consequent increase in scavenging enzymes, which in turn helps to decompose the excess of hydrogen peroxide and achieve an appropriate concentration for the subsequent activation of Pap1. Our results also suggest that activation of Sty1 at high doses of hydrogen peroxide may also be required to trigger other antioxidant activities such as those reverting the overoxidation of cysteine residues at the Pap1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Vivancos
- Cell Signalling Unit, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr Aiguader 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Hong SM, Lim HW, Kim IH, Kim K, Park EH, Lim CJ. Stress-dependent regulation of the gene encoding thioredoxin reductase from the fission yeast. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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25
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Park HJ, Lim HW, Kim K, Kim IH, Park EH, Lim CJ. Characterization and regulation of the γ-glutamyl transpeptidase gene from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Can J Microbiol 2004; 50:61-6. [PMID: 15052323 DOI: 10.1139/w03-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structural gene for the putative γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was isolated from the chromosomal DNA of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The determined sequence contained 3324 bp and encoded the predicted 630 amino acid sequence of GGT, which resembles counterparts in Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Escherichia coli. The S. pombe cells harboring the cloned GGT gene showed about twofold higher GGT activity in the exponential phase than the cells harboring the vector only, indicating that the cloned GGT gene was functional. To monitor the expression of the S. pombe GGT gene, we fused the fragment 1085 bp upstream of the cloned GGT gene into the promoterless β-galactosidase gene of the shuttle vector YEp367R to generate the fusion plasmid pGT98. The synthesis of β-galactosidase from the fusion plasmid in S. pombe cells was enhanced by treatments with NO-generating sodium nitroprusside (SN), L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), and glycerol. The GGT mRNA level in the S. pombe cells was increased by SN and BSO. Involvement of Pap1 in the induction of the GGT gene by SN and BSO was observed.Key words: fission yeast, genomic DNA, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, Pap1, regulation, Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hey-Jung Park
- Division of Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, College of Natural Sciences, Chuncheon, Korea
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26
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Park YD, Kang WH, Yang WS, Shin KS, Sook Bae K, Park HM. LAMMER kinase homolog, Lkh1, is involved in oxidative-stress response of fission yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 311:1078-83. [PMID: 14623292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the LAMMER kinase homolog, Lkh1, is a negative regulator of filamentous growth and asexual flocculation in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we report that the lkh1(+) null mutant is sensitive to oxidative stress because of a reduction in the expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (ctt1(+)) and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (sod1(+)). Furthermore, the lkh1(+) null mutant shows increased levels of intracellular peroxides under conditions of oxidative stress compared with wild-type cells. Interestingly, expression of the gene for the transcription factor Atf1 is reduced in the lkh1(+) null mutant under oxidative stress, whereas expression of the transcription factor Pap1 is not. We report the novel finding that Lkh1 is involved in the oxidative-stress response of the fission yeast, S. pombe, and regulates the expression of antioxidant enzymes via the transcription factor Atf1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Dong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University, 305-764, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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27
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Alonso-Monge R, Navarro-García F, Román E, Negredo AI, Eisman B, Nombela C, Pla J. The Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase is essential in the oxidative stress response and chlamydospore formation in Candida albicans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2003; 2:351-61. [PMID: 12684384 PMCID: PMC154845 DOI: 10.1128/ec.2.2.351-361.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans mutants with mutations in mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase HOG1 displayed an increased sensitivity to agents producing reactive oxygen species, such as oxidants (menadione, hydrogen peroxide, or potassium superoxide), and UV light. Consistent with this finding, C. albicans Hog1 was activated not only in response to an increase in external osmolarity, as happens with its Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue, but also in response to hydrogen peroxide. The Hog1-mediated response to oxidative stress was different from that of transcription factor Cap1, the homologue of S. cerevisiae Yap1, as shown by the different sensitivities to oxidants and the kinetics of cell death of cap1Delta, hog1, and hog1 cap1Delta mutants. Deletion of CAP1 did not influence the level of Hog1 phosphorylation, and deletion of HOG1 did not affect Cap1 nuclear localization. Moreover, we show that the HOG1 gene plays a role in chlamydospore formation, another oxygen-related morphogenetic event, as demonstrated by the fact that hog1 cells were unable to generate these thick-walled structures in several media through a mechanism different from that of the EFG1 regulator. This is the first demonstration of the role of the Hog1-mediated MAP kinase pathway in resistance to oxidative stress in pathogenic fungi, and it allows us to propose a molecular model for the oxidative stress response in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Alonso-Monge
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Abstract
The ability to adapt to altered availability of free water is a fundamental property of living cells. The principles underlying osmoadaptation are well conserved. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model system with which to study the molecular biology and physiology of osmoadaptation. Upon a shift to high osmolarity, yeast cells rapidly stimulate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, which orchestrates part of the transcriptional response. The dynamic operation of the HOG pathway has been well studied, and similar osmosensing pathways exist in other eukaryotes. Protein kinase A, which seems to mediate a response to diverse stress conditions, is also involved in the transcriptional response program. Expression changes after a shift to high osmolarity aim at adjusting metabolism and the production of cellular protectants. Accumulation of the osmolyte glycerol, which is also controlled by altering transmembrane glycerol transport, is of central importance. Upon a shift from high to low osmolarity, yeast cells stimulate a different MAP kinase cascade, the cell integrity pathway. The transcriptional program upon hypo-osmotic shock seems to aim at adjusting cell surface properties. Rapid export of glycerol is an important event in adaptation to low osmolarity. Osmoadaptation, adjustment of cell surface properties, and the control of cell morphogenesis, growth, and proliferation are highly coordinated processes. The Skn7p response regulator may be involved in coordinating these events. An integrated understanding of osmoadaptation requires not only knowledge of the function of many uncharacterized genes but also further insight into the time line of events, their interdependence, their dynamics, and their spatial organization as well as the importance of subtle effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hohmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology/Microbiology, Göteborg University, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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29
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Cripe LD, Gelfanov VM, Smith EA, Spigel DR, Phillips CA, Gabig TG, Jung SH, Fyffe J, Hartman AD, Kneebone P, Mercola D, Burgess GS, Boswell HS. Role for c-jun N-terminal kinase in treatment-refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML): signaling to multidrug-efflux and hyperproliferation. Leukemia 2002; 16:799-812. [PMID: 11986940 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2001] [Accepted: 01/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A relationship was proved between constitutive activity of leukemic cell c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and treatment failure in AML. Specifically, early treatment failure was predicted by the presence of constitutive JNK activity. The mechanistic origins of this association was sought. A multidrug resistant leukemic cell line, HL-60/ADR, characterized by hyperexpression of c-jun and JNK activity, was transfected with a mutant c-jun vector, whose substrate N-terminal c-jun serines were mutated. Down-regulated expression occurred of c-jun/AP-1-dependent genes, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pi, which participate in cellular homeostasis to oxidative stress and xenobiotic exposure. MRP-efflux was abrogated in HL-60/ADR cells with dominant-negative c-jun, perhaps because MRP1 protein expression was also lost. Heightened sensitivity to daunorubicin resulted in cells subjected to this change. Biochemical analysis in 67 primary adult AML samples established a statistical correlation between cellular expression of c-jun and JNK activity, JNK activity with hyperleukocytosis at presentation of disease, and with exuberant MRP efflux. These findings reflect the survival role for c-jun/AP-1 and its regulatory kinase previously demonstrated for yeast in homeostatic response to oxidative stress and in operation of ATP-binding cassette efflux pumps, and may support evolutionary conservation of such function. Thus, JNK and c-jun may be salient drug targets in multidrug resistant AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Cripe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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30
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Cho YW, Park EH, Fuchs JA, Lim CJ. A second stress-inducible glutathione S-transferase gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1574:399-402. [PMID: 11997110 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A second glutathione S-transferase gene (GST II) was isolated from the chromosomal DNA of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The nucleotide sequence determined contains 1908 bp including an open reading frame of 230 amino acids that would encode a protein of a molecular mass of 26843.4 Da. The amino acid sequence of the putative GST II is very homologous with that of the previously isolated GST gene (GST I) located in the same chromosome III of S. pombe. The cloned GST II gene produces the functional GST in S. pombe, and it gives much higher GST in the stationary phase than in the exponential phase. Regulation of the GST II gene was studied using the GST II-lacZ fusion. The synthesis of beta-galactosidase from the fusion plasmid is greatly enhanced by the treatments with oxidative stresses such as menadione and mercuric chloride. It is also induced by o-dinitrobenzene, one of the GST substrates. NO-generating S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine has a weak induction effect on the expression of GST II gene. These results indicate that the S. pombe GST II gene is involved in the oxidative stress response and detoxification. However, physiological meaning on the existence of the two similar GST genes in S. pombe remains unknown yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Wook Cho
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
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31
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Quinn J, Findlay VJ, Dawson K, Millar JBA, Jones N, Morgan BA, Toone WM. Distinct regulatory proteins control the graded transcriptional response to increasing H(2)O(2) levels in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:805-16. [PMID: 11907263 PMCID: PMC99600 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.01-06-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways that sense adverse stimuli and communicate with the nucleus to initiate appropriate changes in gene expression are central to the cellular stress response. Herein, we have characterized the role of the Sty1 (Spc1) stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and the Pap1 and Atf1 transcription factors, in regulating the response to H(2)O(2) in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We find that H(2)O(2) activates the Sty1 pathway in a dose-dependent manner via at least two sensing mechanisms. At relatively low levels of H(2)O(2), a two component-signaling pathway, which feeds into either of the two stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases Wak1 or Win1, regulates Sty1 phosphorylation. In contrast, at high levels of H(2)O(2), Sty1 activation is controlled predominantly by a two-component independent mechanism and requires the function of both Wak1 and Win1. Individual transcription factors were also found to function within a limited range of H(2)O(2) concentrations. Pap1 activates target genes primarily in response to low levels of H(2)O(2), whereas Atf1 primarily controls the transcriptional response to high concentrations of H(2)O(2). Our results demonstrate that S. pombe uses a combination of stress-responsive regulatory proteins to gauge and effect the appropriate transcriptional response to increasing concentrations of H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Quinn
- School of Biochemistry and Genetics, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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32
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Mizuno K, Hasemi T, Ubukata T, Yamada T, Lehmann E, Kohli J, Watanabe Y, Iino Y, Yamamoto M, Fox ME, Smith GR, Murofushi H, Shibata T, Ohta K. Counteracting regulation of chromatin remodeling at a fission yeast cAMP response element-related recombination hotspot by stress-activated protein kinase, cAMP-dependent kinase and meiosis regulators. Genetics 2001; 159:1467-78. [PMID: 11779789 PMCID: PMC1461918 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/159.4.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In fission yeast, an ATF/CREB-family transcription factor Atf1-Pcr1 plays important roles in the activation of early meiotic processes via the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathways. In addition, Atf1-Pcr1 binds to a cAMP responsive element (CRE)-like sequence at the site of the ade6-M26 mutation, which results in local enhancement of meiotic recombination and chromatin remodeling. Here we studied the roles of meiosis-inducing signal transduction pathways in M26 chromatin remodeling. Chromatin analysis revealed that persistent activation of PKA in meiosis inhibited M26 chromatin remodeling, suggesting that the PKA pathway represses M26 chromatin remodeling. The SAPK pathway activated M26 chromatin remodeling, since mutants lacking a component of this pathway, the Wis1 or Spc1/Sty1 kinases, had no M26 chromatin remodeling. M26 chromatin remodeling also required the meiosis regulators Mei2 and Mei3 but not the subsequently acting regulators Sme2 and Mei4, suggesting that induction of M26 chromatin remodeling needs meiosis-inducing signals before premeiotic DNA replication. Similar meiotic chromatin remodeling occurred meiotically around natural M26 heptamer sequences. These results demonstrate the coordinated action of genetic and physiological factors required to remodel chromatin in preparation for high levels of meiotic recombination and eukaryotic cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mizuno
- Genetic Dynamics Research Unit-Laboratory, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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33
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Rep M, Proft M, Remize F, Tamás M, Serrano R, Thevelein JM, Hohmann S. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sko1p transcription factor mediates HOG pathway-dependent osmotic regulation of a set of genes encoding enzymes implicated in protection from oxidative damage. Mol Microbiol 2001; 40:1067-83. [PMID: 11401713 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A major part of the transcriptional response of yeast cells to osmotic shock is controlled by the HOG pathway and several downstream transcription factors. Sko1p is a repressor that mediates HOG pathway-dependent regulation by binding to CRE sites in target promoters. Here, we report five target genes of Hog1p-Sko1p: GRE2, AHP1, SFA1, GLR1 and YML131w. The two CREs in the GRE2 promoter function as activating sequences and, hence, bind (an) activator protein(s). However, the two other yeast CRE-binding proteins, Aca1p and Aca2p, are not involved in regulation of the GRE2 promoter under osmotic stress. In the absence of the co-repressor complex Tup1p-Ssn6p/Cyc8p, which is recruited by Sko1p, stimulation by osmotic stress is still observed. These data indicate that Sko1p is not only required for repression, but also involved in induction upon osmotic shock. All five Sko1p targets encode oxidoreductases with demonstrated or predicted roles in repair of oxidative damage. Altered basal expression levels of these genes in hog1Delta and sko1Delta mutants may explain the oxidative stress phenotypes of these mutants. All five Sko1p target genes are induced by oxidative stress, and induction involves Yap1p. Although Sko1p and Yap1p appear to mediate osmotic and oxidative stress responses independently, Sko1p may affect Yap1p promoter access or activity. The five Sko1p target genes described here are suitable models for studying the interplay between osmotic and oxidative responses at the molecular and physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rep
- Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Celbiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
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