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Stolarek I, Zenczak M, Handschuh L, Juras A, Marcinkowska-Swojak M, Spinek A, Dębski A, Matla M, Kóčka-Krenz H, Piontek J, Figlerowicz M. Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE. Genome Biol 2023; 24:173. [PMID: 37488661 PMCID: PMC10364380 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The appearance of Slavs in East-Central Europe has been the subject of an over 200-year debate driven by two conflicting hypotheses. The first assumes that Slavs came to the territory of contemporary Poland no earlier than the sixth century CE; the second postulates that they already inhabited this region in the Iron Age (IA). Testing either hypothesis is not trivial given that cremation of the dead was the prevailing custom in Central Europe from the late Bronze Age until the Middle Ages (MA). RESULTS To address this problem, we determined the genetic makeup of representatives of the IA Wielbark- and MA Slav-associated cultures from the territory of present-day Poland. The study involved 474 individuals buried in 27 cemeteries. For 197 of them, genome-wide data were obtained. We found close genetic affinities between the IA Wielbark culture-associated individuals and contemporary to them and older northern European populations. Further, we observed that the IA individuals had genetic components which were indispensable to model the MA population. CONCLUSIONS The collected data suggest that the Wielbark culture-associated IA population was formed by immigrants from the north who entered the region of contemporary Poland most likely at the beginning of the first millennium CE and mixed with autochthons. The presented results are in line with the hypothesis that assumes the genetic continuation between IA and MA periods in East-Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Stolarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Zenczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Luiza Handschuh
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Juras
- Institute of Human Biology & Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Anna Spinek
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Dębski
- Department of Archaeology, Collegium Historicum, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marzena Matla
- Department of History, Collegium Historicum, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Kóčka-Krenz
- Department of Archaeology, Collegium Historicum, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Janusz Piontek
- Institute of Human Biology & Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.
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2
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Depaermentier ML, Krause-Kyora B, Hajdas I, Kempf M, Kuhn T, Spichtig N, Schwarz PA, Gerling C. Bioarchaeological analyses reveal long-lasting continuity at the periphery of the Late Antique Roman Empire. iScience 2023; 26:107034. [PMID: 37360687 PMCID: PMC10285633 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Basel-Waisenhaus burial community (Switzerland) has been traditionally interpreted as immigrated Alamans because of the location and dating of the burial ground - despite the typical late Roman funeral practices. To evaluate this hypothesis, multi-isotope and aDNA analyses were conducted on the eleven individuals buried there. The results show that the burial ground was occupied around AD 400 by people belonging largely to one family, whereas isotope and genetic records most probably point toward a regionally organized and indigenous, instead of an immigrated, community. This strengthens the recently advanced assumption that the withdrawal of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian limes after the "Crisis of the Third Century AD" was not necessarily related to a replacement of the local population by immigrated Alamannic peoples, suggesting a long-lasting continuity of occupation at the Roman periphery at the Upper and High Rhine region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux L.C. Depaermentier
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ben Krause-Kyora
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5 HPK H31, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kempf
- Department of Geography, Physical Geography, Landscape Ecology and Geoinformation, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 8, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuhn
- Aquatic and Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Spichtig
- Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt, Petersgraben 11, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter-Andrew Schwarz
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gerling
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Gretzinger J, Sayer D, Justeau P, Altena E, Pala M, Dulias K, Edwards CJ, Jodoin S, Lacher L, Sabin S, Vågene ÅJ, Haak W, Ebenesersdóttir SS, Moore KHS, Radzeviciute R, Schmidt K, Brace S, Bager MA, Patterson N, Papac L, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Callan K, Harney É, Iliev L, Lawson AM, Michel M, Stewardson K, Zalzala F, Rohland N, Kappelhoff-Beckmann S, Both F, Winger D, Neumann D, Saalow L, Krabath S, Beckett S, Van Twest M, Faulkner N, Read C, Barton T, Caruth J, Hines J, Krause-Kyora B, Warnke U, Schuenemann VJ, Barnes I, Dahlström H, Clausen JJ, Richardson A, Popescu E, Dodwell N, Ladd S, Phillips T, Mortimer R, Sayer F, Swales D, Stewart A, Powlesland D, Kenyon R, Ladle L, Peek C, Grefen-Peters S, Ponce P, Daniels R, Spall C, Woolcock J, Jones AM, Roberts AV, Symmons R, Rawden AC, Cooper A, Bos KI, Booth T, Schroeder H, Thomas MG, Helgason A, Richards MB, Reich D, Krause J, Schiffels S. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 2022; 610:112-119. [PMID: 36131019 PMCID: PMC9534755 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture1. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate2-4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans-including 278 individuals from England-alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France5,6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Gretzinger
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Maria Pala
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Katharina Dulias
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
- Institute of Geosystems and Bioindication, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ceiridwen J Edwards
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Laura Lacher
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanna Sabin
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Åshild J Vågene
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Sunna Ebenesersdóttir
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN Inc., Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Rita Radzeviciute
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Selina Brace
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Martina Abenhus Bager
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nick Patterson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luka Papac
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Éadaoin Harney
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lora Iliev
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Michel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Frank Both
- Landesmuseum Natur und Mensch, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Lars Saalow
- Landesamt für Kultur und Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Stefan Krabath
- Institute for Historical Coastal Research (NIhK), Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sophie Beckett
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Sedgeford, UK
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Van Twest
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Sedgeford, UK
| | - Neil Faulkner
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Sedgeford, UK
| | - Chris Read
- The Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Verena J Schuenemann
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian Barnes
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Richardson
- Canterbury Archaeological Trust, Canterbury, UK
- Isle Heritage CIC, Sandgate, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Mortimer
- Oxford Archaeology East, Cambridge, UK
- Cotswold Archaeology, Needham Market, UK
| | - Faye Sayer
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Diana Swales
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification (CAHID), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Kenyon
- East Dorset Antiquarian Society (EDAS), West Bexington, UK
| | - Lilian Ladle
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Christina Peek
- Institute for Historical Coastal Research (NIhK), Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anooshka C Rawden
- Fishbourne Roman Palace, Fishbourne, UK
- South Downs Centre, Midhurst, UK
| | - Alan Cooper
- BlueSkyGenetics, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kirsten I Bos
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Hannes Schroeder
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Agnar Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN Inc., Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
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4
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Ancient DNA reveals details about early medieval migration into England. Nature 2022:10.1038/d41586-022-02269-8. [PMID: 36131059 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-02269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Huszar TI, Bodmer WF, Hutnik K, Wetton JH, Jobling MA. Sequencing of autosomal, mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal forensic markers in the People of the British Isles cohort detects population structure dominated by patrilineages. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2022; 59:102725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Scheidel W. Fitness and Power: The Contribution of Genetics to the History of Differential Reproduction. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 19:14747049211066599. [PMID: 34918580 PMCID: PMC10303451 DOI: 10.1177/14747049211066599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Textual evidence from pre-modern societies supports the prediction that status differences among men translate to variance in reproductive success. In recent years, analysis of genetic data has opened up new ways of studying this relationship. By investigating cases that range over several millennia, these analyses repeatedly document the replacement of local men by newcomers and reveal instances of exceptional reproductive success of specific male lineages. These findings suggest that violent population transfers and conquests could generate considerable reproductive advantages for male dominants. At the same time, this does not always seem to have been the case. Moreover, it is difficult to link such outcomes to particular historical characters or events, or to identify status-biased reproductive inequalities within dominant groups. The proximate factors that mediated implied imbalances in reproductive success often remain unclear. A better understanding of the complex interplay between social power and genetic fitness will only arise from sustained transdisciplinary engagement.
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7
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Jones D. Barbarigenesis and the collapse of complex societies: Rome and after. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254240. [PMID: 34529697 PMCID: PMC8445445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
"Barbarism" is perhaps best understood as a recurring syndrome among peripheral societies in response to the threats and opportunities presented by more developed neighbors. This article develops a mathematical model of barbarigenesis-the formation of "barbarian" societies adjacent to more complex societies-and its consequences, and applies the model to the case of Europe in the first millennium CE. A starting point is a game (developed by Hirshleifer) in which two players allocate their resources either to producing wealth or to fighting over wealth. The paradoxical result is that a richer and potentially more powerful player may lose out to a poorer player, because the opportunity cost of fighting is greater for the former. In a more elaborate spatial model with many players, the outcome is a wealth-power mismatch: central regions have comparatively more wealth than power, peripheral regions have comparatively more power than wealth. In a model of historical dynamics, a wealth-power mismatch generates a long-lasting decline in social complexity, sweeping from more to less developed regions, until wealth and power come to be more closely aligned. This article reviews how well this model fits the historical record of late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages in Europe both quantitatively and qualitatively. The article also considers some of the history left out of the model, and why the model doesn't apply to the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Jones
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Phylogeographic review of Y chromosome haplogroups in Europe. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1675-1684. [PMID: 34216266 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Y chromosome has been widely explored for the study of human migrations. Due to its paternal inheritance, the Y chromosome polymorphisms are helpful tools for understanding the geographical distribution of populations all over the world and for inferring their origin, which is really useful in forensics. The remarkable historical context of Europe, with numerous migrations and invasions, has turned this continent into a melting pot. For this reason, it is interesting to study the Y chromosome variability and how it has contributed to improving our knowledge of the distribution and development of European male genetic pool as it is today. The analysis of Y lineages in Europe shows the predominance of four haplogroups, R1b-M269, I1-M253, I2-M438 and R1a-M420. However, other haplogroups have been identified which, although less frequent, provide significant evidence about the paternal origin of the populations. In addition, the study of the Y chromosome in Europe is a valuable tool for revealing the genetic trace of the different European colonizations, mainly in several American countries, where the European ancestry is mostly detected by the presence of the R1b-M269 haplogroup. Therefore, the objective of this review is to compile the studies of the Y chromosome haplogroups in current European populations, in order to provide an outline of these haplogroups which facilitate their use in forensic studies.
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9
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Plomp KA, Dobney K, Collard M. A 3D basicranial shape-based assessment of local and continental northwest European ancestry among 5th to 9th century CE Anglo-Saxons. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252477. [PMID: 34161340 PMCID: PMC8221467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The settlement of Great Britain by Germanic-speaking people from continental northwest Europe in the Early Medieval period (early 5th to mid 11th centuries CE) has long been recognised as an important event, but uncertainty remains about the number of settlers and the nature of their relationship with the preexisting inhabitants of the island. In the study reported here, we sought to shed light on these issues by using 3D shape analysis techniques to compare the cranial bases of Anglo-Saxon skeletons to those of skeletons from Great Britain that pre-date the Early Medieval period and skeletons from Denmark that date to the Iron Age. Analyses that focused on Early Anglo-Saxon skeletons indicated that between two-thirds and three-quarters of Anglo-Saxon individuals were of continental northwest Europe ancestry, while between a quarter and one-third were of local ancestry. In contrast, analyses that focused on Middle Anglo-Saxon skeletons suggested that 50–70% were of local ancestry, while 30–50% were of continental northwest Europe ancestry. Our study suggests, therefore, that ancestry in Early Medieval Britain was similar to what it is today—mixed and mutable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Plomp
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Archaeology, Classics, Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KAP); (MC)
| | - Keith Dobney
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Archaeology, Classics, Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Collard
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (KAP); (MC)
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10
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Exchanging fluids The sociocultural implications of microbial, cultural, and ethnic admixture in Latin America. Politics Life Sci 2021; 39:56-86. [PMID: 32697057 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2020.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of evolutionary influences on patterns of human mating, social interactions, and differential health is increasing, yet these insights have rarely been applied to historical analyses of human population dynamics. The genetic and evolutionary forces behind biases in interethnic mating and in the health of individuals of different ethnic groups in Latin America and the Caribbean since the European colonization of America are still largely ignored. We discuss how historical and contemporary sociocultural interactions and practices are strongly influenced by population-level evolutionary forces. Specifically, we discuss the historical implications of functional (de facto) polygyny, sex-biased admixture, and assortative mating in Latin America. We propose that these three evolutionary mechanisms influenced mating patterns, shaping the genetic and cultural landscape across Latin America and the Caribbean. Further, we discuss how genetic differences between the original populations that migrated at different times into Latin America contributed to their accommodation to and survival in the different local ecologies and interethnic interactions. Relevant medical and social implications follow from the genetic and cultural changes reviewed.
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11
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Schahbasi A, Huber S, Fieder M. Factors affecting attitudes toward migrants-An evolutionary approach. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23435. [PMID: 32458587 PMCID: PMC7900986 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand migration from an evolutionary perspective, this phenomenon has so far been mainly investigated in animal species. We therefore aim to investigate the potential evolutionary roots of attitudes toward migrants in humans. METHODS We used data from the European Social Survey (n = 83 734), analyzing attitudes toward migrants by performing ordinal mixed models. RESULTS We found that men have a more restrictive attitude toward migration than women, which increases with age and is stronger with a child in the household. Attitude toward migrants is also more skeptical if migrants have a different ethnicity and are from poorer countries. Increasing education and religiousness are associated with a more positive attitude toward migrants, particularly toward migrants of different ethnicity and from poorer countries. DISCUSSION Although migration flows are a hallmark of the human species, previous findings suggest that (pre-)historic migration flows were at times accompanied by conflict and violence, while at the same time, they insured survival by allowing cultural exchange and the avoidance of inbreeding. Accordingly, we assume that contemporary attitudes toward migration are rooted in our evolutionary past. We discuss the respective behavioral patterns from an evolutionary perspective, arguing that both-a negative attitude as well as openness-make sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schahbasi
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Erlangen Centre for Islam & Law in EuropeFriedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Susanne Huber
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Martin Fieder
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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12
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Lall GM, Larmuseau MHD, Wetton JH, Batini C, Hallast P, Huszar TI, Zadik D, Aase S, Baker T, Balaresque P, Bodmer W, Børglum AD, de Knijff P, Dunn H, Harding SE, Løvvik H, Dupuy BM, Pamjav H, Tillmar AO, Tomaszewski M, Tyler-Smith C, Verdugo MP, Winney B, Vohra P, Story J, King TE, Jobling MA. Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 29:512-523. [PMID: 33139852 PMCID: PMC7940619 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-00747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of Viking-Age migrants to the British Isles is obvious in archaeological and place-names evidence, but their demographic impact has been unclear. Autosomal genetic analyses support Norse Viking contributions to parts of Britain, but show no signal corresponding to the Danelaw, the region under Scandinavian administrative control from the ninth to eleventh centuries. Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 has been considered as a possible marker for Viking migrations because of its high frequency in peninsular Scandinavia (Norway and Sweden). Here we select ten Y-SNPs to discriminate informatively among hg R1a1 sub-haplogroups in Europe, analyse these in 619 hg R1a1 Y chromosomes including 163 from the British Isles, and also type 23 short-tandem repeats (Y-STRs) to assess internal diversity. We find three specifically Western-European sub-haplogroups, two of which predominate in Norway and Sweden, and are also found in Britain; star-like features in the STR networks of these lineages indicate histories of expansion. We ask whether geographical distributions of hg R1a1 overall, and of the two sub-lineages in particular, correlate with regions of Scandinavian influence within Britain. Neither shows any frequency difference between regions that have higher (≥10%) or lower autosomal contributions from Norway and Sweden, but both are significantly overrepresented in the region corresponding to the Danelaw. These differences between autosomal and Y-chromosomal histories suggest either male-specific contribution, or the influence of patrilocality. Comparison of modern DNA with recently available ancient DNA data supports the interpretation that two sub-lineages of hg R1a1 spread with the Vikings from peninsular Scandinavia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maarten H D Larmuseau
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Histories vzw, Zoutwerf 5, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Jon H Wetton
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,School of History, Politics and International Relations, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Chiara Batini
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Pille Hallast
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Tunde I Huszar
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Daniel Zadik
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Centre for Genetics and Genomics, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Tina Baker
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patricia Balaresque
- UMR5288, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Walter Bodmer
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine & Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hayley Dunn
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Stephen E Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK.,Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Berit Myhre Dupuy
- Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Horolma Pamjav
- Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences, Institute of Forensic Genetics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andreas O Tillmar
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Division of Medicine and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Marta Pereira Verdugo
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Bruce Winney
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pragya Vohra
- School of History, Politics and International Relations, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of History, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Joanna Story
- School of History, Politics and International Relations, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Turi E King
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Mark A Jobling
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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13
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Leonardi M, Sandionigi A, Conzato A, Vai S, Lari M, Tassi F, Ghirotto S, Caramelli D, Barbujani G. The female ancestor's tale: Long-term matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:497-506. [PMID: 30187463 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the advent of ancient DNA analyses, it has been possible to disentangle the contribution of ancient populations to the genetic pool of the modern inhabitants of many regions. Reconstructing the maternal ancestry has often highlighted genetic continuity over several millennia, but almost always in isolated areas. Here we analyze North-western Tuscany, a region that was a corridor of exchanges between Central Italy and the Western Mediterranean coast. MATERIALS AND METHODS We newly obtained mitochondrial HVRI sequences from 28 individuals, and after gathering published data, we collected genetic information for 119 individuals from the region. Those span five periods during the last 5,000 years: Prehistory, Etruscan age, Roman age, Renaissance, and Present-day. We used serial coalescent simulations in an approximate Bayesian computation framework to test for continuity between the mentioned groups. RESULTS Our analyses always favor continuity over discontinuity for all groups considered, with the Etruscans being part of the genealogy. Moreover, the posterior distributions of the parameters support very small female effective population sizes. CONCLUSIONS The observed signals of long-term genetic continuity and isolation are in contrast with the history of the region, conquered several times (Etruscans, Romans, Lombards, and French). While the Etruscans appear as a local population, intermediate between the prehistoric and the other samples, we suggest that the other conquerors-arriving from far-had a consistent social or sex bias, hence only marginally affecting the maternal lineages. At the same time, our results show that long-term genealogical continuity is not necessarily linked to geographical isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Sandionigi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Conzato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Vai
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Lari
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Tassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghirotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - David Caramelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Barbujani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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14
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Salvatori R, Radian S, Diekmann Y, Iacovazzo D, David A, Gabrovska P, Grassi G, Bussell AM, Stals K, Weber A, Quinton R, Crowne EC, Corazzini V, Metherell L, Kearney T, Du Plessis D, Sinha AK, Baborie A, Lecoq AL, Chanson P, Ansorge O, Ellard S, Trainer PJ, Balding D, Thomas MG, Korbonits M. In-frame seven amino-acid duplication in AIP arose over the last 3000 years, disrupts protein interaction and stability and is associated with gigantism. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177. [PMID: 28634279 PMCID: PMC5510572 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) gene are associated with pituitary adenoma, acromegaly and gigantism. Identical alleles in unrelated pedigrees could be inherited from a common ancestor or result from recurrent mutation events. DESIGN AND METHODS Observational, inferential and experimental study, including: AIP mutation testing; reconstruction of 14 AIP-region (8.3 Mbp) haplotypes; coalescent-based approximate Bayesian estimation of the time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the derived allele; forward population simulations to estimate current number of allele carriers; proposal of mutation mechanism; protein structure predictions; co-immunoprecipitation and cycloheximide chase experiments. RESULTS Nine European-origin, unrelated c.805_825dup-positive pedigrees (four familial, five sporadic from the UK, USA and France) included 16 affected (nine gigantism/four acromegaly/two non-functioning pituitary adenoma patients and one prospectively diagnosed acromegaly patient) and nine unaffected carriers. All pedigrees shared a 2.79 Mbp haploblock around AIP with additional haploblocks privately shared between subsets of the pedigrees, indicating the existence of an evolutionarily recent common ancestor, the 'English founder', with an estimated median tMRCA of 47 generations (corresponding to 1175 years) with a confidence interval (9-113 generations, equivalent to 225-2825 years). The mutation occurred in a small tandem repeat region predisposed to slipped strand mispairing. The resulting seven amino-acid duplication disrupts interaction with HSP90 and leads to a marked reduction in protein stability. CONCLUSIONS The c.805_825dup allele, originating from a common ancestor, associates with a severe clinical phenotype and a high frequency of gigantism. The mutation is likely to be the result of slipped strand mispairing and affects protein-protein interactions and AIP protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serban Radian
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of EndocrinologyC.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, ‘C. Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Yoan Diekmann
- Research Department of GeneticsEvolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Donato Iacovazzo
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alessia David
- Centre of Bioinformatics and System BiologyDepartment of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Plamena Gabrovska
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Grassi
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anna-Marie Bussell
- Department of Molecular GeneticsRoyal Devon and Exeter Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Karen Stals
- Department of Molecular GeneticsRoyal Devon and Exeter Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Astrid Weber
- Department of Clinical GeneticsLiverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard Quinton
- Department of EndocrinologyNewcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals & Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Crowne
- Bristol Royal Hospital for ChildrenUniversity Hospitals Bristol Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Lou Metherell
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tara Kearney
- Endocrinology and Neuropathology UnitSalford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel Du Plessis
- Endocrinology and Neuropathology UnitSalford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Atik Baborie
- The Walton Centre for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLiverpool, UK
| | - Anne-Lise Lecoq
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Inserm 1185Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Inserm 1185Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Sian Ellard
- Department of Molecular GeneticsRoyal Devon and Exeter Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter J Trainer
- Department of EndocrinologyChristie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - David Balding
- Research Department of GeneticsEvolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Systems GenomicsSchools of Biosciences and of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Research Department of GeneticsEvolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Korbonits;
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15
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Nothnagel M, Fan G, Guo F, He Y, Hou Y, Hu S, Huang J, Jiang X, Kim W, Kim K, Li C, Li H, Li L, Li S, Li Z, Liang W, Liu C, Lu D, Luo H, Nie S, Shi M, Sun H, Tang J, Wang L, Wang CC, Wang D, Wen SQ, Wu H, Wu W, Xing J, Yan J, Yan S, Yao H, Ye Y, Yun L, Zeng Z, Zha L, Zhang S, Zheng X, Willuweit S, Roewer L. Revisiting the male genetic landscape of China: a multi-center study of almost 38,000 Y-STR haplotypes. Hum Genet 2017; 136:485-497. [PMID: 28138773 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
China has repeatedly been the subject of genetic studies to elucidate its prehistoric and historic demography. While some studies reported a genetic distinction between Northern and Southern Han Chinese, others showed a more clinal picture of small differences within China. Here, we investigated the distribution of Y chromosome variation along administrative as well as ethnic divisions in the mainland territory of the People's Republic of China, including 28 administrative regions and 19 recognized Chinese nationalities, to assess the impact of recent demographic processes. To this end, we analyzed 37,994 Y chromosomal 17-marker haplotype profiles from the YHRD database with respect to forensic diversity measures and genetic distance between groups defined by administrative boundaries and ethnic origin. We observed high diversity throughout all Chinese provinces and ethnicities. Some ethnicities, including most prominently Kazakhs and Tibetans, showed significant genetic differentiation from the Han and other groups. However, differences between provinces were, except for those located on the Tibetan plateau, less pronounced. This discrepancy is explicable by the sizeable presence of Han speakers, who showed high genetic homogeneity all across China, in nearly all studied provinces. Furthermore, we observed a continuous genetic North-South gradient in the Han, confirming previous reports of a clinal distribution of Y chromosome variation and being in notable concordance with the previously observed spatial distribution of autosomal variation. Our findings shed light on the demographic changes in China accrued by a fast-growing and increasingly mobile population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nothnagel
- Department of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Guangyao Fan
- Department of Public Security Technology, The Center for Forensic Science Research, Railway Police College, Zhengzhou, 450053, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Police University of China, Shenyang, 110854, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng He
- Department of Criminal Investigation, Shaanxi Provincial Public Security Bureau, Xi'an, 710016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Hou
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengping Hu
- Molecular Biology and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road, 9th, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhua Jiang
- Liaoning Criminal and Science Technology Research Institute, Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Kicheol Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Chengtao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, P.R. China, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Criminal Investigation, Hebei Provincial Public Security Bureau, Shijiazhuang City, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibo Liang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou, 510030, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Lu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Luo
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Nie
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Meisen Shi
- Center of Cooperative Innovation for Judicial Civilization, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100088, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510089, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpin Tang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Police Station of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Chao Wang
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Qing Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Xinxiang Medical University School of Basic Medical, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Zhejiang Provincial Public Security Bureau, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Xing
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science of Gansu Province, Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ye
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Libing Yun
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoshu Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Lagabaiyila Zha
- Forensic Science Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Suhua Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, P.R. China, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Department of Surgery, Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Sascha Willuweit
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Roewer
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Schiffels S, Haak W, Paajanen P, Llamas B, Popescu E, Loe L, Clarke R, Lyons A, Mortimer R, Sayer D, Tyler-Smith C, Cooper A, Durbin R. Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10408. [PMID: 26783965 PMCID: PMC4735688 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
British population history has been shaped by a series of immigrations, including the early Anglo-Saxon migrations after 400 CE. It remains an open question how these events affected the genetic composition of the current British population. Here, we present whole-genome sequences from 10 individuals excavated close to Cambridge in the East of England, ranging from the late Iron Age to the middle Anglo-Saxon period. By analysing shared rare variants with hundreds of modern samples from Britain and Europe, we estimate that on average the contemporary East English population derives 38% of its ancestry from Anglo-Saxon migrations. We gain further insight with a new method, rarecoal, which infers population history and identifies fine-scale genetic ancestry from rare variants. Using rarecoal we find that the Anglo-Saxon samples are closely related to modern Dutch and Danish populations, while the Iron Age samples share ancestors with multiple Northern European populations including Britain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Pirita Paajanen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Bastien Llamas
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Popescu
- Oxford Archaeology East, 15 Trafalgar Way, Bar Hill, Cambridge CB23 8SQ, UK
| | - Louise Loe
- Oxford Archaeology South, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0ES, UK
| | - Rachel Clarke
- Oxford Archaeology East, 15 Trafalgar Way, Bar Hill, Cambridge CB23 8SQ, UK
| | - Alice Lyons
- Oxford Archaeology East, 15 Trafalgar Way, Bar Hill, Cambridge CB23 8SQ, UK
| | - Richard Mortimer
- Oxford Archaeology East, 15 Trafalgar Way, Bar Hill, Cambridge CB23 8SQ, UK
| | - Duncan Sayer
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | | | - Alan Cooper
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Richard Durbin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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17
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Martiniano R, Caffell A, Holst M, Hunter-Mann K, Montgomery J, Müldner G, McLaughlin RL, Teasdale MD, van Rheenen W, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH, Hardiman O, Carroll M, Roskams S, Oxley J, Morgan C, Thomas MG, Barnes I, McDonnell C, Collins MJ, Bradley DG. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10326. [PMID: 26783717 PMCID: PMC4735653 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The purported migrations that have formed the peoples of Britain have been the focus of generations of scholarly controversy. However, this has not benefited from direct analyses of ancient genomes. Here we report nine ancient genomes (∼ 1 ×) of individuals from northern Britain: seven from a Roman era York cemetery, bookended by earlier Iron-Age and later Anglo-Saxon burials. Six of the Roman genomes show affinity with modern British Celtic populations, particularly Welsh, but significantly diverge from populations from Yorkshire and other eastern English samples. They also show similarity with the earlier Iron-Age genome, suggesting population continuity, but differ from the later Anglo-Saxon genome. This pattern concords with profound impact of migrations in the Anglo-Saxon period. Strikingly, one Roman skeleton shows a clear signal of exogenous origin, with affinities pointing towards the Middle East, confirming the cosmopolitan character of the Empire, even at its northernmost fringes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Martiniano
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anwen Caffell
- York Osteoarchaeology Ltd, 75 Main Street, Bishop Wilton, York YO42 1SR, UK.,Department of Archaeology, Dawson Building, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Malin Holst
- York Osteoarchaeology Ltd, 75 Main Street, Bishop Wilton, York YO42 1SR, UK.,BioArCh, Biology, S Block, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kurt Hunter-Mann
- York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Limited, 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX, UK
| | - Janet Montgomery
- Department of Archaeology, Dawson Building, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Gundula Müldner
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Whiteknights PO Box 227, Reading RG6 6AB, UK
| | - Russell L McLaughlin
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Matthew D Teasdale
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maureen Carroll
- Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield Northgate House, West Street, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK
| | - Steve Roskams
- BioArCh, Biology, S Block, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Colleen Morgan
- BioArCh, Biology, S Block, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ian Barnes
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Christine McDonnell
- York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Limited, 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX, UK
| | | | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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18
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Mays S. Mandibular morphology in two archaeological human skeletal samples from northwest Europe with different masticatory regimes. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2015; 66:203-15. [PMID: 25724125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular morphology, assessed osteometrically, is studied in two historic human skeletal series (N = 64 individuals) from northwest Europe, one from Zwolle, the Netherlands (19th century CE), the other from Wharram Percy, England (10th-19th century). Both groups show greater dental wear than modern Western populations, but the rate of wear is greater at Wharram Percy than at Zwolle, suggesting a more vigorous masticatory regime. The aim is to evaluate any differences in mandibular morphology between the two groups that might relate to the inferred difference in biomechanical loading upon the chewing apparatus consequent upon the different physical properties of the diets consumed. Results indicate that the mandibles from Zwolle are generally smaller than those from Wharram Percy, especially in the gonial and ramus region and in the height of the post-canine corpus. These differences are consistent with those predicted on biomechanical grounds. That clear differences were observed in two samples whose masticatory regimes were distinct but not very different is an indication of the sensitivity of mandibular morphology to biomechanical input, and supports its value for investigating differences in physical properties of diets in palaeopopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mays
- Investigation and Analysis Division, English Heritage, Fort Cumberland, Eastney, Portsmouth PO4 9LD, UK.
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19
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Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Haber M, Martínez-Cruz B, Zalloua P, Benammar Elgaaied A, Comas D. Genome-wide and paternal diversity reveal a recent origin of human populations in North Africa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80293. [PMID: 24312208 PMCID: PMC3842387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The geostrategic location of North Africa as a crossroad between three continents and as a stepping-stone outside Africa has evoked anthropological and genetic interest in this region. Numerous studies have described the genetic landscape of the human population in North Africa employing paternal, maternal, and biparental molecular markers. However, information from these markers which have different inheritance patterns has been mostly assessed independently, resulting in an incomplete description of the region. In this study, we analyze uniparental and genome-wide markers examining similarities or contrasts in the results and consequently provide a comprehensive description of the evolutionary history of North Africa populations. Our results show that both males and females in North Africa underwent a similar admixture history with slight differences in the proportions of admixture components. Consequently, genome-wide diversity show similar patterns with admixture tests suggesting North Africans are a mixture of ancestral populations related to current Africans and Eurasians with more affinity towards the out-of-Africa populations than to sub-Saharan Africans. We estimate from the paternal lineages that most North Africans emerged ∼15,000 years ago during the last glacial warming and that population splits started after the desiccation of the Sahara. Although most North Africans share a common admixture history, the Tunisian Berbers show long periods of genetic isolation and appear to have diverged from surrounding populations without subsequent mixture. On the other hand, continuous gene flow from the Middle East made Egyptians genetically closer to Eurasians than to other North Africans. We show that genetic diversity of today's North Africans mostly captures patterns from migrations post Last Glacial Maximum and therefore may be insufficient to inform on the initial population of the region during the Middle Paleolithic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Fadhlaoui-Zid
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Pompeu Fabra University), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Immunologie et Pathologies Humaines, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Université el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marc Haber
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Pompeu Fabra University), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- The Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Begoña Martínez-Cruz
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Pompeu Fabra University), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierre Zalloua
- The Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amel Benammar Elgaaied
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Immunologie et Pathologies Humaines, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Université el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - David Comas
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Pompeu Fabra University), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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20
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Larmuseau MHD, Van Geystelen A, van Oven M, Decorte R. Genetic genealogy comes of age: perspectives on the use of deep-rooted pedigrees in human population genetics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:505-11. [PMID: 23440589 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we promote the implementation of extensive genealogical data in population genetic studies. Genealogical records can provide valuable information on the origin of DNA donors in a population genetic study, going beyond the commonly collected data such as residence, birthplace, language, and self-reported ethnicity. Recent studies demonstrated that extended genealogical data added to surname analysis can be crucial to detect signals of (past) population stratification and to interpret the population structure in a more objective manner. Moreover, when in-depth pedigree data are combined with haploid markers, it is even possible to disentangle signals of temporal differentiation within a population genetic structure during the last centuries. Obtaining genealogical data for all DNA donors in a population genetic study is a labor-intensive task but the vastly growing (genetic) genealogical databases, due to the broad interest of the public, are making this job more time-efficient if there is a guarantee for sufficient data quality. At the end, we discuss the advantages and pitfalls of using genealogy within sampling campaigns and we provide guidelines for future population genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H D Larmuseau
- UZ Leuven, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Smith BN, Newhouse S, Shatunov A, Vance C, Topp S, Johnson L, Miller J, Lee Y, Troakes C, Scott KM, Jones A, Gray I, Wright J, Hortobágyi T, Al-Sarraj S, Rogelj B, Powell J, Lupton M, Lovestone S, Sapp PC, Weber M, Nestor PJ, Schelhaas HJ, Asbroek AALMT, Silani V, Gellera C, Taroni F, Ticozzi N, Van den Berg L, Veldink J, Van Damme P, Robberecht W, Shaw PJ, Kirby J, Pall H, Morrison KE, Morris A, de Belleroche J, Vianney de Jong JMB, Baas F, Andersen PM, Landers J, Brown RH, Weale ME, Al-Chalabi A, Shaw CE. The C9ORF72 expansion mutation is a common cause of ALS+/-FTD in Europe and has a single founder. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 21:102-8. [PMID: 22692064 PMCID: PMC3522204 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A massive hexanucleotide repeat expansion mutation (HREM) in C9ORF72 has recently been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here we describe the frequency, origin and stability of this mutation in ALS+/-FTD from five European cohorts (total n=1347). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms defining the risk haplotype in linked kindreds were genotyped in cases (n=434) and controls (n=856). Haplotypes were analysed using PLINK and aged using DMLE+. In a London clinic cohort, the HREM was the most common mutation in familial ALS+/-FTD: C9ORF72 29/112 (26%), SOD1 27/112 (24%), TARDBP 1/112 (1%) and FUS 4/112 (4%) and detected in 13/216 (6%) of unselected sporadic ALS cases but was rare in controls (3/856, 0.3%). HREM prevalence was high for familial ALS+/-FTD throughout Europe: Belgium 19/22 (86%), Sweden 30/41 (73%), the Netherlands 10/27 (37%) and Italy 4/20 (20%). The HREM did not affect the age at onset or survival of ALS patients. Haplotype analysis identified a common founder in all 137 HREM carriers that arose around 6300 years ago. The haplotype from which the HREM arose is intrinsically unstable with an increased number of repeats (average 8, compared with 2 for controls, P<10(-8)). We conclude that the HREM has a single founder and is the most common mutation in familial and sporadic ALS in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Newhouse
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Vance
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Topp
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren Johnson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Jack Miller
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Younbok Lee
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsten M Scott
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ashley Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Jamie Wright
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - John Powell
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Lupton
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Peter C Sapp
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Markus Weber
- Kantonsspital St Gallen and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Nestor
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helenius J Schelhaas
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, ‘Dino Ferrari' Center, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione-IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico ‘Carlo Besta', Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Taroni
- SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione-IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico ‘Carlo Besta', Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, ‘Dino Ferrari' Center, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonard Van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Phillip Van Damme
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Robberecht
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Academic Neurology Unit, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Janine Kirby
- Academic Neurology Unit, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hardev Pall
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, and Neurosciences Division, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karen E Morrison
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, and Neurosciences Division, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex Morris
- Neurogenetics Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline de Belleroche
- Neurogenetics Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - J M B Vianney de Jong
- Department of Neurogenetics and Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Neurogenetics and Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - John Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael E Weale
- King's College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
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22
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Rębała K, Martínez-Cruz B, Tönjes A, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Lindner I, Büttner A, Wichmann HE, Siváková D, Soták M, Quintana-Murci L, Szczerkowska Z, Comas D. Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations: from early medieval Slavic expansion to post-World War II resettlements. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:415-22. [PMID: 22968131 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogeneous Proto-Slavic genetic substrate and/or extensive mixing after World War II were suggested to explain homogeneity of contemporary Polish paternal lineages. Alternatively, Polish local populations might have displayed pre-war genetic heterogeneity owing to genetic drift and/or gene flow with neighbouring populations. Although sharp genetic discontinuity along the political border between Poland and Germany indisputably results from war-mediated resettlements and homogenisation, it remained unknown whether Y-chromosomal diversity in ethnically/linguistically defined populations was clinal or discontinuous before the war. In order to answer these questions and elucidate early Slavic migrations, 1156 individuals from several Slavic and German populations were analysed, including Polish pre-war regional populations and an autochthonous Slavic population from Germany. Y chromosomes were assigned to 39 haplogroups and genotyped for 19 STRs. Genetic distances revealed similar degree of differentiation of Slavic-speaking pre-war populations from German populations irrespective of duration and intensity of contacts with German speakers. Admixture estimates showed minor Slavic paternal ancestry (~20%) in modern eastern Germans and hardly detectable German paternal ancestry in Slavs neighbouring German populations for centuries. BATWING analysis of isolated Slavic populations revealed that their divergence was preceded by rapid demographic growth, undermining theory that Slavic expansion was primarily linguistic rather than population spread. Polish pre-war regional populations showed within-group heterogeneity and lower STR variation within R-M17 subclades compared with modern populations, which might have been homogenised by war resettlements. Our results suggest that genetic studies on early human history in the Vistula and Oder basins should rely on reconstructed pre-war rather than modern populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rębała
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-UPF, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Jobling MA. The impact of recent events on human genetic diversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:793-9. [PMID: 22312046 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The historical record tells us stories of migrations, population expansions and colonization events in the last few thousand years, but what was their demographic impact? Genetics can throw light on this issue, and has mostly done so through the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the male-specific Y chromosome. However, there are a number of problems, including marker ascertainment bias, possible influences of natural selection, and the obscuring layers of the palimpsest of historical and prehistorical events. Y-chromosomal lineages are particularly affected by genetic drift, which can be accentuated by recent social selection. A diversity of approaches to expansions in Europe is yielding insights into the histories of Phoenicians, Roma, Anglo-Saxons and Vikings, and new methods for producing and analysing genome-wide data hold much promise. The field would benefit from more consensus on appropriate methods, and better communication between geneticists and experts in other disciplines, such as history, archaeology and linguistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jobling
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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24
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Pattison JE. Integration versus apartheid in post-Roman Britain: a response to Thomas et Al. (2008). Hum Biol 2012; 83:715-33. [PMID: 22276970 DOI: 10.3378/027.083.0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The genetic surveys of the population of Britain conducted by Weale et al. and Capelli et al. produced estimates of the Germani immigration into Britain during the early Anglo-Saxon period, c.430-c.730. These estimates are considerably higher than the estimates of archaeologists. A possible explanation suggests that an apartheid-like social system existed in the early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms resulting in the Germani breeding more quickly than the Britons. Thomas et al. attempted to model this suggestion and showed that it was a possible explanation if all Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had such a system for up to 400 years. I noted that their explanation ignored the probability that Germani have been arriving in Britain for at least the past three millennia, including Belgae and Roman soldiers, and not only during the early Anglo-Saxon period. I produced a population model for Britain taking into account this long term, low level migration that showed that the estimates could be reconciled without the need for introducing an apartheid-like system. In turn, Thomas et al. responded, criticizing my model and arguments, which they considered persuasively written but wanting in terms of methodology, data sources, underlying assumptions, and application. Here, I respond in detail to those criticisms and argue that it is still unnecessary to introduce an apartheid-like system in order to reconcile the different estimates of Germani arrivals. A point of confusion is that geneticists are interested in ancestry, while archaeologists are interested in ethnicity: it is the bones, not the burial rites, which are important in the present context.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Pattison
- School of EIE - Applied Physics, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5095.
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25
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Busby GBJ, Brisighelli F, Sánchez-Diz P, Ramos-Luis E, Martinez-Cadenas C, Thomas MG, Bradley DG, Gusmão L, Winney B, Bodmer W, Vennemann M, Coia V, Scarnicci F, Tofanelli S, Vona G, Ploski R, Vecchiotti C, Zemunik T, Rudan I, Karachanak S, Toncheva D, Anagnostou P, Ferri G, Rapone C, Hervig T, Moen T, Wilson JF, Capelli C. The peopling of Europe and the cautionary tale of Y chromosome lineage R-M269. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:884-92. [PMID: 21865258 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the debate on the origins of the major European Y chromosome haplogroup R1b1b2-M269 has reignited, and opinion has moved away from Palaeolithic origins to the notion of a younger Neolithic spread of these chromosomes from the Near East. Here, we address this debate by investigating frequency patterns and diversity in the largest collection of R1b1b2-M269 chromosomes yet assembled. Our analysis reveals no geographical trends in diversity, in contradiction to expectation under the Neolithic hypothesis, and suggests an alternative explanation for the apparent cline in diversity recently described. We further investigate the young, STR-based time to the most recent common ancestor estimates proposed so far for R-M269-related lineages and find evidence for an appreciable effect of microsatellite choice on age estimates. As a consequence, the existing data and tools are insufficient to make credible estimates for the age of this haplogroup, and conclusions about the timing of its origin and dispersal should be viewed with a large degree of caution.
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26
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27
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Searle JB, Kotlík P, Rambau RV, Marková S, Herman JS, McDevitt AD. The Celtic fringe of Britain: insights from small mammal phylogeography. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:4287-94. [PMID: 19793757 PMCID: PMC2817114 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have challenged the traditional view that the ancestors of British Celtic people spread from central Europe during the Iron Age and have suggested a much earlier origin for them as part of the human recolonization of Britain at the end of the last glaciation. Here we propose that small mammals provide an analogue to help resolve this controversy. Previous studies have shown that common shrews (Sorex araneus) with particular chromosomal characteristics and water voles (Arvicola terrestris) of a specific mitochondrial (mt) DNA lineage have peripheral western/northern distributions with striking similarities to that of Celtic people. We show that mtDNA lineages of three other small mammal species (bank vole Myodes glareolus, field vole Microtus agrestis and pygmy shrew Sorex minutus) also form a 'Celtic fringe'. We argue that these small mammals most reasonably colonized Britain in a two-phase process following the last glacial maximum (LGM), with climatically driven partial replacement of the first colonists by the second colonists, leaving a peripheral geographical distribution for the first colonists. We suggest that these natural Celtic fringes provide insight into the same phenomenon in humans and support its origin in processes following the end of the LGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Searle
- Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO105YW, UK.
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28
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Astle W, Balding DJ. Population Structure and Cryptic Relatedness in Genetic Association Studies. Stat Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1214/09-sts307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Moreau C, Vézina H, Yotova V, Hamon R, de Knijff P, Sinnett D, Labuda D. Genetic heterogeneity in regional populations of Quebec--parental lineages in the Gaspe Peninsula. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 139:512-22. [PMID: 19226649 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Stable colonization of the Gaspe Peninsula by Europeans started in the middle of the 18th century at the time of the British conquest of New France. The earliest settlers were Acadians, escaping British deportation policies, followed by Loyalists from the US, who preferred to remain under British rule after the Declaration of Independence. In the 19th century, the developing fishing industry attracted French Canadians from the St. Lawrence Valley and newcomers from Europe including Channel Islanders from Jersey and Guernsey. We analyzed parental lineages of the self-declared descendants of these four groups of settlers by mtDNA D-loop sequencing and Y-chromosome genotyping and compared them with French, British, and Irish samples. Their representation in terms of haplotype frequency classes reveals different signatures of founder effects, such as a loss of rare haplotypes, modification of intermediate frequency haplotypes, reduction in genetic diversity (seen in Acadians), but also enrichment by admixture. Parental lineages correlate with group identity. Descendants of early settlers, Acadians and Loyalists, preserved their identity more than those of French Canadian and Channel Islander "latecomers." Although overall genetic diversity among Gaspesians is comparable with their European source populations, F(ST) analysis indicated their greater differentiation. Distinct settlement history, a limited number of founders and relative genetic isolation contributed to the regionalization of the Quebec gene pool that appears less homogenous than usually anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Moreau
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, PQ, Canada H3T 1C5
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30
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Gutenkunst RN, Hernandez RD, Williamson SH, Bustamante CD. Inferring the joint demographic history of multiple populations from multidimensional SNP frequency data. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000695. [PMID: 19851460 PMCID: PMC2760211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1116] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Demographic models built from genetic data play important roles in illuminating prehistorical events and serving as null models in genome scans for selection. We introduce an inference method based on the joint frequency spectrum of genetic variants within and between populations. For candidate models we numerically compute the expected spectrum using a diffusion approximation to the one-locus, two-allele Wright-Fisher process, involving up to three simultaneous populations. Our approach is a composite likelihood scheme, since linkage between neutral loci alters the variance but not the expectation of the frequency spectrum. We thus use bootstraps incorporating linkage to estimate uncertainties for parameters and significance values for hypothesis tests. Our method can also incorporate selection on single sites, predicting the joint distribution of selected alleles among populations experiencing a bevy of evolutionary forces, including expansions, contractions, migrations, and admixture. We model human expansion out of Africa and the settlement of the New World, using 5 Mb of noncoding DNA resequenced in 68 individuals from 4 populations (YRI, CHB, CEU, and MXL) by the Environmental Genome Project. We infer divergence between West African and Eurasian populations 140 thousand years ago (95% confidence interval: 40–270 kya). This is earlier than other genetic studies, in part because we incorporate migration. We estimate the European (CEU) and East Asian (CHB) divergence time to be 23 kya (95% c.i.: 17–43 kya), long after archeological evidence places modern humans in Europe. Finally, we estimate divergence between East Asians (CHB) and Mexican-Americans (MXL) of 22 kya (95% c.i.: 16.3–26.9 kya), and our analysis yields no evidence for subsequent migration. Furthermore, combining our demographic model with a previously estimated distribution of selective effects among newly arising amino acid mutations accurately predicts the frequency spectrum of nonsynonymous variants across three continental populations (YRI, CHB, CEU). The demographic history of our species is reflected in patterns of genetic variation within and among populations. We developed an efficient method for calculating the expected distribution of genetic variation, given a demographic model including such events as population size changes, population splits and joins, and migration. We applied our approach to publicly available human sequencing data, searching for models that best reproduce the observed patterns. Our joint analysis of data from African, European, and Asian populations yielded new dates for when these populations diverged. In particular, we found that African and Eurasian populations diverged around 100,000 years ago. This is earlier than other genetic studies suggest, because our model includes the effects of migration, which we found to be important for reproducing observed patterns of variation in the data. We also analyzed data from European, Asian, and Mexican populations to model the peopling of the Americas. Here, we find no evidence for recurrent migration after East Asian and Native American populations diverged. Our methods are not limited to studying humans, and we hope that future sequencing projects will offer more insights into the history of both our own species and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Gutenkunst
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA.
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Myres NM, Ritchie KH, Lin AA, Hughes RH, Woodward SR, Underhill PA. Y-chromosome short tandem repeat intermediate variant alleles DYS392.2, DYS449.2, and DYS385.2 delineate new phylogenetic substructure in human Y-chromosome haplogroup tree. Croat Med J 2009; 50:239-49. [PMID: 19480020 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the human Y-chromosome haplogroup backgrounds of intermediate-sized variant alleles displayed by short tandem repeat (STR) loci DYS392, DYS449, and DYS385, and to evaluate the potential of each intermediate variant to elucidate new phylogenetic substructure within the human Y-chromosome haplogroup tree. METHODS Molecular characterization of lineages was achieved using a combination of Y-chromosome haplogroup defining binary polymorphisms and up to 37 short tandem repeat loci. DNA sequencing and median-joining network analyses were used to evaluate Y-chromosome lineages displaying intermediate variant alleles. RESULTS We show that DYS392.2 occurs on a single haplogroup background, specifically I1*-M253, and likely represents a new phylogenetic subdivision in this European haplogroup. Intermediate variants DYS449.2 and DYS385.2 both occur on multiple haplogroup backgrounds, and when evaluated within specific haplogroup contexts, delineate new phylogenetic substructure, with DYS449.2 being informative within haplogroup A-P97 and DYS385.2 in haplogroups D-M145, E1b1a-M2, and R1b*-M343. Sequence analysis of variant alleles observed within the various haplogroup backgrounds showed that the nature of the intermediate variant differed, confirming the mutations arose independently. CONCLUSIONS Y-chromosome short tandem repeat intermediate variant alleles, while relatively rare, typically occur on multiple haplogroup backgrounds. This distribution indicates that such mutations arise at a rate generally intermediate to those of binary markers and STR loci. As a result, intermediate-sized Y-STR variants can reveal phylogenetic substructure within the Y-chromosome phylogeny not currently detected by either binary or Y-STR markers alone, but only when such variants are evaluated within a haplogroup context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Myres
- Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Novelletto A. Y chromosome variation in Europe: Continental and local processes in the formation of the extant gene pool. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 34:139-72. [PMID: 17558587 DOI: 10.1080/03014460701206843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphism of the male-specific portion of the Y chromosome has been increasingly used to describe the composition of the European gene pool and to reconstruct its formation. Here the theoretical grounds and the limitations of this approach are presented, together with the different views on debated issues. The emerging picture for the composition of the male gene pool of the continent is illustrated, but local peculiarities that represent departures from the main trends are also highlighted, in order to illustrate the main unifying feature, i.e. the overlay of recent patterns onto more ancient ones. A synopsis of the main findings and conclusions obtained in regional studies has also been compiled.
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Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MSG, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez-Jarreta B, Quintana-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA. The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83:725-36. [PMID: 19061982 PMCID: PMC2668061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of European genetic diversity have focused on large-scale variation and interpretations based on events in prehistory, but migrations and invasions in historical times could also have had profound effects on the genetic landscape. The Iberian Peninsula provides a suitable region for examination of the demographic impact of such recent events, because its complex recent history has involved the long-term residence of two very different populations with distinct geographical origins and their own particular cultural and religious characteristics—North African Muslims and Sephardic Jews. To address this issue, we analyzed Y chromosome haplotypes, which provide the necessary phylogeographic resolution, in 1140 males from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Admixture analysis based on binary and Y-STR haplotypes indicates a high mean proportion of ancestry from North African (10.6%) and Sephardic Jewish (19.8%) sources. Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin, these proportions attest to a high level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced), driven by historical episodes of social and religious intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of descendants. In agreement with the historical record, analysis of haplotype sharing and diversity within specific haplogroups suggests that the Sephardic Jewish component is the more ancient. The geographical distribution of North African ancestry in the peninsula does not reflect the initial colonization and subsequent withdrawal and is likely to result from later enforced population movement—more marked in some regions than in others—plus the effects of genetic drift.
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Pattison JE. Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England? Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:2423-9; discussion 2419-21. [PMID: 18430641 PMCID: PMC2603190 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been argued that there was an apartheid-like social structure operating in Early Anglo-Saxon England. This was proposed in order to explain the relatively high degree of similarity between Germanic-speaking areas of northwest Europe and England. Opinions vary as to whether there was a substantial Germanic invasion or only a relatively small number arrived in Britain during this period. Contrary to the assumption of limited intermarriage made in the apartheid simulation, there is evidence that significant mixing of the British and Germanic peoples occurred, and that the early law codes, such as that of King Ine of Wessex, could have deliberately encouraged such mixing. More importantly, the simulation did not take into account any northwest European immigration that arrived both before and after the Early Anglo-Saxon period. In view of the uncertainty of the places of origin of the various Germanic peoples, and their numbers and dates of arrival, the present study adopts an alternative approach to estimate the percentage of indigenous Britons in the current British population. It was found unnecessary to introduce any special social structure among the diverse Anglo-Saxon people in order to account for the estimates of northwest European intrusion into the British population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Pattison
- School of EIE-Applied Physics, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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Thomas MG, Stumpf MP, Härke H. Integration versus apartheid in post-Roman Britain: a response to Pattison. Proc Biol Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Thomas
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
| | - Michael P.H Stumpf
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Imperial College LondonWolfson Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Heinrich Härke
- Department of Archaeology, The University of ReadingWhiteknights, Reading RG6 6AB, UK
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Kitchen A, Miyamoto MM, Mulligan CJ. A three-stage colonization model for the peopling of the Americas. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1596. [PMID: 18270583 PMCID: PMC2223069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluate the process by which the Americas were originally colonized and propose a three-stage model that integrates current genetic, archaeological, geological, and paleoecological data. Specifically, we analyze mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data by using complementary coalescent models of demographic history and incorporating non-genetic data to enhance the anthropological relevance of the analysis. Methodology/Findings Bayesian skyline plots, which provide dynamic representations of population size changes over time, indicate that Amerinds went through two stages of growth ≈40,000 and ≈15,000 years ago separated by a long period of population stability. Isolation-with-migration coalescent analyses, which utilize data from sister populations to estimate a divergence date and founder population sizes, suggest an Amerind population expansion starting ≈15,000 years ago. Conclusions/Significance These results support a model for the peopling of the New World in which Amerind ancestors diverged from the Asian gene pool prior to 40,000 years ago and experienced a gradual population expansion as they moved into Beringia. After a long period of little change in population size in greater Beringia, Amerinds rapidly expanded into the Americas ≈15,000 years ago either through an interior ice-free corridor or along the coast. This rapid colonization of the New World was achieved by a founder group with an effective population size of ≈1,000–5,400 individuals. Our model presents a detailed scenario for the timing and scale of the initial migration to the Americas, substantially refines the estimate of New World founders, and provides a unified theory for testing with future datasets and analytic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kitchen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Miyamoto
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Connie J. Mulligan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Contu D, Morelli L, Santoni F, Foster JW, Francalacci P, Cucca F. Y-chromosome based evidence for pre-neolithic origin of the genetically homogeneous but diverse Sardinian population: inference for association scans. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1430. [PMID: 18183308 PMCID: PMC2174525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The island of Sardinia shows a unique high incidence of several autoimmune diseases with multifactorial inheritance, particularly type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. The prior knowledge of the genetic structure of this population is fundamental to establish the optimal design for association studies in these diseases. Previous work suggested that the Sardinians are a relatively homogenous population, but some reports were contradictory and data were largely based on variants subject to selection. For an unbiased assessment of genetic structure, we studied a combination of neutral Y-chromosome variants, 21 biallelic and 8 short tandem repeats (STRs) in 930 Sardinian males. We found a high degree of interindividual variation but a homogenous distribution of the detected variability in samples from three separate regions of the island. One haplogroup, I-M26, is rare or absent outside Sardinia and is very common (0.37 frequency) throughout the island, consistent with a founder effect. A Bayesian full likelihood analysis (BATWING) indicated that the time from the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of I-M26, was 21.0 (16.0–25.5) thousand years ago (KYA) and that the population began to expand 14.0 (7.8–22.0) KYA. These results suggest a largely pre-Neolithic settlement of the island with little subsequent gene flow from outside populations. Consequently, Sardinia is an especially attractive venue for case-control genome wide association scans in common multifactorial diseases. Concomitantly, the high degree of interindividual variation in the current population facilitates fine mapping efforts to pinpoint the aetiologic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Contu
- Laboratorio di Immunogenetica, Ospedale Microcitemico, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Morelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Federico Santoni
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Pula, Italy
| | - Jamie W. Foster
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Francalacci
- Dipartimento di Zoologia e Genetica Evoluzionistica, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Anderung C, Hellborg L, Seddon J, Hanotte O, Götherström A. Investigation of X- and Y-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in taurine (Bos taurus) and indicine (Bos indicus) cattle. Anim Genet 2007; 38:595-600. [PMID: 18028515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Initially, domesticated African cattle were of taurine type. Today, we find both African Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle, as well as their crossbreeds, on the continent of Africa and they all share the same set of African taurine mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. In this study, we report genetic variation as substitutions and insertions/deletions (indels) on both the X and Y chromosomes, and use the variation to assess hybridization between taurine and indicine cattle. Six African cattle breeds (four Sanga breeds, including Raya Azebu, Danakil, Caprivi, Nguni; and two Zebu breeds, including Kilimanjaro Zebu and South Kavirondo Zebu) were screened for six new X-chromosomal markers, specifically three single nucleotide polymorphisms and three indels in the DDX3X (previously DBX) and ZFX genes, and five previously identified Y-chromosomal markers in the DDX3Y (previously DBY) and ZFY genes. In total, 90 (57 bulls and 33 cows) samples from the African breeds were analysed. We identify five diagnostic haplotypes of indicine and taurine origins on both the X and Y chromosomes. For each breed, the level of indicine introgression varies; in addition to pure taurine, indicine and hybrid X-chromosome individuals, recombinant X-chromosome variants were also detected. These markers are useful molecular tools for assessing the level of indicine admixture in African cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anderung
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Thomas MG, Barnes I, Weale ME, Jones AL, Forster P, Bradman N, Pramstaller PP. New genetic evidence supports isolation and drift in the Ladin communities of the South Tyrolean Alps but not an ancient origin in the Middle East. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 16:124-34. [PMID: 17712356 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alps are one of the most significant geographical barriers in Europe and several isolated Swiss and Italian valleys retain the distinctive Ladin and Romansch languages, alongside the modern majority of Italian and German languages. Linguistically, Ladin belongs to the Romance languages, but some studies on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation have suggested a major Middle Eastern component to their genealogical origin. Furthermore, an observed high degree of within-population diversity has been interpreted as reflecting long-standing differentiation from other European populations and the absence of a major bottleneck in Ladin population history. To explore these issues further, we examined Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in two samples of Ladin speakers, two samples of German speakers and one sample of metropolitan Italian speakers. Our results (1) indicate reduced diversity in the Ladin-speaking and isolated German-speaking populations when compared to a sample of metropolitan Italian speakers, (2) fail to identify haplotypes that are rare in other European populations that other researchers have identified, and (3) indicate different Middle Eastern components to Ladin ancestry in different localities. These new results, in combination with Bayesian estimation of demographic parameters of interest (population size, population growth rate, and Palaeolithic/Neolithic admixture proportions) and phylogeographic analysis, suggest that the Ladin groups under study are small genetically isolated populations (subject to strong genetic drift), having a predominantly European ancestry, and in one locality, may have a greater Palaeolithic component to that ancestry than their neighbours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Thomas
- Department of Biology, University College London, London NW1 2HE, UK.
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Pattison JE. Estimating inbreeding in large, semi-isolated populations: effects of varying generation lengths and of migration. Am J Hum Biol 2007; 19:495-510. [PMID: 17546611 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study reported here was to investigate two important assumptions used in a recently reported new method of estimating inbreeding in large, relatively isolated populations over historic times. The method, based on modeling the genealogical "paradox," produces values of Pearl's coefficients, Z, a measure of inbreeding or genealogical coalescence, as a function of time. In this study, the effects on inbreeding of two important assumptions made in earlier studies, namely those of using a constant generation length and of ignoring migration, have been investigated for the population of Britain. First, by relating the median age of women at childbirth to the development level of various societies, the variation of the generation lengths for different periods in historic Britain were estimated. Values of Z for two types of varying generation lengths were then calculated and compared with the case of constant generation length. Second, the population curve for Britain used in earlier studies was modified to obtain the subpopulation at any time during the past two millennia that was descended from the pre-Roman British Celts. Values of Z for the case with migration were then calculated and compared with the case for no migration. It is shown that these two assumptions may be taken into account if and when required. Both the effect of a varying generation length and the effect of migration on Z were found to be 20-40%, when no known value of inbreeding was used, and 2-5%, when a known value of inbreeding was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Pattison
- School of Applied Physics, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.
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Rębała K, Mikulich AI, Tsybovsky IS, Siváková D, Džupinková Z, Szczerkowska-Dobosz A, Szczerkowska Z. Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:406-414. [PMID: 17364156 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A set of 18 Y-chromosomal microsatellite loci was analysed in 568 males from Poland, Slovakia and three regions of Belarus. The results were compared to data available for 2,937 Y chromosome samples from 20 other Slavic populations. Lack of relationship between linguistic, geographic and historical relations between Slavic populations and Y-short tandem repeat (STR) haplotype distribution was observed. Two genetically distant groups of Slavic populations were revealed: one encompassing all Western-Slavic, Eastern-Slavic, and two Southern-Slavic populations, and one encompassing all remaining Southern Slavs. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on Y-chromosomal STRs showed that the variation observed between the two population groups was 4.3%, and was higher than the level of genetic variance among populations within the groups (1.2%). Homogeneity of northern Slavic paternal lineages in Europe was shown to stretch from the Alps to the upper Volga and involve ethnicities speaking completely different branches of Slavic languages. The central position of the population of Ukraine in the network of insignificant AMOVA comparisons, and the lack of traces of significant contribution of ancient tribes inhabiting present-day Poland to the gene pool of Eastern and Southern Slavs, support hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the middle Dnieper basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rębała
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3A, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Alexei I Mikulich
- Institute for the Study of Arts, Ethnography and Folklore, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Iosif S Tsybovsky
- Institute of Problems of Criminology, Criminalistics and Forensic Expertise, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Daniela Siváková
- Department of Anthropology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Džupinková
- Department of Experimental and Applied Genetics, Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Zofia Szczerkowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3A, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland
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Luca F, Di Giacomo F, Benincasa T, Popa LO, Banyko J, Kracmarova A, Malaspina P, Novelletto A, Brdicka R. Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 132:132-9. [PMID: 17078035 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the contribution of the Czech population to the Y-chromosome diversity landscape of Europe and to reconstruct past demographic events, we typed 257 males from five locations for 21 UEPs. Moreover, 141 carriers of the three most common haplogroups were typed for 10 microsatellites and coalescent analyses applied. Sixteen Hg's characterized by derived alleles were identified, the most common being R1a-SRY(10831) and P-DYS257*(xR1a). The pool of haplogroups within I-M170 represented the third most common clade. Overall, the degree of population structure was low. The ages for Hg I-M170, P-DYS257*(xR1a), and R1a-SRY(10831) ap peared to be comparable and compatible with their presence during or soon after the LGM. A signal of population growth beginning in the first millennium B.C. was detected. Its similarity among the three most common Hg's indicated that growth was characteristic for a gene pool that already contained all of them. The Czech population appears to be influenced, to a very moderate extent, by genetic inputs from outside Europe in the post-Neolithic and historical times. Population growth postdated the archaeologically documented introduction of Neolithic technology and the estimated central value coincides with a period of repeated changes driven by the development of metal technologies and the associated social and trade organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Luca
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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King TE, Parkin EJ, Swinfield G, Cruciani F, Scozzari R, Rosa A, Lim SK, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C, Jobling MA. Africans in Yorkshire? The deepest-rooting clade of the Y phylogeny within an English genealogy. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:288-93. [PMID: 17245408 PMCID: PMC2590664 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Africans in Britain has been recorded since Roman times, but has left no apparent genetic trace among modern inhabitants. Y chromosomes belonging to the deepest-rooting clade of the Y phylogeny, haplogroup (hg) A, are regarded as African-specific, and no examples have been reported from Britain or elsewhere in Western Europe. We describe the presence of an hgA1 chromosome in an indigenous British male; comparison with African examples suggests a Western African origin. Seven out of 18 men carrying the same rare east-Yorkshire surname as the original male also carry hgA1 chromosomes, and documentary research resolves them into two genealogies with most-recent-common-ancestors living in Yorkshire in the late 18th century. Analysis using 77 Y-short tandem repeats (STRs) is consistent with coalescence a few generations earlier. Our findings represent the first genetic evidence of Africans among 'indigenous' British, and emphasize the complexity of human migration history as well as the pitfalls of assigning geographical origin from Y-chromosomal haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turi E. King
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Fulvio Cruciani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Scozzari
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandra Rosa
- Human Genetics Laboratory, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Si-Keun Lim
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Yali Xue
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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Thomas MG, Stumpf MPH, Härke H. Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:2651-7. [PMID: 17002951 PMCID: PMC1635457 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of migration in the Anglo-Saxon transition in England remains controversial. Archaeological and historical evidence is inconclusive, but current estimates of the contribution of migrants to the English population range from less than 10000 to as many as 200000. In contrast, recent studies based on Y-chromosome variation posit a considerably higher contribution to the modern English gene pool (50-100%). Historical evidence suggests that following the Anglo-Saxon transition, people of indigenous ethnicity were at an economic and legal disadvantage compared to those having Anglo-Saxon ethnicity. It is likely that such a disadvantage would lead to differential reproductive success. We examine the effect of differential reproductive success, coupled with limited intermarriage between distinct ethnic groups, on the spread of genetic variants. Computer simulations indicate that a social structure limiting intermarriage between indigenous Britons and an initially small Anglo-Saxon immigrant population provide a plausible explanation of the high degree of Continental male-line ancestry in England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Thomas
- Department of Biology, University College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK.
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Dupuy BM, Stenersen M, Lu TT, Olaisen B. Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 164:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McEvoy B, Brady C, Moore LT, Bradley DG. The scale and nature of Viking settlement in Ireland from Y-chromosome admixture analysis. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:1288-94. [PMID: 16957681 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vikings (or Norse) played a prominent role in Irish history but, despite this, their genetic legacy in Ireland, which may provide insights into the nature and scale of their immigration, is largely unexplored. Irish surnames, some of which are thought to have Norse roots, are paternally inherited in a similar manner to Y-chromosomes. The correspondence of Scandinavian patrilineal ancestry in a cohort of Irish men bearing surnames of putative Norse origin was examined using both slow mutating unique event polymorphisms and relatively rapidly changing short tandem repeat Y-chromosome markers. Irish and Scandinavian admixture proportions were explored for both systems using six different admixture estimators, allowing a parallel investigation of the impact of method and marker type in Y-chromosome admixture analysis. Admixture proportion estimates in the putative Norse surname group were highly consistent and detected little trace of Scandinavian ancestry. In addition, there is scant evidence of Scandinavian Y-chromosome introgression in a general Irish population sample. Although conclusions are largely dependent on the accurate identification of Norse surnames, the findings are consistent with a relatively small number of Norse settlers (and descendents) migrating to Ireland during the Viking period (ca. AD 800-1200) suggesting that Norse colonial settlements might have been largely composed of indigenous Irish. This observation adds to previous genetic studies that point to a flexible Viking settlement approach across North Atlantic Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian McEvoy
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Immel UD, Krawczak M, Udolph J, Richter A, Rodig H, Kleiber M, Klintschar M. Y-chromosomal STR haplotype analysis reveals surname-associated strata in the East-German population. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:577-82. [PMID: 16435000 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In human populations, the correct historical interpretation of a genetic structure is often hampered by an almost inherent inability to differentiate between ancient and more recent influences upon extant gene pools. One method to trace recent population movements is the analysis of surnames, which, at least in Central Europe, can be thought of as traits 'linked' to the Y chromosome. Illegitimacy, extramarital birth and changes of surnames may have substantially obscured this linkage. In order to assess the actual extent of correlation between surnames and Y-chromosomal haplotypes in Central Europe, we typed Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat markers in 419 German males from Halle. These individuals were subdivided into three groups according to the origin of their respective surname, namely German (G), Slavic (S) or 'Mixed' (M). The distribution of the haplotypes was compared by Analysis of Molecular Variance. While the M group was indistinguishable from group G (PhiST=-0.0008, P>0.5), a highly significant difference (PhiST=0.0277, P<0.001) was observed between the S group and the combined G+M group. This surprisingly strong differentiation is comparable to that of European populations of much larger geographic and linguistic difference. In view of the major migration from Slavic countries into Germany in the 19th century, it appears likely that the observed concurrence of Slavic surnames and Y chromosomes is of a recent rather than an early origin. Our results suggest that surnames may provide a simple means to stratify, and thereby to render more efficient, Y-chromosomal analyses of Central Europeans that target more ancient events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta-Dorothee Immel
- Department of Legal Medicine, Martin-Luther-University, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, Terzić R, Colak I, Kvesić A, Popović D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanović BD, Villems R, Rudan P. High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations. Mol Biol Evol 2005; 22:1964-75. [PMID: 15944443 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent and nature of southeastern Europe (SEE) paternal genetic contribution to the European genetic landscape were explored based on a high-resolution Y chromosome analysis involving 681 males from seven populations in the region. Paternal lineages present in SEE were compared with previously published data from 81 western Eurasian populations and 5,017 Y chromosome samples. The finding that five major haplogroups (E3b1, I1b* (xM26), J2, R1a, and R1b) comprise more than 70% of SEE total genetic variation is consistent with the typical European Y chromosome gene pool. However, distribution of major Y chromosomal lineages and estimated expansion signals clarify the specific role of this region in structuring of European, and particularly Slavic, paternal genetic heritage. Contemporary Slavic paternal gene pool, mostly characterized by the predominance of R1a and I1b* (xM26) and scarcity of E3b1 lineages, is a result of two major prehistoric gene flows with opposite directions: the post-Last Glacial Maximum R1a expansion from east to west, the Younger Dryas-Holocene I1b* (xM26) diffusion out of SEE in addition to subsequent R1a and I1b* (xM26) putative gene flows between eastern Europe and SEE, and a rather weak extent of E3b1 diffusion toward regions nowadays occupied by Slavic-speaking populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Pericić
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Amruseva 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Töpf AL, Gilbert MTP, Dumbacher JP, Hoelzel AR. Tracing the phylogeography of human populations in Britain based on 4th-11th century mtDNA genotypes. Mol Biol Evol 2005; 23:152-61. [PMID: 16151183 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msj013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the transitional periods of Britain during the first millennium A.D. are traditionally associated with the movement of people from continental Europe, composed largely of invading armies (e.g., the Roman, Saxon, and Viking invasions). However, the extent to which these were migrations (as opposed to cultural exchange) remains controversial. We investigated the history of migration by women by amplifying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from ancient Britons who lived between approximately A.D. 300-1,000 and compared these with 3,549 modern mtDNA database genotypes from England, Europe, and the Middle East. The objective was to assess the dynamics of the historical population composition by comparing genotypes in a temporal context. Towards this objective we test and calibrate the use of rho statistics to identify relationships between founder and source populations. We find evidence for shared ancestry between the earliest sites (predating Viking invasions) with modern populations across the north of Europe from Norway to Estonia, possibly reflecting common ancestors dating back to the last glacial epoch. This is in contrast with a late Saxon site in Norwich, where the genetic signature is consistent with more recent immigrations from the south, possibly as part of the Saxon invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Töpf
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
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