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Islam MS, Van Nguyen T, Sakamoto W, Takagi S. Phototropin- and photosynthesis-dependent mitochondrial positioning in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll cells. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1352-1371. [PMID: 31961050 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are frequently observed in the vicinity of chloroplasts in photosynthesizing cells, and this association is considered necessary for their metabolic interactions. We previously reported that, in leaf palisade cells of Arabidopsis thaliana, mitochondria exhibit blue-light-dependent redistribution together with chloroplasts, which conduct accumulation and avoidance responses under the control of blue-light receptor phototropins. In this study, precise motility analyses by fluorescent microscopy revealed that the individual mitochondria in palisade cells, labeled with green fluorescent protein, exhibit typical stop-and-go movement. When exposed to blue light, the velocity of moving mitochondria increased in 30 min, whereas after 4 h, the frequency of stoppage of mitochondrial movement markedly increased. Using different mutant plants, we concluded that the presence of both phototropin1 and phototropin2 is necessary for the early acceleration of mitochondrial movement. On the contrary, the late enhancement of stoppage of mitochondrial movement occurs only in the presence of phototropin2 and only when intact photosynthesis takes place. A plasma-membrane ghost assay suggested that the stopped mitochondria are firmly adhered to chloroplasts. These results indicate that the physical interaction between mitochondria and chloroplasts is cooperatively mediated by phototropin2- and photosynthesis-dependent signals. The present study might add novel regulatory mechanism for light-dependent plant organelle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sayeedul Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Toan Van Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Agricultural Genetics Institute, National Key Laboratory for Plant Cell Biotechnology, Pham Van Dong road, Bac Tu Liem district, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Shingo Takagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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Majumdar A, Kar RK. Chloroplast avoidance movement: a novel paradigm of ROS signalling. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 144:109-121. [PMID: 32222888 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The damaging effects of supra-optimal irradiance on plants, often turning to be lethal, may be circumvented by chloroplast avoidance movement which realigns chloroplasts to the anticlinal surfaces of cells (parallel to the incident light), essentially minimizing photon absorption. In angiosperms and many other groups of plants, chloroplast avoidance movement has been identified to be a strong blue light (BL)-dependent process being mediated by actin filaments wherein phototropins are identified as the photoreceptor involved. Studies through the last few decades have identified key molecular mechanisms involving Chloroplast Unusual Positioning 1 (CHUP1) protein and specific chloroplast-actin (cp-actin) filaments. However, the signal transduction pathway from strong BL absorption down to directional re-localization of chloroplasts by actin filaments is complex and ambiguous. Being the immediate cellular products of high irradiance absorption and having properties of remodelling actin as well as phototropin, reactive oxygen species (ROS) deemed to be more able and prompt than any other signalling agent in mediating chloroplast avoidance movement. Although ROS are presently being identified as fundamental component for regulating different plant processes ranging from growth, development and immunity, its role in avoidance movement have hardly been explored in depth. However, few recent reports have demonstrated the direct stimulatory involvement of ROS, especially H2O2, in chloroplast avoidance movement with Ca2+ playing a pivotal role. With this perspective, the present review discusses the mechanisms of ROS-mediated chloroplast avoidance movement involving ROS-Ca2+-actin communication system and NADPH oxidase (NOX)-plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase positive feed-forward loop. A possible working model is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajo Majumdar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
- Department of Botany, City College, 102/1 Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Rup Kumar Kar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
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The Significance of Calcium in Photosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061353. [PMID: 30889814 PMCID: PMC6471148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a secondary messenger, calcium participates in various physiological and biochemical reactions in plants. Photosynthesis is the most extensive biosynthesis process on Earth. To date, researchers have found that some chloroplast proteins have Ca2+-binding sites, and the structure and function of some of these proteins have been discussed in detail. Although the roles of Ca2+ signal transduction related to photosynthesis have been discussed, the relationship between calcium and photosynthesis is seldom systematically summarized. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge of calcium’s role in photosynthesis.
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Sakai Y, Takagi S. Roles of actin cytoskeleton for regulation of chloroplast anchoring. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1370163. [PMID: 28829686 PMCID: PMC5647951 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1370163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are known to maintain specific intracellular distribution patterns under specific environmental conditions, enabling the optimal performance of photosynthesis. To this end, chloroplasts are anchored in the cortical cytoplasm. In leaf epidermal cells of aquatic monocot Vallisneria, we recently demonstrated that the anchored chloroplasts are rapidly de-anchored upon irradiation with high-intensity blue light and that the process is probably mediated by the blue-light receptor phototropins. Chloroplast de-anchoring is a necessary step rendering the previously anchored chloroplasts mobile to allow their migration. In this article, based on the results obtained in Vallisneria together with those in other plant species, we briefly discussed possible modes of regulation of chloroplast anchoring and de-anchoring by actin cytoskeleton. The topics include roles of photoreceptor systems, actin-filament-dependent and -independent chloroplast anchoring, and independence of chloroplast de-anchoring from actomyosin and microtubule systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Takagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Momayyezi M, Guy RD. Blue light differentially represses mesophyll conductance in high vs low latitude genotypes of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:122-128. [PMID: 28364640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore what role chloroplast positioning might have in relation to latitudinal variation in mesophyll conductance (gm) of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray (black cottonwood), we examined photosynthetic response to different blue light treatments in six representative genotypes (three northern and three southern). The proportion of blue (B) to red light was varied from 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 40:60, and 60:40 while keeping the total photosynthetic photon flux density constant. Mesophyll conductance was estimated by monitoring chlorophyll fluorescence in combination with gas exchange. Compared to the control (10% B), gm was significantly lower with increasing blue light. Consistent with a change in chloroplast positioning, there was a simultaneous but reversible decrease in chlorophyll content index (CCI), as measured by foliar greenness, while the extracted, actual chlorophyll content (ACC) remained unchanged. Blue-light-induced decreases in gm and CCI were greater in northern genotypes than in southern genotypes, both absolutely and proportionally, consistent with their inherently higher photosynthetic rate. Treatment of leaves with cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin-based chloroplast motility, reduced both CCI and ACC but had no effect on the CCI/ACC ratio and fully blocked any effect of blue light on CCI. Cytochalasin D reduced gm by ∼56% under 10% B, but did not block the effect of 60% B on gm, which was reduced a further 20%. These results suggest that the effect of high blue light on gm is at least partially independent of chloroplast repositioning. High blue light reduced carbonic anhydrase activity by 20% (P<0.05), consistent with a possible reduction in protein-mediated facilitation of CO2 diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Momayyezi
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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WADA M. Chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:387-411. [PMID: 27840388 PMCID: PMC5328789 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts move toward weak light to increase photosynthetic efficiency, and migrate away from strong light to protect chloroplasts from photodamage and eventual cell death. These chloroplast behaviors were first observed more than 100 years ago, but the underlying mechanism has only recently been identified. Ideal plant materials, such as fern gametophytes for photobiological and cell biological approaches, and Arabidopsis thaliana for genetic analyses, have been used along with sophisticated methods, such as partial cell irradiation and time-lapse video recording under infrared light to study chloroplast movement. These studies have revealed precise chloroplast behavior, and identified photoreceptors, other relevant protein components, and novel actin filament structures required for chloroplast movement. In this review, our findings regarding chloroplast and nuclear movements are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu WADA
- Department Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa, Tokyo, Japan
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Sakai Y, Inoue SI, Harada A, Shimazaki KI, Takagi S. Blue-light-induced rapid chloroplast de-anchoring in Vallisneria epidermal cells. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:93-105. [PMID: 25231366 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the outer periclinal cytoplasm of leaf epidermal cells of an aquatic angiosperm Vallisneria, blue light induces "chloroplast de-anchoring", a rapid decline in the resistance of chloroplasts against centrifugal force. Chloroplast de-anchoring is known induced within 1 min of irradiation with high-fluence-rate blue light specifically, preceding the commencement of chloroplasts migration toward the anticlinal cytoplasm. However, its regulatory mechanism has remained elusive, although pharmacological analysis suggested that a calcium release from intracellular calcium stores is necessary for the response. In search of the responsible photoreceptors, immunoblotting analysis using antibodies against phototropins demonstrated that cross-reactive polypeptides of 120-kDa exist in the plasma-membrane fraction prepared from the leaves. In vitro phosphorylation analysis revealed that 120-kDa polypeptides were phosphorylated by exposure to blue light in a fluence-dependent manner. The blue-light-induced phosphorylation activity was sensitive to a Ser/Thr kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, and unusually was retained at a high level for a long time in darkness. Furthermore, phototropin gene homologs (Vallisneria PHOTOTROPIN1 and PHOTOTROPIN2) expressed in leaves were isolated. We propose that calcium-regulated chloroplast de-anchoring, possibly mediated by phototropins, is an initial process of the blue-light-induced avoidance response of chloroplasts in Vallisneria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of chloroplast photorelocation movement. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:522-30. [PMID: 24333784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants are photosynthetic organisms that have evolved unique systems to adapt fluctuating environmental light conditions. In addition to well-known movement responses such as phototropism, stomatal opening, and nastic leaf movements, chloroplast photorelocation movement is one of the essential cellular responses to optimize photosynthetic ability and avoid photodamage. For these adaptations, chloroplasts accumulate at the areas of cells illuminated with low light (called accumulation response), while they scatter from the area illuminated with strong light (called avoidance response). Plant-specific photoreceptors (phototropin, phytochrome, and/or neochrome) mediate these dynamic directional movements in response to incident light position and intensity. Several factors involved in the mechanisms underlying the processes from light perception to actin-based movements have also been identified through molecular genetic approach. This review aims to discuss recent findings in the field relating to how chloroplasts move at molecular levels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Dynamic and ultrastructure of bioenergetic membranes and their components.
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Osaka M, Matsuda T, Sakazono S, Masuko-Suzuki H, Maeda S, Sewaki M, Sone M, Takahashi H, Nakazono M, Iwano M, Takayama S, Shimizu KK, Yano K, Lim YP, Suzuki G, Suwabe K, Watanabe M. Cell type-specific transcriptome of Brassicaceae stigmatic papilla cells from a combination of laser microdissection and RNA sequencing. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1894-906. [PMID: 24058146 PMCID: PMC3814185 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pollination is an early and critical step in plant reproduction, leading to successful fertilization. It consists of many sequential processes, including adhesion of pollen grains onto the surface of stigmatic papilla cells, foot formation to strengthen pollen-stigma interaction, pollen hydration and germination, and pollen tube elongation and penetration. We have focused on an examination of the expressed genes in papilla cells, to increase understanding of the molecular systems of pollination. From three representative species of Brassicaceae (Arabidopsis thaliana, A. halleri and Brassica rapa), stigmatic papilla cells were isolated precisely by laser microdissection, and cell type-specific gene expression in papilla cells was determined by RNA sequencing. As a result, 17,240, 19,260 and 21,026 unigenes were defined in papilla cells of A. thaliana, A. halleri and B. rapa, respectively, and, among these, 12,311 genes were common to all three species. Among the17,240 genes predicted in A. thaliana, one-third were papilla specific while approximately half of the genes were detected in all tissues examined. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that genes related to a wide range of reproduction and development functions are expressed in papilla cells, particularly metabolism, transcription and membrane-mediated information exchange. These results reflect the conserved features of general cellular function and also the specific reproductive role of papilla cells, highlighting a complex cellular system regulated by a diverse range of molecules in these cells. This study provides fundamental biological knowledge to dissect the molecular mechanisms of pollination in papilla cells and will shed light on our understanding of plant reproduction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Osaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Satomi Sakazono
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | | | - Shunsuke Maeda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Misato Sewaki
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
| | - Mikako Sone
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Megumi Iwano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Seiji Takayama
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Suzuki
- Division of Natural Science, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara 582-8582, Japan
| | - Keita Suwabe
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
- *Corresponding authors: Masao Watanabe, E-mail, ; Fax, +81-22-217-5683; Keita Suwabe, E-mail, ; Fax, +81-59-231-9540
| | - Masao Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
- *Corresponding authors: Masao Watanabe, E-mail, ; Fax, +81-22-217-5683; Keita Suwabe, E-mail, ; Fax, +81-59-231-9540
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Suetsugu N, Sato Y, Tsuboi H, Kasahara M, Imaizumi T, Kagawa T, Hiwatashi Y, Hasebe M, Wada M. The KAC Family of Kinesin-Like Proteins is Essential for the Association of Chloroplasts with the Plasma Membrane in Land Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 53:1854-65. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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