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Yu G, Jia L, Yu N, Feng M, Qu Y. Cloning and Functional Analysis of CsROP5 and CsROP10 Genes Involved in Cucumber Resistance to Corynespora cassiicola. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:308. [PMID: 38785790 PMCID: PMC11117962 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The cloning of resistance-related genes CsROP5/CsROP10 and the analysis of their mechanism of action provide a theoretical basis for the development of molecular breeding of disease-resistant cucumbers. The structure domains of two Rho-related guanosine triphosphatases from plant (ROP) genes were systematically analyzed using the bioinformatics method in cucumber plants, and the genes CsROP5 (Cucsa.322750) and CsROP10 (Cucsa.197080) were cloned. The functions of the two genes were analyzed using reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), transient overexpression, cucumber genetic transformation, and histochemical staining technology. The conserved elements of the CsROP5/CsROP10 proteins include five sequence motifs (G1-G5), a recognition site for serine/threonine kinases, and a hypervariable region (HVR). The knockdown of CsROP10 through VIGS affected the transcript levels of ABA-signaling-pathway-related genes (CsPYL, CsPP2Cs, CsSnRK2s, and CsABI5), ROS-signaling-pathway-related genes (CsRBOHD and CsRBOHF), and defense-related genes (CsPR2 and CsPR3), thereby improving cucumber resistance to Corynespora cassiicola. Meanwhile, inhibiting the expression of CsROP5 regulated the expression levels of ROS-signaling-pathway-related genes (CsRBOHD and CsRBOHF) and defense-related genes (CsPR2 and CsPR3), thereby enhancing the resistance of cucumber to C. cassiicola. Overall, CsROP5 and CsROP10 may participate in cucumber resistance to C. cassiicola through the ROS and ABA signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China; (L.J.); (N.Y.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
| | - Lian Jia
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China; (L.J.); (N.Y.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
| | - Ning Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China; (L.J.); (N.Y.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
| | - Miao Feng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China; (L.J.); (N.Y.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
| | - Yue Qu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China; (L.J.); (N.Y.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
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García-Soto I, Formey D, Mora-Toledo A, Cárdenas L, Aragón W, Tromas A, Duque-Ortiz A, Jiménez-Bremont JF, Serrano M. AtRAC7/ROP9 Small GTPase Regulates A. thaliana Immune Systems in Response to B. cinerea Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:591. [PMID: 38203762 PMCID: PMC10779071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that can cause gray mold in over 1400 plant species. Once it is detected by Arabidopsis thaliana, several defense responses are activated against this fungus. The proper activation of these defenses determines plant susceptibility or resistance. It has been proposed that the RAC/ROP small GTPases might serve as a molecular link in this process. In this study, we investigate the potential role of the Arabidopsis RAC7 gene during infection with B. cinerea. For that, we evaluated A. thaliana RAC7-OX lines, characterized by the overexpression of the RAC7 gene. Our results reveal that these RAC7-OX lines displayed increased susceptibility to B. cinerea infection, with enhanced fungal colonization and earlier lesion development. Additionally, they exhibited heightened sensitivity to bacterial infections caused by Pseudomonas syringae and Pectobacterium brasiliense. By characterizing plant canonical defense mechanisms and performing transcriptomic profiling, we determined that RAC7-OX lines impaired the plant transcriptomic response before and during B. cinerea infection. Global pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes suggested that RAC7 influences pathogen perception, cell wall homeostasis, signal transduction, and biosynthesis and response to hormones and antimicrobial compounds through actin filament modulation. Herein, we pointed out, for first time, the negative role of RAC7 small GTPase during A. thaliana-B. cinerea interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette García-Soto
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
| | - Angélica Mora-Toledo
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Wendy Aragón
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Blvd. Príncipe Akishino s/n, Tapachula 30798, Chiapas, Mexico;
| | - Alexandre Tromas
- La Cité College, Bureau de la Recherche et de l’Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1K 4R3, Canada;
| | - Arianna Duque-Ortiz
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.F.J.-B.)
| | - Juan Francisco Jiménez-Bremont
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.F.J.-B.)
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
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Liu J, Liu J, He M, Zhang C, Liu Y, Li X, Wang Z, Jin X, Sui J, Zhou W, Bu Q, Tian X. OsMAPK6 positively regulates rice cold tolerance at seedling stage via phosphorylating and stabilizing OsICE1 and OsIPA1. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 137:10. [PMID: 38103049 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a chilling-sensitive plant, and extremely low temperatures seriously decrease rice production. Several genes involved in chilling stress have been reported in rice; however, the chilling signaling in rice remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the chilling tolerance phenotype of overexpression of constitutive active OsMAPK6 (CAMAPK6-OE) and OsMAPK6 mutant dsg1, and demonstrated that OsMAPK6 positively regulated rice chilling tolerance. It was shown that, under cold stress, the survival rate of dsg1 was significantly lower than that of WT, whereas CAMAPK6-OE display higher survival rate than WT. Physiological assays indicate that ion leakage and dead cell in dsg1 was much more severe than those in WT and CAMAPK6-OE. Consistently, expression of chilling responsive genes in dsg1, including OsCBFs and OsTPP1, was significantly lower than that of in WT and CAMAPK6-OE. Biochemical analyses revealed that chilling stress promotes phosphorylation of OsMAPK6. Besides, we found that OsMAPK6 interacts with and phosphorylates two key regulators in rice cold signaling, OsIPA1 and OsICE1, and then enhance their protein stability. Overall, our results revealed a cold-induced OsMAPK6-OsICE1/OsIPA1 signaling cascade by which OsMAPK6 was involved in rice chilling tolerance, which provides novel insights to understand rice cold response at seedling stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Mingliang He
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuanzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yingxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Sui
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Qingyun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Xiaojie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Xu T, Fu D, Xiong X, Zhu J, Feng Z, Liu X, Wu C. OsbHLH067, OsbHLH068, and OsbHLH069 redundantly regulate inflorescence axillary meristem formation in rice. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010698. [PMID: 37053298 PMCID: PMC10128955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice axillary meristems (AMs) are essential to the formation of tillers and panicle branches in rice, and therefore play a determining role in rice yield. However, the regulation of inflorescence AM development in rice remains elusive. In this study, we identified no spikelet 1-Dominant (nsp1-D), a sparse spikelet mutant, with obvious reduction of panicle branches and spikelets. Inflorescence AM deficiency in nsp1-D could be ascribed to the overexpression of OsbHLH069. OsbHLH069 functions redundantly with OsbHLH067 and OsbHLH068 in panicle AM formation. The Osbhlh067 Osbhlh068 Osbhlh069 triple mutant had smaller panicles and fewer branches and spikelets. OsbHLH067, OsbHLH068, and OsbHLH069 were preferentially expressed in the developing inflorescence AMs and their proteins could physically interact with LAX1. Both nsp1-D and lax1 showed sparse panicles. Transcriptomic data indicated that OsbHLH067/068/069 may be involved in the metabolic pathway during panicle AM formation. Quantitative RT-PCR results demonstrated that the expression of genes involved in meristem development and starch/sucrose metabolism was down-regulated in the triple mutant. Collectively, our study demonstrates that OsbHLH067, OsbHLH068, and OsbHLH069 have redundant functions in regulating the formation of inflorescence AMs during panicle development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Debao Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohu Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junkai Zhu
- Jiangsu Kingearth Seed Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Jiangsu Kingearth Seed Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Changyin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Luo X, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Wei L, Wu F, Cai Q, Xie H, Zhang J. Analysis of co-expression and gene regulatory networks associated with sterile lemma development in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:11. [PMID: 36604645 PMCID: PMC9817312 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-04012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sterile lemma is a unique organ of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) spikelet. However, the characteristics and origin of the rice sterile lemma have not been determined unequivocally, so it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the development of the sterile lemma. RESULTS In the paper, we outline the regulatory mechanism of sterile lemma development by LONG STERILE LEMMA1 (G1), which has been identified as the gene controlling sterile lemma development. Based on the comprehensive analyses of transcriptome dynamics during sterile lemma development with G1 alleles between wild-type (WT) and mutant (MT) in rice, we obtained co-expression data and regulatory networks related to sterile lemma development. Co-transfection assays of rice protoplasts confirmed that G1 affects the expression of various phytohormone-related genes by regulating a number of critical transcription factors, such as OsLBD37 and OSH1. The hormone levels in sterile lemmas from WT and MT of rice supports the hypotheses that lower auxin, lower gibberellin, and higher cytokinin concentrations are required to maintain a normal phenotype of sterile lemmas. CONCLUSION The regulatory networks have considerable reference value, and some of the regulatory relationships exhibiting strong correlations are worthy of further study. Taken together, these work provided a detailed guide for further studies into the molecular mechanism of sterile lemma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350019, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs P.R. China/Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology/Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yidong Wei
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350019, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs P.R. China/Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology/Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yanmei Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350019, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs P.R. China/Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology/Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Linyan Wei
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350019, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs P.R. China/Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology/Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Fangxi Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350019, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs P.R. China/Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology/Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Qiuhua Cai
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350019, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs P.R. China/Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology/Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Huaan Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350019, China.
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs P.R. China/Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology/Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350019, China.
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs P.R. China/Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology/Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
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Chen X, Duan Y, Qiao F, Liu H, Huang J, Luo C, Chen X, Li G, Xie K, Hsiang T, Zheng L. A secreted fungal effector suppresses rice immunity through host histone hypoacetylation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1977-1994. [PMID: 35592995 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is a critical epigenetic modification that regulates plant immunity. Fungal pathogens secrete effectors that modulate host immunity and facilitate infection, but whether fungal pathogens have evolved effectors that directly target plant histone acetylation remains unknown. Here, we identified a secreted protein, UvSec117, from the rice false smut fungus, Ustilaginoidea virens, as a key effector that can target the rice histone deacetylase OsHDA701 and negatively regulates rice broad-spectrum resistance against rice pathogens. UvSec117 disrupts host immunity by recruiting OsHDA701 to the nucleus and enhancing OsHDA701-modulated deacetylation, thereby reducing histone H3K9 acetylation levels in rice plants and interfering with defense gene activation. Host-induced gene silencing of UvSec117 promotes rice resistance to U. virens, thus providing an alternative way for developing rice false smut-resistant plants. This is the first direct evidence demonstrating that a fungal effector targets a histone deacetylase to suppress plant immunity. Our data provided insight into a counter-defense mechanism in a plant pathogen that inactivates host defense responses at the epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuhang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fugang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kabin Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Comprehensive Analysis of Subcellular Localization, Immune Function and Role in Bacterial wilt Disease Resistance of Solanum lycopersicum Linn. ROP Family Small GTPases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179727. [PMID: 36077125 PMCID: PMC9456112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ROPs (Rho-like GTPases from plants) belong to the Rho-GTPase subfamily and serve as molecular switches for regulating diverse cellular events, including morphogenesis and stress responses. However, the immune functions of ROPs in Solanum lycopersicum Linn. (tomato) is still largely unclear. The tomato genome contains nine genes encoding ROP-type small GTPase family proteins (namely SlRop1–9) that fall into five distinct groups as revealed by phylogenetic tree. We studied the subcellular localization and immune response induction of nine SlRops by using a transient overexpression system in Nicotiana benthamiana Domin. Except for SlRop1 and SlRop3, which are solely localized at the plasma membrane, most of the remaining ROPs have additional nuclear and/or cytoplasmic distributions. We also revealed that the number of basic residues in the polybasic region of ROPs tends to be correlated with their membrane accumulation. Though nine SlRops are highly conserved at the RHO (Ras Homology) domains, only seven constitutively active forms of SlRops were able to trigger hypersensitive responses. Furthermore, we analyzed the tissue-specific expression patterns of nine ROPs and found that the expression levels of SlRop3, 4 and 6 were generally high in different tissues. The expression levels of SlRop1, 2 and 7 significantly decreased in tomato seedlings after infection with Ralstonia solanacearum (E.F. Smith) Yabuuchi et al. (GMI1000); the others did not respond. Infection assays among nine ROPs showed that SlRop3 and SlRop4 might be positive regulators of tomato bacterial wilt disease resistance, whereas the rest of the ROPs may not contribute to defense. Our study provides systematic evidence of tomato Rho-related small GTPases for localization, immune response, and disease resistance.
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Jiang M, Yu N, Zhang Y, Liu L, Li Z, Wang C, Cheng S, Cao L, Liu Q. Deletion of Diterpenoid Biosynthetic Genes CYP76M7 and CYP76M8 Induces Cell Death and Enhances Bacterial Blight Resistance in Indica Rice ‘9311’. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137234. [PMID: 35806236 PMCID: PMC9266670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) are ideal materials for studying cell death and resistance mechanisms. Here, we identified and mapped a novel rice LMM, g380. The g380 exhibits a spontaneous hypersensitive response-like cell death phenotype accompanied by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated expression of pathogenesis-related genes, as well as enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Using a map-based cloning strategy, a 184,916 bp deletion on chromosome 2 that overlaps with the diterpenoid biosynthetic gene cluster was identified in g380. Accordingly, the content of diterpenoids decreased in g380. In addition, lignin, one of the physical lines of plant defense, was increased in g380. RNA-seq analysis showed 590 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEG) between the wild-type 9311 and g380, 585 of which were upregulated in g380. Upregulated genes in g380 were mainly enriched in the monolignol biosynthesis branches of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, the plant–pathogen interaction pathway and the phytoalexin-specialized diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Taken together, our results indicate that the diterpenoid biosynthetic gene cluster on chromosome 2 is involved in immune reprogramming, which in turn regulates cell death in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Ning Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Shihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Liyong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Northern Center for China National Rice Research Institute, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qunen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (Q.L.)
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9
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Wang L, Chen J, Zhao Y, Wang S, Yuan M. OsMAPK6 phosphorylates a zinc finger protein OsLIC to promote downstream OsWRKY30 for rice resistance to bacterial blight and leaf streak. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1116-1130. [PMID: 35293133 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rice OsLIC encoding a CCCH zinc finger transcription factor plays an important role in immunity. However, the immune signaling pathways that OsLIC-involved and the underlying mechanisms that OsLIC-conferred resistance against pathogens are largely unclear. Here, we show that OsLIC, as a substrate for OsMAPK6, negatively regulates resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) by directly suppressing OsWRKY30 transcription. Biochemical assays showed that OsLIC bound to OsWRKY30 promoter and suppressed its transcription. Genetic assays confirmed that the osilc knockout mutants and OsWRKY30-overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced resistance to Xoo and Xoc, knocking out OsWRKY30 in the oslic mutants attenuated the resistance against bacterial pathogens. OsMAPK6 physically interacted with and phosphorylated OsLIC leading to decreased OsLIC DNA-binding activity, therefore, overexpression of OsLIC partially suppressed OsMAPK6-mediated rice resistance. In addition, both OsMAPK6-phosphorylated activation of OsLIC and phosphorylation-mimic OsLIC5D had reduced DNA-binding activity towards OsWRKY30 promoter, thereby promoting OsWRKY30 transcription. Collectively, these results reveal that OsMAPK6-mediated phosphorylation of OsLIC positively regulates rice resistance to Xoo and Xoc by modulating OsWRKY30 transcription, suggesting that OsMAPK6-OsLIC-OsWRKY30 module is an immune signaling pathway in response to the bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuqin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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10
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Guo Z, Cai L, Liu C, Chen Z, Guan S, Ma W, Pan G. Low-temperature stress affects reactive oxygen species, osmotic adjustment substances, and antioxidants in rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the reproductive stage. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6224. [PMID: 35418703 PMCID: PMC9008029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of rice to low-temperature stress (LTS), especially at the reproductive stage, is a primary factor of rice yield fluctuation in cold cultivate region. Here, the changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS), osmotic adjustment substances, and antioxidants in different tissues were analyzed during rice growing under low temperatures (LT) at the reproductive stage. Results showed that LTS increases the levels of proline (Pro), soluble protein (SP), glutathione (GSH), superoxidase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in LJ25 (LTS-resistant) and LJ11 (LTS-sensitive). The activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were significantly increased in LJ25 but decreased in LJ11 under LTS, while an opposite trend in ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) was observed in both varieties. Moreover, most physicochemical properties were higher in flag leaves and panicles compared with those in leaf sheaths. The expression patterns of OsCOIN, OsCATC, OsMAP1, OsPOX1, and OsAPX were the same with phenotypic changes in Pro and the enzymes encoded by them, confirming the accuracy of the physicochemical analysis. Therefore, only CAT and POD increased more in LJ25, suggesting they could be the key factors used for LT-tolerant breeding of rice in cold regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, 154026, China. .,National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lijun Cai
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Chuanxue Liu
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, 154026, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shiwu Guan
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, 154026, China
| | - Wendong Ma
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, 154026, China
| | - Guojun Pan
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, 154026, China.
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11
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Wang L, Liu H, Yin Z, Li Y, Lu C, Wang Q, Ding X. A Novel Guanine Elicitor Stimulates Immunity in Arabidopsis and Rice by Ethylene and Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:841228. [PMID: 35251109 PMCID: PMC8893958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight (ShB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most destructive diseases in rice. Fungicides are widely used to control ShB in agriculture. However, decades of excessive traditional fungicide use have led to environmental pollution and increased pathogen resistance. Generally, plant elicitors are regarded as environmentally friendly biological pesticides that enhance plant disease resistance by triggering plant immunity. Previously, we identified that the plant immune inducer ZhiNengCong (ZNC), a crude extract of the endophyte, has high activity and a strong ability to protect plants against pathogens. Here, we further found that guanine, which had a significant effect on inducing plant resistance to pathogens, might be an active component of ZNC. In our study, guanine activated bursts of reactive oxygen species, callose deposition and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Moreover, guanine-induced plant resistance to pathogens depends on ethylene and jasmonic acid but is independent of the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Most importantly, guanine functions as a new plant elicitor with broad-spectrum resistance to activate plant immunity, providing an efficient and environmentally friendly biological elicitor for bacterial and fungal disease biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Haoqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Chongchong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Qingbin Wang
- Shandong Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tai’an, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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12
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Defense Strategies: The Role of Transcription Factors in Tomato-Pathogen Interaction. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020235. [PMID: 35205101 PMCID: PMC8869667 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Tomato is one of the most cultivated and economically important vegetable crops throughout the world. It is affected by a panoply of different pathogens that cause infectious diseases that reduce tomato yield and affect product quality, with the most common symptoms being wilts, leaf spots/blights, fruit spots, and rots. To survive, tomato, as other plants, have developed elaborate defense mechanisms against plant pathogens. Among several genes already identified in tomato response to pathogens, we highlight those encoding the transcription factors (TFs). TFs are regulators of gene expression and are involved in large-scale biological phenomena. Here, we present an overview of recent studies of tomato TFs regarding defense responses to pathogen attack, selected for their abundance, importance, and availability of functionally well-characterized members. Tomato TFs’ roles and the possibilities related to their use for genetic engineering in view of crop breeding are presented. Abstract Tomato, one of the most cultivated and economically important vegetable crops throughout the world, is affected by a panoply of different pathogens that reduce yield and affect product quality. The study of tomato–pathogen system arises as an ideal system for better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying disease resistance, offering an opportunity of improving yield and quality of the products. Among several genes already identified in tomato response to pathogens, we highlight those encoding the transcription factors (TFs). TFs act as transcriptional activators or repressors of gene expression and are involved in large-scale biological phenomena. They are key regulators of central components of plant innate immune system and basal defense in diverse biological processes, including defense responses to pathogens. Here, we present an overview of recent studies of tomato TFs regarding defense responses to biotic stresses. Hence, we focus on different families of TFs, selected for their abundance, importance, and availability of functionally well-characterized members in response to pathogen attack. Tomato TFs’ roles and possibilities related to their use for engineering pathogen resistance in tomato are presented. With this review, we intend to provide new insights into the regulation of tomato defense mechanisms against invading pathogens in view of plant breeding.
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13
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Han H, Zou J, Zhou J, Zeng M, Zheng D, Yuan X, Xi D. The small GTPase NtRHO1 negatively regulates tobacco defense response to tobacco mosaic virus by interacting with NtWRKY50. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:366-381. [PMID: 34487168 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Small GTPases play critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. However, the mechanism of action of small GTPases in plant response to virus infection remains largely unknown. Here, the gene encoding a Rho-type GTPase, NtRHO1, was identified as one of the genes up-regulated after tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. Subcellular localization of NtRHO1 showed that it was located in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus. Transient overexpression of NtRHO1 in Nicotiana benthamiana accelerated TMV reproduction and led to the production of reactive oxygen species. By contrast, silencing of NtRHO1 reduced the sensitivity of N. benthamiana to TMV-GFP. Further exploration revealed a direct interaction between NtRHO1 and NtWRKY50, a positive regulator of the N. benthamiana response to virus infection. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that this regulation was related to the capacity of NtWRKY50 to bind to the WK-box of the PR1 promoter, which was weakened by the interaction between NtRHO1 and NtWRKY50. Thus, our results indicate that the small GTPase NtRHO1 plays a negative role in tobacco response to TMV infection by interacting with transcription factor NtWRKY50, resulting in reduced plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jialing Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingya Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengyuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Dehui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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14
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Akamatsu A, Fujiwara M, Hamada S, Wakabayashi M, Yao A, Wang Q, Kosami KI, Dang TT, Kaneko-Kawano T, Fukada F, Shimamoto K, Kawano Y. The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1662-1675. [PMID: 34329461 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ two different types of immune receptors, cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs), to cope with pathogen invasion. Both immune receptors often share similar downstream components and responses but it remains unknown whether a PRR and an NLR assemble into the same protein complex or two distinct receptor complexes. We have previously found that the small GTPase OsRac1 plays key roles in the signaling of OsCERK1, a PRR for fungal chitin, and of Pit, an NLR for rice blast fungus, and associates directly and indirectly with both of these immune receptors. In this study, using biochemical and bioimaging approaches, we revealed that OsRac1 formed two distinct receptor complexes with OsCERK1 and with Pit. Supporting this result, OsCERK1 and Pit utilized different transport systems for anchorage to the plasma membrane (PM). Activation of OsCERK1 and Pit led to OsRac1 activation and, concomitantly, OsRac1 shifted from a small to a large protein complex fraction. We also found that the chaperone Hsp90 contributed to the proper transport of Pit to the PM and the immune induction of Pit. These findings illuminate how the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit orchestrate rice immunity through the small GTPase OsRac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Akamatsu
- Department of Biosciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Yanmar Holdings Co., Ltd, 1-32 Chayamachi, Kita Ward, Osaka 530-8311, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hamada
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Megumi Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Field Solutions North East Asia, Agronomic Operations Japan, Agronomic Technology Station East Japan, Bayer Crop Science K.K., 9511-4 Yuki, Ibaraki 307-0001, Japan
| | - Ai Yao
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ken-Ichi Kosami
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
- Fruit Tree Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Matsuyama, 1618 Shimoidaicho, Ehime 791-0112, Japan
| | - Thu Thi Dang
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
- IRHS-UMR1345, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, Beaucouzé 49071, France
| | - Takako Kaneko-Kawano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1 Chome-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Fumi Fukada
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ko Shimamoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoji Kawano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maiokachō, Totsuka Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
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15
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Yu M, Zhou Z, Liu X, Yin D, Li D, Zhao X, Li X, Li S, Chen R, Lu L, Yang D, Tang D, Zhu L. The OsSPK1-OsRac1-RAI1 defense signaling pathway is shared by two distantly related NLR proteins in rice blast resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2852-2864. [PMID: 34597396 PMCID: PMC8644225 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resistance (R) proteins are important components of plant innate immunity. Most known R proteins are nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. Although a number of signaling components downstream of NLRs have been identified, we lack a general understanding of the signaling pathways. Here, we used the interaction between rice (Oryza sativa) and Magnaporthe oryzae to study signaling of rice NLRs in response to blast infection. We found that in blast resistance mediated by the NLR PIRICULARIA ORYZAE RESISTANCE IN DIGU 3 (PID3), the guanine nucleotide exchange factor OsSPK1 works downstream of PID3. OsSPK1 activates the small GTPase OsRac1, which in turn transduces the signal to the transcription factor RAC IMMUNITY1 (RAI1). Further investigation revealed that the three signaling components also play important roles in disease resistance mediated by the distantly related NLR protein Pi9, suggesting that the OsSPK1-OsRac1-RAI1 signaling pathway could be conserved across rice NLR-induced blast resistance. In addition, we observed changes in RAI1 levels during blast infection, which led to identification of OsRPT2a, a subunit of the 19S regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome. OsRPT2a seemed to be responsible for RAI1 turnover in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest a defense signaling route that might be common to NLR proteins in response to blast infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350019, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dedong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shengping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350019, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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16
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Xu J, Gad AG, Luo Y, Fan C, Uddin JBG, ul Ain N, Huang C, Zhang Y, Miao Y, Zheng X. Five OsS40 Family Members Are Identified as Senescence-Related Genes in Rice by Reverse Genetics Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:701529. [PMID: 34539694 PMCID: PMC8446524 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.701529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A total of 16 OsS40 genes of Oryza sativa were identified in our previous work, but their functions remain unclear. In this study, 13 OsS40 members were knocked out using the CRISPR/cas9 gene-editing technology. After screening phenotype characterization of CRISPR/Cas9 mutants compared to WT, five oss40s mutants exhibited a stay-green phenotype at 30 days after heading. Moreover, increased grain size and grain weight occurred in the oss40-1, oss40-12, and oss40-14 lines, while declined grain weight appeared in the oss40-7 and oss40-13 mutants. The transcript levels of several senescence-associated genes (SAGs), chlorophyll degradation-related genes (CDGs), as well as WRKY members were differentially decreased in the five stay-green oss40s mutants compared to WT. Five oss40 mutants also exhibited a stay-green phenotype when the detached leaves were incubated under darkness for 4 days. OsSWEET4 and OsSWEET1b were significantly upregulated, while OsSWEET1a and OsSWEET13 were significantly downregulated in both oss40-7 and oss40-14 compared to WT. Furthermore, these five OsS40 displayed strong transcriptional activation activity and were located in the nucleus. Most of the OsS40 genes were downregulated in the oss40-1, oss40-7, and oss40-12 mutants, but upregulated in the oss40-13 and oss40-14 mutants, indicating coordinated regulation among OsS40 members. These results suggest that OsS40-1, OsS40-7, OsS40-12, OsS40-13, and OsS40-14 are senescence-associated genes, involved in the senescence and carbon allocation network by modulating other OsS40 members, SWEET member genes, and senescence-related gene expression.
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17
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Ma Z, Qin G, Zhang Y, Liu C, Wei M, Cen Z, Yan Y, Luo T, Li Z, Liang H, Huang D, Deng G. Bacterial leaf streak 1 encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase confers resistance to bacterial leaf streak in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1084-1101. [PMID: 34101285 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is a major bacterial disease of rice. Utilization of host genetic resistance has become one of the most important strategies for controlling BLS. However, only a few resistance genes have been characterized. Previously, a recessive BLS resistance gene bls1 was roughly mapped on chromosome 6. Here, we further delineated bls1 to a 21 kb region spanning four genes. Genetic analysis confirmed that the gene encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase (OsMAPK6) is the target of the allelic genes BLS1 and bls1. Overexpression of BLS1 weakened resistance to the specific Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) strain JZ-8, while low expression of bls1 increased resistance. However, both overexpression of BLS1 and low expression of bls1 could increase no-race-specific broad-spectrum resistance. These results indicate that BLS1 and bls1 negatively regulate race-specific resistance to Xoc strain JZ-8 but positively and negatively control broad-spectrum resistance, respectively. Subcellular localization demonstrated that OsMAPK6 was localized in the nucleus. RGA4, which is known to mediate resistance to Xoc, is the potential target of OsMAPK6. Overexpression of BLS1 and low expression of bls1 showed increase in salicylic acid and induced expression of defense-related genes, simultaneously increasing broad-spectrum resistance. Moreover, low expression of bls1 showed increase an in jasmonic acid and abscisic acid, in company with an increase in resistance to Xoc strain JZ-8. Collectively, our study provides new insights into the understanding of BLS resistance and facilitates the development of rice host-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengfeng Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Gang Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Yuexiong Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Minyi Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zhenlu Cen
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Tongping Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zhenjing Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Haifu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Dahui Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Guofu Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
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18
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Update on the Roles of Rice MAPK Cascades. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041679. [PMID: 33562367 PMCID: PMC7914530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have been validated playing critical roles in diverse aspects of plant biology, from growth and developmental regulation, biotic and abiotic stress responses, to phytohormone signal transduction or responses. A classical MAPK cascade consists of a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK), and a MAPK. From the 75 MAPKKKs, eight MAPKKs, and 15 MAPKs of rice, a number of them have been functionally deciphered. Here, we update recent advances in knowledge of the roles of rice MAPK cascades, including their components and complicated action modes, their diversified functions controlling rice growth and developmental responses, coordinating resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and conducting phytohormone signal transduction. Moreover, we summarize several complete MAPK cascades that harbor OsMAPKKK-OsMAPKK-OsMAPK, their interaction with different upstream components and their phosphorylation of diverse downstream substrates to fulfill their multiple roles. Furthermore, we state a comparison of networks of rice MAPK cascades from signal transduction crosstalk to the precise selection of downstream substrates. Additionally, we discuss putative concerns for elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms and molecular functions of rice MAPK cascades in the future.
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Song Z, Zhang C, Chen L, Jin P, Tetteh C, Zhou X, Gao Z, Zhang H. The Arabidopsis small G-protein AtRAN1 is a positive regulator in chitin-induced stomatal closure and disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:92-107. [PMID: 33191557 PMCID: PMC7749754 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a fungal microbial-associated molecular pattern, triggers various defence responses in several plant systems. Although it induces stomatal closure, the molecular mechanisms of its interactions with guard cell signalling pathways are unclear. Based on screening of public microarray data obtained from the ATH1 Affymetrix and Arabidopsis eFP browser, we isolated a cDNA encoding a Ras-related nuclear protein 1 AtRAN1. AtRAN1 expression was enriched in guard cells in a manner consistent with involvement in the control of the stomatal movement. AtRAN1 mutation impaired chitin-induced stomatal closure and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in guard cells. In addition, Atran1 mutant plants exhibited compromised chitin-enhanced plant resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens due to changes in defence-related genes. Furthermore, Atran1 mutant plants were hypersensitive to drought stress compared to Col-0 plants, and had lower levels of stress-responsive genes. These data demonstrate a previously uncharacterized signalling role for AtRAN1, mediating chitin-induced signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Song
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Pinyuan Jin
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Charles Tetteh
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Zhimou Gao
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
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20
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Engelhardt S, Trutzenberg A, Hückelhoven R. Regulation and Functions of ROP GTPases in Plant-Microbe Interactions. Cells 2020; 9:E2016. [PMID: 32887298 PMCID: PMC7565977 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho proteins of plants (ROPs) form a specific clade of Rho GTPases, which are involved in either plant immunity or susceptibility to diseases. They are intensively studied in grass host plants, in which ROPs are signaling hubs downstream of both cell surface immune receptor kinases and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors, which activate major branches of plant immune signaling. Additionally, invasive fungal pathogens may co-opt the function of ROPs for manipulation of the cytoskeleton, cell invasion and host cell developmental reprogramming, which promote pathogenic colonization. Strikingly, mammalian bacterial pathogens also initiate both effector-triggered susceptibility for cell invasion and effector-triggered immunity via Rho GTPases. In this review, we summarize central concepts of Rho signaling in disease and immunity of plants and briefly compare them to important findings in the mammalian research field. We focus on Rho activation, downstream signaling and cellular reorganization under control of Rho proteins involved in disease progression and pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; (S.E.); (A.T.)
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21
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Onohata T, Gomi K. Overexpression of jasmonate-responsive OsbHLH034 in rice results in the induction of bacterial blight resistance via an increase in lignin biosynthesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1175-1184. [PMID: 32424468 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OsbHLH034 acts as a positive regulator in jasmonate signaling in rice. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone under strict regulation by various transcription factors (TFs) that acts as a signaling compound in the regulation of plant defense responses and development. Here, we report that a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-type TF, OsbHLH034, plays an important role in the JA-mediated resistance response against rice bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The expression of OsbHLH034 was upregulated at a late phase after JA treatment. OsbHLH034 interacted with a Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) protein, OsJAZ9, in both plant and yeast cells. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsbHLH034 exhibited a JA-hypersensitive phenotype and increased resistance against rice bacterial blight. Conversely, OsbHLH034-overexpressing plants exhibited high sensitivity to salt stress. The expression of some JA-responsive secretory-type peroxidase genes was upregulated in the OsbHLH034-overexpressing rice plants. Concomitantly, the lignin content significantly increased in these transgenic plants compared to that in the wild-type. These results indicate that OsbHLH034 acts as a positive regulator of the JA-mediated defense response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Onohata
- Plant Genome and Resource Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kenji Gomi
- Plant Genome and Resource Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan.
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22
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Sulis DB, Wang JP. Regulation of Lignin Biosynthesis by Post-translational Protein Modifications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:914. [PMID: 32714349 PMCID: PMC7343852 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins exerts essential roles in many biological processes in plants. The function of these chemical modifications has been extensively characterized in many physiological processes, but how these modifications regulate lignin biosynthesis for wood formation remained largely unknown. Over the past decade, post-translational modification of several proteins has been associated with lignification. Phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and S-nitrosylation of transcription factors, monolignol enzymes, and peroxidases were shown to have primordial roles in the regulation of lignin biosynthesis. The main discoveries of post-translational modifications in lignin biosynthesis are discussed in this review.
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23
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Guo Z, Cai L, Liu C, Huang C, Chen Z, Pan G, Guo T. Global analysis of differentially expressed genes between two Japonica rice varieties induced by low temperature during the booting stage by RNA-Seq. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:192243. [PMID: 32742685 PMCID: PMC7353964 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the abiotic stresses, low temperature severely threatens rice production during its entire growth period, especially during the booting stage. In the present study, transcriptome analysis was performed comparing Longjing (LJ) 25 (chilling-tolerant) and LJ 11 (chilling-sensitive) rice varieties to identify genes associated with chilling tolerance in rice spikelets. A total of 23 845 expressed genes and 13 205 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses revealed 'response to cold' (containing 180 DEGs) as the only category enriched in both varieties during the entire cold treatment period. Through MapMan analysis, we identified nine and six DEGs related to the Calvin cycle and antioxidant enzymes, respectively, including OsRBCS3, OsRBCS2, OsRBCS4, OsAPX2 and OsCATC, that under chilling stress were markedly downregulated in LJ11 compared with LJ25. Furthermore, we predicted their protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and identified nine hub genes (the threshold of co-expressed gene number ≥ 11) in Cytoscape, including three RuBisCO-related genes with 14 co-expressed genes. Under chilling stress, antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)) were downregulated in LJ11 compared with LJ25. However, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was higher in LJ11 compared with LJ25. Collectively, our findings identify low temperature responsive genes that can be effectively used as candidate genes for molecular breeding programmes to increase the chilling tolerance of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Cai
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxue Liu
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojun Pan
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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24
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Wang Z, Jia C, Wang JY, Miao HX, Liu JH, Chen C, Yang HX, Xu B, Jin Z. Genome-Wide Analysis of Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors to Elucidate Candidate Genes Related to Fruit Ripening and Stress in Banana ( Musa acuminata L. AAA Group, cv. Cavendish). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:650. [PMID: 32536932 PMCID: PMC7267074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are a superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that can bind to specific DNA target sites, playing a central role in a wide range of metabolic, physiological, and developmental processes in higher organisms. However, no systemic analysis of bHLH TFs has been reported in banana, a typical climacteric fruit in tropical and subtropical regions. In our study, 259 MabHLH TF genes were identified in the genome of Musa acuminata (A genome), and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these MabHLHs could be classified into 23 subfamilies with the bHLHs from rice and Arabidopsis. The amino acid sequences of the bHLH domain in all MabHLH protein sequences were quite conserved, especially Arg-12, Arg-13, Leu-23, and Leu-79. Distribution mapping results showed that 258 MabHLHs were localized on the 11 chromosomes in the M. acuminata genome. The results indicated that 40.7% of gene duplication events were located in collinear fragments, and segmental duplications might have played a key role in the expansion of MabHLHs. Moreover, the expression profiles of MabHLHs in different fruit development and ripening stages and under various abiotic and biotic stresses were investigated using available RNA-sequencing data to obtain fruit development, ripening-specific, and stress-responsive candidate genes. Finally, a co-expression network of MabHLHs was constructed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis to elucidate the MabHLHs that might participate in important metabolic biosynthesis pathways in banana during development and the response to stress. A total of 259 MabHLHs were identified, and their sequence features, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal distributions, gene duplications, expression profiles, and co-expression networks were investigated. This study systematically identified the MabHLHs in the M. acuminata genome at the genome-wide level, providing important candidate genes for further functional analysis. These findings improve our understanding of the molecular basis of developmental and stress tolerance in an important banana cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
| | - Caihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
| | - Jing-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
| | - Hong-Xia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
| | - Ju-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
| | - Cui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
| | - Hui-Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China
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25
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Kim JG, Mudgett MB. Tomato bHLH132 Transcription Factor Controls Growth and Defense and Is Activated by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Effector XopD During Pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1614-1622. [PMID: 31322482 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-19-0122-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effector-dependent manipulation of host transcription is a key virulence mechanism used by Xanthomonas species causing bacterial spot disease in tomato and pepper. Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors employ novel DNA-binding domains to directly activate host transcription, whereas the non-TAL effector XopD uses a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protease activity to represses host transcription. The targets of TAL and non-TAL effectors provide insight to the genes governing susceptibility and resistance during Xanthomonas infection. In this study, we investigated the extent to which the X. euvesicatoria non-TAL effector strain Xe85-10 activates tomato transcription to gain new insight to the transcriptional circuits and virulence mechanisms associated with Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pathogenesis. Using transcriptional profiling, we identified a putative basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, bHLH132, as a pathogen-responsive gene that is moderately induced by microbe-associated molecular patterns and defense hormones and is highly induced by XopD during X. euvesicatoria infection. We also found that activation of bHLH132 transcription requires the XopD SUMO protease activity. Silencing bHLH132 mRNA expression results in stunted tomato plants with enhanced susceptibility to X. euvesicatoria infection. Our work suggests that bHLH132 is required for normal vegetative growth and development as well as resistance to X. euvesicatoria. It also suggests new transcription-based models describing XopD virulence and recognition in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Gun Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, U.S.A
| | - Mary Beth Mudgett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, U.S.A
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26
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The Rho-family GTPase OsRac1 controls rice grain size and yield by regulating cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16121-16126. [PMID: 31320586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902321116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain size is a key factor for determining grain yield in crops and is a target trait for both domestication and breeding, yet the mechanisms underlying the regulation of grain size are largely unclear. Here we show that the grain size and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) is positively regulated by ROP GTPase (Rho-like GTPase from plants), a versatile molecular switch modulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Overexpression of rice OsRac1ROP not only increases cell numbers, resulting in a larger spikelet hull, but also accelerates grain filling rate, causing greater grain width and weight. As a result, OsRac1 overexpression improves grain yield in O. sativa by nearly 16%. In contrast, down-regulation or deletion of OsRac1 causes the opposite effects. RNA-seq and cell cycle analyses suggest that OsRac1 promotes cell division. Interestingly, OsRac1 interacts with and regulates the phosphorylation level of OsMAPK6, which is known to regulate cell division and grain size in rice. Thus, our findings suggest OsRac1 modulates rice grain size and yield by influencing cell division. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of rice grain size and suggests that OsRac1 could serve as a potential target gene for breeding high-yield crops.
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Zhou Z, Pang Z, Zhao S, Zhang L, Lv Q, Yin D, Li D, Liu X, Zhao X, Li X, Wang W, Zhu L. Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat protein-mediated resistance to rice blast disease. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:828-838. [PMID: 30919975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants depend on Resistance (R) genes, most of which encode nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, for pathogen race-specific disease resistance. However, only a few immediate downstream targets of R proteins have been characterized, and the signalling pathways for R-protein-induced immunity are largely unknown. In rice (Oryza sativa), NLR proteins serve as important immune receptors in the response to rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We used site-directed mutagenesis to create an autoactive form of the NLR protein PID3 that confers blast resistance and used transgenic rice to test the resulting immunity and gene expression changes. We identified OsRac1, a known GTPase, as a signalling molecule in PID3-mediated blast resistance, implicating OsRac1 as a possible common factor downstream of rice NLR proteins. We also identified RAI1, a transcriptional activator, as a PID3 interactor required for PID3-mediated blast resistance and showed that RAI1 expression is induced by PID3 via a process mediated by OsRac1. This study describes a new signalling pathway for NLR protein-mediated blast resistance and shows that OsRac1 and RAI1 act together to play a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Qiming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dedong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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28
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Tezuka D, Kawamata A, Kato H, Saburi W, Mori H, Imai R. The rice ethylene response factor OsERF83 positively regulates disease resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:263-271. [PMID: 30590260 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive diseases of rice (Oryza sativa) worldwide. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of a novel ethylene response factor (ERF) gene, OsERF83, which was expressed in rice leaves in response to rice blast fungus infection. OsERF83 expression was also induced by treatments with methyl jasmonate, ethephon, and salicylic acid, indicating that multiple phytohormones could be involved in the regulation of OsERF83 expression under biotic stress. Subcellular localization and transactivation analyses demonstrated that OsERF83 is a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator. A gel-shift assay using recombinant OsERF83 protein indicated that, like other ERFs, it binds to the GCC box. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsERF83 exhibited significantly suppressed lesion formation after rice blast infection, indicating that OsERF83 positively regulates disease resistance in rice. Genes encoding several classes of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, including PR1, PR2, PR3, PR5, and PR10, were upregulated in the OsERF83ox plants. Taken together, our findings show that OsERF83 is a novel ERF transcription factor that confers blast resistance by regulating the expression of defense-related genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tezuka
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Aya Kawamata
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hideki Kato
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, 062-8555, Japan
| | - Wataru Saburi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Haruhide Mori
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ryozo Imai
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan.
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Zhou Y, Sun L, Wassan GM, He X, Shaban M, Zhang L, Zhu L, Zhang X. GbSOBIR1 confers Verticillium wilt resistance by phosphorylating the transcriptional factor GbbHLH171 in Gossypium barbadense. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:152-163. [PMID: 29797390 PMCID: PMC6330551 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are important components of plant innate immunity. Although recent studies have revealed that the RLK suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1) can interact with multiple receptor-like proteins and is required for resistance against fungal pathogens, how the signal is transduced and triggers immune responses remains enigmatic. In this study, we identified a defence-related RLK from Gossypium barbadense (designated GbSOBIR1) and investigated its functional mechanism. Expression of the GbSOBIR1 gene is ubiquitous in cotton plants and is induced by Verticillium dahliae inoculation. Knock-down of GbSOBIR1 by virus-induced gene silencing resulted in attenuated resistance of cotton plants to V. dahliae, while heterologous overexpression of GbSOBIR1 in Arabidopsis improves resistance. We also found that the kinase region of GbSOBIR1 interacts with a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor identified as GbbHLH171 in a yeast-two-hybrid screen. GbbHLH171 could interact with and be phosphorylated by GbSOBIR1 in vitro and in vivo and contributes positively to the resistance of cotton against V. dahliae. Furthermore, we found that this phosphorylation is essential to the transcriptional activity and functional role of GbbHLH171. We also show by spectrometric analysis and site-directed mutagenesis that Ser413 is the GbSOBIR1-mediated phosphorylation site of GbbHLH171. These results demonstrate that GbSOBIR1 interacts with GbbHLH171 and plays a critical role in cotton resistance to V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Longqing Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Ghulam Mustafa Wassan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xin He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Muhammad Shaban
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
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30
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Viana VE, Busanello C, da Maia LC, Pegoraro C, Costa de Oliveira A. Activation of rice WRKY transcription factors: an army of stress fighting soldiers? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:268-275. [PMID: 30060992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice WRKYs comprise a large family of transcription factors and present remarkable structure features and a unique DNA binding site. Their importance in plants goes beyond the response to stressful stimuli, since they participate in hormonal pathways and developmental processes. Indeed, the majority of WRKYs present an independent activation since they are able to perform self-transcriptional regulation. However, some WRKY activation depends on epigenetic and transcript regulation by micro RNAs. Their protein function depends, almost always, on the posttranslational changes. Taking to account its properties of auto-activation, all these regulators process are extremely important for complete WRKY regulation. In this sense, here we provide an overview of transcriptional activation and posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation of rice WRKY genes under stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vívian Ebeling Viana
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Center for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brazil; Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Busanello
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano Carlos da Maia
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Pegoraro
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Costa de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Center for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brazil; Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brazil.
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31
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Dóczi R, Bögre L. The Quest for MAP Kinase Substrates: Gaining Momentum. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:918-932. [PMID: 30143312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are versatile signaling mechanisms in all eukaryotes. Their signaling outputs are defined by the protein substrates phosphorylated by MAPKs. An expanding list of substrates has been identified by high-throughput screens and targeted approaches in plants. The majority of these are phosphorylated by MPK3/6, and a few by MPK4, which are the best-characterized plant MAPKs, participating in the regulation of numerous biological processes. The identified substrates clearly represent the functional diversity of MAPKs: they are associated with pathogen defense, abiotic stress responses, ethylene signaling, and various developmental functions. Understanding their outputs is integral to unraveling the complex regulatory mechanisms of MAPK cascades. We review here methodological approaches and provide an overview of known MAPK substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Dóczi
- Institute of Agriculture, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik utca 2, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary.
| | - László Bögre
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
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32
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Xu R, Yu H, Wang J, Duan P, Zhang B, Li J, Li Y, Xu J, Lyu J, Li N, Chai T, Li Y. A mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase influences grain size and weight in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:937-946. [PMID: 29775492 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Grain size and weight are directly associated with grain yield in crops. However, the molecular mechanisms that set final grain size and weight remain largely unknown. Here, we characterize two large grain mutants, large grain8-1 (large8-1) and large grain8-2 (large8-2). LARGE8 encodes the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase1 (OsMKP1). Loss of function mutations in OsMKP1 results in large grains, while overexpression of OsMKP1 leads to small grains. OsMKP1 determines grain size by restricting cell proliferation in grain hulls. OsMKP1 directly interacts with and deactivates the mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (OsMAPK6). Taken together, we identify OsMKP1 as a crucial factor that influences grain size by deactivating OsMAPK6, indicating that the reversible phosphorylation of OsMAPK6 plays important roles in determining grain size in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haiyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Institute of Crop Science and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Penggen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Baolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jinsong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jia Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tuanyao Chai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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33
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Moin M, Bakshi A, Saha A, Dutta M, Kirti PB. Gain-of-function mutagenesis approaches in rice for functional genomics and improvement of crop productivity. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 16:238-247. [PMID: 28137760 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The epitome of any genome research is to identify all the existing genes in a genome and investigate their roles. Various techniques have been applied to unveil the functions either by silencing or over-expressing the genes by targeted expression or random mutagenesis. Rice is the most appropriate model crop for generating a mutant resource for functional genomic studies because of the availability of high-quality genome sequence and relatively smaller genome size. Rice has syntenic relationships with members of other cereals. Hence, characterization of functionally unknown genes in rice will possibly provide key genetic insights and can lead to comparative genomics involving other cereals. The current review attempts to discuss the available gain-of-function mutagenesis techniques for functional genomics, emphasizing the contemporary approach, activation tagging and alterations to this method for the enhancement of yield and productivity of rice.
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Schnepf V, Vlot AC, Kugler K, Hückelhoven R. Barley susceptibility factor RACB modulates transcript levels of signalling protein genes in compatible interaction with Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:393-404. [PMID: 28026097 PMCID: PMC6638053 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
RHO (rat sarcoma homologue) GTPases (guanosine triphosphatases) are regulators of downstream transcriptional responses of eukaryotes to intracellular and extracellular stimuli. For plants, little is known about the function of Rho-like GTPases [called RACs (rat sarcoma-related C botulinum substrate) or ROPs (RHO of plants)] in transcriptional reprogramming of cells. However, in plant hormone response and innate immunity, RAC/ROP proteins influence gene expression patterns. The barley RAC/ROP RACB is required for full susceptibility of barley to the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh). We compared the transcriptomes of barley plants either silenced for RACB or over-expressing constitutively activated RACB with and without inoculation with Bgh. This revealed a large overlap of the barley transcriptome during the early response to Bgh and during the over-expression of constitutively activated RACB. Global pathway analyses and stringent analyses of differentially expressed genes suggested that RACB influences, amongst others, the expression of signalling receptor kinases. Transient induced gene silencing of RACB-regulated signalling genes (a leucine-rich repeat protein, a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase and an S-domain SD1-receptor-like kinase) suggested that they might be involved in RACB-modulated susceptibility to powdery mildew. We discuss the function of RACB in regulating the transcriptional responses of susceptible barley to Bgh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Schnepf
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnical University of MunichFreisingD‐85354Germany
| | - A. Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental SciencesInstitute of Biochemical Plant PathologyNeuherbergD‐85764Germany
| | - Karl Kugler
- Helmholtz Zentrum MuenchenPlant Genome and Systems BiologyNeuherbergD‐85764Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnical University of MunichFreisingD‐85354Germany
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OsMAPK3 Phosphorylates OsbHLH002/OsICE1 and Inhibits Its Ubiquitination to Activate OsTPP1 and Enhances Rice Chilling Tolerance. Dev Cell 2018; 43:731-743.e5. [PMID: 29257952 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of chilling tolerance is a major target in rice breeding. The signaling pathways regulating chilling consist of complex networks, including key transcription factors and their targets. However, it remains largely unknown how transcription factors are activated by chilling stress. Here, we report that the transcription factor OsbHLH002/OsICE1 is phosphorylated by OsMAPK3 under chilling stress. The osbhlh002-1 knockout mutant and antisense transgenic plants showed chilling hypersensitivity, whereas OsbHLH002-overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced chilling tolerance. OsbHLH002 can directly target OsTPP1, which encodes a key enzyme for trehalose biosynthesis. OsMAPK3 interacts with OsbHLH002 to prevent its ubiquitination by the E3 ligase OsHOS1. Under chilling stress, active OsMAPK3 phosphorylates OsbHLH002, leading to accumulation of phospho-OsbHLH002, which promotes OsTPP1 expression and increases trehalose content and resistance to chilling damage. Taken together, these results indicate that OsbHLH002 is phosphorylated by OsMAPK3, which enhances OsbHLH002 activation to its target OsTPP1 during chilling stress.
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Current understanding of pattern-triggered immunity and hormone-mediated defense in rice (Oryza sativa) in response to Magnaporthe oryzae infection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 83:95-105. [PMID: 29061483 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogens represent a huge threat to world food security, affecting both crop production and quality. Although significant progress has been made in improving plant immunity by expressing key, defense-related genes and proteins from different species in transgenic crops, a challenge remains for molecular breeders and biotechnologists to successfully engineer elite, transgenic crop varieties with improved resistance against critical plant pathogens. Upon pathogen attack, including infection of rice (Oryza sativa) by Magnaporthe oryzae, host plants initiate a complex defense response at molecular, biochemical and physiological levels. Plants perceive the presence of pathogens by detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns via pattern recognition receptors, and initiate a first line of innate immunity, the so-called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). This results in a series of downstream defense responses, including the production of hormones, which collectively function to fend off pathogen attacks. A variety of studies have demonstrated that many genes are involved in the defense response of rice to M. oryzae. In this review, the current understanding of mechanisms that improve rice defense response to M. oryzae will be discussed, with special focus on PTI and the phytohormones ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid; as well as on the mediation of defense signaling mechanisms by PTI and these hormones. Potential target genes that may serve as promising candidates for improving rice immunity against M. oryzae will also be discussed.
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Zhang J, Luo T, Wang W, Cao T, Li R, Lou Y. Silencing OsSLR1 enhances the resistance of rice to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2147-2159. [PMID: 28666057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins, negative regulators of the gibberellin (GA) pathway, play important roles in plant growth, development and pathogen resistance by regulating multiple phytohormone signals. Yet, whether and how they regulate plant herbivore resistance remain unknown. We found that the expression of the rice DELLA gene OsSLR1 was down-regulated by an infestation of female adults of the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens. On one hand, OsSLR1 positively regulated BPH-induced levels of two mitogen-activated protein kinase and four WRKY transcripts, and of jasmonic acid, ethylene and H2 O2 . On the other hand, silencing OsSLR1 enhanced constitutive levels of defence-related compounds, phenolic acids, lignin and cellulose, as well as the resistance of rice to BPH in the laboratory and in the field. The increased resistance in rice with silencing of OsSLR1 is probably due to impaired JA and ethylene pathways, and, at least in part, to the increased lignin level and mechanical hardness of rice leaf sheaths. Our findings illustrate that OsSLR1, acting as an early negative regulator, plays an important role in regulating the resistance of rice to BPH by activating appropriate defence-related signalling pathways and compounds. Moreover, our data also provide new insights into relationships between plant growth and defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wanwan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tiantian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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38
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Distinct expression patterns of the GDP dissociation inhibitor protein gene (OsRhoGDI2) from Oryza sativa during development and abiotic stresses. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Yi J, Lee YS, Lee DY, Cho MH, Jeon JS, An G. OsMPK6 plays a critical role in cell differentiation during early embryogenesis in Oryza sativa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2425-37. [PMID: 26912801 PMCID: PMC4809295 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of body axes is the basis of morphogenesis during plant embryogenesis. We identified embryo-lethal mutants of rice (Oryza sativa) in which T-DNAs were inserted in OsMPK6 Embryonic organs were absent because their development was arrested at the globular stage. Similar to observations made with gle4, shootless, and organless, the osmpk6 mutations affected the initial step of cell differentiation. Expression of an apical-basal axis marker gene, OSH1, was reduced in the mutant embryos while that of the radial axes marker genes OsSCR and OsPNH1 was not detected. The signal for ROC1, a protodermal cell marker, was weak at the globular stage and gradually disappeared. Transcript levels of auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis genes were diminished in osmpk6 embryos. In addition, phytoalexin biosynthesis genes were down-regulated in osmpk6 and a major diterpene phytoalexin, momilactone A, did not accumulate in the mutant embryos. These results indicate that OsMPK6 begins to play a critical role during early embryogenesis, especially when the L1 radial axis is being formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakyung Yi
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Seok Lee
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Lee
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
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40
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Qiu A, Liu Z, Li J, Chen Y, Guan D, He S. The Ectopic Expression of CaRop1 Modulates the Response of Tobacco Plants to Ralstonia solanacearum and Aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1177. [PMID: 27551287 PMCID: PMC4976107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, Rho-related GTPases (Rops) are versatile molecular switches that regulate various biological processes, although their exact roles are not fully understood. Herein, we provide evidence that the ectopic expression of a Rop derived from Capsicum annuum, designated CaRop1, in tobacco plants modulates the response of these plants to Ralstonia solanacearum or aphid attack. The deduced amino acid sequence of CaRop1 harbors a conserved Rho domain and is highly homologous to Rops of other plant species. Transient expression of a CaRop1-GFP fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells revealed localization of the GFP signal to the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Overexpression (OE) of the wild-type CaRop1 or its dominant-negative mutant (DN-CaRop1) conferred substantial resistance to R. solanacearum infection and aphid attack, and this effect was accompanied by enhanced transcriptional expression of the hypersensitive-reaction marker gene HSR201; the jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive PR1b and LOX1; the insect resistance-associated NtPI-I, NtPI-II, and NtTPI; the ethylene (ET) production-associated NtACS1; and NPK1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that interferes with N-, Bs2-, and Rx-mediated disease resistance. In contrast, OE of the constitutively active mutant of CaRop1(CA-CaRop1) enhanced susceptibility of the transgenic tobacco plants to R. solanacearum infection and aphid attack and downregulated or sustained the expression of HSR201, PR1b, NPK1, NtACS1, NtPI-I, NtPI-II, and NtTPI. These results collectively suggest that CaRop1 acts as a signaling switch in the crosstalk between Solanaceaes's response to R. solanacearum infection and aphid attack possibly via JA/ET-mediated signaling machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Qiu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Jiazhi Li
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Yanshen Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Deyi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Shuilin He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- *Correspondence: Shuilin He,
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Liu S, Hua L, Dong S, Chen H, Zhu X, Jiang J, Zhang F, Li Y, Fang X, Chen F. OsMAPK6, a mitogen-activated protein kinase, influences rice grain size and biomass production. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:672-81. [PMID: 26366992 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Grain size is an important agronomic trait in determining grain yield. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine the final grain size are not well understood. Here, we report the functional analysis of a rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant, dwarf and small grain1 (dsg1), which displays pleiotropic phenotypes, including small grains, dwarfism and erect leaves. Cytological observations revealed that the small grain and dwarfism of dsg1 were mainly caused by the inhibition of cell proliferation. Map-based cloning revealed that DSG1 encoded a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), OsMAPK6. OsMAPK6 was mainly located in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and was ubiquitously distributed in various organs, predominately in spikelets and spikelet hulls, consistent with its role in grain size and biomass production. As a functional kinase, OsMAPK6 interacts strongly with OsMKK4, indicating that OsMKK4 is likely to be the upstream MAPK kinase of OsMAPK6 in rice. In addition, hormone sensitivity tests indicated that the dsg1 mutant was less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs). The endogenous BR levels were reduced in dsg1, and the expression of several BR signaling pathway genes and feedback-inhibited genes was altered in the dsg1 mutant, with or without exogenous BRs, indicating that OsMAPK6 may contribute to influence BR homeostasis and signaling. Thus, OsMAPK6, a MAPK, plays a pivotal role in grain size in rice, via cell proliferation, and BR signaling and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Liu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Hua
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sujun Dong
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jun'e Jiang
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaohua Fang
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fan Chen
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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42
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Fehér A, Lajkó DB. Signals fly when kinases meet Rho-of-plants (ROP) small G-proteins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 237:93-107. [PMID: 26089155 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rho-type small GTP-binding plant proteins function as two-state molecular switches in cellular signalling. There is accumulating evidence that Rho-of-plants (ROP) signalling is positively controlled by plant receptor kinases, through the ROP guanine nucleotide exchange factor proteins. These signalling modules regulate cell polarity, cell shape, hormone responses, and pathogen defence, among other things. Other ROP-regulatory proteins might also be subjected to protein phosphorylation by cellular kinases (e.g., mitogen-activated protein kinases or calcium-dependent protein kinases), in order to integrate various cellular signalling pathways with ROP GTPase-dependent processes. In contrast to the role of kinases in upstream ROP regulation, much less is known about the potential link between ROP GTPases and downstream kinase signalling. In other eukaryotes, Rho-type G-protein-activated kinases are widespread and have a key role in many cellular processes. Recent data indicate the existence of structurally different ROP-activated kinases in plants, but their ROP-dependent biological functions still need to be validated. In addition to these direct interactions, ROPs may also indirectly control the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases or calcium-dependent protein kinases. These kinases may therefore function as upstream as well as downstream kinases in ROP-mediated signalling pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol monophosphate kinases involved in cell polarity establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Fehér
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Dézi Bianka Lajkó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Hou Y, Qiu J, Tong X, Wei X, Nallamilli BR, Wu W, Huang S, Zhang J. A comprehensive quantitative phosphoproteome analysis of rice in response to bacterial blight. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:163. [PMID: 26112675 PMCID: PMC4482044 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice is a major crop worldwide. Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) has become one of the most devastating diseases for rice. It has been clear that phosphorylation plays essential roles in plant disease resistance. However, the role of phosphorylation is poorly understood in rice-Xoo system. Here, we report the first study on large scale enrichment of phosphopeptides and identification of phosphosites in rice before and 24 h after Xoo infection. RESULTS We have successfully identified 2367 and 2223 phosphosites on 1334 and 1297 representative proteins in 0 h and 24 h after Xoo infection, respectively. A total of 762 differentially phosphorylated proteins, including transcription factors, kinases, epi-genetic controlling factors and many well-known disease resistant proteins, are identified after Xoo infection suggesting that they may be functionally relevant to Xoo resistance. In particular, we found that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation might be a key switch turning on/off many epi-genetic controlling factors, including HDT701, in response to Xoo infection, suggesting that phosphorylation switch overriding the epi-genetic regulation may be a very universal model in the plant disease resistance pathway. CONCLUSIONS The phosphosites identified in this study would be a big complementation to our current knowledge in the phosphorylation status and sites of rice proteins. This research represents a substantial advance in understanding the rice phosphoproteome as well as the mechanism of rice bacterial blight resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Hou
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Babi R Nallamilli
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, U.S.A..
| | - Weihuai Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China.
| | - Shiwen Huang
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
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Jung KH, Kim SR, Giong HK, Nguyen MX, Koh HJ, An G. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of genes expressed ubiquitously in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:276-89. [PMID: 25624149 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Genes that are expressed ubiquitously throughout all developmental stages are thought to be necessary for basic biological or cellular functions. Therefore, determining their biological roles is a great challenge. We identified 4034 of these genes in rice after studying the results of Agilent 44K and Affymetrix meta-anatomical expression profiles. Among 105 genes that were characterized by loss-of-function analysis, 79 were classified as members of gene families, the majority of which were predominantly expressed. Using T-DNA insertional mutants, we examined 43 genes and found that loss of expression of six genes caused developing seed- or seedling-defective phenotypes. Of these, three are singletons without similar family members and defective phenotypes are expected from mutations. Phylogenomic analyses integrating genome-wide transcriptome data revealed the functional dominance of three ubiquitously expressed family genes. Among them, we investigated the function of Os03g19890, which is involved in ATP generation within the mitochondria during endosperm development. We also created and evaluated functional networks associated with this gene to understand the molecular mechanism. Our study provides a useful strategy for pheonome analysis of ubiquitously expressed genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hong Jung
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea; Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea.
| | - Sung-Ruyl Kim
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Hoi-Khoanh Giong
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Minh Xuan Nguyen
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Koh
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea; Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea.
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45
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Suárez-López P, Tsuji H, Coupland G. A tribute to Ko Shimamoto (1949-2013). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6755-6759. [PMID: 24642851 PMCID: PMC4246175 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Suárez-López
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
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46
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Azizi P, Rafii MY, Abdullah SNA, Nejat N, Maziah M, Hanafi MM, Latif MA, Sahebi M. Toward understanding of rice innate immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:165-74. [PMID: 25198435 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.946883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, causes serious disease on a wide variety of grasses including rice, wheat and barley. The recognition of pathogens is an amazing ability of plants including strategies for displacing virulence effectors through the adaption of both conserved and variable pathogen elicitors. The pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) were reported as two main innate immune responses in plants, where PTI gives basal resistance and ETI confers durable resistance. The PTI consists of extracellular surface receptors that are able to recognize PAMPs. PAMPs detect microbial features such as fungal chitin that complete a vital function during the organism's life. In contrast, ETI is mediated by intracellular receptor molecules containing nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine rich repeat (LRR) domains that specifically recognize effector proteins produced by the pathogen. To enhance crop resistance, understanding the host resistance mechanisms against pathogen infection strategies and having a deeper knowledge of innate immunity system are essential. This review summarizes the recent advances on the molecular mechanism of innate immunity systems of rice against M. oryzae. The discussion will be centered on the latest success reported in plant-pathogen interactions and integrated defense responses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Azizi
- a Laboratory of Food Crops , Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - M Y Rafii
- a Laboratory of Food Crops , Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - S N A Abdullah
- b Laboratory of Plantation Crops , Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia , and
| | - N Nejat
- b Laboratory of Plantation Crops , Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia , and
| | - M Maziah
- c Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - M M Hanafi
- b Laboratory of Plantation Crops , Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia , and
| | - M A Latif
- a Laboratory of Food Crops , Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - M Sahebi
- b Laboratory of Plantation Crops , Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia , and
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47
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Shin HY, You MK, Jeung JU, Shin JS. OsMPK3 is a TEY-type rice MAPK in Group C and phosphorylates OsbHLH65, a transcription factor binding to the E-box element. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1343-53. [PMID: 24777821 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OsMPK3 is a TEY-type rice MAPK belonging to Group C and directly phosphorylates OsbHLH65 in the nucleus. OsMPK3 and OsbHLH65 are induced by biotic stress and defense-related hormones. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in the majority of signaling pathways that regulate plant development and stress tolerance via the phosphorylation of target molecules. Plant MAPKs are classified into two subtypes, TEY and TDY, according to the TxY (x = E or D) motif in their activation loop, and the TDY motif is unique to plant MAPKs. In rice, 17 MAPKs have been classified into six groups. To date, the functions of many TDY-type rice MAPKs have been characterized, but little is known of the TEY-type MAPKs in Group C and their possible target substrates. In the study reported here, we determined that a TEY-type rice MAPK belonging to subgroup C, named OsMPK3, phosphorylates its substrate OsbHLH65 in the nucleus. Our electrophoresis mobility shift assay results revealed that OsbHLH65 specifically binds to the E-box cis-element, but not to the G-box. Both OsMPK3 and OsbHLH65 were induced by treatments with rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea), brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), and defense-related hormones, such as methyl jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Our results suggest the possibility that OsMPK3 contributes to the defense signal transduction by phosphorylating the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Young Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
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48
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Akamatsu A, Wong HL, Fujiwara M, Okuda J, Nishide K, Uno K, Imai K, Umemura K, Kawasaki T, Kawano Y, Shimamoto K. An OsCEBiP/OsCERK1-OsRacGEF1-OsRac1 module is an essential early component of chitin-induced rice immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 13:465-76. [PMID: 23601108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OsCEBiP, a chitin-binding protein, and OsCERK1, a receptor-like kinase, are plasma membrane (PM) proteins that form a receptor complex essential for fungal chitin-driven immune responses in rice. The signaling events immediately following chitin perception are unclear. Investigating the spatiotemporal regulation of the rice small GTPase OsRac1, we find that chitin induces rapid activation of OsRac1 at the PM. Searching for OsRac1 interactors, we identified OsRacGEF1 as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for OsRac1. OsRacGEF1 interacts with OsCERK1 and is activated when its C-terminal S549 is phosphorylated by the cytoplasmic domain of OsCERK1 in response to chitin. Activated OsRacGEF1 is required for chitin-driven immune responses and resistance to rice blast fungus infection. Further, a protein complex including OsCERK1 and OsRacGEF1 is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the PM. Collectively, our results suggest that OsCEBiP, OsCERK1, OsRacGEF1, and OsRac1 function as key components of a "defensome" critically engaged early during chitin-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Akamatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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Liu W, Liu J, Triplett L, Leach JE, Wang GL. Novel insights into rice innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:213-41. [PMID: 24906128 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice feeds more than half of the world's population. Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, and bacterial blight, caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, are major constraints to rice production worldwide. Genome sequencing and extensive molecular analysis has led to the identification of many new pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and avirulence and virulence effectors in both pathogens, as well as effector targets and receptors in the rice host. Characterization of these effectors, host targets, and resistance genes has provided new insight into innate immunity in plants. Some of the new findings, such as the binding activity of X. oryzae transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effectors to specific rice genomic sequences, are being used for the development of effective disease control methods and genome modification tools. This review summarizes the recent progress toward understanding the recognition and signaling events that govern rice innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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50
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Kawano Y, Kaneko-Kawano T, Shimamoto K. Rho family GTPase-dependent immunity in plants and animals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:522. [PMID: 25352853 PMCID: PMC4196510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, sophisticated forms of immune systems have developed to cope with a variety of pathogens. Accumulating evidence indicates that Rac (also known as Rop), a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, is a key regulator of immunity in plants and animals. Like other small GTPases, Rac/Rop GTPases function as a molecular switch downstream of immune receptors by cycling between GDP-bound inactive and GTP-bound active forms in cells. Rac/Rop GTPases trigger various immune responses, thereby resulting in enhanced disease resistance to pathogens. In this review, we highlight recent studies that have contributed to our current understanding of the Rac/Rop family GTPases and the upstream and downstream proteins involved in plant immunity. We also compare the features of effector-triggered immunity between plants and animals, and discuss the in vivo monitoring of Rac/Rop activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kawano
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoji Kawano, Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan e-mail:
| | | | - Ko Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
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