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Yang X, Zhao J, Xiong X, Hu Z, Sun J, Su H, Liu Y, Xiang L, Zhu Y, Li J, Bhutto SH, Li G, Zhou S, Li C, Pu M, Wang H, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Huang Y, Fan J, Wang W, Li Y. Broad-spectrum resistance gene RPW8.1 balances immunity and growth via feedback regulation of WRKYs. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:116-130. [PMID: 37752622 PMCID: PMC10754005 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1 (RPW8.1) is an important tool for engineering broad-spectrum disease resistance against multiple pathogens. Ectopic expression of RPW8.1 leads to enhanced disease resistance with cell death at leaves and compromised plant growth, implying a regulatory mechanism balancing RPW8.1-mediated resistance and growth. Here, we show that RPW8.1 constitutively enhances the expression of transcription factor WRKY51 and activates salicylic acid and ethylene signalling pathways; WRKY51 in turn suppresses RPW8.1 expression, forming a feedback regulation loop. RPW8.1 and WRKY51 are both induced by pathogen infection and pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns. In ectopic expression of RPW8.1 background (R1Y4), overexpression of WRKY51 not only rescues the growth suppression and cell death caused by RPW8.1, but also suppresses RPW8.1-mediated broad-spectrum disease resistance and pattern-triggered immunity. Mechanistically, WRKY51 directly binds to and represses RPW8.1 promoter, thus limiting the expression amplitude of RPW8.1. Moreover, WRKY6, WRKY28 and WRKY41 play a role redundant to WRKY51 in the suppression of RPW8.1 expression and are constitutively upregulated in R1Y4 plants with WRKY51 being knocked out (wrky51 R1Y4) plants. Notably, WRKY51 has no significant effects on disease resistance or plant growth in wild type without RPW8.1, indicating a specific role in RPW8.1-mediated disease resistance. Altogether, our results reveal a regulatory circuit controlling the accumulation of RPW8.1 to an appropriate level to precisely balance growth and disease resistance during pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing‐Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiao‐Yu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhang‐Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ji‐Fen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan‐Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ling Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jin‐Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Sadam Hussain Bhutto
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guo‐Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shi‐Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhi‐Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ji‐Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan‐Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wen‐Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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Castel B, El Mahboubi K, Jacquet C, Delaux PM. Immunobiodiversity: Conserved and specific immunity across land plants and beyond. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:92-111. [PMID: 38102829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms represent most plants that humans cultivate, grow, and eat. However, angiosperms are only one of five major land plant lineages. As a whole lineage, plants also include algal groups. All these clades represent a tremendous genetic diversity that can be investigated to reveal the evolutionary history of any given mechanism. In this review, we describe the current model of the plant immune system, discuss its evolution based on the recent literature, and propose future directions for the field. In angiosperms, plant-microbe interactions have been intensively studied, revealing essential cell surface and intracellular immune receptors, as well as metabolic and hormonal defense pathways. Exploring diversity at the genomic and functional levels demonstrates the conservation of these pathways across land plants, some of which are beyond plants. On basis of the conserved mechanisms, lineage-specific variations have occurred, leading to diversified reservoirs of immune mechanisms. In rare cases, this diversity has been harnessed and successfully transferred to other species by integration of wild immune receptors or engineering of novel forms of receptors for improved resistance to pathogens. We propose that exploring further the diversity of immune mechanisms in the whole plant lineage will reveal completely novel sources of resistance to be deployed in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Castel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Karima El Mahboubi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Zhao JH, Huang YY, Wang H, Yang XM, Li Y, Pu M, Zhou SX, Zhang JW, Zhao ZX, Li GB, Hassan B, Hu XH, Chen X, Xiao S, Wu XJ, Fan J, Wang WM. Golovinomyces cichoracearum effector-associated nuclear localization of RPW8.2 amplifies its expression to boost immunity in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:367-382. [PMID: 36522832 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.2 (RPW8.2) is specifically induced by the powdery mildew (PM) fungus (Golovinomyces cichoracearum) in the infected epidermal cells to activate immunity. However, the mechanism of RPW8.2-induction is not well understood. Here, we identify a G. cichoracearum effector that interacts with RPW8.2, named Gc-RPW8.2 interacting protein 1 (GcR8IP1), by a yeast two-hybrid screen of an Arabidopsis cDNA library. GcR8IP1 is physically associated with RPW8.2 with its REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE finger domain that is essential and sufficient for the association. GcR8IP1 was secreted and translocated into the nucleus of host cell infected with PM. Association of GcR8IP1 with RPW8.2 led to an increase in RPW8.2 in the nucleus. In turn, the nucleus-localized RPW8.2 promoted the activity of the RPW8.2 promoter, resulting in transcriptional self-amplification of RPW8.2 to boost immunity at infection sites. Additionally, ectopic expression or host-induced gene silencing of GcR8IP1 supported its role as a virulence factor in PM. Altogether, our results reveal a mechanism of RPW8.2-dependent defense strengthening via altered partitioning of RPW8.2 and transcriptional self-amplification triggered by a PM fungal effector, which exemplifies an atypical form of effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Xue-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Beenish Hassan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
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Li X, He Q, Liu Y, Xu X, Xie Q, Li Z, Lin C, Liu W, Chen D, Li X, Miao W. Ectopic Expression of HbRPW8-a from Hevea brasiliensis Improves Arabidopsis thaliana Resistance to Powdery Mildew Fungi (Erysiphe cichoracearum UCSC1). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012588. [PMID: 36293447 PMCID: PMC9603905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The RPW8s (Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8) are atypical broad-spectrum resistance genes that provide resistance to the powdery mildew fungi. Powdery mildew of rubber tree is one of the serious fungal diseases that affect tree growth and latex production. However, the RPW8 homologs in rubber tree and their role of resistance to powdery mildew remain unclear. In this study, four RPW8 genes, HbRPW8-a, b, c, d, were identified in rubber tree, and phylogenetic analysis showed that HbRPW8-a was clustered with AtRPW8.1 and AtRPW8.2 of Arabidopsis. The HbRPW8-a protein was localized on the plasma membrane and its expression in rubber tree was significantly induced upon powdery mildew infection. Transient expression of HbRPW8-a in tobacco leaves induced plant immune responses, including the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the deposition of callose in plant cells, which was similar to that induced by AtRPW8.2. Consistently, overexpression of HbRPW8-a in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum UCSC1 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC30000 (PstDC3000). Moreover, such HbRPW8-a mediated resistance to powdery mildew was in a salicylic acid (SA) dependent manner. Taken together, we demonstrated a new RPW8 member in rubber tree, HbRPW8-a, which could potentially contribute the resistance to powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qiguang He
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinze Xu
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qingbiao Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Daipeng Chen
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence:
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5
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Mapuranga J, Zhang L, Zhang N, Yang W. The haustorium: The root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963705. [PMID: 36105706 PMCID: PMC9465030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are among the dreadful pathogens that continuously threaten the production of economically important crops. The interaction of biotrophic fungal pathogens with their hosts necessitates the development of unique infection mechanisms and involvement of various virulence-associated components. Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi have an exceptional lifestyle that supports nutrient acquisition from cells of a living host and are fully dependent on the host for successful completion of their life cycle. The haustorium, a specialized infection structure, is the key organ for biotrophic fungal pathogens. The haustorium is not only essential in the uptake of nutrients without killing the host, but also in the secretion and delivery of effectors into the host cells to manipulate host immune system and defense responses and reprogram the metabolic flow of the host. Although there is a number of unanswered questions in this area yet, results from various studies indicate that the haustorium is the root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the haustorium, its structure, composition, and functions, which includes the most recent haustorial transcriptome studies.
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6
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Gela T, Ramsay L, Haile TA, Vandenberg A, Bett K. Identification of anthracnose race 1 resistance loci in lentil by integrating linkage mapping and genome-wide association study. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20131. [PMID: 34482633 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose, caused byColletotrichum lentis, is a devastating disease of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in western Canada. Growing resistant lentil cultivars is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to prevent seed yield losses that can exceed 70%. To identify loci conferring resistance to anthracnose race 1 in lentil, biparental quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations was integrated with a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 200 diverse lentil accessions from a lentil diversity panel. A major-effect QTL (qAnt1.Lc-3) conferring resistance to race 1 was mapped to lentil chromosome 3 and colocated on the lentil physical map for both RIL populations. Clusters of candidate nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) and other defense-related genes were uncovered within the QTL region. A GWAS detected 14 significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with race 1 resistance on chromosomes 3, 4, 5, and 6. The most significant GWAS SNPs on chromosome 3 supported qAnt1.Lc-3 and delineated a region of 1.6 Mb containing candidate resistance genes. The identified SNP markers can be directly applied in marker-assisted selection (MAS) to accelerate the introgression of race 1 resistance in lentil breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Gela
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Larissa Ramsay
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Teketel A Haile
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Albert Vandenberg
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Kirstin Bett
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
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Wang Y, Qi C, Luo Y, Zhang F, Dai Z, Li M, Qu S. Identification and mapping of CpPM10.1, a major gene involved in powdery mildew (race 2 France of Podosphaera xanthii) resistance in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2531-2545. [PMID: 33914112 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew resistance in zucchini is controlled by one major dominant locus, CpPM10.1. CpPM10.1 was fine mapped. The expression of candidate gene Cp4.1LG10g02780 in resistant individuals was significantly upregulated after inoculation with the powdery mildew. Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most destructive fungal diseases, reducing the productivity of Cucurbita crops globally. PM influences the photosynthesis, growth and development of infected zucchini and seriously reduces fruit yield and quality. In the present study, the zucchini inbred line 'X10' had highly stable PM resistance, and the inbred line 'Jin234' was highly susceptible to PM in the seedling stage and adult stages. Genetic analysis revealed that PM resistance in 'X10' is controlled by one major dominant locus. Based on the strategy of QTL-seq combined with linkage analysis and developed molecular markers, the major locus was found to be located in a 382.9-kb candidate region on chromosome 10; therefore, the major locus was named CpPM10.1. Using 1,400 F2 individuals derived from a cross between 'X10' and 'JIN234' and F2:3 offspring of the recombinants, the CpPM10.1 locus was defined in a region of approximately 20.9 kb that contained 5 coding genes. Among them, Cp4.1LG10g02780 contained a conserved domain (RPW8), which controls resistance to a broad range of PM pathogens. Cp4.1LG10g02780 also had nonsynonymous SNPs between the resistant 'X10' and susceptible 'Jin234.' Furthermore, the expression of Cp4.1LG10g02780 was strongly positively involved in PM resistance in the key period of inoculation. Further allelic diversity analysis in zucchini germplasm resources indicated that PM resistance was associated with two SNPs in the Cp4.1LG10g02780 RPW8 domain. This study not only provides highly stable PM resistance gene resources for cucurbit crops but also lays the foundation for the functional analysis of PM resistance and resistance breeding in zucchini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Cong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yusong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zuyun Dai
- Anhui Jianghuai Horticulture Seeds Corporation Limited, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Man Li
- Anhui Jianghuai Horticulture Seeds Corporation Limited, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Shuping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Zhao ZX, Xu YJ, Lei Y, Li Q, Zhao JQ, Li Y, Fan J, Xiao S, Wang WM. ANNEXIN 8 negatively regulates RPW8.1-mediated cell death and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:378-392. [PMID: 33073904 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Study on the regulation of broad-spectrum resistance is an active area in plant biology. RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1 (RPW8.1) is one of a few broad-spectrum resistance genes triggering the hypersensitive response (HR) to restrict multiple pathogenic infections. To address the question how RPW8.1 signaling is regulated, we performed a genetic screen and tried to identify mutations enhancing RPW8.1-mediated HR. Here, we provided evidence to connect an annexin protein with RPW8.1-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis against powdery mildew. We isolated and characterized Arabidopsis b7-6 mutant. A point mutation in b7-6 at the At5g12380 locus resulted in an amino acid substitution in ANNEXIN 8 (AtANN8). Loss-of-function or RNA-silencing of AtANN8 led to enhanced expression of RPW8.1, RPW8.1-dependent necrotic lesions in leaves, and defense against powdery mildew. Conversely, over-expression of AtANN8 compromised RPW8.1-mediated disease resistance and cell death. Interestingly, the mutation in AtANN8 enhanced RPW8.1-triggered H2 O2 . In addition, mutation in AtANN8 led to hypersensitivity to salt stress. Together, our data indicate that AtANN8 is involved in multiple stress signaling pathways and negatively regulates RPW8.1-mediated resistance against powdery mildew and cell death, thus linking ANNEXIN's function with plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xue Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong-Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qin Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ji-Qun Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Wan WL, Kim ST, Castel B, Charoennit N, Chae E. Genetics of autoimmunity in plants: an evolutionary genetics perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1215-1233. [PMID: 32970825 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity in plants has been found in numerous hybrids as a form of hybrid necrosis and mutant panels. Uncontrolled cell death is a main cellular outcome of autoimmunity, which negatively impacts growth. Its occurrence highlights the vulnerable nature of the plant immune system. Genetic investigation of autoimmunity in hybrid plants revealed that extreme variation in the immune receptor repertoire is a major contributor, reflecting an evolutionary conundrum that plants face in nature. In this review, we discuss natural variation in the plant immune system and its contribution to fitness. The value of autoimmunity genetics lies in its ability to identify combinations of a natural immune receptor and its partner that are predisposed to triggering autoimmunity. The network of immune components for autoimmunity becomes instrumental in revealing mechanistic details of how immune receptors recognize cellular invasion and activate signaling. The list of autoimmunity-risk variants also allows us to infer evolutionary processes contributing to their maintenance in the natural population. Our approach to autoimmunity, which integrates mechanistic understanding and evolutionary genetics, has the potential to serve as a prognosis tool to optimize immunity in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Wan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Baptiste Castel
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Nuri Charoennit
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
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10
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Zhao Z, Feng Q, Liu P, He X, Zhao J, Xu Y, Zhang L, Huang Y, Zhao J, Fan J, Li Y, Xiao S, Wang W. RPW8.1 enhances the ethylene-signaling pathway to feedback-attenuate its mediated cell death and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:516-531. [PMID: 32767839 PMCID: PMC7754472 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1 (RPW8.1) activates confined cell death and defense against different pathogens. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms still remain elusive. Here, we show that RPW8.1 activates ethylene signaling that, in turn, negatively regulates RPW8.1 expression. RPW8.1 binds and stabilizes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 4 (ACO4), which may in part explain increased ethylene production and signaling in RPW8.1-expressing plants. In return, ACO4 and other key components of ethylene signaling negatively regulate RPW8.1-mediated cell death and disease resistance via suppressing RPW8.1 expression. Loss of function in ACO4, EIN2, EIN3 EIL1, ERF6, ERF016 or ORA59 increases RPW8.1-mediated cell death and defense response. By contrast, overexpression of EIN3 abolishes or significantly compromises RPW8.1-mediated cell death and disease resistance. Furthermore, ERF6, ERF016 and ORA59 appear to act as trans-repressors of RPW8.1, with OAR59 being able to directly bind to the RPW8.1 promoter. Taken together, our results have revealed a feedback regulatory circuit connecting RPW8.1 and the ethylene-signaling pathway, in which RPW8.1 enhances ethylene signaling, and the latter, in return, negatively regulates RPW8.1-mediated cell death and defense response via suppressing RPW8.1 expression to attenuate its defense activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Xue Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Qin Feng
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Peng‐Qiang Liu
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Xiao‐Rong He
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Jing‐Hao Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Yong‐Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Ling‐Li Zhang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Yan‐Yan Huang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Ji‐Qun Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20850USA
| | - Wen‐Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
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11
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Li L, Habring A, Wang K, Weigel D. Atypical Resistance Protein RPW8/HR Triggers Oligomerization of the NLR Immune Receptor RPP7 and Autoimmunity. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:405-417.e6. [PMID: 32101702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In certain plant hybrids, immunity signaling is initiated when immune components interact in the absence of a pathogen trigger. In Arabidopsis thaliana, such autoimmunity and cell death are linked to variants of the NLR RPP7 and the RPW8 proteins involved in broad-spectrum resistance. We uncover the molecular basis for this autoimmunity and demonstrate that a homolog of RPW8, HR4Fei-0, can trigger the assembly of a higher-order RPP7 complex, with autoimmunity signaling as a consequence. HR4Fei-0-mediated RPP7 oligomerization occurs via the RPP7 C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and ATP-binding P-loop. RPP7 forms a higher-order complex only in the presence of HR4Fei-0 and not with the standard HR4 variant, which is distinguished from HR4Fei-0 by length variation in C-terminal repeats. Additionally, HR4Fei-0 can independently form self-oligomers, which directly kill cells in an RPP7-independent manner. Our work provides evidence for a plant resistosome complex and the mechanisms by which RPW8/HR proteins trigger cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anette Habring
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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12
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Barragan CA, Wu R, Kim ST, Xi W, Habring A, Hagmann J, Van de Weyer AL, Zaidem M, Ho WWH, Wang G, Bezrukov I, Weigel D, Chae E. RPW8/HR repeats control NLR activation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008313. [PMID: 31344025 PMCID: PMC6684095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In many plant species, conflicts between divergent elements of the immune system, especially nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR), can lead to hybrid necrosis. Here, we report deleterious allele-specific interactions between an NLR and a non-NLR gene cluster, resulting in not one, but multiple hybrid necrosis cases in Arabidopsis thaliana. The NLR cluster is RESISTANCE TO PERONOSPORA PARASITICA 7 (RPP7), which can confer strain-specific resistance to oomycetes. The non-NLR cluster is RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8 (RPW8) / HOMOLOG OF RPW8 (HR), which can confer broad-spectrum resistance to both fungi and oomycetes. RPW8/HR proteins contain at the N-terminus a potential transmembrane domain, followed by a specific coiled-coil (CC) domain that is similar to a domain found in pore-forming toxins MLKL and HET-S from mammals and fungi. C-terminal to the CC domain is a variable number of 21- or 14-amino acid repeats, reminiscent of regulatory 21-amino acid repeats in fungal HET-S. The number of repeats in different RPW8/HR proteins along with the sequence of a short C-terminal tail predicts their ability to activate immunity in combination with specific RPP7 partners. Whether a larger or smaller number of repeats is more dangerous depends on the specific RPW8/HR autoimmune risk variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A. Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wanyan Xi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anette Habring
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hagmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Van de Weyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maricris Zaidem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - William Wing Ho Ho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ilja Bezrukov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Huang YY, Zhang LL, Ma XF, Zhao ZX, Zhao JH, Zhao JQ, Fan J, Li Y, He P, Xiao S, Wang WM. Multiple intramolecular trafficking signals in RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.2 are engaged in activation of cell death and defense. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:55-70. [PMID: 30552775 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extrahaustorial membrane (EHM) is a host-derived interfacial membrane encasing the haustorium of powdery mildew fungi. Arabidopsis thaliana RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.2 (RPW8.2) is specifically targeted to the EHM via two EHM-targeting signals. Here, we demonstrate that proper coordination between the trafficking forces engaged via the EHM-targeting signals and the nuclear localization signals (NLSs), as well as the nuclear export signals (NESs), in RPW8.2 is critical for the activation of cell death and defense. We show that in the absence of pathogens, RPW8.2 is partitioned between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and turned over via both the 26S proteasome- and the vacuole-dependent pathways. Enhanced cytoplasmic localization of RPW8.2 by tagging it with a NES led to lethal cell death. By contrast, enhanced nuclear localization of RPW8.2 by adding an NLS to it resulted in resistance to powdery mildew. Whereas expression of the NES-containing C-terminal domain of RPW8.2 in the cytoplasm is sufficient to trigger cell death, no such cell death-inducing activity is found with RPW8.2 variants that contain the two EHM-targeting signals along with the NES-containing C-terminal domain. In addition, we present evidence for the involvement of a leaf senescence pathway in RPW8.2-mediated cell death and defense. Taken together, our data suggest that RPW8.2 is subject to adjustment by distinct and perhaps coordinated mechanisms for its localization and function via interaction with the multiple intramolecular trafficking signals, which should provide further insights into RPW8.2-activated, EHM-focused resistance against powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Huang
- Center for Crop Disease and Insect Pests, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ling-Li Zhang
- Center for Crop Disease and Insect Pests, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xian-Feng Ma
- Center for Crop Disease and Insect Pests, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- Center for Crop Disease and Insect Pests, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- Center for Crop Disease and Insect Pests, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ji-Qun Zhao
- Center for Crop Disease and Insect Pests, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Center for Crop Disease and Insect Pests, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Crop Disease and Insect Pests, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Center for Crop Disease and Insect Pests, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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14
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Wang T, Cao X, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Xu Y, Xiao Z, Li J, Fan J, Yang H, Huang F, Xiao S, Wang W. RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1 boosts pattern-triggered immunity against multiple pathogens in Arabidopsis and rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16. [PMID: 28640974 PMCID: PMC5787827 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis gene RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1 (RPW8.1) confers resistance to virulent fungal and oomycete pathogens that cause powdery mildew and downy mildew, respectively. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that ectopic expression of RPW8.1 boosts pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) resulting in enhanced resistance against different pathogens in both Arabidopsis and rice. In Arabidopsis, transcriptome analysis revealed that ectopic expression of RPW8.1-YFP constitutively up-regulates expression of many pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP-)-inducible genes. Consistently, upon PAMP application, the transgenic line expressing RPW8.1-YFP exhibited more pronounced PTI responses such as callose deposition, production of reactive oxygen species, expression of defence-related genes and hypersensitive response-like cell death. Accordingly, the growth of a virulent bacterial pathogen was significantly inhibited in the transgenic lines expressing RPW8.1-YFP. Conversely, impairment of the PTI signalling pathway from PAMP cognition to the immediate downstream relay of phosphorylation abolished or significantly compromised RPW8.1-boosted PTI responses. In rice, heterologous expression of RPW8.1-YFP also led to enhanced resistance to the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Taken together, our data suggest a surprising mechanistic connection between RPW8.1 function and PTI, and demonstrate the potential of RPW8.1 as a transgene for engineering disease resistance across wide taxonomic lineages of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River BasinSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yong Zhang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qing‐Xia Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ting‐Ting Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiao‐Long Cao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhi‐Xue Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Sheng‐Li Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yong‐Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhi‐Yuan Xiao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jin‐Lu Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River BasinSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Agronomy and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Fu Huang
- College of Agronomy and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchDepartment of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Wen‐Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River BasinSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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15
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Xu YJ, Lei Y, Li R, Zhang LL, Zhao ZX, Zhao JH, Fan J, Li Y, Yang H, Shang J, Xiao S, Wang WM. XAP5 CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPER Positively Regulates RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1-Mediated Immunity in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2044. [PMID: 29250093 PMCID: PMC5714888 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of the Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1 (RPW8.1) boosts pattern-triggered immunity leading to enhanced resistance to different pathogens in Arabidopsis and rice. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism remains largely elusive. Here, we report that XAP5 CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPER (XCT, At2g21150) positively regulates RPW8.1-mediated cell death and disease resistance. Forward genetic screen identified the b3-17 mutant that exhibited less cell death and susceptibility to powdery mildew and bacterial pathogens. Map-based cloning identified a G-to-A point mutation at the 3' splice site of the 8th intron, which resulted in splice shift to 8-bp down-stream of the original splice site of XCT in b3-17, and introduced into a stop codon after two codons leading to a truncated XCT. XCT has previously been identified as a circadian clock gene required for small RNA biogenesis and acting down-stream of ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) in the ethylene-signaling pathway. Here we further showed that mutation or down-regulation of XCT by artificial microRNA reduced RPW8.1-mediated immunity in R1Y4, a transgenic line expressing RPW8.1-YFP from the RPW8.1 native promoter. On the contrary, overexpression of XCT in R1Y4 background enhanced RPW8.1-mediated cell death, H2O2 production and resistance against powdery mildew. Consistently, the expression of RPW8.1 was down- and up-regulated in xct mutant and XCT overexpression lines, respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that XCT positively regulates RPW8.1-mediated cell death and disease resistance, and provide new insight into the regulatory mechanism of RPW8.1-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Li
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Li Zhang
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Li Q, Li J, Sun JL, Ma XF, Wang TT, Berkey R, Yang H, Niu YZ, Fan J, Li Y, Xiao S, Wang WM. Multiple Evolutionary Events Involved in Maintaining Homologs of Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8 in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1065. [PMID: 27493652 PMCID: PMC4955382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8 (RPW8) locus confers broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew in Arabidopsis thaliana. There are four Homologous to RPW8s (BrHRs) in Brassica rapa and three in Brassica oleracea (BoHRs). Brassica napus (Bn) is derived from diploidization of a hybrid between B. rapa and B. oleracea, thus should have seven homologs of RPW8 (BnHRs). It is unclear whether these genes are still maintained or lost in B. napus after diploidization and how they might have been evolved. Here, we reported the identification and sequence polymorphisms of BnHRs from a set of B. napus accessions. Our data indicated that while the BoHR copy from B. oleracea is highly conserved, the BrHR copy from B. rapa is relatively variable in the B. napus genome owing to multiple evolutionary events, such as gene loss, point mutation, insertion, deletion, and intragenic recombination. Given the overall high sequence homology of BnHR genes, it is not surprising that both intragenic recombination between two orthologs and two paralogs were detected in B. napus, which may explain the loss of BoHR genes in some B. napus accessions. When ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis, a C-terminally truncated version of BnHRa and BnHRb, as well as the full length BnHRd fused with YFP at their C-termini could trigger cell death in the absence of pathogens and enhanced resistance to powdery mildew disease. Moreover, subcellular localization analysis showed that both BnHRa-YFP and BnHRb-YFP were mainly localized to the extra-haustorial membrane encasing the haustorium of powdery mildew. Taken together, our data suggest that the duplicated BnHR genes might have been subjected to differential selection and at least some may play a role in defense and could serve as resistance resource in engineering disease-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
| | - Jin-Long Sun
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
| | - Xian-Feng Ma
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, College ParkMD, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
| | - Robert Berkey
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, College ParkMD, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
| | - Ying-Ze Niu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, College ParkMD, USA
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University at WenjiangChengdu, China
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17
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Kuhn H, Kwaaitaal M, Kusch S, Acevedo-Garcia J, Wu H, Panstruga R. Biotrophy at Its Best: Novel Findings and Unsolved Mysteries of the Arabidopsis-Powdery Mildew Pathosystem. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2016; 14:e0184. [PMID: 27489521 PMCID: PMC4957506 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted in plant-microbe interactions research that disease is the exception rather than a common outcome of pathogen attack. However, in nature, plants with symptoms that signify colonization by obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungi are omnipresent. The pervasiveness of the disease and the fact that many economically important plants are prone to infection by powdery mildew fungi drives research on this interaction. The competence of powdery mildew fungi to establish and maintain true biotrophic relationships renders the interaction a paramount example of a pathogenic plant-microbe biotrophy. However, molecular details underlying the interaction are in many respects still a mystery. Since its introduction in 1990, the Arabidopsis-powdery mildew pathosystem has become a popular model to study molecular processes governing powdery mildew infection. Due to the many advantages that the host Arabidopsis offers in terms of molecular and genetic tools this pathosystem has great capacity to answer some of the questions of how biotrophic pathogens overcome plant defense and establish a persistent interaction that nourishes the invader while in parallel maintaining viability of the plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kuhn
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant
Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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18
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Sekhwal MK, Li P, Lam I, Wang X, Cloutier S, You FM. Disease Resistance Gene Analogs (RGAs) in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19248-90. [PMID: 26287177 PMCID: PMC4581296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed effective mechanisms to recognize and respond to infections caused by pathogens. Plant resistance gene analogs (RGAs), as resistance (R) gene candidates, have conserved domains and motifs that play specific roles in pathogens' resistance. Well-known RGAs are nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeats, receptor like kinases, and receptor like proteins. Others include pentatricopeptide repeats and apoplastic peroxidases. RGAs can be detected using bioinformatics tools based on their conserved structural features. Thousands of RGAs have been identified from sequenced plant genomes. High-density genome-wide RGA genetic maps are useful for designing diagnostic markers and identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) or markers associated with plant disease resistance. This review focuses on recent advances in structures and mechanisms of RGAs, and their identification from sequenced genomes using bioinformatics tools. Applications in enhancing fine mapping and cloning of plant disease resistance genes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Sekhwal
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
| | - Pingchuan Li
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
| | - Irene Lam
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
| | - Xiue Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Frank M You
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
- Plant Science Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada.
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Zhang Q, Berkey R, Pan Z, Wang W, Zhang Y, Ma X, King H, Xiao S. Dominant negative RPW8.2 fusion proteins reveal the importance of haustorium-oriented protein trafficking for resistance against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e989766. [PMID: 25830634 PMCID: PMC4623256 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.989766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi form feeding structures called haustoria inside epidermal cells of host plants to extract photosynthates for their epiphytic growth and reproduction. The haustorium is encased by an interfacial membrane termed the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM). The atypical resistance protein RPW8.2 from Arabidopsis is specifically targeted to the EHM where RPW8.2 activates haustorium-targeted (thus broad-spectrum) resistance against powdery mildew fungi. EHM-specific localization of RPW8.2 suggests the existence of an EHM-oriented protein/membrane trafficking pathway during EHM biogenesis. However, the importance of this specific trafficking pathway for host defense has not been evaluated via a genetic approach without affecting other trafficking pathways. Here, we report that expression of EHM-oriented, nonfunctional RPW8.2 chimeric proteins exerts dominant negative effect over functional RPW8.2 and potentially over other EHM-localized defense proteins, thereby compromising both RPW8.2-mediated and basal resistance to powdery mildew. Thus, our results highlight the importance of the EHM-oriented protein/membrane trafficking pathway for host resistance against haustorium-forming pathogens such as powdery mildew fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Robert Berkey
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology; College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Rice Research Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Xianfeng Ma
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
- Rice Research Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu, China
| | - Harlan King
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture; University of Maryland; College Park, MD USA
- Correspondence to: Shunyuan Xiao;
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