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Yuan K, He Q, Hu Y, Feng C, Wang X, Liu H, Wang Z. Integrated physiology, transcriptome and proteome analyses highlight the potential roles of multiple hormone-mediated signaling pathways involved in tapping panel dryness in rubber tree. Plant Sci 2024; 341:112011. [PMID: 38311252 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Currently, one of the most serious threats to rubber tree is the tapping panel dryness (TPD) that greatly restricts natural rubber production. Over-tapping or excessive ethephon stimulation is regarded as the main cause of TPD occurrence. Although extensive studies have been carried out, the molecular mechanism underlying TPD remains puzzled. An attempt was made to compare the levels of endogenous hormones and the profiles of transcriptome and proteome between healthy and TPD trees. Results showed that most of endogenous hormones such as jasmonic acid (JA), 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), trans-zeatin (tZ) and salicylic acid (SA) in the barks were significantly altered in TPD-affected rubber trees. Accordingly, multiple hormone-mediated signaling pathways were changed. In total, 731 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 671 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, of which 80 DEGs were identified as putative transcription factors (TFs). Further analysis revealed that 12 DEGs and five DEPs regulated plant hormone synthesis, and that 16 DEGs and six DEPs were involved in plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Nine DEGs and four DEPs participated in rubber biosynthesis and most DEGs and all the four DEPs were repressed in TPD trees. All these results highlight the potential roles of endogenous hormones, signaling pathways mediated by these hormones and rubber biosynthesis pathway in the defense response of rubber trees to TPD. The present study extends our understanding of the nature and mechanism underlying TPD and provides some candidate genes and proteins related to TPD for further research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yuan
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Qiguang He
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Yiyu Hu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Chengtian Feng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Xihao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China.
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China.
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2
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Prakash T, Yadav SR, Bürger M, Jendrossek D. Cleavage of natural rubber by rubber oxygenases in Gram-negative bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:191. [PMID: 38305904 PMCID: PMC10837239 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial degradation of natural rubber (NR) in an oxic environment is initiated by oxidative cleavage of double bonds in the NR-carbon backbone and is catalyzed by extracellular haem-containing rubber oxygenases. NR-cleavage products of sufficiently low molecular mass are taken up by the cells and metabolized for energy and biomass formation. Gram-negative and Gram-positive NR-degrading bacteria (usually) employ different types of rubber oxygenases such as RoxA and/or RoxB (most Gram-negative NR-degraders) or latex clearing protein Lcp (most Gram-positive NR-degraders). In order to find novel orthologues of Rox proteins, we have revisited databases and provide an update of Rox-like proteins. We describe the putative evolution of rubber oxygenases and confirm the presence of a third subgroup of Rox-related proteins (RoxCs), the biological function of which remains, however, unclear. We summarize the knowledge on the taxonomic position of Steroidobacter cummioxidans 35Y and related species. Comparison of genomic and biochemical features of strain 35Y with other species of the genus Steroidobacter suggests that strain 35Y represents a species of a novel genus for which the designation Aurantibaculum gen. nov. is proposed. A short summary on the capabilities of NR-degrading consortia, that could be superior in biotechnological applications compared to pure cultures, is also provided. KEY POINTS: • Three types of rubber oxygenases exist predominantly in Gram-negative microbes • S. cummioxidans 35Y contains RoxA and RoxB which are superior in activity • S. cummioxidans 35Y represents a species of a novel genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Prakash
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi, HP, 175005 , India.
| | - Sandhya R Yadav
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi, HP, 175005 , India
| | - Marius Bürger
- Institute of Microbiology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Boutoub O, Jadhav S, Zheng X, El Ghadraoui L, Al Babili S, Fernie AR, Figueiredo AC, Miguel MG, Borghi M. Biochemical characterization of Euphorbia resinifera floral cyathia. J Plant Physiol 2024; 293:154184. [PMID: 38295538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg is a plant endemic to the Northern and Central regions of Morocco known since the ancient Roman and Greek times for secreting a poisonous latex containing resiniferatoxin. However, E. resinifera pseudo-inflorescences called cyathia are devoid of laticifers and, therefore, do not secrete latex. Instead, they exudate nectar that local honey bees collect and craft into honey. Honey and cyathium water extracts find a broad range of applications in the traditional medicine of Northern Africa as ointments and water decoctions. Moreover, E. resinifera monofloral honey has received the Protected Geographic Indication certification for its outstanding qualities. Given the relevance of E. resinifera cyathia for bee nutrition, honey production, and the health benefit of cyathium-derived products, this study aimed to screen metabolites synthesized and accumulated in its pseudo-inflorescences. Our analyses revealed that E. resinifera cyathia accumulate primary metabolites in considerable abundance, including hexoses, amino acids and vitamins that honey bees may collect from nectar and craft into honey. Cyathia also synthesize volatile organic compounds of the class of benzenoids and terpenes, which are emitted by flowers pollinated by honey bees and bumblebees. Many specialized metabolites, including carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyamines, were also detected, which, while protecting the reproductive organs against abiotic stresses, also confer antioxidant properties to water decoctions. In conclusion, our analyses revealed that E. resinifera cyathia are a great source of antioxidant molecules and a good food source for the local foraging honeybees, revealing the central role of the flowers from this species in mediating interactions with local pollinators and the conferral of medicinal properties to plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaima Boutoub
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321-5305, USA; Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, BP 2202, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Fez, 20000, Morocco
| | - Sagar Jadhav
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321-5305, USA
| | - Xiongjie Zheng
- The Bioactives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullahuniversity of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lahsen El Ghadraoui
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, BP 2202, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Fez, 20000, Morocco
| | - Salim Al Babili
- The Bioactives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullahuniversity of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Ana Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Lisboa (CESAM Ciências), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Biotecnologia Vegetal (BV), DBV, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Graça Miguel
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Monica Borghi
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321-5305, USA.
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Yue Y, Wang X, Xia Z, Deng Z, Wang D, Li Y, Yin H, Li D. Bark transcriptome analyses reveals molecular mechanisms involved in tapping panel dryness occurrence and development in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Gene 2024; 892:147894. [PMID: 37832804 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Tapping panel dryness (TPD) has become the mostimportant limiting factor for increasing natural rubber yield, whereas illuminating the molecular mechanisms underlying TPD is the prerequisite for solving the problem of TPD. However, molecular mechanisms underlying TPD are largely unknown. In this study, healthy and different stages of TPD-affected rubber trees were utilized to analyze TPD for the first time. We found that the changing tendencies of key latex physiological parameters were closely related to TPD occurrence and development. To reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying TPD, we sequenced and compared bark transcriptomes among healthy rubber tree, and TPD-affected ones at initial and advanced stages. In total, 8607 genes were identified as TPD-related genes in contrast to healthy rubber tree. According to gene expression profiles, the five samples were divided into three groups including healthy rubber tree, and TPD-affected rubber tree in the initial and advanced stages, which was consistent with the stages of TPD occurrence and development. Interestingly, only asmall proportionof the TPD-related genes were constantly down- or up-regulated with TPD occurrence and development. The TPD-related genes in KEGG pathways significantly enriched were closely associated with protein metabolism, cell division and differentiation, PCD, stress responses, terpene biosynthesis, and various metabolism processes. Moreover, overexpression of HbAPX2 identified as a TPD-related gene enhanced oxidative stress tolerance in S. cerevisiae. The typical symptoms of TPD, partial or complete dry zone (no latex flow) on tapping panel, might attribute to lower IPP available for rubber biosynthesis, and downregulation of the genes in post-IPP steps of rubber biosynthesis and the genes involved in latex flow. Our results not only provide new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying TPD occurrence and development but also contribute to developing effective measures to control TPD in rubber trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China; College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Xuncheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Zhihui Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Zhi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China.
| | - Difei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China; College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Yao Li
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Han Yin
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Dejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China.
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Longsaward R, Viboonjun U. Genome-wide identification of rubber tree pathogenesis-related 10 (PR-10) proteins with biological relevance to plant defense. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1072. [PMID: 38212354 PMCID: PMC10784482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related 10 (PR-10) is a group of small intracellular proteins that is one of 17 subclasses of pathogenesis-related proteins in plants. The PR-10 proteins have been studied extensively and are well-recognized for their contribution to host defense against phytopathogens in several plant species. Interestingly, the accumulation of PR-10 proteins in the rubber tree, one of the most economically important crops worldwide, after being infected by pathogenic organisms has only recently been reported. In this study, the homologous proteins of the PR-10 family were systemically identified from the recently available rubber tree genomes in the NCBI database. The sequence compositions, structural characteristics, protein physical properties, and phylogenetic relationships of identified PR-10 proteins in rubber trees support their classification into subgroups, which mainly consist of Pru ar 1-like major allergens and major latex-like (MLP) proteins. The rubber tree PR10-encoding genes were majorly clustered on chromosome 15. The potential roles of rubber tree PR-10 proteins are discussed based on previous reports. The homologous proteins in the PR-10 family were identified in the recent genomes of rubber trees and were shown to be crucial in host responses to biotic challenges. The genome-wide identification conducted here will accelerate the future study of rubber tree PR-10 proteins. A better understanding of these defense-related proteins may contribute to alternative ways of developing rubber tree clones with desirable traits in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawit Longsaward
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Unchera Viboonjun
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Takashima T, Komori N, Uechi K, Taira T. Characterization of an antifungal β-1,3-glucanase from Ficus microcarpa latex and comparison of plant and bacterial β-1,3-glucanases for fungal cell wall β-glucan degradation. Planta 2023; 258:116. [PMID: 37946063 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Each β-1,3-glucanase with antifungal activity or yeast lytic activity hydrolyzes different structures of β-1,3-glucans in the fungal cell wall, respectively. Plants express several glycoside hydrolases that target chitin and β-glucan in fungal cell walls and inhibit pathogenic fungal infection. An antifungal β-1,3-glucanase was purified from gazyumaru (Ficus microcarpa) latex, designated as GlxGluA, and the corresponding gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The sequence shows that GlxGluA belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 17 (GH17). To investigate how GlxGluA acts to degrade fungal cell wall β-glucan, it was compared with β-1,3-glucanase with different substrate specificities. We obtained recombinant β-1,3-glucanase (designated as CcGluA), which belongs to GH64, from the bacterium Cellulosimicrobium cellulans. GlxGluA inhibited the growth of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma viride but was unable to lyse the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast, CcGluA lysed yeast cells but had a negligible inhibitory effect on the growth of filamentous fungi. GlxGluA degraded the cell wall of T. viride better than CcGluA, whereas CcGluA degraded the cell wall of S. cerevisiae more efficiently than GlxGluA. These results suggest that the target substrates in fungal cell walls differ between GlxGluA (GH17 class I β-1,3-glucanase) and CcGluA (GH64 β-1,3-glucanase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takashima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Nao Komori
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Keiko Uechi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan.
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Liu Q, Qin B, Zhang D, Liang X, Yang Y, Wang L, Wang M, Zhang Y. Identification and Characterization of the HbPP2C Gene Family and Its Expression in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Rubber Tree. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16061. [PMID: 38003251 PMCID: PMC10671201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant PP2C genes are crucial for various biological processes. To elucidate the potential functions of these genes in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), we conducted a comprehensive analysis of these genes using bioinformatics methods. The 60 members of the PP2C family in rubber tree were identified and categorized into 13 subfamilies. The PP2C proteins were conserved across different plant species. The results revealed that the HbPP2C genes contained multiple elements responsive to phytohormones and stresses in their promoters, suggesting their involvement in these pathways. Expression analysis indicated that 40 HbPP2C genes exhibited the highest expression levels in branches and the lowest expression in latex. Additionally, the expression of A subfamily members significantly increased in response to abscisic acid, drought, and glyphosate treatments, whereas the expression of A, B, D, and F1 subfamily members notably increased under temperature stress conditions. Furthermore, the expression of A and F1 subfamily members was significantly upregulated upon powdery mildew infection, with the expression of the HbPP2C6 gene displaying a remarkable 33-fold increase. These findings suggest that different HbPP2C subgroups may have distinct roles in the regulation of phytohormones and the response to abiotic and biotic stresses in rubber tree. This study provides a valuable reference for further investigations into the functions of the HbPP2C gene family in rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Liu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.L.); (D.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Bi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (B.Q.); (L.W.)
- Danzhou Investigation & Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Danzhou 571737, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.L.); (D.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.L.); (D.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ye Yang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.L.); (D.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (B.Q.); (L.W.)
- Danzhou Investigation & Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Danzhou 571737, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.L.); (D.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.L.); (D.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
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Wadeesirisak K, Castano S, Vaysse L, Bonfils F, Peruch F, Rattanaporn K, Liengprayoon S, Lecomte S, Bottier C. Interactions of REF1 and SRPP1 rubber particle proteins from Hevea brasiliensis with synthetic phospholipids: Effect of charge and size of lipid headgroup. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 679:205-214. [PMID: 37708579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
According to the fatty acid and headgroup compositions of the phospholipids (PL) from Hevea brasiliensis latex, three synthetic PL were selected (i.e. POPA: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate POPC: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and POPG: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol) to investigate the effect of PL headgroup on the interactions with two major proteins of Hevea latex, i.e. Rubber Elongation Factor (REF1) and Small Rubber Particle Protein (SRPP1). Protein/lipid interactions were screened using two models (lipid vesicles in solution or lipid monolayers at air/liquid interface). Calcein leakage, surface pressure, ellipsometry, microscopy and spectroscopy revealed that both REF1 and SRPP1 displayed stronger interactions with anionic POPA and POPG, as compared to zwitterionic POPC. A particular behavior of REF1 was observed when interacting with POPA monolayers (i.e. aggregation + modification of secondary structure from α-helices to β-sheets, characteristic of its amyloid aggregated form), which might be involved in the irreversible coagulation mechanism of Hevea rubber particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanthida Wadeesirisak
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sabine Castano
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR5248, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Laurent Vaysse
- CIRAD, UPR BioWooEB, F-34398, Montpellier, France; BioWooEB, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Bonfils
- CIRAD, UPR BioWooEB, F-34398, Montpellier, France; BioWooEB, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Peruch
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Kittipong Rattanaporn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriluck Liengprayoon
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sophie Lecomte
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR5248, F-33600, Pessac, France.
| | - Céline Bottier
- CIRAD, UPR BioWooEB, F-34398, Montpellier, France; BioWooEB, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
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9
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Sun Z, Meng L, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Cheng B, Liang Y. Genome-Wide Evolutionary Characterization and Expression Analysis of Major Latex Protein (MLP) Family Genes in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15005. [PMID: 37834453 PMCID: PMC10573222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Major latex proteins (MLPs) play a key role in plant response to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, little is known about this gene family in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). In this paper, we perform a genome-wide evolutionary characterization and gene expression analysis of the MLP family in tomatoes. We found a total of 34 SlMLP members in the tomato genome, which are heterogeneously distributed on eight chromosomes. The phylogenetic analysis of the SlMLP family unveiled their evolutionary relationships and possible functions. Furthermore, the tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that the tomato MLP members possess distinct biological functions. Crucially, multiple cis-regulatory elements associated with stress, hormone, light, and growth responses were identified in the promoter regions of these SlMLP genes, suggesting that SlMLPs are potentially involved in plant growth, development, and various stress responses. Subcellular localization demonstrated that SlMLP1, SlMLP3, and SlMLP17 are localized in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, these findings lay a foundation for further dissecting the functions of tomato SlMLP genes and exploring the evolutionary relationships of MLP homologs in different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Liang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.S.); (L.M.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.C.)
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10
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Hong Dao NP, Nguyen TH, Watari T, Hatamoto M, Tan NM, Huong NL, Yamaguchi T. Investigate the anaerobic degradation of high-acetone latex wastewater with magnetite supplement. Chemosphere 2023; 339:139626. [PMID: 37487980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of acetone on the anaerobic degradation of synthetic latex wastewater, which was simulated from the wastewater of the deproteinized natural rubber production process, including latex, acetate, propionate, and acetone as the main carbon sources, at a batch scale in 5 cycles of a total of 60 days. Fe3O4 was applied to accelerate the treatment performance from cycle 3. Acetone was added in concentration ranges of 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%-included latex, and 0.15%-free latex (w/v). In the Fe3O4-free cycles, for latex-added vials, soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) was removed at 43.20%, 43.20%, and 12.65%, corresponding to the input acetone concentrations varying from 0.05% to 0.15%, indicating the interference of acetone for COD reduction. After adding Fe3O4, all flasks reported a significant increase in COD removal efficiency, especially for acetone-only and latex-only vials, from 36.9% to 14.30%-42.95% and 83.20%, respectively. Other highlighted results of COD balance showed that Fe3O4 involvement improved the degradation process of acetate, propionate, acetone, and the other COD parts, including the intermediate products of latex reduction. Besides, during the whole batch process, the order of reduction priority of the carbon sources in the synthetic wastewater was acetate, propionate and acetone. We also found that the acetate concentration appeared to be strongly related to reducing other carbon sources in natural rubber wastewater. Microbial community analysis revealed that protein-degrading bacteria Bacteroidetes vadinHA17 and Proteinniphilum and methylotrophic methanogens might play key roles in treating simulated deproteinized-natural-rubber wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Pham Hong Dao
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Thu Huong Nguyen
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan; School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 11600, Viet Nam.
| | - Masashi Hatamoto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tan
- Institute for R&D of Natural Products, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 11600, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Lan Huong
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 11600, Viet Nam
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan; School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 11600, Viet Nam
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11
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Cheng H, Song X, Hu Y, Wu T, Yang Q, An Z, Feng S, Deng Z, Wu W, Zeng X, Tu M, Wang X, Huang H. Chromosome-level wild Hevea brasiliensis genome provides new tools for genomic-assisted breeding and valuable loci to elevate rubber yield. Plant Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1058-1072. [PMID: 36710373 PMCID: PMC10106855 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is grown in tropical regions and is the major source of natural rubber. Using traditional breeding approaches, the latex yield has increased by sixfold in the last century. However, the underlying genetic basis of rubber yield improvement is largely unknown. Here, we present a high-quality, chromosome-level genome sequence of the wild rubber tree, the first report on selection signatures and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of its yield traits. Population genomic analysis revealed a moderate population divergence between the Wickham clones and wild accessions. Interestingly, it is suggestive that H. brasiliensis and six relatives of the Hevea genus might belong to the same species. The selective sweep analysis found 361 obvious signatures in the domesticated clones associated with 245 genes. In a 15-year field trial, GWAS identified 155 marker-trait associations with latex yield, in which 326 candidate genes were found. Notably, six genes related to sugar transport and metabolism, and four genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and signalling are associated with latex yield. The homozygote frequencies of the causal nonsynonymous SNPs have been greatly increased under selection, which may have contributed to the fast latex yield improvement during the short domestication history. Our study provides insights into the genetic basis of the latex yield trait and has implications for genomic-assisted breeding by offering valuable resources in this new domesticated crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cheng
- Rubber Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural ScienceHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber TreeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHaikouChina
| | - Xiaoming Song
- School of Life Sciences/Center for Genomics and Bio‐computingNorth China University of Science and TechnologyTangshanHebeiChina
| | - Yanshi Hu
- Rubber Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural ScienceHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber TreeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHaikouChina
| | - Tingkai Wu
- Rubber Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural ScienceHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber TreeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHaikouChina
| | - Qihang Yang
- School of Life Sciences/Center for Genomics and Bio‐computingNorth China University of Science and TechnologyTangshanHebeiChina
| | - Zewei An
- Rubber Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural ScienceHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber TreeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHaikouChina
| | - Shuyan Feng
- School of Life Sciences/Center for Genomics and Bio‐computingNorth China University of Science and TechnologyTangshanHebeiChina
| | - Zhi Deng
- Rubber Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural ScienceHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber TreeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHaikouChina
| | - Wenguan Wu
- Rubber Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural ScienceHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber TreeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHaikouChina
| | - Xia Zeng
- Rubber Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural ScienceHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber TreeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHaikouChina
| | - Min Tu
- Rubber Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural ScienceHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber TreeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHaikouChina
| | - Xiyin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber TreeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHaikouChina
| | - Huasun Huang
- Rubber Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural ScienceHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber TreeMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHaikouChina
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12
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Liu H, Du B, Ma X, Wang Y, Cheng N, Zhang Y. Overexpression of major latex protein 423 (NtMLP423) enhances the chilling stress tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum. Plant Sci 2023; 329:111604. [PMID: 36709884 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chilling stress impedes plant growth and hinders crop development and productivity. In this study, we identified the major latex protein (MLP) in tobacco (NtMLP423) and examined its roles in chilling resistance. NtMLP423 expression was considerably upregulated in response to chilling stress. NtMLP423 function was assessed and compared in plants with overexpression and antisense characteristics. Under chilling stress, plants with overexpression characteristics grew better than wild-type and antisense plants. NtMLP423 overexpression reduced membrane lipid damage, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under chilling stress. Here, we screened for the first time the upstream transcription factor NtMYB108, which regulates NtMLP423 expression under chilling stress. The NtMYB108 transcription factor directly binds to the NtMLP423 promoter and improves NtMLP423 resistance to chilling stress. Subjecting NtMYB018 to virus-induced gene silencing reduced chilling stress tolerance. Overall, NtMLP423 overexpression enhances chilling stress tolerance, while its suppression has the opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China; Linyi University, Linyi 276005, Shandong, PR China
| | - Bingyang Du
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaocen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Nini Cheng
- Linyi University, Linyi 276005, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Yuanhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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Salomé BMC, Santos AF, Ribeiro LM, de Azevedo IFP, Mercadante-Simões MO. Anastomosing laticifer in the primary and secondary structures of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton (Apocynaceae) stems. Protoplasma 2023; 260:497-508. [PMID: 35804192 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the development and distribution of laticifer (latex secretory structure) will be important for the production of both rubber and medicines and will support studies on plant adaptations to their environments. We characterize here and describe the ontogenesis of the laticifer sytem in Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae), an invasive subshrub species in arid landscapes. Anatomical and histochemical evaluations of the primary and secondary structures of the stem were carried out on a monthly basis during a full year, with ultrastructural evaluations of laticifer on the stem apex during the rainy season. In the primary structure, laticifer differentiate early from procambium and ground meristem cells of the cortex and medulla and become concentrated adjacent to the external and internal phloem of the bicollateral bundles. In the secondary structure, laticifer differentiates from fusiform derivative cells of the phloem close to the sieve-tube elements. The laticifer is of the articulated, anastomosing, branched type, and it originates from precursor cells that loose the transversal and longitudinal walls by dissolution. Latex is a mixture of terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, mucilage, and proteins. The apical meristem and vascular cambium where the laticifer system begins its development are active throughout the year, including during the dry season. The vascular cambium produces phloem with laticifer precursor cells during the rainy season, with high temperatures and long days. The ability of C. procera to grow under water deficit conditions and produce laticifer throughout the year contribute to its wide distribution in arid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariadna Freitas Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, 39401-089, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Monteiro Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, 39401-089, Brasil
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14
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Kang Y, Tong J, Liu W, Jiang Z, Pan G, Ning X, Yang X, Zhong M. Comprehensive Analysis of Major Latex-Like Protein Family Genes in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) and Their Potential Roles in Phytophthora Blight Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010784. [PMID: 36614226 PMCID: PMC9821209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Major latex-like proteins (MLPs) play crucial roles in abiotic and biotic stresses. However, little was known about this gene family in cucumbers. In this study, a total of 37 putative cucumber MLP genes were identified on a genome-wide level and classified into three groups by sequence homologous comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana. Chromosome mapping suggested that only tandem duplication occurred in evolution. The multiple regulatory cis-elements related to stress, hormone, light and growth response were found in the promoter region of these CsMLP genes, indicating that CsMLPs might be widely involved in the process of plant growth, development and various stress conditions. Transcriptome analysis indicated a strong reprogramming of MLPs expression in response to Phytophthora melonis infection in cucumber. Knockdown of CsMLP1 reduced the P. melonis tolerance, while transient overexpression of CsMLP1 improved disease tolerance in cucumber. Conversely, the silence of CsMLP5 decreased the lesion area caused by P. melonis in the cotyledons, and overexpression of CsMLP5 promoted lesion expansion. Taken together, our results provide a comprehensive basis for further mining the function of CsMLP members and will also be significant for elucidating the evolutionary relationship in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xian Yang
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +86-20-85286903 (X.Y.)
| | - Min Zhong
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +86-20-85286903 (X.Y.)
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15
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Sui J, Xiao X, Yang J, Fan Y, Zhu S, Zhu J, Zhou B, Yu F, Tang C. The rubber tree RALF peptide hormone and its receptor protein kinase FER implicates in rubber production. Plant Sci 2023; 326:111510. [PMID: 36341879 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTORs (RALFs), which are secreted peptides serving as extracellular signals transduced to the inside of the cell, interact with the receptor-like kinase FERONIA (FER) and participates in various biological pathways. Here, we identified 23 RALF and 2 FER genes in Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber tree), and characterized their expression patterns in different tissues, across the process of leaf development, and in response to the rubber yield-stimulating treatments of tapping and ethylene. Four Hevea latex (the cytoplasm of rubber-producing laticifers)-abundant RALF isoforms, HbRALF19, HbRALF3, HbRALF22, and HbRALF16 were listed with descending expression levels. Of the four HbRALFs, expressions of HbRALF3 were markedly regulated in an opposite way by the treatments of tapping (depression) and ethylene (stimulation). All of the four latex-abundant RALFs specifically interacted with the extracellular domain of HbFER1. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing these HbRALFs displayed phenotypes similar to those reported for AtRALFs, such as shorter roots, smaller plant architecture, and delayed flowering. The application of HbRALF3 and HbRALF19 recombinant proteins significantly reduced the pH of Hevea latex, an important factor regulating latex metabolism. An in vitro rubber biosynthesis assay in a mixture of latex cytosol (C-serum) revealed a positive role of HbFER1 in rubber biosynthesis. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the participation of the HbRALF-FER module in rubber production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Sui
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; Scientific Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Xiaohu Xiao
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jianghua Yang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yujie Fan
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Sirui Zhu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jinheng Zhu
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Binhui Zhou
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Chaorong Tang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Li X, He Q, Liu Y, Xu X, Xie Q, Li Z, Lin C, Liu W, Chen D, Li X, Miao W. Ectopic Expression of HbRPW8-a from Hevea brasiliensis Improves Arabidopsis thaliana Resistance to Powdery Mildew Fungi (Erysiphe cichoracearum UCSC1). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012588. [PMID: 36293447 PMCID: PMC9603905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The RPW8s (Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8) are atypical broad-spectrum resistance genes that provide resistance to the powdery mildew fungi. Powdery mildew of rubber tree is one of the serious fungal diseases that affect tree growth and latex production. However, the RPW8 homologs in rubber tree and their role of resistance to powdery mildew remain unclear. In this study, four RPW8 genes, HbRPW8-a, b, c, d, were identified in rubber tree, and phylogenetic analysis showed that HbRPW8-a was clustered with AtRPW8.1 and AtRPW8.2 of Arabidopsis. The HbRPW8-a protein was localized on the plasma membrane and its expression in rubber tree was significantly induced upon powdery mildew infection. Transient expression of HbRPW8-a in tobacco leaves induced plant immune responses, including the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the deposition of callose in plant cells, which was similar to that induced by AtRPW8.2. Consistently, overexpression of HbRPW8-a in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum UCSC1 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC30000 (PstDC3000). Moreover, such HbRPW8-a mediated resistance to powdery mildew was in a salicylic acid (SA) dependent manner. Taken together, we demonstrated a new RPW8 member in rubber tree, HbRPW8-a, which could potentially contribute the resistance to powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qiguang He
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinze Xu
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qingbiao Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Daipeng Chen
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- School of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence:
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Nakano Y, Mitsuda N, Ide K, Mori T, Mira FR, Rosmalawati S, Watanabe N, Suzuki K. Transcriptome analysis of Pará rubber tree (H. brasiliensis) seedlings under ethylene stimulation. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:420. [PMID: 34517831 PMCID: PMC8436496 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyioprene, NR) is an indispensable industrial raw material obtained from the Pará rubber tree (H. brasiliensis). Natural rubber cannot be replaced by synthetic rubber compounds because of the superior resilience, elasticity, abrasion resistance, efficient heat dispersion, and impact resistance of NR. In NR production, latex is harvested by periodical tapping of the trunk bark. Ethylene enhances and prolongs latex flow and latex regeneration. Ethephon, which is an ethylene-releasing compound, applied to the trunk before tapping usually results in a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in latex yield. However, intense mechanical damage to bark tissues by excessive tapping and/or over-stimulation with ethephon induces severe oxidative stress in laticifer cells, which often causes tapping panel dryness (TPD) syndrome. To enhance NR production without causing TPD, an improved understanding of the molecular mechanism of the ethylene response in the Pará rubber tree is required. Therefore, we investigated gene expression in response to ethephon treatment using Pará rubber tree seedlings as a model system. RESULTS After ethephon treatment, 3270 genes showed significant differences in expression compared with the mock treatment. Genes associated with carotenoids, flavonoids, and abscisic acid biosynthesis were significantly upregulated by ethephon treatment, which might contribute to an increase in latex flow. Genes associated with secondary cell wall formation were downregulated, which might be because of the reduced sugar supply. Given that sucrose is an important molecule for NR production, a trade-off may arise between NR production and cell wall formation for plant growth and for wound healing at the tapping panel. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic changes in gene expression occur specifically in response to ethephon treatment. Certain genes identified may potentially contribute to latex production or TPD suppression. These data provide valuable information to understand the mechanism of ethylene stimulation, and will contribute to improved management practices and/or molecular breeding to attain higher yields of latex from Pará rubber trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kohei Ide
- Bridgestone Corporation, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8531, Japan
| | - Teppei Mori
- Bridgestone Corporation, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8531, Japan
| | - Farida Rosana Mira
- Laboratory for Biotechnology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Build. 630, Puspiptek area, Serpong, Tangerang, Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Syofi Rosmalawati
- Laboratory for Biotechnology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Build. 630, Puspiptek area, Serpong, Tangerang, Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Norie Watanabe
- Bridgestone Corporation, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8531, Japan
| | - Kaoru Suzuki
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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Xin S, Hua Y, Li J, Dai X, Yang X, Udayabhanu J, Huang H, Huang T. Comparative analysis of latex transcriptomes reveals the potential mechanisms underlying rubber molecular weight variations between the Hevea brasiliensis clones RRIM600 and Reyan7-33-97. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:244. [PMID: 34051757 PMCID: PMC8164328 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The processabilities and mechanical properties of natural rubber depend greatly on its molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD). However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of molecular weight during rubber biosynthesis remain unclear. RESULTS In the present study, we determined the MW and particle size of latex from 1-year-old virgin trees and 30-year-old regularly tapped trees of the Hevea clones Reyan7-33-97 and RRIM600. The results showed that both the MW and the particle size of latex varied between these two clones and increased with tree age. Latex from RRIM600 trees had a smaller average particle size than that from Reyan7-33-97 trees of the same age. In 1-year-old trees, the Reyan7-33-97 latex displayed a slightly higher MW than that of RRIM600, whereas in 30-year-old trees, the RRIM600 latex had a significantly higher MW than the Reyan7-33-97 latex. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome profiles indicated that the average rubber particle size is negatively correlated with the expression levels of rubber particle associated proteins, and that the high-MW traits of latex are closely correlated with the enhanced expression of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) monomer-generating pathway genes and downstream allylic diphosphate (APP) initiator-consuming non-rubber pathways. By bioinformatics analysis, we further identified a group of transcription factors that potentially regulate the biosynthesis of IPP. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results revealed the potential regulatory mechanisms involving gene expression variations in IPP-generating pathways and the non-rubber isoprenoid pathways, which affect the ratios and contents of IPP and APP initiators, resulting in significant rubber MW variations among same-aged trees of the Hevea clones Reyan7-33-97 and RRIM600. Our findings provide a better understanding of rubber biosynthesis and lay the foundation for genetic improvement of rubber quality in H. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Xin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Ji Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Jinu Udayabhanu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Huasun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China.
| | - Tiandai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China.
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Fang P, Long X, Fang Y, Chen H, Yu M. A predominant isoform of fructokinase, HbFRK2, is involved in Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber tree) latex yield and regeneration. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 162:211-220. [PMID: 33706182 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fructokinase (FRK) mediates fructose phosphorylation to regulate the carbon flow and its assignment to sink tissues. Out of five HbFRKs in the genome of the rubber tree, three (HbFRK1-3) that were highly expressed in latex (cytoplasm of laticifers) were isolated and examined. According to phylogenetic analysis and intracellular location experiment, both HbFRK2 and HbFRK3 were highly possible to be expressed in cytosol, while HbFRK1 was in plastid. As the predominant isoform in laticifers, HbFRK2 had the highest transcripts, followed by HbFRK3 and HbFRK1. In enzymatic function, HbFRK2 also showed the highest affinity for fructose. To examine the roles of FRKs in latex yield and regeneration, changes in HbFRKs were examined when latex outflow from the trees were increased through two experimental interventions. In the first approach, tapping was initiated on previously untapped trees, resulting in latex yield increasing with consecutive tapping at the initial stage before it stabilized. In the second approach, latex yield from trees that were already in regular tapping was stimulated by treatment with the ethylene-based yield stimulant, ethephon. Using either method to induce an increase in latex yield, the abundance of HbFRK2 and HbFRK3 in transcripts, was increased. This development, which was especially marked in HbFRK2, may reflect a strengthening of glycolysis to meet the carbon flux and energy demands for increased rubber biosynthesis to replace rubber lost in the increased latex yield. Our results, therefore, suggest that HbFRK2 plays a critical role in fructose catabolism to facilitate rubber regeneration in the commercially exploited rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingchang Fang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Xiangyu Long
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Yongjun Fang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ma Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China.
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Fujita K, Inui H. Review: Biological functions of major latex-like proteins in plants. Plant Sci 2021; 306:110856. [PMID: 33775363 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Major latex-like proteins (MLPs) have been identified in dicots and monocots. They are members of the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 family as well as pathogenesis-related proteins class 10. MLPs have two main features. One is binding affinity toward various hydrophobic compounds, such as long-chain fatty acids, steroids, and systemic acquired resistance signals, via its internal hydrophobic cavity or hydrophobic residues on its surface. MLPs transport such compounds to other organs via phloem and xylem vessels and contribute to the expression of physiologically important ligands' activity in the particular organs. The second feature is responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. MLPs are involved in drought and salt tolerance through the mediation of plant hormone signaling pathways. MLPs generate resistance against pathogens by the induction of pathogenesis-related protein genes. Therefore, MLPs play crucial roles in drought and salt tolerance and resistance against pathogens. However, knowledge of MLPs is fragmented, and an overview of them is needed. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of the biological functions of MLPs, which to our knowledge, is the first review about MLPs that has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Fujita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Inui
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan; Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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21
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Qu L, Li HL, Guo D, Wang Y, Zhu JH, Yin LY, Peng SQ. HbWRKY27, a group IIe WRKY transcription factor, positively regulates HbFPS1 expression in Hevea brasiliensis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20639. [PMID: 33244131 PMCID: PMC7692525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the formation of farnesyl pyrophosphate, the main initiator for rubber chain initiation in Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. The transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of the FPS gene still not well understood. Here, a WRKY transcription factor designated HbWRKY27 was obtained by screening the latex cDNA library applied the HbFPS1 promoter as bait. HbWRKY27 interacted with the HbFPS1 promoter was further identified by individual Y1H and EMSA assays. HbWRKY27 belongs to group IIe WRKY subfamily which contains a typical WRKY domain and C-X5-CX23-HXH motif. HbWRKY27 was localized to the nucleus. HbWRKY27 predominantly accumulated in latex. HbWRKY27 was up-regulated in latex by ethrel, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and methyl jasmonate treatment. Transient expression of HbWRKY27 led to increasing the activity of the HbFPS1 promoter in tobacco plant, suggesting that HbWRKY27 positively regulates the HbFPS1 expression. Taken together, an upstream transcription factor of the key natural rubber biosynthesis gene HbFPS1 was identified and this study will provide novel transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of the FPS gene in Hevea brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Qu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, No.4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hui-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, No.4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, No.4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, No.4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Jia-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, No.4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Li-Yan Yin
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Shi-Qing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, No.4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571101, China.
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22
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Oghenekaro AO, Kovalchuk A, Raffaello T, Camarero S, Gressler M, Henrissat B, Lee J, Liu M, Martínez AT, Miettinen O, Mihaltcheva S, Pangilinan J, Ren F, Riley R, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Serrano A, Thon MR, Wen Z, Zeng Z, Barry K, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Asiegbu FO. Genome sequencing of Rigidoporus microporus provides insights on genes important for wood decay, latex tolerance and interspecific fungal interactions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5250. [PMID: 32251355 PMCID: PMC7089950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens remain a serious threat to the sustainable agriculture and forestry, despite the extensive efforts undertaken to control their spread. White root rot disease is threatening rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations throughout South and Southeast Asia and Western Africa, causing tree mortality and severe yield losses. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the basidiomycete fungus Rigidoporus microporus, a causative agent of the disease. Our phylogenetic analysis confirmed the position of R. microporus among the members of Hymenochaetales, an understudied group of basidiomycetes. Our analysis further identified pathogen's genes with a predicted role in the decay of plant cell wall polymers, in the utilization of latex components and in interspecific interactions between the pathogen and other fungi. We also detected putative horizontal gene transfer events in the genome of R. microporus. The reported first genome sequence of a tropical rubber tree pathogen R. microporus should contribute to the better understanding of how the fungus is able to facilitate wood decay and nutrient cycling as well as tolerate latex and utilize resinous extractives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbot O Oghenekaro
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, P.M.B 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Andriy Kovalchuk
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommaso Raffaello
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susana Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, UMR 7257, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
- USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-13288, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 23218, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juna Lee
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mengxia Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Otto Miettinen
- Mycology Unit, Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirma Mihaltcheva
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jasmyn Pangilinan
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fei Ren
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Forestry experiment center of north China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 102300, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Riley
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Dueñas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Serrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael R Thon
- Universidad de Salamanca, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Zilan Wen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Francis Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
- University of Lorraine, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - Fred O Asiegbu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Chao J, Huang Z, Yang S, Deng X, Tian W. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the phosphatase 2A family in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228219. [PMID: 32023282 PMCID: PMC7001923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase 2As (PP2As) play a key role in manipulating protein phosphorylation. Although a number of proteins in the latex of laticifers are phosphorylated during latex regeneration in rubber tree, information about the PP2A family is limited. In the present study, 36 members of the HbPP2A family were genome-wide identified. They were clustered into five subgroups: the subgroup HbPP2AA (4), HbPP2AB' (14), HbPP2AB'' (6), HbPP2AB55 (4), and HbPP2AC (8). The members within the same subgroup shared highly conserved gene structures and protein motifs. Most of HbPP2As possessed ethylene- and wounding-responsive cis-acting elements. The transcripts of 29 genes could be detected in latex by using published high-throughput sequencing data. Of the 29 genes, seventeen genes were significantly down-regulated while HbPP2AA1-1 and HbPP2AB55α/Bα-1were up-regulated by tapping. Of the 17 genes, 14 genes were further significantly down-regulated by ethrel application. The down-regulated expression of a large number of HbPP2As may attribute to the enhanced phosphorylation of the proteins in latex from the tapped trees and the trees treated with ethrel application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Chao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Zhejun Huang
- College of Foresty, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Deng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Tian
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Long X, Li H, Yang J, Xin L, Fang Y, He B, Huang D, Tang C. Characterization of a vacuolar sucrose transporter, HbSUT5, from Hevea brasiliensis: involvement in latex production through regulation of intracellular sucrose transport in the bark and laticifers. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:591. [PMID: 31881921 PMCID: PMC6935173 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sucrose (Suc), as the precursor molecule for rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis, is transported via phloem-mediated long-distance transport from leaves to laticifers in trunk bark, where latex (cytoplasm of laticifers) is tapped for rubber. In our previous report, six Suc transporter (SUT) genes have been cloned in Hevea tree, among which HbSUT3 is verified to play an active role in Suc loading to the laticifers. In this study, another latex-abundant SUT isoform, HbSUT5, with expressions only inferior to HbSUT3 was characterized especially for its roles in latex production. RESULTS Both phylogenetic analysis and subcellular localization identify HbSUT5 as a tonoplast-localized SUT protein under the SUT4-clade (=type III). Suc uptake assay in baker's yeast reveals HbSUT5 to be a typical Suc-H+ symporter, but its high affinity for Suc (Km = 2.03 mM at pH 5.5) and the similar efficiency in transporting both Suc and maltose making it a peculiar SUT under the SUT4-clade. At the transcript level, HbSUT5 is abundantly and preferentially expressed in Hevea barks. The transcripts of HbSUT5 are conspicuously decreased both in Hevea latex and bark by two yield-stimulating treatments of tapping and ethephon, the patterns of which are contrary to HbSUT3. Under the ethephon treatment, the Suc level in latex cytosol decreases significantly, but that in latex lutoids (polydispersed vacuoles) changes little, suggesting a role of the decreased HbSUT5 expression in Suc compartmentalization in the lutoids and thus enhancing the Suc sink strength in laticifers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insights into the roles of a vacuolar sucrose transporter, HbSUT5, in Suc exchange between lutoids and cytosol in rubber-producing laticifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Long
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Heping Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- Subtropical Agriculture Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangzhou, 363005, Fujian, China
| | - Jianghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Lusheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Yongjun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Bin He
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Debao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Chaorong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China.
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
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Birke J, Jendrossek D. Solimonas fluminis has an active latex-clearing protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8229-8239. [PMID: 31485689 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of rubber (poly (cis-1,4-isoprene)) by rubber-degrading bacteria depends on the synthesis of rubber oxygenases that cleave the polymer extracellularly to low molecular weight products that can be taken up and used as a carbon source. All so far described Gram-negative rubber-degrading species use two related ≈ 70 kDa rubber oxygenases (RoxA and RoxB) for the primary attack of rubber while all described Gram-positive rubber-degrading strains use RoxA/RoxB-unrelated latex-clearing proteins (Lcps, ≈ 40 kDa) as rubber oxygenase(s). In this study, we identified an lcp orthologue in a Gram-negative species (Solimonas fluminis). We cloned and heterologously expressed the lcp gene of S. fluminis HR-BB, purified the corresponding Lcp protein (LcpHR-BB) from recombinant Escherichia coli, and biochemically characterised the LcpHR-BB activity. LcpHR-BB cleaved polyisoprene to a mixture of C20 and higher oligoisoprenoids at a specific activity of 1.5 U/mg. Furthermore, spectroscopic investigation identified LcpHR-BB as a b-haem-containing protein with an oxidised, fivefold coordinated (open) haem centre. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that Gram-negative bacteria can have an active rubber oxygenase of the Lcp type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Birke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Dieter Jendrossek
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Marinho CR, Teixeira SP. Cellulases and pectinases act together on the development of articulated laticifers in Ficus montana and Maclura tinctoria (Moraceae). Protoplasma 2019; 256:1093-1107. [PMID: 30927084 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of articulated laticifers in the Moraceae family was recently discovered, which means that the location of pectinase and cellulase activities must be of great importance for their growth. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the role of these enzymes in the laticifer growth in Ficus montana and Maclura tinctoria. Reproductive meristems were collected and fixed in Karnovsky. Pectinase and cellulase labeling was performed in part of the samples, while another part was processed for usual TEM analyses. Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the vacuole and close to the middle lamella in both species. The presence of cellulases in the laticifers supports their articulated origin. Therefore, the occurrence of pectinase and cellulase activity in the laticifers points out that these enzymes could act in the dissolution of the transverse walls and in the processes of intrusive growth (through the dissolution of the middle lamella) and cell elongation (through the partial disassembly of components of the wall making it more plastic). Both enzymes are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the cell wall by exocytosis or stored in the vacuole. The species studied showed a diverse subcellular composition, which is probably related to the species and not to the laticifer type (they present the same type) and to the composition of the latex (they show similar latex composition). We conclude that the presence of pectinases and cellulases can be used as a diagnostic condition for the laticifer types (articulated vs. non-articulated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ribeiro Marinho
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Simone Pádua Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Pütter KM, van Deenen N, Müller B, Fuchs L, Vorwerk K, Unland K, Bröker JN, Scherer E, Huber C, Eisenreich W, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. The enzymes OSC1 and CYP716A263 produce a high variety of triterpenoids in the latex of Taraxacum koksaghyz. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5942. [PMID: 30976052 PMCID: PMC6459903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Only very little is known about the resin composition of natural rubber from the dandelion species Taraxacum koksaghyz, thus its full characterization could provide new insights into how the isoprenoid end-products influence the physical properties of natural rubber, and this resin might be a good source of highly diverse triterpenoids. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the triterpenoid composition in an acetone extract and identified 13 triterpenes and triterpenoids also including the so far unknown pentacyclic compounds lup-19(21)-en-3-ol (1) and its ketone lup-19(21)-en-3-one (2). We purified single triterpenes from the acetone extract by developing a two-step HPLC system that is adapted to the structural differences of the described triterpenoids. Furthermore, we isolated six different oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and two P450 enzymes, and we functionally characterized TkOSC1 and CYP716A263 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in detail. TkOSC1 is a multifunctional OSC that was capable of synthesizing at least four of the latex-predominant pentacyclic triterpenes (taraxasterol, α-, β-amyrin and lup-19(21)-en-3-ol) while CYP716A263 oxidized pentacyclic triterpenes at the C-3 position. The identified enzymes responsible for biosynthesis and modification of pentacyclic triterpenes in T. koksaghyz latex may represent excellent tools for bioengineering approaches to produce pentacyclic triterpenes heterologously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Pütter
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole van Deenen
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lea Fuchs
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kirsten Vorwerk
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kristina Unland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Bröker
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Emely Scherer
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany.
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Forestier E, Romero-Segura C, Pateraki I, Centeno E, Compagnon V, Preiss M, Berna A, Boronat A, Bach TJ, Darnet S, Schaller H. Distinct triterpene synthases in the laticifers of Euphorbia lathyris. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4840. [PMID: 30886213 PMCID: PMC6423090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia lathyris was proposed about fifty years ago as a potential agroenergetic crop. The tremendous amounts of triterpenes present in its latex has driven investigations for transforming this particular biological fluid into an industrial hydrocarbon source. The huge accumulation of terpenes in the latex of many plant species represent a challenging question regarding cellular homeostasis. In fact, the enzymes, the mechanisms and the controllers that tune the amount of products accumulated in specialized compartments (to fulfill ecological roles) or deposited at important sites (as essential factors) are not known. Here, we have isolated oxidosqualene cyclases highly expressed in the latex of Euphorbia lathyris. This triterpene biosynthetic machinery is made of distinct paralogous enzymes responsible for the massive accumulation of steroidal and non-steroidal tetracyclic triterpenes. More than eighty years after the isolation of butyrospermol from shea butter (Heilbronn IM, Moffet GL, and Spring FS J. Chem. Soc. 1934, 1583), a butyrospermol synthase is characterized in this work using yeast and in folia heterologous expression assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Forestier
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Carmen Romero-Segura
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Centeno
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincent Compagnon
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Myriam Preiss
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Anne Berna
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Albert Boronat
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Sylvain Darnet
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France.
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Abstract
Natural rubber (NR), poly(cis-1,4-isoprene), is used in an industrial scale for more than 100 years. Most of the NR-derived materials are released to the environment as waste or by abrasion of small particles from our tires. Furthermore, compounds with isoprene units in their molecular structures are part of many biomolecules such as terpenoids and carotenoids. Therefore, it is not surprising that NR-degrading bacteria are widespread in nature. NR has one carbon-carbon double bond per isoprene unit and this functional group is the primary target of NR-cleaving enzymes, so-called rubber oxygenases. Rubber oxygenases are secreted by rubber-degrading bacteria to initiate the break-down of the polymer and to use the generated cleavage products as a carbon source. Three main types of rubber oxygenases have been described so far. One is rubber oxygenase RoxA that was first isolated from Xanthomonas sp. 35Y but was later also identified in other Gram-negative rubber-degrading species. The second type of rubber oxygenase is the latex clearing protein (Lcp) that has been regularly found in Gram-positive rubber degraders. Recently, a third type of rubber oxygenase (RoxB) with distant relationship to RoxAs was identified in Gram-negative bacteria. All rubber oxygenases described so far are haem-containing enzymes and oxidatively cleave polyisoprene to low molecular weight oligoisoprenoids with terminal CHO and CO-CH3 functions between a variable number of intact isoprene units, depending on the type of rubber oxygenase. This contribution summarises the properties of RoxAs, RoxBs and Lcps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Jendrossek
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70550, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jakob Birke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70550, Stuttgart, Germany
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Gonçalves MP, Mercadante-Simões MO, Ribeiro LM. Ontogeny of anastomosed laticifers in the stem apex of Hancornia speciosa (Apocynaceae): a topographic approach. Protoplasma 2018; 255:1713-1724. [PMID: 29777400 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Latex is a complex plant secretion with both ecological and economic importance. There is little information currently available on the cytological aspects of the ontogenesis of anastomosed laticifers, the ducts originating through the lysis of adjacent cell walls. Hancornia speciosa is a tree typical of the Cerrado (neotropical savanna) biome. Its latex has medicinal value and is also used to produce rubber. The ontogenesis of its laticifers and the process of latex synthesis are described here. Structural, cytochemical, and ultrastructural analyses of the stem apex and phytochemical analyses of the latex were performed. Laticifer ontogenesis begins early in promeristem cells and subsequently extends through the procambial region. The laticifer precursor cells demonstrate intense metabolic activity, evidenced by starch accumulation and the proliferation of mitochondria, dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes-resulting in the thickening of the cell walls and accumulations of oil droplets in the cytoplasm and fibrous materials in the vacuoles. The ontogenetic process culminates with the partial dissolution of adjacent cell walls and the collapse of the cytoplasm, giving rise to anastomosed laticifers distributed throughout the phloem and adjacent regions of the cortex and medulla. The latex itself is composed of terpenes, mucilage, proteins, alkaloids, and organelle residues that form an emulsion. Laticifer development takes place in three phases: (1) the formation of the emulsion in the promeristem, (2) anastomosis and the collapse of the cytoplasm in the distal region of the procambium, and (3) the maturation of laticifers and latex storage in a central vacuole in the proximal region of the procambium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Pereira Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Department of General Biology, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Maria Olívia Mercadante-Simões
- Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Department of General Biology, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, 39401-089, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Monteiro Ribeiro
- Plant Micropropagation Laboratory, Department of General Biology, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, 39401-089, Brazil
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31
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Rosa JRBF, Mantello CC, Garcia D, de Souza LM, da Silva CC, Gazaffi R, da Silva CC, Toledo-Silva G, Cubry P, Garcia AAF, de Souza AP, Le Guen V. QTL detection for growth and latex production in a full-sib rubber tree population cultivated under suboptimal climate conditions. BMC Plant Biol 2018; 18:223. [PMID: 30305095 PMCID: PMC6180592 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubber tree is cultivated in mainly Southeast Asia and is by far the most significant source of natural rubber production worldwide. However, the genetic architecture underlying the primary agronomic traits of this crop has not been widely characterized. This study aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with growth and latex production using a biparental population established in suboptimal growth conditions in Brazil. RESULTS A full-sib population composed of 251 individuals was developed from crossing two high-producing Asiatic rubber tree cultivars, PR 255 and PB 217. This mapping population was genotyped with microsatellite markers from enriched genomic libraries or transcriptome datasets and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, leading to construction of a saturated multipoint integrated genetic map containing 354 microsatellite and 151 SNP markers. Height and circumference measurements repeated over a six-year period and registration of cumulative latex production during six consecutive months on the same individuals allowed in-depth characterization of the genetic values of several growth traits and precocious latex production. Growth traits, circumference and height, were overall positively correlated, whereas latex production was not correlated or even negatively correlated with growth traits. A total of 86 distinct QTLs were identified, most of which were detected for only one trait. Among these QTLs, 15 were linked to more than one phenotypic trait (up to 4 traits simultaneously). Latex production and circumference increments during the last wintering period were associated with the highest numbers of identified QTLs (eleven and nine, respectively), jointly explaining the most significantly observed phenotypic variances (44.1% and 44.4%, respectively). The most important QTL for latex production, located on linkage group 16, had an additive effect of the male parent PB 217 and corresponded to a QTL at the same position detected in a previous study carried out in Thailand for the biparental population RRIM 600 x PB 217. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified a set of significant QTLs for rubber tree, showing that the performance of modern Asiatic cultivars can still be improved and paving the way for further marker-assisted selection, which could accelerate breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ricardo Bachega Feijó Rosa
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiros College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Pircacicaba, SP 13400-970 Brazil
- FTS Sementes S.A., Avenida Newton Slaviero, Ponta Grossa, PR 84043-560 Brazil
| | - Camila Campos Mantello
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0 LE UK
| | - Dominique Garcia
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, INRIA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Lívia Moura de Souza
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Carla Cristina da Silva
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gazaffi
- Center of Agronomic Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Vegetal and Animal Production, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR), Jardim Residencial Pedras Preciosas, Araras, SP 13604900 Brazil
| | - Cícero Casimiro da Silva
- Plantation E. Michelin, R&D Department, Rua João de Barro quadra 22 lote 16, Ouro Branco do Sul, Itiquira, MT 78790-000 Brazil
| | - Guilherme Toledo-Silva
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry - LABCAI, Biochemistry Department, Federal University Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Philippe Cubry
- IRD, UMR DiADE, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Antonio Augusto Franco Garcia
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiros College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Pircacicaba, SP 13400-970 Brazil
| | - Anete Pereira de Souza
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Vincent Le Guen
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, INRIA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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32
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Castelblanque L, Balaguer B, Marti C, Orozco M, Vera P. LOL2 and LOL5 loci control latex production by laticifer cells in Euphorbia lathyris. New Phytol 2018; 219:1467-1479. [PMID: 29878406 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Laticifers are specialized plant cells capable of indefinite elongation that ramify extensively and are responsible for latex biosynthesis and accumulation. However, the mechanisms underlying laticifer cell differentiation, growth and production of latex remain largely unknown. In a search for mutants showing enhanced accumulation of latex we identified two LOT OF LATEX (LOL) loci in Euphorbia lathyris. lol2 and lol5 mutants show enhanced production of latex contained within laticifer cells. The recessive lol2 mutant carries increased biosynthesis of the plant hormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and therefore establishes a genetic link between jasmonic acid (JA) signaling and latex production in laticifers. Instead, heightened production of latex in lol5 plants obeys to enhanced proliferation of laticifer cells. Phylogenetic analysis of laticifer-expressed genes in E. lathyris and in two other latex-bearing species, Euphorbia corallioides and Euphorbia palustris, allowed the identification of canonical JA responsive elements present in the gene promoter regions of laticifer marker genes. Moreover, we identified that the hormone JA functions not as a morphogen for laticifer differentiation but as a trigger for the fill out of laticifers with latex and the associated triterpenoids. The identification of LOL loci represents a further step towards the understanding of mechanisms controlling latex production in laticifer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Castelblanque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Balaguer
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Marti
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marianela Orozco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Vera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Kitajima S, Aoki W, Shibata D, Nakajima D, Sakurai N, Yazaki K, Munakata R, Taira T, Kobayashi M, Aburaya S, Savadogo EH, Hibino S, Yano H. Comparative multi-omics analysis reveals diverse latex-based defense strategies against pests among latex-producing organs of the fig tree (Ficus carica). Planta 2018. [PMID: 29536219 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Latexes in immature fruit, young petioles and lignified trunks of fig trees protect the plant using toxic proteins and metabolites in various organ-dependent ways. Latexes from plants contain high amounts of toxic proteins and metabolites, which attack microbes and herbivores after exudation at pest-induced wound sites. The protein and metabolite constituents of latexes are highly variable, depending on the plant species and organ. To determine the diversity of latex-based defense strategies in fig tree (Ficus carica) organs, we conducted comparative proteomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses on latexes isolated from immature fruit, young petioles and lignified trunks of F. carica after constructing a unigene sequence library using RNA-seq data. Trypsin inhibitors were the most abundant proteins in petiole latex, while cysteine proteases ("ficins") were the most abundant in immature fruit and trunk latexes. Galloylglycerol, a possible defense-related metabolite, appeared to be highly accumulated in all three latexes. The expression levels of pathogenesis-related proteins were highest in the latex of trunk, suggesting that this latex had adapted a defensive role against microbe attacks. Although young petioles and immature fruit are both unlignified soft organs, and potential food for herbivorous insects, unigenes for the sesquiterpenoid pathway, which likely produces defense-associated volatiles, and the phenylpropanoid pathway, which produces toxic furanocoumarins, were expressed less in immature fruit latex. This difference may indicate that while petioles and fruit protect the plant from attack by herbivores, the fruit must also attract insect pollinators at younger stages and animals after ripening. We also suggest possible candidate transcription factors and signal transduction proteins that are involved in the differential expression of the unigenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakihito Kitajima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Wataru Aoki
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Kyoto Integrated Science and Technology Bio-Analysis Center (KIST-BIC), Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, 600-8813, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Nozomu Sakurai
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Munakata
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR1121, LAE, 54 000, Nancy, France
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masaru Kobayashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Aburaya
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eric Hyrmeya Savadogo
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Susumu Hibino
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Haruna Yano
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
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34
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Reyes Jara AM, Liggieri CS, Bruno MA. Preparation of soy protein hydrolysates with antioxidant activity by using peptidases from latex of Maclura pomifera fruits. Food Chem 2018; 264:326-333. [PMID: 29853383 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A partially purified proteolytic extract prepared from Maclura pomifera latex was employed in hydrolyzing a soybean-protein isolate (4.2 mg/mL). The hydrolysis-product formation, monitored by tricine-sodium-dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamyde-gel electrophoresis and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, indicated that after 10 min of reaction the main soybean proteins disappeared. The maximum degree of hydrolysis was 36.2% after a 180-min digestion. The 90-min hydrolysate presented an IC50 of 31.6 ± 0.2 µg/mL, and a trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of 157.6 and 176.9 µmoles TE per g of peptide determined by two different methods. Analysis by matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), followed by the application of bioinformatics tools, enabled the deduction of fourteen theoretical peptide sequences containing antioxidant amino acids at >60%, none of which sequences had been previously reported as antioxidants. Finally, we consider that this 90-min hydrolysate would constitute a promising ingredient in the manufacture of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Milagros Reyes Jara
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET, 113 and 61, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Constanza Silvina Liggieri
- CIPROVE-Centro Asociado CICPBA, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, Calle 47 y 115 S/N, B1900AJL La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Mariela Anahí Bruno
- CIPROVE-Centro Asociado CICPBA, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, Calle 47 y 115 S/N, B1900AJL La Plata, Argentina.
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35
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Laibach N, Schmidl S, Müller B, Bergmann M, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Small rubber particle proteins from Taraxacum brevicorniculatum promote stress tolerance and influence the size and distribution of lipid droplets and artificial poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) bodies. Plant J 2018; 93:1045-1061. [PMID: 29377321 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber biosynthesis occurs on rubber particles, i.e. organelles resembling small lipid droplets localized in the laticifers of latex-containing plant species, such as Hevea brasiliensis and Taraxacum brevicorniculatum. The latter expresses five small rubber particle protein (SRPP) isoforms named TbSRPP1-5, the most abundant proteins in rubber particles. These proteins maintain particle stability and are therefore necessary for rubber biosynthesis. TbSRPP1-5 were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts and the proteins were found to be localized on lipid droplets and in the endoplasmic reticulum, with TbSRPP1 and TbSRPP3 also present in the cytosol. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation confirmed pairwise interactions between all proteins except TbSRPP2. The corresponding genes showed diverse expression profiles in young T. brevicorniculatum plants exposed to abiotic stress, and all except TbSRPP4 and TbSRPP5 were upregulated. Young Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overexpressed TbSRPP2 and TbSRPP3 tolerated drought stress better than wild-type plants. Furthermore, we used rubber particle extracts and standards to investigate the affinity of the TbSRPPs for different phospholipids, revealing a preference for negatively charged head groups and 18:2/16:0 fatty acid chains. This finding may explain the effect of TbSRPP3-5 on the dispersity of artificial poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) bodies and on the lipid droplet distribution we observed in N. benthamiana leaves. Our data provide insight into the assembly of TbSRPPs on rubber particles, their role in rubber particle structure, and the link between rubber biosynthesis and lipid droplet-associated stress responses, suggesting that SRPPs form the basis of evolutionarily conserved intracellular complexes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Laibach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Sina Schmidl
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Maike Bergmann
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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Röther W, Birke J, Grond S, Beltran JM, Jendrossek D. Production of functionalized oligo-isoprenoids by enzymatic cleavage of rubber. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1426-1433. [PMID: 28695652 PMCID: PMC5658616 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show the proof of concept for the production of defined oligo-isoprenoids with terminal functional groups that can be used as starting materials for various purposes including the synthesis of isoprenoid-based plastics. To this end, we used three types of rubber oxygenases for the enzymatic cleavage of rubber [poly(cis-1,4-isoprene)]. Two enzymes, rubber oxygenase RoxAXsp and rubber oxygenase RoxBXsp , originate from Xanthomonas sp. 35Y; the third rubber oxygenase, latex-clearing protein (LcpK30 ), is derived from Gram-positive rubber degraders such as Streptomyces sp. K30. Emulsions of polyisoprene (latex) were treated with RoxAXsp , RoxBXsp , LcpK30 or with combinations of the three proteins. The cleavage products were purified by solvent extraction and FPLC separation. All products had the same general structure with terminal functions (CHO-CH2 - and -CH2 -COCH3 ) but differed in the number of intact isoprene units in between. The composition and m/z values of oligo-isoprenoid products were determined by HPLC-MS analysis. Our results provide a method for the preparation of reactive oligo-isoprenoids that can likely be used to convert polyisoprene latex or rubber waste materials into value-added molecules, biofuels, polyurethanes or other polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Röther
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Jakob Birke
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Stephanie Grond
- Institute of Organic ChemistryEberhard Karls Universität TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Jose Manuel Beltran
- Institute of Organic ChemistryEberhard Karls Universität TübingenTübingenGermany
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Souza ICC, Ramos MV, Costa JH, Freitas CDT, Oliveira RSB, Moreno FB, Moreira RA, Carvalho CPS. The osmotin of Calotropis procera latex is not expressed in laticifer-free cultivated callus and under salt stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 119:312-318. [PMID: 28938177 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The latex of Calotropis procera has previously been reported to contain osmotin. This protein (CpOsm) inhibited phytopathogens and this was mechanistically characterized. Here, the time-course profile of CpOsm transcripts was examined in the salt-stressed cultivated callus of C. procera in order to better understand its role in the physiology of the plant. Stressed callus (80 mM NaCl) showed an unbalanced content of organic compounds (proline and total soluble sugar) and inorganic ions (Na+, Cl-, and K+). Under salt treatment, the transcripts of CpOsm were detected after 12 h and slightly increased to a maximum at day seven, followed by reduction. Interestingly, CpOsm was not detected in the soluble protein fraction recovered from the salt-stressed callus as probed by electrophoresis, dot/Western blotting and mass spectrometry. The results suggested that (1) CpOsm is not constitutive in cultivated cells (laticifer-free tissues); (2) CpOsm transcripts appear under salt-stressed conditions; (3) the absence of CpOsm in the protein fractions of stressed cultivated cells indicated that salt-induced transcripts were not used for protein synthesis and this accounts to the belief that CpOsm may be a true laticifer protein in C. procera. More effort will be needed to unveil this process. In this study we show evidences that CpOsm gene is responsive to salt stress. However the corresponding protein is not produced in cultivated cells. Therefore, presently the hypothesis that CpOsm is involved in abiotic stress is not fully supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C C Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, CEP 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Márcio V Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, CEP 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - José H Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, CEP 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cleverson D T Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, CEP 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Frederico B Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, CEP 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Renato A Moreira
- Núcleo de Biologia Experimental (NUBEX), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cristina P S Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, CEP 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Chanroj V, Rattanawong R, Phumichai T, Tangphatsornruang S, Ukoskit K. Genome-wide association mapping of latex yield and girth in Amazonian accessions of Hevea brasiliensis grown in a suboptimal climate zone. Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28751185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.1007.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Latex yield and growth are the key complex traits in commercial rubber production. The present study is the first to report genome-wide association mapping of latex yield and girth, for 170 Amazonian accessions grown in a suboptimal area characterized by limited rainfall and a lengthy dry season. Targeted sequence enrichment to capture gene transcripts generated 14,155 high quality filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of which 94.3% resided in coding regions. The rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium over physical and genetic distance found in the accessions was comparable to those previously reported for several outcrossing species. A mixed linear model detected three significant SNPs in three candidate genes involved in plant adaptation to drought stress, individually explaining 12.7-15.7% of the phenotypic variance. The SNPs identified in the study will help to extend understanding, and to support genetic improvement of rubber trees grown in drought-affected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipavee Chanroj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumtani 12121, Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Rattanawong
- Nong Khai Rubber Research Center, Rubber Research Institute of Thailand, Rattanawapi District, Nong Khai, 43120, Thailand
| | | | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Phaholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kittipat Ukoskit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumtani 12121, Thailand.
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Birke J, Röther W, Jendrossek D. RoxB Is a Novel Type of Rubber Oxygenase That Combines Properties of Rubber Oxygenase RoxA and Latex Clearing Protein (Lcp). Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00721-17. [PMID: 28500046 PMCID: PMC5494620 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00721-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Only two types of rubber oxygenases, rubber oxygenase (RoxA) and latex clearing protein (Lcp), have been described so far. RoxA proteins (RoxAs) are c-type cytochromes of ≈70 kDa produced by Gram-negative rubber-degrading bacteria, and they cleave polyisoprene into 12-oxo-4,8-dimethyltrideca-4,8-diene-1-al (ODTD), a C15 oligo-isoprenoid, as the major end product. Lcps are common among Gram-positive rubber degraders and do not share amino acid sequence similarities with RoxAs. Furthermore, Lcps have much smaller molecular masses (≈40 kDa), are b-type cytochromes, and cleave polyisoprene to a mixture of C20, C25, C30, and higher oligo-isoprenoids as end products. In this article, we purified a new type of rubber oxygenase, RoxB Xsp (RoxB of Xanthomonas sp. strain 35Y). RoxB Xsp is distantly related to RoxAs and resembles RoxAs with respect to molecular mass (70.3 kDa for mature protein) and cofactor content (2 c-type hemes). However, RoxB Xsp differs from all currently known RoxAs in having a distinctive product spectrum of C20, C25, C30, and higher oligo-isoprenoids that has been observed only for Lcps so far. Purified RoxB Xsp revealed the highest specific activity of 4.5 U/mg (at 23°C) of all currently known rubber oxygenases and exerts a synergistic effect on the efficiency of polyisoprene cleavage by RoxA Xsp RoxB homologs were identified in several other Gram-negative rubber-degrading species, pointing to a prominent function of RoxB for the biodegradation of rubber in Gram-negative bacteria.IMPORTANCE The enzymatic cleavage of rubber (polyisoprene) is of high environmental importance given that enormous amounts of rubber waste materials are permanently released (e.g., by abrasion of tires). Research from the last decade has discovered rubber oxygenase A, RoxA, and latex clearing protein (Lcp) as being responsible for the primary enzymatic attack on the hydrophobic and water-insoluble biopolymer poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) in Gram-negative and Gram-positive rubber-degrading bacteria, respectively. Here, we provide evidence that a third type of rubber oxygenase is present in Gram-negative rubber-degrading species. Due to its characteristics, we suggest the designation RoxB for the new type of rubber oxygenase. Bioinformatic analysis of genome sequences indicates the presence of roxB homologs in other Gram-negative rubber degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Birke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolf Röther
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
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Pütter KM, van Deenen N, Unland K, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in dandelion latex is enhanced by the overexpression of three key enzymes involved in the mevalonate pathway. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:88. [PMID: 28532507 PMCID: PMC5441070 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latex from the dandelion species Taraxacum brevicorniculatum contains many high-value isoprenoid end products, e.g. triterpenes and polyisoprenes such as natural rubber. The isopentenyl pyrophosphate units required as precursors for these isoprenoids are provided by the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. The key enzyme in this pathway is 3-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and its activity has been thoroughly characterized in many plant species including dandelion. However, two enzymes acting upstream of HMGR have not been characterized in dandelion latex: ATP citrate lyase (ACL), which provides the acetyl-CoA utilized in the MVA pathway, and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (AACT), which catalyzes the first step in the pathway to produce acetoacetyl-CoA. Here we isolated ACL and AACT genes from T. brevicorniculatum latex and characterized their expression profiles. We also overexpressed the well-characterized HMGR, ACL and AACT genes from Arabidopsis thaliana in T. brevicorniculatum to determine their impact on isoprenoid end products in the latex. RESULTS The spatial and temporal expression profiles of T. brevicorniculatum ACL and AACT revealed their pivotal role in the synthesis of precursors necessary for isoprenoid biosynthesis in latex. The overexpression of A. thaliana ACL and AACT and HMGR in T. brevicorniculatum latex resulted in the accumulation of all three enzymes, increased the corresponding enzymatic activities and ultimately increased sterol levels by ~5-fold and pentacyclic triterpene and cis-1,4-isoprene levels by ~2-fold. Remarkably high levels of the triterpene precursor squalene were also detected in the triple-transgenic lines (up to 32 mg/g root dry weight) leading to the formation of numerous lipid droplets which were observed in root cross-sections. CONCLUSIONS We could show the effective expression of up to three transgenes in T. brevicorniculatum latex which led to increased enzymatic activity and resulted in high level squalene accumulation in the dandelion roots up to an industrially relevant amount. Our data provide insight into the regulation of the MVA pathway in dandelion latex and can be used as a basis for metabolic engineering to enhance the production of isoprenoid end products in this specialized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M. Pütter
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole van Deenen
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Kristina Unland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
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Nawrot R, Lippmann R, Matros A, Musidlak O, Nowicki G, Mock HP. Proteomic comparison of Chelidonium majus L. latex in different phases of plant development. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 112:312-325. [PMID: 28131060 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae) latex is used in traditinonal folk medicine to treat papillae, warts, condylomas, which are visible effects of human papilloma virus (HPV) infections. The aim of this work was to provide new insights into the biology and medicinal use of C. majus milky sap in the flowering and fruit ripening period of the plant by comparing the protein content between samples collected on respective developmental stages using LC-MS-based label-free proteome approach. For quantification, the multiplexed LC-MS data were processed using comparative chemometric approach. Progenesis LC-MS results showed that in green fruit phase (stage IV), comparing to flowering phase (stage III) of plant development, a range of proteins with higher abundance were identified as stress- and defense-related. On the other hand at stage III very intense protein synthesis, processes of transcription, protein folding and active transport of molecules (ABC transporters) are well represented. 2-DE protein maps showed an abundant set of spots with similar MWs (about 30-35 kDa) and pIs (ca. 5.5-6.5), which were identified as major latex proteins (MLPs). Therefore we suggest that biological activity of C. majus latex could be related to its protein content, which shifts during plant development from intense biosynthetic processes (biosynthesis and transport of small molecules, like alkaloids) to plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. Further studies will help to elucidate if these defense-related and pathogenesis-related proteins, like MLP, together with small-molecule compounds, could inhibit viral infection, what could be a step to fully understand the medicinal activity of C. majus latex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nawrot
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, PL-61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Rico Lippmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Andrea Matros
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Oskar Musidlak
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, PL-61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Nowicki
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, PL-61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Kitajima S, Miura K, Aoki W, Yamato KT, Taira T, Murakami R, Aburaya S. Transcriptome and proteome analyses provide insight into laticifer's defense of Euphorbia tirucalli against pests. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 108:434-446. [PMID: 27566924 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasm of laticifers, which are plant cells specialized for rubber production and defense against microbes and herbivores, is a latex. Although laticifers share common functions, the protein constituents of latexes are highly variable among plant species and even among organs. In this study, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Euphorbia tirucalli's (Euphorbiaceae) latex were conducted to determine the molecular basis of the laticifer's functions in this plant. The hybrid de novo assembly of Illumina mRNA-seq and expressed sequence tags obtained by Sanger's sequencing revealed 26,447 unigenes. A unigene similar to Arabidopsis embryo-specific protein 3 (AT5G62200), which is a PLAT domain-containing protein, and rubber elongation factor showed the highest expression levels. The proteome analysis, studied by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with the de novo assembled unigenes as the database, revealed 161 proteins in the latex, 107 of which were not detected in the stem. A gene ontology analysis indicated that the laticifer's proteome was enriched with proteins related to proteolysis, phosphatase, defense against various environmental stresses and lipid metabolisms. D-mannose-binding lectin, ricin (which lacked the N-terminal conserved ribosome-inactivating protein domain), chitinase and peroxidase were highly accumulated, as confirmed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, the lectins and chitinase may be the major defensive proteins against pests, and the other defense-related proteins and transcripts detected in latex may work in coordination with them. Highly expressing unigenes with unknown functions are candidate novel defense- or rubber production-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakihito Kitajima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan; The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Kenji Miura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Wataru Aoki
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; Kyoto Integrated Science & Technology Bio-Analysis Center (KIST-BIC), Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, 600-8813, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Aburaya
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Krstić G, Anđelković B, Choi YH, Vajs V, Stević T, Tešević V, Gođevac D. Metabolic changes in Euphorbia palusrtis latex after fungal infection. Phytochemistry 2016; 131:17-25. [PMID: 27553715 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The variations of metabolic profile of the latex of wild-growing Euphorbia palustris was carried out using multivariate analysis of 1H NMR spectral data. One population was infected with fungi Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium proliferatum and Alternaria alternata, while the other consisted of healthy plant species. The non-polar metabolites of latex extracts such as benzoyl ingenol-laurate, amyrin decadienoate esters, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, and 24-methylenecycloartanol were identified using 1H and 2D NMR spectra. Principal component analysis of 1H NMR data provided a clear discrimination between the latex of infected and healthy plants. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of the latex extracts of healthy and infected plants were determined. The latex of infected plants was found to contain higher levels of benzoyl ingenol-laurate and 24-methylenecycloartanol, of which concentrations were strongly correlated with the antifungal activities of the latex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Krstić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Boban Anđelković
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vlatka Vajs
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Stević
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research ''Dr. Josif Pančić", Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vele Tešević
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Gođevac
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Nawrot R, Barylski J, Lippmann R, Altschmied L, Mock HP. Combination of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches helps to unravel the protein composition of Chelidonium majus L. milky sap. Planta 2016; 244:1055-1064. [PMID: 27401454 PMCID: PMC5052312 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel annotated Chelidonium majus L. transcriptome database composed of 23,004 unique coding sequences allowed to significantly improve the sensitivity of proteomic C. majus assessments, which showed novel defense-related proteins characteristic to its latex. To date, the composition of Chelidonium majus L. milky sap and biosynthesis of its components are poorly characterized. We, therefore, performed de novo sequencing and assembly of C. majus transcriptome using Illumina technology. Approximately, 119 Mb of raw sequence data was obtained. Assembly resulted in 107,088 contigs, with N50 of 1913 bp and N90 of 450 bp. Among 34,965 unique coding sequences (CDS), 23,004 obtained CDS database served as a basis for further proteomic analyses. The database was then used for the identification of proteins from C. majus milky sap, and whole plant extracts analyzed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) approach. Of about 334 different putative proteins were identified in C. majus milky sap and 1155 in C. majus whole plant extract. The quantitative comparative analysis confirmed that C. majus latex contains proteins connected with response to stress conditions and generation of precursor metabolites and energy. Notable proteins characteristic to latex include major latex protein (MLP, presumably belonging to Bet v1-like superfamily), polyphenol oxidase (PPO, which could be responsible for browning of the sap after exposure to air), and enzymes responsible for anthocyanidin, phenylpropanoid, and alkaloid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nawrot
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jakub Barylski
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rico Lippmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
- Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestraße 10, 6250, Kundl, Austria
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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Freitas CDT, Viana CA, Vasconcelos IM, Moreno FBB, Lima-Filho JV, Oliveira HD, Moreira RA, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Ramos MV. First insights into the diversity and functional properties of chitinases of the latex of Calotropis procera. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 108:361-371. [PMID: 27521700 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) found in the latex of Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. were studied. The proteins were homogeneously obtained after two ion exchange chromatography steps. Most proteins were identified individually in 15 spots on 2-D gel electrophoresis with isoelectric points ranging from 4.6 to 6.0 and molecular masses extending from 27 to 30 kDa. Additionally, 66 kDa proteins were identified as chitinases in SDS-PAGE. Their identities were further confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the tryptic digests of each spot and MS analysis of the non-digested proteins. Positive reaction for Schiff's reagent suggested the proteins are glycosylated. The chitinases exhibited high catalytic activity toward to colloidal chitin at pH 5.0, and this activity underwent decay in the presence of increasing amounts of reducing agent dithiothreitol. Spore germination and hyphae growth of two phytopathogenic fungi were inhibited only marginally by the chitinases but were affected differently. This suggested a complex relationship might exist between the specificity of the proteins toward the fungal species. The chitinases showed potent insecticidal activity against the Bruchidae Callosobruchus maculatus, drastically reducing survival, larval weight and adult emergence. It is concluded that closely related chitinases are present in the latex of C. procera, and the first experimental evidence suggests these proteins are involved more efficiently in defence strategies against insects rather than fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleverson D T Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE CEP 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Carolina A Viana
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Frederico B B Moreno
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José V Lima-Filho
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Hermogenes D Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Renato A Moreira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio V Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE CEP 60451-970, Brazil.
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Liu H, Deng Z, Chen J, Wang S, Hao L, Li D. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the metacaspase gene family in Hevea brasiliensis. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 105:90-101. [PMID: 27085600 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Metacaspases, a family of cysteine proteases, have been suggested to play important roles in programmed cell death (PCD) during plant development and stress responses. To date, no systematic characterization of this gene family has been reported in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). In the present study, nine metacaspase genes, designated as HbMC1 to HbMC9, were identified from whole-genome sequence of rubber tree. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses suggested that these genes were divided into two types: type I (HbMC1-HBMC7) and type II (HbMC8 and HbMC9). Gene structure analysis demonstrated that type I and type II HbMCs separately contained four and two introns, indicating the conserved exon-intron organization of HbMCs. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that HbMCs showed distinct expression patterns in different tissues, suggesting the functional diversity of HbMCs in various tissues during development. Most of the HbMCs were regulated by drought, cold, and salt stress, implying their possible functions in regulating abiotic stress-induced cell death. Of the nine HbMCs, HbMC1, HbMC2, HbMC5, and HbMC8 displayed a significantly higher relative transcript accumulation in barks of tapping panel dryness (TPD) trees compared with healthy trees. In addition, the four genes were up-regulated by ethephon (ET) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), indicating their potential involvement in TPD resulting from ET- or JA-induced PCD. In summary, this work provides valuable information for further functional characterization of HbMC genes in rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Zhi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Jiangshu Chen
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Sen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Lili Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Dejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China.
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47
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de Freitas CDT, da Cruz WT, Silva MZR, Vasconcelos IM, Moreno FBMB, Moreira RA, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Alencar LMR, Sousa JS, Rocha BAM, Ramos MV. Proteomic analysis and purification of an unusual germin-like protein with proteolytic activity in the latex of Thevetia peruviana. Planta 2016; 243:1115-1128. [PMID: 26794967 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The latex from Thevetia peruviana is rich in plant defense proteins, including a 120 kDa cysteine peptidase with structural characteristics similar to germin-like proteins. More than 20,000 plant species produce latex, including Apocynaceae, Sapotaceae, Papaveraceae and Euphorbiaceae. To better understand the physiological role played by latex fluids, a proteomic analysis of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum latex was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. A total of 33 proteins (86 %) were identified, including storage proteins, a peptidase inhibitor, cysteine peptidases, peroxidases and osmotins. An unusual cysteine peptidase, termed peruvianin-I, was purified from the latex by a single chromatographic step involving gel filtration. The enzyme (glycoprotein) was inhibited by E-64 and iodoacetamide and exhibited high specific activity towards azocasein (K m 17.6 µM), with an optimal pH and temperature of 5.0-6.0 and 25-37 °C, respectively. Gel filtration chromatography, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry revealed that peruvianin-I possesses 120 kDa, pI 4.0, and six subunits (20 kDa). A unique N-terminal amino acid sequence was obtained to oligomer and monomers of peruvianin-I (1ADPGPLQDFCLADLNSPLFINGYPCRNPALAISDDF36). High-resolution images from atomic force microscopy showed the homohexameric structure of peruvianin-I may be organized as a trimer of dimers that form a central channel similar to germin-like proteins. Peruvianin-I exhibited no oxalate oxidase and superoxide dismutase activity or antifungal effects. Peruvianin-I represents the first germin-like protein (GLP) with cysteine peptidase activity, an activity unknown in the GLP family so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleverson D T de Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Wallace T da Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Z R Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | | | - Renato A Moreira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana M R Alencar
- Departamento de Física da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jeanlex S Sousa
- Departamento de Física da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno A M Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Márcio V Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60451-970, Brazil
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Nie Z, Kang G, Duan C, Li Y, Dai L, Zeng R. Profiling Ethylene-Responsive Genes Expressed in the Latex of the Mature Virgin Rubber Trees Using cDNA Microarray. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152039. [PMID: 26985821 PMCID: PMC4795647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene is commonly used as a latex stimulant of Hevea brasiliensis by application of ethephon (chloro-2-ethylphosphonic acid); however, the molecular mechanism by which ethylene increases latex production is not clear. To better understand the effects of ethylene stimulation on the laticiferous cells of rubber trees, a latex expressed sequence tag (EST)-based complementary DNA microarray containing 2,973 unique genes (probes) was first developed and used to analyze the gene expression changes in the latex of the mature virgin rubber trees after ethephon treatment at three different time-points: 8, 24 and 48 h. Transcript levels of 163 genes were significantly altered with fold-change values ≥ 2 or ≤ –2 (q-value < 0.05) in ethephon-treated rubber trees compared with control trees. Of the 163 genes, 92 were up-regulated and 71 down-regulated. The microarray results were further confirmed using real-time quantitative reverse transcript-PCR for 20 selected genes. The 163 ethylene-responsive genes were involved in several biological processes including organic substance metabolism, cellular metabolism, primary metabolism, biosynthetic process, cellular response to stimulus and stress. The presented data suggest that the laticifer water circulation, production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species, sugar metabolism, and assembly and depolymerization of the latex actin cytoskeleton might play important roles in ethylene-induced increase of latex production. The results may provide useful insights into understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of ethylene on latex metabolism of H. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Nie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Guijuan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Cuifang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Longjun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Rizhong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, China
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Huber M, Epping J, Schulze Gronover C, Fricke J, Aziz Z, Brillatz T, Swyers M, Köllner TG, Vogel H, Hammerbacher A, Triebwasser-Freese D, Robert CAM, Verhoeven K, Preite V, Gershenzon J, Erb M. A Latex Metabolite Benefits Plant Fitness under Root Herbivore Attack. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002332. [PMID: 26731567 PMCID: PMC4701418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce large amounts of secondary metabolites in their shoots and roots and store them in specialized secretory structures. Although secondary metabolites and their secretory structures are commonly assumed to have a defensive function, evidence that they benefit plant fitness under herbivore attack is scarce, especially below ground. Here, we tested whether latex secondary metabolites produced by the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg.) decrease the performance of its major native insect root herbivore, the larvae of the common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha), and benefit plant vegetative and reproductive fitness under M. melolontha attack. Across 17 T. officinale genotypes screened by gas and liquid chromatography, latex concentrations of the sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) were negatively associated with M. melolontha larval growth. Adding purified TA-G to artificial diet at ecologically relevant concentrations reduced larval feeding. Silencing the germacrene A synthase ToGAS1, an enzyme that was identified to catalyze the first committed step of TA-G biosynthesis, resulted in a 90% reduction of TA-G levels and a pronounced increase in M. melolontha feeding. Transgenic, TA-G-deficient lines were preferred by M. melolontha and suffered three times more root biomass reduction than control lines. In a common garden experiment involving over 2,000 T. officinale individuals belonging to 17 different genotypes, high TA-G concentrations were associated with the maintenance of high vegetative and reproductive fitness under M. melolontha attack. Taken together, our study demonstrates that a latex secondary metabolite benefits plants under herbivore attack, a result that provides a mechanistic framework for root herbivore driven natural selection and evolution of plant defenses below ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Huber
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Janina Epping
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Julia Fricke
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zohra Aziz
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Théo Brillatz
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Swyers
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniella Triebwasser-Freese
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle A. M. Robert
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Koen Verhoeven
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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50
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Sytwala S, Domsalla A, Melzig MF. Investigation of plant latices of Asteraceae and Campanulaceae regarding proteolytic activity. Plant Physiol Biochem 2015; 97:117-123. [PMID: 26458257 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of plant latices is widespread, there are more than 40 families of plants characterized to establish lactiferous structures. The appearance of hydrolytic active proteins, incorporated in latices is already characterized, and hydrolytic active proteins are considerable, and for several plant families, the occurrence of hydrolytic active proteins is already specified e.g. Apocynaceae Juss., Caricaceae Dumort, Euphorbiaceae Juss., Moraceae Gaudich and Papaveraceae Juss. In our investigation, focused on latex bearing plants of order Asterales, Asteraceae and Campanulaceae in particular. The present outcomes represent a comprehensive study, relating to the occurrence of proteolytic active enzymes of order Asterales for the first time. 131 different species of Asteraceae and Campanulaceae were tested, and the appearance of plant latex proteases were determined in different quantities. Proteolytic activity was investigated by inhibitory studies and determination of residual activity in the following, enable us to characterize the proteases. Most of the considered species exhibit a serine protease activity and a multiplicity of species exhibited two or more subclasses of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Sytwala
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Domsalla
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
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