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Wu PQ, Li Y, Ren YH, Zhou JS, Liu QF, Wu Y, Yu JH, Zhou B, Yue JM. Anti-Inflammatory Salicin Derivatives from the Barks of Salix tetrasperma. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38602386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The genus Salix L. is traditionally used in folk medicine to alleviate pain caused by various kinds of inflammation. In the present study, 10 undescribed salicin derivatives along with 5 known congeners were isolated from the barks of Salix tetrasperma, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and chemical conversions. Compounds 4-6 significantly inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the most active 4 obviously suppressed the production of IL-1β and IL-6 and decreased iNOS and COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Further Western blotting analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of 4 is possibly mediated through the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Su Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hai Yu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Liu Y, Ma D, Constabel CP. CRISPR/Cas9 Disruption of MYB134 and MYB115 in Transgenic Poplar Leads to Differential Reduction of Proanthocyanidin Synthesis in Roots and Leaves. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1189-1203. [PMID: 37522631 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are common specialized metabolites and particularly abundant in trees and woody plants. In poplar (Populus spp.), PA biosynthesis is stress-induced and regulated by two previously studied transcription factors MYB115 and MYB134. To determine the relative contribution of these regulators to PA biosynthesis, we created single- and double-knockout (KO) mutants for both genes in transgenic poplars using CRISPR/Cas9. Knocking out either MYB134 or MYB115 showed reduced PA accumulation and downregulated flavonoid genes in leaves, but MYB134 disruption had the greatest impact and reduced PAs to 30% of controls. In roots, by contrast, only the MYB134/MYB115 double-KOs showed a significant change in PA concentration. The loss of PAs paralleled the lower expression of PA biosynthesis genes and concentrations of flavan-3-ol PA precursors catechin and epicatechin. Interestingly, salicinoids were also affected in double-KOs, with distinct patterns in roots and shoots. We conclude that the regulatory pathways for PA biosynthesis differ in poplar leaves and roots. The residual PA content in the double-KO plants indicates that other transcription factors must also be involved in control of the PA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Liu
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C3, Canada
| | - Dawei Ma
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C3, Canada
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C3, Canada
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Riehl JFL, Cole CT, Morrow CJ, Barker HL, Bernhardsson C, Rubert‐Nason K, Ingvarsson PK, Lindroth RL. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal polygenic architecture for ecologically important traits in aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.). Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10541. [PMID: 37780087 PMCID: PMC10534199 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific genetic variation in foundation species such as aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) shapes their impact on forest structure and function. Identifying genes underlying ecologically important traits is key to understanding that impact. Previous studies, using single-locus genome-wide association (GWA) analyses to identify candidate genes, have identified fewer genes than anticipated for highly heritable quantitative traits. Mounting evidence suggests that polygenic control of quantitative traits is largely responsible for this "missing heritability" phenomenon. Our research characterized the genetic architecture of 30 ecologically important traits using a common garden of aspen through genomic and transcriptomic analyses. A multilocus association model revealed that most traits displayed a highly polygenic architecture, with most variation explained by loci with small effects (likely below the detection levels of single-locus GWA methods). Consistent with a polygenic architecture, our single-locus GWA analyses found only 38 significant SNPs in 22 genes across 15 traits. Next, we used differential expression analysis on a subset of aspen genets with divergent concentrations of salicinoid phenolic glycosides (key defense traits). This complementary method to traditional GWA discovered 1243 differentially expressed genes for a polygenic trait. Soft clustering analysis revealed three gene clusters (241 candidate genes) involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis and regulation. Our work reveals that ecologically important traits governing higher-order community- and ecosystem-level attributes of a foundation forest tree species have complex underlying genetic structures and will require methods beyond traditional GWA analyses to unravel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clay J. Morrow
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Hilary L. Barker
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Present address:
Office of Student SuccessWisconsin Technical College SystemMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Carolina Bernhardsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Present address:
Department of Organismal Biology, Center for Evolutionary BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Kennedy Rubert‐Nason
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Present address:
Division of Natural SciencesUniversity of Maine at Fort KentFort KentMaineUSA
| | - Pär K. Ingvarsson
- Department of Plant BiologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenterUppsalaSweden
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Yao T, Yuan G, Lu H, Liu Y, Zhang J, Tuskan GA, Muchero W, Chen JG, Yang X. CRISPR/Cas9-based gene activation and base editing in Populus. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad085. [PMID: 37323227 PMCID: PMC10266945 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The genus Populus has long been used for environmental, agroforestry and industrial applications worldwide. Today Populus is also recognized as a desirable crop for biofuel production and a model tree for physiological and ecological research. As such, various modern biotechnologies, including CRISPR/Cas9-based techniques, have been actively applied to Populus for genetic and genomic improvements for traits such as increased growth rate and tailored lignin composition. However, CRISPR/Cas9 has been primarily used as the active Cas9 form to create knockouts in the hybrid poplar clone "717-1B4" (P. tremula x P. alba clone INRA 717-1B4). Alternative CRISPR/Cas9-based technologies, e.g. those involving modified Cas9 for gene activation and base editing, have not been evaluated in most Populus species for their efficacy. Here we employed a deactivated Cas9 (dCas9)-based CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) technique to fine-tune the expression of two target genes, TPX2 and LecRLK-G which play important roles in plant growth and defense response, in hybrid poplar clone "717-1B4" and poplar clone "WV94" (P. deltoides "WV94"), respectively. We observed that CRISPRa resulted in 1.2-fold to 7.0-fold increase in target gene expression through transient expression in protoplasts and Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation, demonstrating the effectiveness of dCas9-based CRISPRa system in Populus. In addition, we applied Cas9 nickase (nCas9)-based cytosine base editor (CBE) to precisely introduce premature stop codons via C-to-T conversion, with an efficiency of 13%-14%, in the target gene PLATZ which encodes a transcription factor involved in plant fungal pathogen response in hybrid poplar clone "717-1B4". Overall, we showcase the successful application of CRISPR/Cas-based technologies in gene expression regulation and precise gene engineering in two Populus species, facilitating the adoption of emerging genome editing tools in woody species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Liu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University; Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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Ullah C, Chen YH, Ortega MA, Tsai CJ. The diversity of salicylic acid biosynthesis and defense signaling in plants: Knowledge gaps and future opportunities. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 72:102349. [PMID: 36842224 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is known to regulate plant immunity against pathogens. Plants synthesize SA via the isochorismate synthase (ICS) pathway or the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) pathway. The ICS pathway has been fully characterized using Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant that exhibits pathogen-inducible SA accumulation. Many species including Populus (poplar) depend instead on the partially understood PAL pathway for constitutive as well as pathogen-stimulated SA synthesis. Diversity of SA-mediated defense is also evident in SA accumulation, redox regulation, and interplay with other hormones like jasmonic acid. This review highlights the contrast between Arabidopsis and poplar, discusses potential drivers of SA diversity in plant defenses, and offers future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yen-Ho Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - María A Ortega
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Hillabrand RM, Gordon H, Hynes B, Constabel CP, Landhäusser SM. Populus root salicinoid phenolic glycosides are not mobilized to support metabolism and regrowth under carbon limited conditions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad020. [PMID: 36809479 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Remobilization of carbon storage compounds in trees is crucial for the resilience to disturbances, stress, and the requirements of their perennial lifestyle, all of which can impact photosynthetic carbon gain. Trees contain abundant non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the form of starch and sugars for long term carbon storage, yet questions remain about the ability of trees to remobilize non-conventional carbon compounds under stress. Aspens, like other members of the genus Populus, have abundant specialized metabolites called salicinoid phenolic glycosides, which contain a core glucose moiety. In this study, we hypothesized that the glucose-containing salicinoids could be remobilized as an additional carbon source during severe carbon limitation. We made use of genetically modified hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. alba) with minimal salicinoid content and compared these to control plants with high salicinoid content during resprouting (suckering) in dark (carbon limited) conditions. As salicinoids are abundant anti-herbivore compounds, identification of such a secondary function for salicinoids may provide insight to the evolutionary pressures that drive their accumulation. Our results show that salicinoid biosynthesis is maintained during carbon limitation and suggests that salicinoids are not remobilized as a carbon source for regenerating shoot tissue. However, we found that salicinoid-producing aspens had reduced resprouting capacity per available root biomass when compared to salicinoid-deficient aspens. Therefore, our work shows that the constitutive salicinoid production in aspens can reduce the capacity for resprouting and survival in carbon limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Hillabrand
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - H Gordon
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, V8P 5C2, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B Hynes
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - C P Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, V8P 5C2, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
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Genome Wide Analysis of Family-1 UDP Glycosyltransferases in Populus trichocarpa Specifies Abiotic Stress Responsive Glycosylation Mechanisms. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091640. [PMID: 36140806 PMCID: PMC9498546 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Populus trichocarpa (Black cottonwood) is a dominant timber-yielding tree that has become a notable model plant for genome-level insights in forest trees. The efficient transport and solubility of various glycoside-associated compounds is linked to Family-1 UDP-glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.x; UGTs) enzymes. These glycosyltransferase enzymes play a vital role in diverse plant functions, such as regulation of hormonal homeostasis, growth and development (seed, flower, fiber, root, etc.), xenobiotic detoxification, stress response (salt, drought, and oxidative), and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Here, we report a genome-wide analysis of the P. trichocarpa genome that identified 191 putative UGTs distributed across all chromosomes (with the exception of chromosome 20) based on 44 conserved plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) motif amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the 191 Populus UGTs together with 22 referenced UGTs from Arabidopsis and maize clustered the putative UGTs into 16 major groups (A–P). Whole-genome duplication events were the dominant pattern of duplication among UGTs in Populus. A well-conserved intron insertion was detected in most intron-containing UGTs across eight examined eudicots, including Populus. Most of the UGT genes were found preferentially expressed in leaf and root tissues in general. The regulation of putative UGT expression in response to drought, salt and heat stress was observed based on microarray and available RNA sequencing datasets. Up- and down-regulated UGT expression models were designed, based on transcripts per kilobase million values, confirmed their maximally varied expression under drought, salt and heat stresses. Co-expression networking of putative UGTs indicated their maximum co-expression with cytochrome P450 genes involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis. Our results provide an important resource for the identification of functional UGT genes to manipulate abiotic stress responsive glycosylation in Populus.
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Molla KA. CRISPR-Cas9 helps solve a piece of the puzzle of the biosynthesis of salicinoids and suggests a role in the growth-defense trade-off in poplar. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2819-2820. [PMID: 35640826 PMCID: PMC9338809 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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