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Jing X, Wang P, Liu J, Xiang M, Song X, Wang C, Li P, Li H, Wu Z, Zhang C. A viral protein competitively bound to rice CIPK23 inhibits potassium absorption and facilitates virus systemic infection in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38578842 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) plays a crucial role as a macronutrient in the growth and development of plants. Studies have definitely determined the vital roles of K+ in response to pathogen invasion. Our previous investigations revealed that rice plants infected with rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV) displayed a reduction in K+ content, but the mechanism by which RGSV infection subverts K+ uptake remains unknown. In this study, we found that overexpression of RGSV P1, a specific viral protein encoded by viral RNA1, results in enhanced sensitivity to low K+ stress and exhibits a significantly lower rate of K+ influx compared to wild-type rice plants. Further investigation revealed that RGSV P1 interacts with OsCIPK23, an upstream regulator of Shaker K+ channel OsAKT1. Moreover, we found that the P1 protein recruits the OsCIPK23 to the Cajal bodies (CBs). In vivo assays demonstrated that the P1 protein competitively binds to OsCIPK23 with both OsCBL1 and OsAKT1. In the nucleus, the P1 protein enhances the binding of OsCIPK23 to OsCoilin, a homologue of the signature protein of CBs in Arabidopsis, and facilitates their trafficking through these CB structures. Genetic analysis indicates that mutant in oscipk23 suppresses RGSV systemic infection. Conversely, osakt1 mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to RGSV infection. These findings suggest that RGSV P1 hinders the absorption of K+ in rice plants by recruiting the OsCIPK23 to the CB structures. This process potentially promotes virus systemic infection but comes at the expense of inhibiting OsAKT1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Jing
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengyue Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agronomy, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Meirong Xiang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Song
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengbai Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zujian Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Shang B, Li C, Zhang X. How intrinsically disordered proteins order plant gene silencing. Trends Genet 2024; 40:260-275. [PMID: 38296708 PMCID: PMC10932933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) possess low sequence complexity of amino acids and display non-globular tertiary structures. They can act as scaffolds, form regulatory hubs, or trigger biomolecular condensation to control diverse aspects of biology. Emerging evidence has recently implicated critical roles of IDPs and IDR-contained proteins in nuclear transcription and cytoplasmic post-transcriptional processes, among other molecular functions. We here summarize the concepts and organizing principles of IDPs. We then illustrate recent progress in understanding the roles of key IDPs in machineries that regulate transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants, aiming at highlighting new modes of action of IDPs in controlling biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshuan Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Changhao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Li Q, Liu Y, Zhang X. Biomolecular condensates in plant RNA silencing: insights into formation, function, and stress responses. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:227-245. [PMID: 37772963 PMCID: PMC10827315 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are dynamic structures formed through diverse mechanisms, including liquid-liquid phase separation. These condensates have emerged as crucial regulators of cellular processes in eukaryotic cells, enabling the compartmentalization of specific biological reactions while allowing for dynamic exchange of molecules with the surrounding environment. RNA silencing, a conserved gene regulatory mechanism mediated by small RNAs (sRNAs), plays pivotal roles in various biological processes. Multiple types of biomolecular condensate, including dicing bodies, processing bodies, small interfering RNA bodies, and Cajal bodies, have been identified as key players in RNA silencing pathways. These biomolecular condensates provide spatial compartmentation for the biogenesis, loading, action, and turnover of small RNAs. Moreover, they actively respond to stresses, such as viral infections, and modulate RNA silencing activities during stress responses. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding of dicing bodies and other biomolecular condensates involved in RNA silencing. We explore their formation, roles in RNA silencing, and contributions to antiviral resistance responses. This comprehensive overview provides insights into the functional significance of biomolecular condensates in RNA silencing and expands our understanding of their roles in gene expression and stress responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, China
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Sheshukova EV, Kamarova KA, Ershova NM, Komarova TV. Nicotiana benthamiana Methanol-Inducible Gene (MIG) 21 Encodes a Nucleolus-Localized Protein That Stimulates Viral Intercellular Transport and Downregulates Nuclear Import. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:279. [PMID: 38256832 PMCID: PMC10819229 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The mechanical damage of plant tissues leads to the activation of methanol production and its release into the atmosphere. The gaseous methanol or vapors emitted by the damaged plant induce resistance in neighboring intact plants to bacterial pathogens but create favorable conditions for viral infection spread. Among the Nicotiana benthamiana methanol-inducible genes (MIGs), most are associated with plant defense and intercellular transport. Here, we characterize NbMIG21, which encodes a 209 aa protein (NbMIG21p) that does not share any homology with annotated proteins. NbMIG21p was demonstrated to contain a nucleolus localization signal (NoLS). Colocalization studies with fibrillarin and coilin, nucleolus and Cajal body marker proteins, revealed that NbMIG21p is distributed among these subnuclear structures. Our results show that recombinant NbMIG21 possesses DNA-binding properties. Similar to a gaseous methanol effect, an increased NbMIG21 expression leads to downregulation of the nuclear import of proteins with nuclear localization signals (NLSs), as was demonstrated with the GFP-NLS model protein. Moreover, upregulated NbMIG21 expression facilitates tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) intercellular transport and reproduction. We identified an NbMIG21 promoter (PrMIG21) and showed that it is methanol sensitive; thus, the induction of NbMIG21 mRNA accumulation occurs at the level of transcription. Our findings suggest that methanol-activated NbMIG21 might participate in creating favorable conditions for viral reproduction and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Sheshukova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Kamila A. Kamarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Natalia M. Ershova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Gorsheneva NA, Sopova JV, Azarov VV, Grizel AV, Rubel AA. Biomolecular Condensates: Structure, Functions, Methods of Research. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:S205-S223. [PMID: 38621751 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924140116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The term "biomolecular condensates" is used to describe membraneless compartments in eukaryotic cells, accumulating proteins and nucleic acids. Biomolecular condensates are formed as a result of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Often, they demonstrate properties of liquid-like droplets or gel-like aggregates; however, some of them may appear to have a more complex structure and high-order organization. Membraneless microcompartments are involved in diverse processes both in cytoplasm and in nucleus, among them ribosome biogenesis, regulation of gene expression, cell signaling, and stress response. Condensates properties and structure could be highly dynamic and are affected by various internal and external factors, e.g., concentration and interactions of components, solution temperature, pH, osmolarity, etc. In this review, we discuss variety of biomolecular condensates and their functions in live cells, describe their structure variants, highlight domain and primary sequence organization of the constituent proteins and nucleic acids. Finally, we describe current advances in methods that characterize structure, properties, morphology, and dynamics of biomolecular condensates in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia V Sopova
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | | | - Anastasia V Grizel
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Lettin L, Erbay B, Blair GE. Viruses and Cajal Bodies: A Critical Cellular Target in Virus Infection? Viruses 2023; 15:2311. [PMID: 38140552 PMCID: PMC10747631 DOI: 10.3390/v15122311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear bodies (NBs) are dynamic structures present in eukaryotic cell nuclei. They are not bounded by membranes and are often considered biomolecular condensates, defined structurally and functionally by the localisation of core components. Nuclear architecture can be reorganised during normal cellular processes such as the cell cycle as well as in response to cellular stress. Many plant and animal viruses target their proteins to NBs, in some cases triggering their structural disruption and redistribution. Although not all such interactions have been well characterised, subversion of NBs and their functions may form a key part of the life cycle of eukaryotic viruses that require the nucleus for their replication. This review will focus on Cajal bodies (CBs) and the viruses that target them. Since CBs are dynamic structures, other NBs (principally nucleoli and promyelocytic leukaemia, PML and bodies), whose components interact with CBs, will also be considered. As well as providing important insights into key virus-host cell interactions, studies on Cajal and associated NBs may identify novel cellular targets for development of antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Lettin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (B.E.)
| | - Bilgi Erbay
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (B.E.)
- Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Bölümü, Fen Fakültesi, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65140, Türkiye
| | - G. Eric Blair
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (B.E.)
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Kanno T, Chiou P, Wu MT, Lin WD, Matzke A, Matzke M. A GFP splicing reporter in a coilin mutant background reveals links between alternative splicing, siRNAs, and coilin function in Arabidopsis thaliana. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad175. [PMID: 37539868 PMCID: PMC10542627 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Coilin is a scaffold protein essential for the structure of Cajal bodies, which are nucleolar-associated, nonmembranous organelles that coordinate the assembly of nuclear ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) including spliceosomal snRNPs. To study coilin function in plants, we conducted a genetic suppressor screen using a coilin (coi1) mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana and performed an immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis on coilin protein. The coi1 mutations modify alternative splicing of a GFP reporter gene, resulting in a hyper-GFP phenotype in young coi1 seedlings relative to the intermediate wild-type level. As shown here, this hyper-GFP phenotype is extinguished in older coi1 seedlings by posttranscriptional gene silencing triggered by siRNAs derived from aberrant splice variants of GFP pre-mRNA. In the coi1 suppressor screen, we identified suppressor mutations in WRAP53, a putative coilin-interacting protein; SMU2, a predicted splicing factor; and ZCH1, an incompletely characterized zinc finger protein. These suppressor mutations return the hyper-GFP fluorescence of young coi1 seedlings to the intermediate wild-type level. Additionally, coi1 zch1 mutants display more extensive GFP silencing and elevated levels of GFP siRNAs, suggesting the involvement of wild-type ZCH1 in siRNA biogenesis or stability. The immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis reinforced the roles of coilin in pre-mRNA splicing, nucleolar chromatin structure, and rRNA processing. The participation of coilin in these processes, at least some of which incorporate small RNAs, supports the hypothesis that coilin provides a chaperone for small RNA trafficking. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of the GFP splicing reporter for investigating alternative splicing, ribosome biogenesis, and siRNA-mediated silencing in the context of coilin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanno
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Phebe Chiou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsung Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Genenet Technology (UK) Limited, 128 City Road, London EC1V 2NX, UK
| | - Wen-Dar Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Antonius Matzke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Marjori Matzke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
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Gutierrez-Beltran E, Strader L, Bozhkov PV. Focus on biomolecular condensates. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3155-3157. [PMID: 37352160 PMCID: PMC10473217 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Gutierrez-Beltran
- Instituto de Bioquimica Vegetal y Fotosintesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquimica Vegetal y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
- Guest Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists, USA
| | - Lucia Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Senior Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists, USA
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Guest Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists, USA
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
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