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El-Saadony MT, Salem HM, El-Tahan AM, Abd El-Mageed TA, Soliman SM, Khafaga AF, Swelum AA, Ahmed AE, Alshammari FA, Abd El-Hack ME. The control of poultry salmonellosis using organic agents: an updated overview. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101716. [PMID: 35176704 PMCID: PMC8857471 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a severe problem that threatens the poultry sector worldwide right now. Salmonella gallinarium and Salmonella pullorum (Fowl typhoid) are the most pathogenic serovars in avian species leading to systemic infection resulting in severe economic losses in the poultry industry. Nontyphoidal serotypes of Salmonella (Paratyphoid disease) constitute a public health hazard for their involvement in food poisoning problems in addition to their zoonotic importance. Also, Salmonella species distribution is particularly extensive. They resisted environmental conditions that made it difficult to control their spread for a long time. Therefore, the current review aimed to through light on Salmonellosis in poultry with particular references to its pathogenesis, economic importance, immune response to Salmonella, Salmonella antibiotics resistance, possible methods for prevention and control of such problems using promising antibiotics alternatives including probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, organic acids, essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, chitosan, nanoparticles, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira M El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Taia A Abd El-Mageed
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Soliman M Soliman
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University 1221, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Fahdah A Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Literature, Northern Border University, Rafha 76312, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
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Liao H, Wu X, Zhang K, Ding X, Bai S, Wang J, Zeng Q. The effect of citric acid acidification of drinking water on growth performance, cecal pH, and cecal microflora of meat duck. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Buhr RJ, Bourassa DV, Hinton A, Fairchild BD, Ritz CW. Impact of litter Salmonella status during feed withdrawal on Salmonella recovery from the broiler crop and ceca. Poult Sci 2017; 96:4361-4369. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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4
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Ahmed ST, Kim G, Islam MM, Mun HS, Bostami AR, Yang CJ. Effects of dietary chlorine dioxide on growth performance, intestinal and excreta microbiology, and odorous gas emissions from broiler excreta. J APPL POULTRY RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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5
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Capcarova M, Kalafova A, Hrncar C, Kopecky J, Weis J. Comparative analysis of acetic and citric acid on internal milieu of broiler chickens. POTRAVINARSTVO 2014. [DOI: 10.5219/379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of two organic acids (acetic and citric acid) inclusion on serum parameters and the level of antioxidant status of broiler chickens. Some organic acidifiers reduce the growth of many intestinal bacteria, reduce intestinal colonisation and reduce infectious processes, decrease inflammatory processes at the intestinal mucosa, increase villus height and function of secretion, digestion and absorption of nutrients. Broiler chickens hybrid Ross 308 (n=180) were divided into 3 groups: one control (C) and two experimental groups (E1, E2). Experimental animals received acetic and citric acid per os in water in single dose 0.25% for 42 days. After 42 days of feeding blood samples were collected (n=10 in each group). Significant decrease of serum triglycerides in citric acid group when compared with the control group was recorded. Acetic acid administration resulted in increased sodium level. Significant increase of albumin content in both experimental groups and increase of bilirubin content in citric group was recorded. Acids administration had no significant effect on other serum and antioxidant parameters. Acetic and citric acid had no harmful influenced on internal milieu of broiler chickens. The research on the field of organic acid will be worthy of further investigation.
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Menconi A, Pumford NR, Morgan MJ, Bielke LR, Kallapura G, Latorre JD, Wolfenden AD, Hernandez-Velasco X, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Effect of chitosan on Salmonella Typhimurium in broiler chickens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 11:165-9. [PMID: 24237042 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Public concern with the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly among foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella, has been challenging the poultry industry to find alternative means of control. The purposes of the present study were to evaluate in vitro and in vivo effects of chitosan on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) infection in broiler chicks. For in vitro crop assay experiments, tubes containing feed, water, and ST were treated with either saline as a control or 0.2% chitosan. The entire assay was repeated in three trials. In two independent in vivo trials, 40 broiler chicks were assigned to an untreated control diet or dietary treatment with 0.2% chitosan for 7 days (20 broiler chicks/treatment). At day 4, chicks were challenged with 2×10⁵ colony-forming units (CFU) ST/bird. In a third in vivo trial, 100 broiler chicks were assigned to untreated control diet or dietary treatment with 0.2% chitosan for 10 days (50 broiler chicks/treatment) to evaluate ST horizontal transmission. At day 3, 10 birds were challenged with 10⁵ CFU ST/bird, and the remaining nonchallenged birds (n=40) were kept in the same floor pen. In all three in vitro trials, 0.2% chitosan significantly reduced total CFU of ST at 0.5 and 6 h postinoculation compared with control (p<0.05). In two in vivo trials, at 7 days, dietary 0.2% chitosan significantly reduced total CFU of recovered ST in the ceca in both experiments. Dietary 0.2% chitosan significantly reduced total ST CFU recovered in the ceca of horizontally challenged birds in the third in vivo trial. Chitosan at 0.2% significantly reduced the CFU of recovered ST in vitro and in vivo, proving to be an alternative tool to reduce crop, ceca, and consequently carcass ST contamination as well as decreasing the amount of ST shed to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Menconi
- 1 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas
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7
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Barreiro FR, Baraldi-Artoni SM, Pinto FR, Barbosa MMC, Barbosa JC, Amaral LA. Influence of chlorine added to drinking water during the preslaughter feed withdrawal on microbiology and morphology of the broiler gastrointestinal tract. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2778-84. [PMID: 23091132 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to test the effects of the addition of chlorine to broiler drinking water during a 12-h preslaughter feed withdrawal period on reduction of the quantities of microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and enterococci, in broiler crops and ceca. Reduction of these microorganisms would likely also reduce contamination of broiler meat by pathogenic bacteria during processing. It was also investigated if the chlorine caused some intestinal damage that could disseminate the microorganisms to the carcass. A total of 40 Cobb male broilers were used. Samples of crop and cecal content were collected for microbiological analysis, and duodenum and jejunum were used for morphological analysis from 10 birds in each treatment. The most probable number (MPN) of E. coli and enterococci in the collected samples of crop and ceca and the measure of the free residual chlorine in water were determined. The scanning electron microscopy from duodenum and jejunum was used to illustrate the mucosa integrity. The chlorine added to water was efficient in reducing the quantities of microorganisms in broiler crops and improved the integrity of the mucosa. Therefore, preslaughter feed withdrawal should be coupled with crop disinfection, because preslaughter feed withdrawal increases the MPN of enterococci and E. coli in broiler crops. So, it presents a higher risk for carcass contamination during slaughterhouse processing and, consequently, a higher risk for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Barreiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil.
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8
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Farrow RL, Edrington TS, Krueger NA, Genovese KJ, Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Lack of effect of feeding citrus by-products in reducing salmonella in experimentally infected weanling pigs. J Food Prot 2012; 75:573-5. [PMID: 22410233 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current research was to determine if feeding the citrus by-products(D) -limonene (DL) and citrus molasses would reduce the concentration and prevalence of Salmonella in weanling pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Twenty crossbred weanling pigs (average body weight [BW], 19.9 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: control, low-dose DL (1.5 ml/kg of BW per day), high-dose DL (3.0 ml/kg of BW per day), and citrus molasses (0.05 kg/kg of BW per day). Treatments were administered in the feed (twice daily) for 7 days, with one-half of the dose administered at each feeding. Fecal samples were collected twice daily (prior to administration of treatment) and cultured for quantitative and qualitative determination of the challenge strain of Salmonella. Upon termination of the study, pigs were euthanized and tissues from the stomach, ileum, cecum, spiral colon, and rectum, as well as luminal contents, were collected. In addition, the popliteal and ileocecal lymph nodes and liver, spleen, and tonsil tissue were collected for qualitative Salmonella culture. No significant treatment differences (P > 0.05) were observed among treatments for fecal concentration or prevalence of Salmonella throughout the 7-day collection period. Likewise, no treatment differences (P > 0.05) were observed for any of the tissue or luminal content samples collected. Salmonella was not cultured from the muscle-bound popliteal lymph node but was cultured from the mesenteric ileocecal lymph nodes. While there were no effects in the current experiment, future research may examine the effect of a lower challenge dose and/or different administration (dose or duration) of the citrus by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Farrow
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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Chen JC, Carlson BA, Sofos JN, Smith GC, Belk KE, Nightingale KK. High-throughput small molecule screening reveals structurally diverse compounds that inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro. J Food Prot 2011; 74:2148-56. [PMID: 22186057 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants asymptomatically and may enter the human food supply through fecal contamination. A fraction of individuals infected by E. coli O157:H7 develop hemolytic uremic syndrome, a life-threatening condition. When individuals infected by E. coli O157:H7 are treated with certain antibiotics, an increased incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome may result. This finding supports the need to identify novel compounds that can either reduce the load of E. coli O157:H7 entering the human food supply or serve as alternative therapeutic treatments for infected individuals. We developed a high-throughput turbidometric assay to identify novel compounds that inhibit E. coli O157:H7 growth. Pin transfers were performed to introduce small molecule libraries into 384-well plates, where each well contained approximately 5.0 log CFU of E. coli O157:H7. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 18 h, and the optical density was measured to determine the effect of each small molecule. A total of 64,562 compounds were screened in duplicate, and 43 unique compounds inhibited E. coli O157:H7 growth. Thirty-eight of the 43 inhibitory compounds belonged to known bioactive libraries, and the other 5 compounds were from commercial libraries derived from splitting and pooling. Inhibitory compounds from known bioactive libraries were most frequently therapeutic antibiotics (n = 34) but also included an antiviral compound, a compound that disrupts the citric acid cycle, and two biguanide compounds, which have been used for various nonclinical applications. We identified two novel compounds (i.e., biguanides) that should be studied further for their ability to reduce pathogen populations in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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van Gerwe T, Bouma A, Wagenaar JA, Jacobs-Reitsma WF, Stegeman A. Comparison of Campylobacter levels in crops and ceca of broilers at slaughter. Avian Dis 2010; 54:1072-4. [PMID: 20945790 DOI: 10.1637/9113-101809-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A considerable fraction of the poultry carcasses becomes contaminated with Campylobacter by cross-contamination from the digestive tract of colonized broilers at slaughter. Campylobacter in the crop may serve as a possible source of cross-contamination, because the crop may contain high numbers of Campylobacter and is more likely to rupture during the slaughtering process than intestines. In this study, the correlation between Campylobacter colonization levels in crop and cecum was assessed in 48 broilers of 31 days of age. In addition, the effect of drinking water supplemented with 0.2% volatile fatty acid (VFA) on these Campylobacter colonization levels was studied. No correlation between crop and cecal colonization levels was found (p = 0.09; P = 0.71), indicating that future studies on cross-contamination should include an examination of not only cecal colonization levels but also crop colonization levels. Supplementation of drinking water with VFA did not result in a significant reduction of colonization levels in either the crop (P = 0.50) or the ceca (P = 0.92), indicating that this is not an effective measure to reduce cross-contamination at slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twan van Gerwe
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Stringfellow K, McReynolds J, Lee J, Byrd J, Nisbet D, Farnell M. Effect of bismuth citrate, lactose, and organic acid on necrotic enteritis in broilers. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2280-4. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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McWhorter TJ, Caviedes-Vidal E, Karasov WH. The integration of digestion and osmoregulation in the avian gut. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 84:533-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Callaway T, Carroll J, Arthington J, Pratt C, Edrington T, Anderson R, Galyean M, Ricke S, Crandall P, Nisbet D. Citrus Products Decrease Growth of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in Pure Culture and in Fermentation with Mixed Ruminal Microorganisms In Vitro. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:621-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T.R. Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | | | - J.D. Arthington
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, Florida
| | - C. Pratt
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - T.S. Edrington
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - R.C. Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - M.L. Galyean
- Department of Animal Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - S.C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - P. Crandall
- Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - D.J. Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
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Line J, Hiett K, Conlan A. Comparison of Challenge Models for Determining the Colonization Dose of Campylobacter jejuni in Broiler Chicks. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1700-6. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Andreatti Filho RL, Higgins JP, Higgins SE, Gaona G, Wolfenden AD, Tellez G, Hargis BM. Ability of Bacteriophages Isolated from Different Sources to Reduce Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis In Vitro and In Vivo. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1904-9. [PMID: 17704377 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.9.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis-lysing bacteriophages isolated from poultry or human sewage sources were used to reduce Salmonella Enteritidis in vitro and in experimentally infected chicks. Cocktails of 4 different bacteriophages obtained from commercial broiler houses (CB4Ø) and 45 bacteriophages from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WT45Ø) were evaluated. In experiment 1, an in vitro crop assay was conducted with selected bacteriophage concentrations (10(5) to 10(9) pfu/mL) to determine ability to reduce Salmonella Enteritidis in the simulated crop environment. Following 2 h at 37 degrees C, CB4Ø or WT45Ø reduced Salmonella Enteritidis recovery by 1.5 or 5 log, respectively, as compared with control. However, CB4Ø did not affect total SE recovery after 6 h, whereas WT45Ø resulted in up to a 6-log reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis. In experiment 2, day-of-hatch chicks were challenged orally with 3 x 10(3) cfu/chick Salmonella Enteritidis and treated cloacally with 1 x 10(9) WT45Ø pfu/chick 1 h postchallenge. One hour later, chicks were treated or not with a commercially available probiotic (Floramax-B11). Both treatments significantly reduced Salmonella Enteritidis recovery from cecal tonsils at 24 h following vent lip application as compared with controls, but no additive effect was observed with the combination of bacteriophages and probiotic. In experiment 3, day-of-hatch chicks were challenged orally with 9 x 10(3) cfu/chick Salmonella Enteritidis and treated via oral gavage with 1 x 10(8) CB4Ø pfu/chick, 1.2 x 10(8) WT45Ø pfu/chick, or a combination of both, 1 h postchallenge. All treatments significantly reduced Salmonella Enteritidis recovered from cecal tonsils at 24 h as compared with untreated controls, but no significant differences were observed at 48 h following treatment. These data suggest that some bacteriophages can be efficacious in reducing SE colonization in poultry during a short period, but with the bacteriophages and methods presently tested, persistent reductions were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Andreatti Filho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Mohyla P, Bilgili S, Oyarzabal O, Warf C, Kemp G. Application of Acidified Sodium Chlorite in the Drinking Water to Control Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni in Commercial Broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/16.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Cutler SA, Rasmussen MA, Hensley MJ, Wilhelms KW, Griffith RW, Scanes CG. Effects ofLactobacilliand lactose onSalmonella typhimuriumcolonisation and microbial fermentation in the crop of the young turkey. Br Poult Sci 2007; 46:708-16. [PMID: 16428114 DOI: 10.1080/00071660500393694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Three experiments were performed to examine the effects of Lactobacilli and lactose on microbial fermentation and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colonisation in the crop of the young turkey. 2. The following carboxylic acids were detected in the crop ingesta: formic, acetic, butyric, lactic, valeric, caproic, oxalic, phenyl acetic, succinic and fumaric; propionic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids were not detectable. 3. At the beginning of the night, there were considerable quantities of ingesta in the crop of young turkeys. During the scotophase, there were progressive reductions in the contents and pH. Moreover, there were linear increases in the concentration of lactic, valeric and caproic acids (by approximately 7-fold over 8 h). Much smaller changes in crop pH were observed in the study where dietary treatments of Lactobacilli were not included. 4. Chronic addition of lactose or Lactobacilli to the diet exerted modest effects on the carboxylic acid concentration in the crop contents but did not consistently influence colonisation of the crop by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. 5. Young turkeys confine eating to the hours of illumination (photophase) with a peak in consumption prior to the subjective dusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cutler
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Johannsen SA, Griffith RW, Wesley IV, Scanes CG. Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium Colonization of the Crop in the Domestic Turkey: Influence of Probiotic and Prebiotic Treatment (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactose). Avian Dis 2004; 48:279-86. [PMID: 15283415 DOI: 10.1637/7092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Acute colonization of the crop of the domestic turkey by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (ST) was examined. The influences of preharvest probiotic and prebiotic treatment with lactobaccilli and lactose on crop colonization with ST were also investigated. Prior to Salmonella challenge, poults received 2.5% lactose and Lactobacillus acidophilus (1.9 x 10(9) organisms/liter) in the only source of drinking water from 1 day old to termination. At 3-wk-old, turkey poults were challenged with ST (1.7 X 10(8) colony-forming units [CFU]/ml) before their natural nocturnal fast to determine the potential effects of supplementation on crop colonization when the crop was engorged and subsequently undergoing emptying. Crop ingesta and tissue were collected at time points 30 min and 4, 8, and 24 hr postchallenge and ST levels were determined. High levels of ST were detected in the crop. For instance, for the poults not receiving lactose or lactobacilli, 30 min after ST challenge, there were 4.4 x 10(7) CFU in the crop ingesta and 5.3 x 10(5) CFU in the crop wall. Ingesta ST levels dropped dramatically to 1.0 x 10(6) CFU after 4 hr as the crop emptied. Crop wall ST levels were steady during the nocturnal crop evacuation. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated ST in close association with the crop epithelium. Treatment with lactose and L. acidophilus supplementation did not reduce ST colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Johannsen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Avila LAFD, Nascimento VPD, Canal CW, Salle CTP, Moraes HLDS. Effect of acidified drinking water on the recovery of Salmonella enteritidis from broiler crops. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2003000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - CW Canal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
| | - CTP Salle
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
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20
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Ricke SC. The gastrointestinal tract ecology of Salmonella enteritidis colonization in molting hens. Poult Sci 2003; 82:1003-7. [PMID: 12817456 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.6.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an interaction between feed withdrawal induced-molting and foodborne Salmonella Enteritidis colonization and invasion in susceptible laying hens. Less is known about the ecology of the indigenous microflora and their response to feed removal, the response of S. Enteritidis to feed removal (virulence expression), and the interaction between the gastrointestinal tract microenvironment and S. Enteritidis. Because the crop is the first host environment encountered by S. Enteritidis after ingestion, it can influence the survival and virulence of S. Enteritidis. Feed withdrawal alters the microenvironment of the crop by causing alterations in the indigenous microbial population along with lactate and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations and an increase in pH. This altered crop environment is accompanied by increased S. Enteritidis colonization of the crop and ceca along with invasion of the spleen and liver. The observation that crop composition influences the virulence of S. Enteritidis has important implications for understanding the gastrointestinal factors necessary for protection against S. Enteritidis infection. Consequently, an important aspect for minimizing S. Enteritidis colonization during molting is to maintain the crop microflora and their fermentative activities as similar as possible to that of crop microflora and fermentation activities of birds with fully active gastrointestinal microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Ricke
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2472, USA.
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