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Amri O, Madore AM, Boucher-Lafleur AM, Laprise C. Genomic analysis of severe COVID-19 considering or not asthma comorbidity: GWAS insights from the BQC19 cohort. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:482. [PMID: 38750426 PMCID: PMC11097529 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of COVID-19 is influenced by various factors including the presence of respiratory diseases. Studies have indicated a potential relationship between asthma and COVID-19 severity. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic and clinical variants associated with the severity of COVID-19, both among patients with and without asthma. METHODS We analyzed data from 2131 samples sourced from the Biobanque québécoise de la COVID-19 (BQC19), with 1499 samples from patients who tested positive for COVID-19. Among these, 1110 exhibited mild-to-moderate symptoms, 389 had severe symptoms, and 58 had asthma. We conducted a comparative analysis of clinical data from individuals in these three groups and GWAS using a logistic regression model. Phenotypic data analysis resulted in the refined covariates integrated into logistic models for genetic studies. RESULTS Considering a significance threshold of 1 × 10-6, seven genetic variants were associated with severe COVID-19. These variants were located proximal to five genes: sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1 (SCN10A), desmoplakin (DSP), RP1 axonemal microtubule associated (RP1), IGF like family member 1 (IGFL1), and docking protein 5 (DOK5). The GWAS comparing individuals with severe COVID-19 with asthma to those without asthma revealed four genetic variants in transmembrane protein with EGF like and two follistatin like domains 2 (TMEFF2) and huntingtin interacting protein-1 (HIP1) genes. CONCLUSION This study provides significant insights into the genetic profiles of patients with severe forms of the disease, whether accompanied by asthma or not. These findings enhance our comprehension of the genetic factors that affect COVID-19 severity. KEY MESSAGES Seven genetic variants were associated with the severe form of COVID-19; Four genetic variants were associated with the severe form of COVID-19 in individuals with comorbid asthma; These findings help define the genetic component of the severe form of COVID-19 in relation to asthma as a comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Amri
- Centre intersectoriel en santé durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, G7H 2B1, Canada
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Madore
- Centre intersectoriel en santé durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, G7H 2B1, Canada
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Boucher-Lafleur
- Centre intersectoriel en santé durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, G7H 2B1, Canada
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Centre intersectoriel en santé durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, G7H 2B1, Canada.
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, G7H 2B1, Canada.
- Centre de recherche du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Saguenay, Québec, G7H 7K9, Canada.
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Ashiri A, Beiromvand M, Rafiei A, Heidari R, Takesh A. Prevalence of asymptomatic strongyloidiasis co-infection in COVID-19 patients residing in endemic areas. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:281. [PMID: 37563592 PMCID: PMC10416476 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatal forms of strongyloidiasis, hyperinfection syndrome (HS) and disseminated strongyloidiasis (DS), are caused by exaggerated autoinfection of the intestinal nematode, Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis). Corticosteroids, frequently administered to patients with severe COVID-19, can transform chronic asymptomatic strongyloidiasis into the above-mentioned fatal diseases. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of strongyloidiasis in COVID-19 patients receiving corticosteroids in a hypoendemic region. METHODS The present cross-sectional study enrolled 308 COVID-19 patients admitted to two hospitals in Ahvaz and Abadan in the southwest of Iran between 2020 and 2022. A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test and chest computed tomography (CT) scan were employed to detect and monitor the disease's severity in the patients, respectively. All patients were evaluated for IgG/IgM against S. stercoralis using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Subsequently, individuals with a positive ELISA test were confirmed using parasitological methods, including direct smear and agar plate culture (APC). RESULTS The patients were between 15 and 94 years old, with a mean age of 57.99 ± 17.4 years. Of the 308 patients, 12 (3.9%) had a positive ELISA test, while 296 (96.1%) had negative results. Three of the 12 patients with a positive ELISA result died, and three failed to provide a stool sample. To this end, only six cases were examined parasitologically, in which S. stercoralis larvae were observed in five patients. Significant differences were found between S. stercoralis infection with sex (p = 0.037) and age (p = 0.027). Binary regression analysis revealed that strongyloidiasis was positively associated with sex (odds ratio [OR]: 5.137; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.107-23.847), age (OR: 5.647; 95% CI 1.216-26.218), and location (OR: 3.254; 95% CI: 0.864-12.257). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that screening for latent strongyloidiasis in COVID-19 patients in endemic areas using high-sensitivity diagnostic methods, particularly ELISA, before receiving suppressive drugs should be given more consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ashiri
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Molouk Beiromvand
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Rafiei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ameneh Takesh
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Mihajlović A, Ivanov D, Tapavički B, Marković M, Vukas D, Miljković A, Bajić D, Semnic I, Bogdan M, Karaba Jakovljević D, Nikolić S, Slavić D, Lendak D. Prognostic Value of Routine Biomarkers in the Early Stage of COVID-19. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2137. [PMID: 37570378 PMCID: PMC10418955 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11152137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Various biomarkers like certain complete blood cell count parameters and the derived ratios including neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio are commonly used to evaluate disease severity. Our study aimed to establish if baseline levels of complete blood cell count-derived biomarkers and CRP, measured before any treatment which can interfere with their values, could serve as a predictor of development of pneumonia and the need for hospitalization requiring oxygen therapy. We retrospectively analyzed the laboratory data of 200 consecutive patients without comorbidities, who denied usage of medications prior to blood analysis and visited a COVID-19 ambulance between October and December 2021. Multivariate regression analysis extracted older age, elevated CRP and lower eosinophil count as significant independent predictors of pneumonia (p = 0.003, p = 0.000, p = 0.046, respectively). Independent predictors of hospitalization were higher CRP (p = 0.000) and lower platelet count (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in the neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios between examined groups. Individual biomarkers such as platelet and eosinophil count might be better in predicting the severity of COVID-19 than the neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mihajlović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - David Ivanov
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Borislav Tapavički
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milica Marković
- Health Centre Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 75, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragana Vukas
- Health Centre Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 75, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ana Miljković
- Health Centre Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 75, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dejana Bajić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Isidora Semnic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Clinic of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Bogdan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Put Dr Goldmana Street 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Dea Karaba Jakovljević
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Stanislava Nikolić
- Department of Pathophysiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Danijel Slavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dajana Lendak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Macchia I, La Sorsa V, Urbani F, Moretti S, Antonucci C, Afferni C, Schiavoni G. Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170035. [PMID: 37483591 PMCID: PMC10358847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that, under homeostatic conditions, account for as much as 1-3% of peripheral blood leukocytes. During inflammation, eosinophils can rapidly expand and infiltrate inflamed tissues, guided by cytokines and alarmins (such as IL-33), adhesion molecules and chemokines. Eosinophils play a prominent role in allergic asthma and parasitic infections. Nonetheless, they participate in the immune response against respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Notably, respiratory viruses are associated with asthma exacerbation. Eosinophils release several molecules endowed with antiviral activity, including cationic proteins, RNases and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. On the other hand, eosinophils release several cytokines involved in homeostasis maintenance and Th2-related inflammation. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, emerging evidence indicates that eosinophils can represent possible blood-based biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and severity prediction of disease. In particular, eosinopenia seems to be an indicator of severity among patients with COVID-19, whereas an increased eosinophil count is associated with a better prognosis, including a lower incidence of complications and mortality. In the present review, we provide an overview of the role and plasticity of eosinophils focusing on various respiratory viral infections and in the context of viral and allergic disease comorbidities. We will discuss the potential utility of eosinophils as prognostic/predictive immune biomarkers in emerging respiratory viral diseases, particularly COVID-19. Finally, we will revisit some of the relevant methods and tools that have contributed to the advances in the dissection of various eosinophil subsets in different pathological settings for future biomarker definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Macchia
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina La Sorsa
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Urbani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Antonucci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Afferni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Badenes Bonet D, Caguana Vélez OA, Duran Jordà X, Comas Serrano M, Posso Rivera M, Admetlló M, Herranz Blasco A, Cuadrado Godia E, Marco Navarro E, Martin Ezquerra G, Pineiro Aguin Z, Cumpli Gargallo MC, Gonzalez Garcia JG, Balcells Vilarnau E, Rodriguez Chiaradia D, Castells X, Gea J, Horcajada JP, Villar-García J. Treatment of COVID-19 during the Acute Phase in Hospitalized Patients Decreases Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4158. [PMID: 37373850 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) infection have caused a significant impact on our health system, but there is limited evidence of approved drugs focused on its prevention. Our objective was to identify risk factors that can determine the presence of PASC, with special attention to the treatment received in the acute phase, and to describe the profile of persistent symptoms in a multidisciplinary Post-Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) Unit. METHODS This one-year prospective observational study included patients following an acute COVID-19 infection, irrespective of whether they required hospital admission. A standardized symptom questionnaire and blood sampling were performed at the first follow-up visit, and demographic and clinical electronic data were collected. We compared subjects with PASC with those who had fully recovered. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with PASC in hospitalized patients, and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess duration of symptoms according to disease severity and treatments received in the acute phase. RESULTS 1966 patients were evaluated; 1081 had mild disease, 542 moderate and 343 severe; around one third of the subjects had PASC, and were more frequently female, with obesity, asthma, and eosinophilia during acute COVID-19 disease. Patients who received treatment with dexamethasone and remdesivir during the course of the acute illness showed a lower median duration of symptoms, compared with those who received none of these treatments. CONCLUSION Treatment with dexamethasone and/or remdesivir may be useful to reduce the impact of PASC secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, we identified female gender, obesity, asthma, and disease severity as risk factors for having PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Badenes Bonet
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Antonio Caguana Vélez
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Duran Jordà
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Assessoria Metodològica i Bioestadística (AMIB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Merce Comas Serrano
- Epidemiology and Evaluation Department, Hospital del Mar, REDISSEC, RICAPPS, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Posso Rivera
- Epidemiology and Evaluation Department, Hospital del Mar, REDISSEC, RICAPPS, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Admetlló
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ester Marco Navarro
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Zenaida Pineiro Aguin
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Otorrinolaringology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jose Gregorio Gonzalez Garcia
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Balcells Vilarnau
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Rodriguez Chiaradia
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Castells
- Epidemiology and Evaluation Department, Hospital del Mar, REDISSEC, RICAPPS, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gea
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan P Horcajada
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Villar-García
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Salai G, Vrazic H, Kovacevic I, Janes LM, Marasovic I, Ranilovic D, Vukoja D, Zelenika Margeta M, Huljev-Sipos I, Lalic K, Spoljaric M, Tekavec-Trkanjec J, Vergles M, Lucijanic M, Luksic I, Ljubicic D. Investigating the role of obstructive pulmonary diseases and eosinophil count at admission on all-cause mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patients : A single center registry-based retrospective cohort study. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2023; 135:235-243. [PMID: 37093279 PMCID: PMC10124688 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-023-02180-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the setting of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV‑2) infection is not clearly defined. Blood eosinophil count is a standard diagnostic test which, according to the previously published literature, might have a potential prognostic role on mortality in patients with SARS-CoV‑2 infection. AIM To investigate the potential prognostic value of peripheral blood eosinophil count on all-cause mortality of patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV‑2 infection, as well as to assess the impact of asthma or COPD premorbidity on all-cause mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective registry-based cohort study. Survival analysis was performed by employing the Cox proportional hazards regression model at 30 days of follow-up. Prognostic value of eosinophil count on all-cause mortality was assessed using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS A total of 5653 participants were included in the study. Our model did not reveal that pre-existing asthma or COPD is a statistically significant covariate for all-cause mortality but, indicated that higher eosinophil count at admission might have a protective effect (hazard ratio, HR 0.13 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.06-0.27), p = 0.0001). ROC curve analysis indicates cut-off value of 20 cells/mm3 (81% specificity; 30.9% sensitivity). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that eosinophil count at hospital admission might have a potential prognostic role for all-cause mortality at 30 days of follow-up; however this was not demonstrated for pre-existing obstructive lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grgur Salai
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Vrazic
- Healthcare Provision and Innovation Management, Austrian Social Insurance, Vienna, Austria
- University Hospital Centre Varaždin, University North, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Ivona Kovacevic
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Marasovic
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darjan Ranilovic
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Damir Vukoja
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Kristina Lalic
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Spoljaric
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mirna Vergles
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Lucijanic
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Luksic
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral SurgCroatiaery, University Hospital Dubrava, Dubrava, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Divo Ljubicic
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia.
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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7
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Taylor MK, Williams EP, Xue Y, Jenjaroenpun P, Wongsurawat T, Smith AP, Smith AM, Parvathareddy J, Kong Y, Vogel P, Cao X, Reichard W, Spruill-Harrell B, Samarasinghe AE, Nookaew I, Fitzpatrick EA, Smith MD, Aranha M, Smith JC, Jonsson CB. Dissecting Phenotype from Genotype with Clinical Isolates of SARS-CoV-2 First Wave Variants. Viruses 2023; 15:611. [PMID: 36992320 PMCID: PMC10059853 DOI: 10.3390/v15030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and availability of closely related clinical isolates of SARS-CoV-2 offers a unique opportunity to identify novel nonsynonymous mutations that may impact phenotype. Global sequencing efforts show that SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and then been replaced since the beginning of the pandemic, yet we have limited information regarding the breadth of variant-specific host responses. Using primary cell cultures and the K18-hACE2 mouse, we investigated the replication, innate immune response, and pathology of closely related, clinical variants circulating during the first wave of the pandemic. Mathematical modeling of the lung viral replication of four clinical isolates showed a dichotomy between two B.1. isolates with significantly faster and slower infected cell clearance rates, respectively. While isolates induced several common immune host responses to infection, one B.1 isolate was unique in the promotion of eosinophil-associated proteins IL-5 and CCL11. Moreover, its mortality rate was significantly slower. Lung microscopic histopathology suggested further phenotypic divergence among the five isolates showing three distinct sets of phenotypes: (i) consolidation, alveolar hemorrhage, and inflammation, (ii) interstitial inflammation/septal thickening and peribronchiolar/perivascular lymphoid cells, and (iii) consolidation, alveolar involvement, and endothelial hypertrophy/margination. Together these findings show divergence in the phenotypic outcomes of these clinical isolates and reveal the potential importance of nonsynonymous mutations in nsp2 and ORF8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah K. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Evan P. Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Amanda P. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Amber M. Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jyothi Parvathareddy
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Core Laboratory, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Walter Reichard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Briana Spruill-Harrell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Amali E. Samarasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Micholas Dean Smith
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee- Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Michelle Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee- Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Smith
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee- Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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8
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Jukema BN, Smit K, Hopman MTE, Bongers CCWG, Pelgrim TC, Rijk MH, Platteel TN, Venekamp RP, Zwart DLM, Rutten FH, Koenderman L. Neutrophil and Eosinophil Responses Remain Abnormal for Several Months in Primary Care Patients With COVID-19 Disease. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:942699. [PMID: 35966226 PMCID: PMC9365032 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.942699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neutrophil and eosinophil activation and its relation to disease severity has been understudied in primary care patients with COVID-19. In this study, we investigated whether the neutrophil and eosinophil compartment were affected in primary care patients with COVID-19. Methods COVID-19 patients, aged ≥ 40 years with cardiovascular comorbidity presenting to the general practitioner with substantial symptoms, partaking in the COVIDSat@Home study between January and April 2021, were included. Blood was drawn during and 3 to 6 months after active COVID-19 disease and analyzed by automated flow cytometry, before and after stimulation with a formyl-peptide (fNLF). Mature neutrophil and eosinophil markers at both time points were compared to healthy controls. A questionnaire was conducted on disease symptoms during and 3 to 6 months after COVID-19 disease. Results The blood of 18 COVID-19 patients and 34 healthy controls was analyzed. During active COVID-19 disease, neutrophils showed reduced CD10 (p = 0.0360), increased CD11b (p = 0.0002) and decreased CD62L expression (p < 0.0001) compared to healthy controls. During active COVID-19 disease, fNLF stimulated neutrophils showed decreased CD10 levels (p < 0.0001). Three to six months after COVID-19 disease, unstimulated neutrophils showed lowered CD62L expression (p = 0.0003) and stimulated neutrophils had decreased CD10 expression (p = 0.0483) compared to healthy controls. Both (un)stimulated CD10 levels increased 3 to 6 months after active disease (p = 0.0120 and p < 0.0001, respectively) compared to during active disease. Eosinophil blood counts were reduced during active COVID-19 disease and increased 3 to 6 months after infection (p < 0.0001). During active COVID-19, eosinophils showed increased unstimulated CD11b (p = 0.0139) and decreased (un)stimulated CD62L expression (p = 0.0036 and p = 0.0156, respectively) compared to healthy controls. Three to six months after COVID-19 disease, (un)stimulated eosinophil CD62L expression was decreased (p = 0.0148 and p = 0.0063, respectively) and the percentage of CD11bbright cells was increased (p = 0.0083 and p = 0.0307, respectively) compared to healthy controls. Conclusion Automated flow cytometry analysis reveals specific mature neutrophil and eosinophil activation patterns in primary care patients with COVID-19 disease, during and 3 to 6 months after active disease. This suggests that the neutrophil and eosinophil compartment are long-term affected by COVID-19 in primary care patients. This indicates that these compartments may be involved in the pathogenesis of long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. N. Jukema
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - K. Smit
- Department of General Practice, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M. T. E. Hopman
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - C. C. W. G. Bongers
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - T. C. Pelgrim
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M. H. Rijk
- Department of General Practice, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - T. N. Platteel
- Department of General Practice, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R. P. Venekamp
- Department of General Practice, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - D. L. M. Zwart
- Department of General Practice, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - F. H. Rutten
- Department of General Practice, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - L. Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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9
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Predictive role of blood eosinophils in adult varicella patients. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e127. [PMID: 35726529 PMCID: PMC9274806 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882200111x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to explore the relationship between eosinophils and the prognosis of varicella in adults. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were hospitalised in The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou with a diagnosis of adult varicella during the period between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2020. Of the 359 patients, 228 (63.51%) had eosinopenia. The proportion of patients with mild type disease was significantly lower in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (50.44% vs. 65.65%, P = 0.006). The proportion of the patients with common type disease was significantly higher in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (39.47% vs. 28.24%, P = 0.039). The proportion of the patients with severe type disease was higher in the eosinopenia group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (10.09% vs. 6.11%, P = 0.243). The rates of high fever (47.81% vs. 32.82%, P = 0.008; relative risk (RR) 1.296, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.091–1.540), headache (43.42% vs. 22.14%, P < 0.001; RR 1.415, 95% CI 1.233–1.623), anorexia (53.51% vs. 35.88%, P = 0.001; RR 1.367, 95% CI 1.129–1.655) and complications (82.89% vs. 64.12%, P < 0.001; RR 2.106, 95% CI 1.460–3.038) were also significantly higher in the eosinopenia group. Among the complications, the liver injury and skin infection were more serious in the eosinopenia group. The disease course was significantly longer in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (9.43 ± 1.89 days vs. 8.73 ± 1.25 days, P < 0.001). The improvement rate of liver injury in the recovery period was lower in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (35.38% vs. 50%, P = 0.012). The study found that adult varicella patients with eosinopenia had a more serious condition, a higher morbidity of complications and a slower recovery. Blood eosinophils can be used as a new predictor of the severity of adult varicella.
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Lombardi C, Bagnasco D, Passalacqua G. COVID-19, Eosinophils, and Biologicals for Severe Asthma. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:859376. [PMID: 35769563 PMCID: PMC9234863 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.859376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Lombardi
- Departmental Unit of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Pneumology, Istituto Ospedaliero Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carlo Lombardi ;
| | - Diego Bagnasco
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico S.Martino-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Passalacqua
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico S.Martino-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Cortés-Vieyra R, Gutiérrez-Castellanos S, Álvarez-Aguilar C, Baizabal-Aguirre VM, Nuñez-Anita RE, Rocha-López AG, Gómez-García A. Behavior of Eosinophil Counts in Recovered and Deceased COVID-19 Patients over the Course of the Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091675. [PMID: 34578258 PMCID: PMC8473128 DOI: 10.3390/v13091675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, particularly regarding the function of eosinophils, has been steadily emerging recently. There exists controversy regarding the implications of eosinophils in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)’s pathology. We report a retrospective cohort study including the comparison of leukocyte counts in COVID-19 patients, considering the outcomes of recovery (n = 59) and death (n = 60). Among the different types of leukocytes, the eosinophil counts were those that showed the greatest difference between recovered and deceased patients. Eosinopenia (eosinophil count < 0.01 × 109/L) was more frequently observed in deceased than recovered patients (p = 0.0012). The eosinophil counts more rapidly increased and showed a greater proportion over the course of the disease in the recovered than deceased patients. Furthermore, the estimated survival rate was greater in patients without eosinopenia than in patients with eosinopenia (p = 0.0070) during hospitalization. Importantly, recovered but not deceased patients showed high negative correlations of the eosinophils with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and neutrophil counts at Day 9 of the onset of clinical symptoms (p ≤ 0.0220). Our analysis suggests that eosinopenia may be associated with unfavorable disease outcomes and that the eosinophils have a beneficial function in COVID-19 patients, probably contributing by controlling the exacerbated inflammation induced by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Cortés-Vieyra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, División de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Morelia 58341, Michoacán, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (R.C.-V.); (A.G.-G.); Tel.: +44-3-3222-600 (ext. 31015) (R.C.-V); +44-3-3222-600 (ext. 31004) (A.G.-G.)
| | - Sergio Gutiérrez-Castellanos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, División de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Morelia 58341, Michoacán, Mexico;
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico; (C.Á.-A.); (A.G.R.-L.)
| | - Cleto Álvarez-Aguilar
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico; (C.Á.-A.); (A.G.R.-L.)
- Coordinación Auxiliar Médica de Investigación en Salud, IMSS, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Baizabal-Aguirre
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UMSNH, Morelia 58890, Michoacán, Mexico; (V.M.B.-A.); (R.E.N.-A.)
| | - Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UMSNH, Morelia 58890, Michoacán, Mexico; (V.M.B.-A.); (R.E.N.-A.)
| | - Angélica Georgina Rocha-López
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico; (C.Á.-A.); (A.G.R.-L.)
| | - Anel Gómez-García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, División de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Morelia 58341, Michoacán, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (R.C.-V.); (A.G.-G.); Tel.: +44-3-3222-600 (ext. 31015) (R.C.-V); +44-3-3222-600 (ext. 31004) (A.G.-G.)
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12
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Lombardi C, Gani F, Berti A, Comberiati P, Peroni D, Cottini M. Asthma and COVID-19: a dangerous liaison? Asthma Res Pract 2021; 7:9. [PMID: 34261543 PMCID: PMC8279806 DOI: 10.1186/s40733-021-00075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), provoked the most striking international public health crisis of our time. COVID-19 can cause a range of breathing problems, from mild to critical, with potential evolution to respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Elderly adults and those affected with chronic cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory conditions carry a higher risk of severe COVID-19. Given the global burden of asthma, there are well-founded concerns that the relationship between COVID-19 and asthma could represent a "dangerous liaison".Here we aim to review the latest evidence on the links between asthma and COVID-19 and provide reasoned answers to current concerns, such as the risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or severe COVID-19 stratified by asthmatic patients, the contribution of type-2 vs. non-type-2 asthma and asthma-COPD overlap to the risk of COVID-19 development. We also address the potential role of both standard anti-inflammatory asthma therapies and new biological agents for severe asthma, such as mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab, on the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Lombardi
- Departmental Unit of Allergology, Immunology & Pulmonary Diseases, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy.
- Departmental Unit of Pneumology & Allergology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Bissolati, 57, 25100, Brescia, Italy.
| | | | - Alvise Berti
- Ospedale Santa Chiara and Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pasquale Comberiati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Diego Peroni
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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13
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Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Gil-Martínez M, Sastre B, del Pozo V. Emerging Evidence for Pleiotropism of Eosinophils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137075. [PMID: 34209213 PMCID: PMC8269185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are complex granulocytes with the capacity to react upon diverse stimuli due to their numerous and variable surface receptors, which allows them to respond in very different manners. Traditionally believed to be only part of parasitic and allergic/asthmatic immune responses, as scientific studies arise, the paradigm about these cells is continuously changing, adding layers of complexity to their roles in homeostasis and disease. Developing principally in the bone marrow by the action of IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF, eosinophils migrate from the blood to very different organs, performing multiple functions in tissue homeostasis as in the gastrointestinal tract, thymus, uterus, mammary glands, liver, and skeletal muscle. In organs such as the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, eosinophils are able to act as immune regulatory cells and also to perform direct actions against parasites, and bacteria, where novel mechanisms of immune defense as extracellular DNA traps are key factors. Besides, eosinophils, are of importance in an effective response against viral pathogens by their nuclease enzymatic activity and have been lately described as involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 immunity. The pleiotropic role of eosinophils is sustained because eosinophils can be also detrimental to human physiology, for example, in diseases like allergies, asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis, where exosomes can be significant pathophysiologic units. These eosinophilic pathologies, require specific treatments by eosinophils control, such as new monoclonal antibodies like mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab. In this review, we describe the roles of eosinophils as effectors and regulatory cells and their involvement in pathological disorders and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (V.d.P.)
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (V.d.P.)
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14
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Koenderman L, Siemers MJ, van Aalst C, Bongers SH, Spijkerman R, Bindels BJJ, Giustarini G, van Goor HMR, Kaasjager KAH, Vrisekoop N. The Systemic Immune Response in COVID-19 Is Associated with a Shift to Formyl-Peptide Unresponsive Eosinophils. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051109. [PMID: 34062964 PMCID: PMC8147959 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A malfunction of the innate immune response in COVID-19 is associated with eosinopenia, particularly in more severe cases. This study tested the hypothesis that this eosinopenia is COVID-19 specific and is associated with systemic activation of eosinophils. Blood of 15 healthy controls and 75 adult patients with suspected COVID-19 at the ER were included before PCR testing and analyzed by point-of-care automated flow cytometry (CD10, CD11b, CD16, and CD62L) in the absence or presence of a formyl peptide (fNLF). Forty-five SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive patients were grouped based on disease severity. PCR negative patients with proven bacterial (n = 20) or other viral (n = 10) infections were used as disease controls. Eosinophils were identified with the use of the FlowSOM algorithm. Low blood eosinophil numbers (<100 cells/μL; p < 0.005) were found both in patients with COVID-19 and with other infectious diseases, albeit less pronounced. Two discrete eosinophil populations were identified in healthy controls both before and after activation with fNLF based on the expression of CD11b. Before activation, the CD11bbright population consisted of 5.4% (CI95% = 3.8, 13.4) of total eosinophils. After activation, this population of CD11bbright cells comprised nearly half the population (42.21%, CI95% = 35.9, 54.1). Eosinophils in COVID-19 had a similar percentage of CD11bbright cells before activation (7.6%, CI95% = 4.5, 13.6), but were clearly refractory to activation with fNLF as a much lower percentage of cells end up in the CD11bbright fraction after activation (23.7%, CI95% = 18.5, 27.6; p < 0.001). Low eosinophil numbers in COVID-19 are associated with refractoriness in responsiveness to fNLF. This might be caused by migration of fully functional cells to the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.S.); (C.v.A.); (R.S.); (B.J.J.B.); (G.G.); (N.V.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-88-7556180
| | - Maarten J. Siemers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.S.); (C.v.A.); (R.S.); (B.J.J.B.); (G.G.); (N.V.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Corneli van Aalst
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.S.); (C.v.A.); (R.S.); (B.J.J.B.); (G.G.); (N.V.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Suzanne H. Bongers
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Spijkerman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.S.); (C.v.A.); (R.S.); (B.J.J.B.); (G.G.); (N.V.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Bas J. J. Bindels
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.S.); (C.v.A.); (R.S.); (B.J.J.B.); (G.G.); (N.V.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Giulio Giustarini
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.S.); (C.v.A.); (R.S.); (B.J.J.B.); (G.G.); (N.V.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Harriët M. R. van Goor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.M.R.v.G.); (K.A.H.K.)
| | - Karin A. H. Kaasjager
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.M.R.v.G.); (K.A.H.K.)
| | - Nienke Vrisekoop
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.S.); (C.v.A.); (R.S.); (B.J.J.B.); (G.G.); (N.V.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Corresponding Author: Prof. Giuseppe Lippi, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale LA Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy, Tel. +39-045-8124308, Fax. +39-045-8122970,
| | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Brandon M Henry
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Ohio, USA
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Do Blood Eosinophils Predict in-Hospital Mortality or Severity of Disease in SARS-CoV-2 Infection? A Retrospective Multicenter Study. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020334. [PMID: 33567583 PMCID: PMC7914916 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Healthcare systems worldwide have been battling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory processes including viral infections. We focus our study on the prognostic value of eosinopenia as a marker of disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Between 1 March and 30 April 2020, we conducted a multicenter and retrospective study on a cohort of COVID-19 patients (moderate or severe disease) who were hospitalized after presenting to the emergency department (ED). We led our study in six major hospitals of northeast France, one of the outbreak’s epicenters in Europe. Results: We have collected data from 1035 patients, with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. More than three quarters of them (76.2%) presented a moderate form of the disease, while the remaining quarter (23.8%) presented a severe form requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Mean circulating eosinophils rate, at admission, varied according to disease severity (p < 0.001), yet it did not differ between survivors and non-survivors (p = 0.306). Extreme eosinopenia (=0/mm3) was predictive of severity (aOR = 1.77, p = 0.009); however, it was not predictive of mortality (aOR = 0.892, p = 0.696). The areas under the Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve were, respectively, 58.5% (CI95%: 55.3–61.7%) and 51.4% (CI95%: 46.8–56.1%) for the ability of circulating eosinophil rates to predict disease severity and mortality. Conclusion: Eosinopenia is very common and often profound in cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Eosinopenia was not a useful predictor of mortality; however, undetectable eosinophils (=0/mm3) were predictive of disease severity during the initial ED management.
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Soni M. Evaluation of eosinopenia as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator in COVID-19 infection. Int J Lab Hematol 2020; 43 Suppl 1:137-141. [PMID: 33289964 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eosinopenia has been observed during infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. This study evaluated the role of eosinopenia as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator in COVID-19 infection. METHODS Information on 429 patients with confirmed COVID-19, admitted to Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India between 04 June 2020 to 15 August 2020, was retrospectively collected through electronic records and analysed. RESULTS 79.25% of the patients included in the study had eosinopenia on admission. The median eosinophil count in COVID-19-positive patients was 0.015 × 109 /L, and in negative patients, it was 0.249 × 109 /L. Eighteen per cent of the positive patients presented with 0 eosinophil count. Eosinopenia for early diagnosis of COVID-19 had a sensitivity of 80.68% and specificity of 100% with an accuracy of 85.24. Role of eosinopenia in prognostication of COVID-19 was found to be insignificant. There was no statistically significant difference between the median eosinophil counts in survivors and nonsurvivors. Eosinophil trends during the course of disease were found to be similar between survivors and nonsurvivors. CONCLUSIONS Eosinopenia on admission is a reliable and convenient early diagnostic marker for COVID-19 infection, helping in early identification, triaging and isolation of the patients till nucleic acid test results are available. Role of eosinopenia as a prognostic indicator is insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Soni
- Department of Hematology & Clinical Pathology, Apollo Hospital, Chennai, India
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Williams TL, Rada B, Tandon E, Gestal MC. "NETs and EETs, a Whole Web of Mess". Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1925. [PMID: 33291570 PMCID: PMC7761834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and eosinophils are granulocytes that have very distinct functions. Neutrophils are first responders to external threats, and they use different mechanisms to control pathogens. Phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are some of the mechanisms that neutrophils utilize to fight pathogens. Although there is some controversy as to whether NETs are in fact beneficial or detrimental to the host, it mainly depends on the biological context. NETs can contribute to disease pathogenesis in certain types of diseases, while they are also undeniably critical components of the innate immune response. On the contrary, the role of eosinophils during host immune responses remains to be better elucidated. Eosinophils play an important role during helminthic infections and allergic responses. Eosinophils can function as effector cells in viral respiratory infections, gut bacterial infections, and as modulators of immune responses by driving the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses. In particular, eosinophils have biological activities that appear to be quite similar to those of neutrophils. Both possess bactericidal activity, can activate proinflammatory responses, can modulate adaptive immune responses, can form extracellular traps, and can be beneficial or detrimental to the host according to the underlying pathology. In this review we compare these two cell types with a focus on highlighting their numerous similarities related to extracellular traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30302, USA;
| | - Eshaan Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Monica C. Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
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