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Nery Neto JADO, Yariwake VY, Câmara NOS, Andrade-Oliveira V. Enteroendocrine cells and gut hormones as potential targets in the crossroad of the gut-kidney axis communication. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1248757. [PMID: 37927592 PMCID: PMC10620747 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1248757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that disruptions in intestinal homeostasis, such as changes in gut microbiota composition, infection, and inflammatory-related gut diseases, can be associated with kidney diseases. For instance, genomic investigations highlight how susceptibility genes linked to IgA nephropathy are also correlated with the risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Conversely, investigations demonstrate that the use of short-chain fatty acids, produced through fermentation by intestinal bacteria, protects kidney function in models of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Thus, the dialogue between the gut and kidney seems to be crucial in maintaining their proper function, although the factors governing this crosstalk are still emerging as the field evolves. In recent years, a series of studies have highlighted the significance of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) which are part of the secretory lineage of the gut epithelial cells, as important components in gut-kidney crosstalk. EECs are distributed throughout the epithelial layer and release more than 20 hormones in response to microenvironment stimuli. Interestingly, some of these hormones and/or their pathways such as Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, gastrin, and somatostatin have been shown to exert renoprotective effects. Therefore, the present review explores the role of EECs and their hormones as regulators of gut-kidney crosstalk and their potential impact on kidney diseases. This comprehensive exploration underscores the substantial contribution of EEC hormones in mediating gut-kidney communication and their promising potential for the treatment of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Arimatéa de Oliveira Nery Neto
- Bernardo’s Lab, Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Yuji Yariwake
- Bernardo’s Lab, Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Bernardo’s Lab, Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 2A receptor is most well known as the common target for classic psychedelic compounds. Interestingly, the 5-HT2A receptor is the most widely expressed mammalian serotonin receptor and is found in nearly every examined tissue type including neural, endocrine, endothelial, immune, and muscle, suggesting it could be a novel and pharmacological target for several types of disorders. Despite this, the bulk of research on the 5-HT2A receptor is focused on its role in the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, activation of 5-HT2A receptors has emerged as a new anti-inflammatory strategy. This review will describe recent findings regarding psychedelics as anti-inflammatory compounds, as well as parse out differences in functional selectivity and immune regulation that exist between a number of well-known hallucinogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Charles D Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Greene RK, Walsh E, Mosner MG, Dichter GS. A potential mechanistic role for neuroinflammation in reward processing impairments in autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychol 2019; 142:1-12. [PMID: 30552950 PMCID: PMC6401269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be conceptualized within a framework of reward processing impairments. The Social Motivation Theory of Autism posits that reduced motivation to interact with people and decreased pleasure derived from social interactions may derail typical social development and contribute to the emergence of core social communication deficits in ASD. Neuroinflammation may disrupt the development of mesolimbic dopaminergic systems that are critical for optimal functioning of social reward processing systems. This neuroinflammation-induced disturbance of mesolimbic dopaminergic functioning has been substantiated using maternal immune activation rodent models whose offspring show aberrant dopaminergic corticostriatal function, as well as behavioral characteristics of ASD model systems. Preclinical findings are in turn supported by clinical evidence of increased mesolimbic neuroinflammatory responses in individuals with ASD. This review summarizes evidence for reward processing deficits and neuroinflammatory impairments in ASD and examines how immune inflammatory dysregulation may impair the development of dopaminergic mesolimbic circuitry in ASD. Finally, future research directions examining neuroinflammatory effects on reward processing in ASD are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Greene
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - Erin Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - Maya G Mosner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - Gabriel S Dichter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)2A receptor agonists have recently emerged as promising new treatment options for a variety of disorders. The recent success of these agonists, also known as psychedelics, like psilocybin for the treatment of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and addiction, has ushered in a renaissance in the way these compounds are perceived in the medical community and populace at large. One emerging therapeutic area that holds significant promise is their use as anti-inflammatory agents. Activation of 5-HT2A receptors produces potent anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of human inflammatory disorders at sub-behavioural levels. This review discusses the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in the inflammatory response, as well as highlight studies using the 5-HT2A agonist (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI] to treat inflammation in cellular and animal models. It also examines potential mechanisms by which 5-HT2A agonists produce their therapeutic effects. Overall, psychedelics regulate inflammatory pathways via novel mechanisms, and may represent a new and exciting treatment strategy for several inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flanagan
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Charles D Nichols
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , LA , USA
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Wolff C, Straub RH, Hahnel A, Randolf A, Wildmann J, Besedovsky HO, del Rey A. Mimicking disruption of brain-immune system-joint communication results in collagen type II-induced arthritis in non-susceptible PVG rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:56-63. [PMID: 26265448 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The brain-immune system-joint communication is disrupted during collagen type II (CII) arthritis in DA rats. Since PVG rats are not susceptible to arthritis induction, comparison of hypothalamic and peripheral neuro-endocrine and immune responses between immunized DA and PVG rats might help to explain their different susceptibility to develop the disease. PVG and DA rats were immunized with CII. Corticosterone, neurotransmitters, anti-CII antibodies, and cytokine concentrations in plasma, and hypothalamic neurotransmitters and cytokines were determined by ELISA, Luminex, HPLC and RT-qPCR. Adrenalectomy or sham-operation was performed in PVG and DA rats 14 days before immunization. Basal plasma corticosterone and adrenaline concentrations were significantly higher, and plasma cytokines and hypothalamic noradrenaline were lower in PVG rats than in DA rats. While DA rats developed severe arthritis upon immunization (maximum score 16), only 12 out of 28 PVG rats showed minimal symptoms (score 1-2). The density of sympathetic nerve fibers in arthritic joints of DA rats markedly decreased, but it remained stable in immunized PVG rats. The ratio corticosterone to IL-1β levels in plasma was markedly higher in immunized PVG rats than in arthritic DA rats. Adrenalectomy resulted in severe arthritis in PVG rats upon immunization with CII. While DA rats show an altered immune-brain communication that favors the development of arthritis, PVG rats express a protective neuro-endocrine milieu, particularly linked to the basal tone of the HPA axis. Mimicking disruption of this axis elicits arthritis in non-susceptible PVG rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wolff
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Anja Hahnel
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anke Randolf
- Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Wildmann
- Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Hugo O Besedovsky
- Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Adriana del Rey
- Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Marburg, Germany
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Reduced thermal hyperalgesia and enhanced peripheral nerve injury after hind paw inflammation in mice lacking the serotonin-transporter. Eur J Pain 2012; 12:790-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Baharav E, Bar M, Taler M, Gil-Ad I, Karp L, Weinberger A, Weizman A. Immunomodulatory effect of sertraline in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2012; 19:309-18. [PMID: 22797111 DOI: 10.1159/000339109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) modulate immune system functionality. SSRIs are the preferred treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). A high rate of MDD is observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate immunological effects of SSRIs in a rat model of RA. METHODS Adjuvant arthritis was induced in 8-week-old Lewis rats; in the first set of experiments following the induction, 15.3 or 30.6 mg/kg of sertraline was daily injected into the ankle joint of the left rear leg. Clinical disease activity was evaluated and the findings compared with the 3 untreated legs and with control groups given methotrexate (MTX) or vehicle only at the same site. In a second set of experiments, the effect of 5, 25 and 50 mg/kg daily oral sertraline was evaluated in the same rat model. Splenocyte viability and inflammatory mediators were evaluated. RESULTS The sertraline-treated rats showed a significant reduction in clinical arthritis compared to controls, at all doses given, accompanied by a significant increase in interleukin 10 and a decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α levels and cycloxygenase-2 production, without lymphotoxicity. There was no significant difference from MTX, the first-line treatment for RA patients. Oral sertraline had a significant anti-inflammatory effect at all doses. There was no treatment × time effect. CONCLUSION The beneficial effects of sertraline in this rat model of arthritis have clinical implications for its use in humans. Large-scale clinical efficacy trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Baharav
- Laboratory of Joint Pathophysiology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine C, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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Marked mydriasis and neuritis nervi optici associated with galactorrhea following citalopram treatment: a case report and discussion. Case Rep Med 2011; 2011:191735. [PMID: 21869891 PMCID: PMC3160104 DOI: 10.1155/2011/191735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 25-year-old women suffering from major depression who was treated with citalopram for several weeks with doses between 20 mg and 60 mg. She gradually developed marked mydriasis within 2 months after treatment and subsequently neuritis nervi optici. Moreover, abrupt galactorrhea occurred after 2 months of treatment. All neuro-ophthalmological, neurophysiological, clinical laboratory, and neuroradiological diagnostic efforts did not reveal an underlying organic pathophysiology. The ocular symptoms disappeared rapidly after the discontinuation of citalopram and pulse therapy with methyl-prednisolone. However, galactorrhea persisted for a few weeks necessitating treatment with bromocriptine.
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Metabolic syndrome: Aggression control mechanisms gone out of control. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:578-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Pelletier M, Siegel RM. Wishing away inflammation? New links between serotonin and TNF signaling. Mol Interv 2010; 9:299-301. [PMID: 20048135 DOI: 10.1124/mi.9.6.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pelletier
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Jessop DS. Brain-immune interactions in arthritis: an integrated systems approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:2928-30. [PMID: 18821686 DOI: 10.1002/art.23862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kling A, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Stenlund H, Mjörndal T. Decreased density of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:816-9. [PMID: 16699051 PMCID: PMC1798180 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.042473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies have indicated that 5-HT2A receptors could play a role in arthritic diseases. OBJECTIVE To analyse the binding properties of 5-HT2A receptors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS Using a radioactive binding assay, 43 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were compared with 49 sex and age matched controls for density and affinity (measured as Bmax and Kd) of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors. Genotyping, using polymerase chain reaction, was undertaken to exclude the possibility that differences in the genetic polymorphism T102C for the 5-HT2A receptor determine differences in receptor density. RESULTS Mean of Bmax of 5-HT2A receptors in rheumatoid patients was significantly lower than in controls, at 45.3 v 57.4 fmol/mg protein (p = 0.004), but there was no significant difference in Kd. The T102C receptor polymorphism genotypes showed a skewed distribution between the two groups. Even when adjusted for this, there was a significant difference in Bmax between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The density of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is markedly reduced. This could either reflect a difference involved in the susceptibility to the disease or be a secondary effect of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kling
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Umeå University Hospital, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
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Hong Y, Ji H, Wei H. Topical ketanserin attenuates hyperalgesia and inflammation in arthritis in rats. Pain 2006; 124:27-33. [PMID: 16647209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated effects of topical application of ketanserin, a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, on hyperalgesia and edema in the arthritic rat, a chronic pain model with inflammation. Unilateral, but not bilateral, arthritis was induced with intra-articular injection of a mixture of kaolin and carrageenan in one side, as indicated by the shortened paw withdrawal latency and an increase in the circumference of the knee joint. Topical application of ketanserin onto skin over the arthritic joint delivered in a mixture of gelatin, glycerol and kaolin produced dose-dependent attenuation of nociceptive and inflammatory effects resulting from intra-articularly injected kaolin/carrageenan. One and 3% ketanserin produced significant or even complete anti-hyperalgesia, as well as a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect (50-70% reduction of edema) while 0.3% ketanserin and placebo failed to produce any effect. Moreover, the effects of ketanserin were maintained for 13 days without decline. In contrast, 3% ketanserin applied to skin of the knee joint on the non-inflamed side for 2 weeks did not alter nociceptive thresholds of the paw and the size of the knee joint in both the inflamed and non-inflamed limbs. These results indicate that 5-HT2A receptors in the periphery play a significant role in the maintenance and/or development of inflammatory pain. The present study suggests that topical ketanserin is a promising direction for potential clinical exploration to relieve established hyperalgesia and inflammation in arthritis without adverse effects and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Hong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Maleki N, Nayebi AM, Garjani A. Effects of central and peripheral depletion of serotonergic system on carrageenan-induced paw oedema. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1723-30. [PMID: 16102522 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of serotonergic system was investigated on peripheral inflammation induced by intraplantary injection of carrageenan. Para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) was administered intracerebroventriculary (50, 100 microg/rat) or intraperitoneally (150 mg/kg, 3 days) and 2 or 24 h later, respectively, inflammation was induced by injection of carrageenan. Paw oedema was decreased significantly in PCPA-treated (100 microg/rat, i.c.v.) rats compared to control groups. Injection of exogenous serotonin (i.c.v.) by dose of 0.70 nmol/10 microl/rat, but not the dose of 0.35 nmol/10 microl/rat, 15 min after induction of inflammation completely reversed the anti-inflammatory effects of PCPA. Myeloperoxidase activity in inflamed paws was reduced significantly in groups received PCPA (either i.c.v. or i.p.) compared to controls. Exogenous serotonin (0.70 nmol/10 microl/rat) reduced inflammatory response when injected (i.c.v.) 30 min before or 30 min after the induction of inflammation. Injection of serotonin at the time of induction of inflammation had no inflammatory/anti-inflammatory effect. These results suggest that serotonin, as a neurotransmitter in central nervous system, may be involved in modulating peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Maleki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran.
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Bomholt SF, Harbuz MS, Blackburn-Munro G, Blackburn-Munro RE. Involvement and role of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis in animal models of chronic pain and inflammation. Stress 2004; 7:1-14. [PMID: 15204028 DOI: 10.1080/10253890310001650268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis changes have been reported in several disease states, including major depressive disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and various other conditions associated with chronic pain. These observations suggest that stress and the HPA axis may play important roles in the pathology of these diseases. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the role that chronic stress may play in human pathology, this review article explores the involvement of the HPA axis in those animal models of chronic pain and inflammation that entail persistent rather than intermittent stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe F Bomholt
- Department of Pharmacology, NeuroSearch A/S, Ballerup, Denmark.
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Abdel-Salam OME, Nofal SM, El-Shenawy SM. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of different antidepressants in the rat. Pharmacol Res 2003; 48:157-65. [PMID: 12798668 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-6618(03)00106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to compare the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of different classes of antidepressant drugs on the carrageenan paw oedema and tail-electric stimulation assays in the rat. Drugs were intraperitoneally administered 30 min prior to carrageenan or nociceptive testing. The non-selective noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors imipramine, amitriptyline and clomipramine displayed anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan model of paw inflammation. The maximal degree of oedema inhibitions seen with these agents were 28.8, 41.5 and 46.8% for 5, 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) amitriptyline, 26.2, 38.2 and 51.4% for 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg kg(-1) imipramine and 51.2 and 54.1% for 16 and 32 mg kg(-1) clomipramine, respectively. The heterocyclic agent trazodone significantly inhibited paw oedema by 46 and 41% at 1 and 2h after dosing at the highest dose (40 mg kg(-1)) examined. Fluoxetine, a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) caused dose-related reduction of paw oedema, with 20.7% inhibition at the dose of 10 mg kg(-1). In contrast, sertraline, another SSRI caused dose-dependent enhancement of paw oedema. All antidepressant drugs in the study showed anti-nociceptive properties in the tail-electric stimulation assay with amitriptyline and trazodone being the most effective in this respect. Taken together, data in the present study confirm anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect for some antidepressant drugs and indicate that SSRIs differently affects inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M E Abdel-Salam
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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17
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Abstract
The HPA axis is fundamental for long-term survival and protection from the ravages of autoimmune disease. Continuing investigations suggest that the hypothesis linking susceptibility to autoimmune disease and a hyporesponsive HPA axis is somewhat simplistic. Instead, data from a number of different human diseases and from preclinical studies in a variety of models have suggested a more complicated picture. Alterations in the diurnal rhythms of ACTH, cortisol, and immune parameters appear to be linked to severity of disease. The use of low doses of steroids timed to target disrupted diurnal immune system changes in patients with RA may reduce the unfortunate side effects of long-term steroid use. Studies in cancer patients have related alterations in diurnal cortisol to survival. Whether differences in individual cortisol profiles are predictive of a deterioration in symptoms of autoimmune disease remains to be established. Responsiveness of the HPA axis to subtle challenges such as the dexamethasone suppression test and the related dexamethasone-CRF test suggest that there are different sub-populations of patients with RA and MS and these may have confounded earlier, apparently contradictory, studies. These different responses may be related to the severity of the disease. That these HPA axis differences can be altered beneficially through the use of antidepressants, as has been shown in MS, may impact on future health care strategies. However, reports of negative developments in arthritis associated with SSRI use suggest that the SSRIs may be unsuitable under some circumstances. The link of behavioral differences to alterations in neurotransmitter changes associated with disease is intriguing and opens new avenues of research. These future studies will require input from neuroscientists, neuroendocrinologists, psychologists, and immunologists working with the clinical specialties already involved in treating patients with autoimmune disease. These multidisciplinary studies reflecting the increased importance of hormonal and neurotransmitter involvement with the immune system hold great promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Harbuz
- University Research Center for Neuroendocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
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Pichler R, Maschek W, Krieglsteiner S, Raml A, Schmekal B, Berg J. Pro-inflammatory role of serotonin and interleukin-6 in arthritis and spondyloarthropathies--measurement of disease activity by bone scan and effect of steroids. Scand J Rheumatol 2002; 31:41-3. [PMID: 11922199 DOI: 10.1080/030097402317255363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As serotonin is a mediator of inflammatory joint disease, serum levels were investigated in human patients with arthritis for a possible corresponding role as a disease marker. DESIGN 48 patients were evaluated by bone scan for disease activity. 5-HT and CRP were measured in the whole group, and IL-6 in those not yet receiving corticosteroids. The pro-inflammatory parameters were compared to each other and to scintigraphic features. RESULTS The serum levels of serotonin did not correspond to disease activity measured by CRP, IL-6 or activity on joints in skeletal scintigraphy. No difference was seen in comparison to the values of a control group, but when glucocorticoid treatment was included, low 5-HT serum values were observed. A significant correlation between CRP and IL-6 as indicators of inflammation and bone scan results versus CRP could be shown. CONCLUSION The measurement of serum serotonin provides no relevant information about disease activity in synovial inflammation. For monitoring osteoarthritis and synovial inflammation, bone scan and laboratory determination of CRP and IL-6 together appear to present useful information about infestation in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pichler
- Institute for Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, General Hospital Linz, Austria.
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Abstract
Stress can either enhance or suppress aspects of the immune response, depending on the nature, duration, timing and intensity of the stressor. This paper focuses on the effects on inflammation of two behavioural stress paradigms: learned helplessness (La) and the open-field test (OF), and of the immunological stressor lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We have observed that the onset and severity of inflammation in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in the rat can be altered by experience of the LH paradigm, or by priming with LPS, but not by OF.In the LH test, some rats escape (LH(-)) and others do not (LH(+)). Despite the LH(-) group demonstrating a greater corticosterone response to the LH stressor compared to the LH(+)rats, they exhibited earlier onset and greater seventy of AA. In contrast, intraperitoneal injection of LPS several weeks prior to induction of AA protected against inflammation. These results provide further evidence that environmental factors influence the etiology of at least one type of inflammation. The modulation of inflammation by a defined stressor suggests that understanding of the underlying mechanisms may provide a potential for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Chover-González
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Plaza Falla no 9, 11003- Cadiz. Spain.
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Abstract
Serotonin has been implicated in mediating the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress and is an important therapeutic target for a number of psychiatric disorders including depression. The neurokinin substance P has been shown to inhibit stress-induced HPA axis activity and we have demonstrated that endogenous substance P is able to reduce the duration of the HPA axis response to stress suggesting an important role in the termination of the stress response. This may be important in controlling the transition from acute to chronic stress and substance P has recently attracted attention as a potential antidepressant.In addition to these central effects, serotonin and substance P are considered to be pro-inflammatory agents. Despite being implicated in mediating inflammation there have been few studies investigating the effects of manipulations of serotonergic or substance P systems on chronic inflammatory disease. Treatment of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis(AA), a model of chronic inflammatory stress, with a substance P antagonist specific for the NK1 receptor subtype resulted in a reduction in hind paw inflammation suggesting substance P may influence inflammation. We have noted that depletion of whole body serotonin and selective central depletion of serotonin results in a decrease in the severity of inflammation in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Furthermore, treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor results in an earlier onset and increased severity of inflammation in adjuvant arthritis, confirming a pro-inflammatory role for serotonin. Serotonin is also present in the immune tissues and concentrations in the spleen fall following the development of inflammation in adjuvant arthritis. Concentrations of serotonin are significantly higher in normal female spleen than in males, and this may underlie the greater predisposition of females to certain autoimmune diseases.There is increasing evidence of a role for transmitters such as serotonin and substance P,both centrally and peripherally, in mediating a wide variety of inflammatory and psychiatric disorders. A better understanding of the mechanisms of action of these transmitters and the development of suitable drugs targeting specific receptor subtypes has great potential to impact on clinical practice in the near future. The purpose of this review is to consider the separate roles of serotonin and substance P in relation to HPA axis stress responses, in the context of a model of chronic inflammatory disease, highlighting novel directions of current research for each of these transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Harbuz
- URC Neuroendocrinology, University of Bristo1, BRI, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW UK
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22
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Chover-Gonzalez AJ, Harbuz MS, Tejedor-Real P, Gibert-Rahola J, Larsen PJ, Jessop DS. Effects of stress on susceptibility and severity of inflammation in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 876:276-86. [PMID: 10415621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized the open field and learned helplessness (LH) models of psychological stress to determine whether a differential response to stress can affect the severity of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) within a single rat strain. In response to open field stress, the corticosterone response of the low emotivity rats was significantly lower than that of the high emotivity rats. In spite of the differential corticosterone response to stress, no significant difference was found in paw volumes between the AA high and low emotivity groups. In another study, rats were subjected to a learned LH paradigm and separated into two groups based on failed (LH+) or successful (LH-) avoidance. Plasma corticosterone levels in response to avoidable foot shock in the LH- rats were significantly greater than in the LH+ group. Following injection with adjuvant, paw inflammation occurred earlier and was more severe in the LH- rats compared to the LH+ group. These data show that rats with a greater tendency to avoid foot shock have more severe inflammation, despite having a greater corticosterone response to stress. We conclude that an increased corticosterone response to stress does not affect susceptibility to or severity of inflammation in AA. Indeed, in the LH model a more robust response to stress is associated with increased inflammation and earlier onset of the disease.
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