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Grandière L, Gille T, Brillet PY, Didier M, Freynet O, Vicaire H, Clero D, Martinod E, Mathian A, Uzunhan Y. [Tracheobronchial involvement in relapsing polychondritis and differential diagnoses]. Rev Mal Respir 2024:S0761-8425(24)00191-8. [PMID: 38762394 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Relapsing polychondritis is a systemic auto-immune disease that mainly affects cartilage structures, progressing through inflammatory flare-ups between phases of remission and ultimately leading to deformation of the cartilages involved. In addition to characteristic damage of auricular or nasal cartilage, tracheobronchial and cardiac involvement are particularly severe, and can seriously alter the prognosis. Tracheobronchial lesions are assessed by means of a multimodal approach, including dynamic thoracic imaging, measurement of pulmonary function (with recent emphasis on pulse oscillometry), and mapping of tracheal lesions through flexible bronchoscopy. Diagnosis can be difficult in the absence of specific diagnostic tools, especially as there may exist a large number of differential diagnoses, particularly as regards inflammatory diseases. The prognosis has improved, due largely to upgraded interventional bronchoscopy techniques and the development of immunosuppressant drugs and targeted therapies, offering patients a number of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grandière
- Service de pneumologie, centre de référence constitutif des maladies pulmonaires rares, hôpital Avicenne, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Bobigny, France
| | - T Gille
- Service de physiologie-explorations fonctionnelles, hôpital Avicenne, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Bobigny, France; Inserm UMR 1272 hypoxie et poumon, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 125, rue de Stalingrad, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - P-Y Brillet
- Service de radiologie, hôpital Avicenne, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Bobigny, France
| | - M Didier
- Service de pneumologie, centre de référence constitutif des maladies pulmonaires rares, hôpital Avicenne, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Bobigny, France
| | - O Freynet
- Service de pneumologie, centre de référence constitutif des maladies pulmonaires rares, hôpital Avicenne, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Bobigny, France
| | - H Vicaire
- Service de pneumologie, centre de référence constitutif des maladies pulmonaires rares, hôpital Avicenne, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Bobigny, France
| | - D Clero
- Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Sorbonne université, Paris 13(e), France
| | - E Martinod
- Service de chirurgie thoracique et vasculaire, hôpital Avicenne, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Bobigny, France; Inserm UMR 1272 hypoxie et poumon, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 125, rue de Stalingrad, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - A Mathian
- Centre de référence pour le lupus, le syndrome des anti-phospholipides et autres maladies auto-immunes rares, service de médecine interne 2, Institut E3M, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), groupement hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Y Uzunhan
- Service de pneumologie, centre de référence constitutif des maladies pulmonaires rares, hôpital Avicenne, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Bobigny, France; Inserm UMR 1272 hypoxie et poumon, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 125, rue de Stalingrad, 93000 Bobigny, France.
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Wallace ZS, Stone JH, Fu X, Merkel PA, Miloslavsky EM, Zhang Y, Choi HK, Hyle EP. Development and Validation of a Simulation Model for Treatment to Maintain Remission in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2023; 75:1976-1985. [PMID: 36645017 PMCID: PMC10349892 DOI: 10.1002/acr.25088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fixed and tailored rituximab retreatment strategies to maintain remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) are associated with tradeoffs. The current study was undertaken to develop a simulation model (AAV-Sim) to project clinical outcomes with these strategies. METHODS We developed the AAV-Sim, a microsimulation model of clinical events among individuals with AAV initiating treatment to maintain remission. Individuals transition between health states of remission or relapse and are at risk for severe infection, end-stage renal disease, or death. We estimated transition rates from published literature, stratified by individual-level characteristics. We performed validation using the mean average percent error (MAPE) and the coefficient of variation of root mean square error (CV-RMSE). In internal validation, we compared model-projected outcomes over 28 months with outcomes observed in the Rituximab versus Azathioprine in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis 2 (MAINRITSAN2) trial, which compared fixed versus tailored retreatment. In external validation, we compared outcomes with fixed rituximab retreatment from the AAV-Sim to outcomes from the MAINRITSAN1 trial and an observational study. RESULTS The AAV-Sim projected outcomes similar to those in the MAINRITSAN2 trial, including minor (AAV-Sim 6.0% fixed versus 7.3% tailored; MAINRITSAN2 6.2% versus 8.6%; MAPE 3% and 15%) and major relapse (AAV-Sim 3.5% versus 5.5%; MAINRITSAN2 3.7% versus 7.4%; MAPE 5% and 26%), severe infection (AAV-Sim 19.4% versus 11.1%; MAINRITSAN2 19.8% versus 10.2%; MAPE 2% and 9%), and relapse-free survival (AAV-Sim 84.8% versus 82.3%; MAINRITSAN2 86% versus 84%; CV-RMSE 2.3% and 2.5%). Similar performance was observed in external validation. CONCLUSION The AAV-Sim projected a range of clinical outcomes for different treatment approaches that were validated against published data. The AAV-Sim has the potential to inform management guidelines and research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Wallace
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John H Stone
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Eli M Miloslavsky
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hyon K Choi
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Egorova ON, Kharlamova EN, Tarasova GM. Differential diagnosis of a local form of granulomatosis with polyangiitis: nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses lesions (part 1). MODERN RHEUMATOLOGY JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.14412/1996-7012-2023-1-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a primary vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, characterized by necrotizing vasculitis with predominant involvement of small vessels of various localizations and necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with multiple clinical manifestations. GPA remains one of the most severe systemic vasculitis with unfavorable prognosis. When analyzing the course of the disease, there are two variants of GPA, local (with lesions of the upper respiratory tract, URT, organs of vision and hearing) and generalized (with lesions of the URT, organs of vision and hearing in combination with the lungs and/or kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, nervous systems, skin involvement).The article discusses the differential diagnosis of the disease with the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses lesions onset, which requires an interdisciplinary approach and interaction of doctors of different specialties.
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Jalaber C, Puéchal X, Saab I, Canniff E, Terrier B, Mouthon L, Cabanne E, Mghaieth S, Revel MP, Chassagnon G. Differentiating tracheobronchial involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and relapsing polychondritis on chest CT: a cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:241. [PMID: 36307863 PMCID: PMC9615207 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with tracheobronchial involvement, the differential diagnosis between granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and relapsing polychondritis (RP) can be challenging. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of airway abnormalities on chest computed tomography (CT) in patients with GPA or RP and to determine whether specific imaging criteria could be used to differentiate them. Methods GPA and RP patients with tracheobronchial involvement referred to a national referral center from 2008 to 2020 were evaluated. Their chest CT images were reviewed by two radiologists who were blinded to the final diagnosis in order to analyze the characteristics of airway involvement. The association between imaging features and a diagnosis of GPA rather than RP was analyzed using a generalized linear regression model. Results Chest CTs from 26 GPA and 19 RP patients were analyzed. Involvement of the subglottic trachea (odds ratio for GPA=28.56 [95% CI: 3.17; 847.63]; P=0.001) and extensive airway involvement (odds ratio for GPA=0.02 [95% CI: 0.00; 0.43]; P=0.008) were the two independent CT features that differentiated GPA from RP in multivariate analysis. Tracheal thickening sparing the posterior membrane was significantly associated to RP (odds ratio for GPA=0.09 [95% CI: 0.02; 0.39]; P=0.003) but only in the univariate analysis and suffered from only moderate interobserver agreement (kappa=0.55). Tracheal calcifications were also associated with RP only in the univariate analysis (odds ratio for GPA=0.21 [95% CI: 0.05; 0.78]; P=0.045). Conclusion The presence of subglottic involvement and diffuse airway involvement are the two most relevant criteria in differentiating between GPA and RP on chest CT. Although generally considered to be a highly suggestive sign of RP, posterior tracheal membrane sparing is a nonspecific and an overly subjective sign. • The presence of subglottic involvement is in favor of GPA. • Extensive airway involvement is in favor of RP. • Posterior tracheal membrane sparing is a nonspecific and an overly subjective sign.
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Puéchal X, Guillevin L. How best to manage relapse and remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:1135-1143. [PMID: 36102147 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2122954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A 2-stage therapeutic approach is now applied as standard-of-care to treat ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAVs): first, glucocorticoids (GCs) combined with cyclophosphamide (CYC) or rituximab (RTX) to induce remission, then relapse prevention with remission-maintenance therapy. Nonetheless, a substantial risk of relapse persists. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an overview of the current state of maintenance therapies, and discuss new strategies recommended to prevent and treat relapses, focusing on granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). EXPERT OPINION For remission-induction after GPA or MPA relapse with organ-threatening manifestations, reintroduction or intensification of the GC dose in combination with CYC or RTX cycle is recommended; we prefer RTX in light of its superior responses obtained in patients with relapsing disease. Rapid tapering of GCs has been shown not to alter AAV evolution while decreasing the risk of serious infections. In contrast, for non-severe, active MPA, we recommend GCs alone as first-line therapy. For patients whose MPA remains uncontrolled by GCs alone, immunosuppressant adjunction can be a GC-sparing option or to counter GC intolerance. Once remission is achieved, we recommend prolonged maintenance therapy with preemptive low-dose (500 mg) RTX infusion biannually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Puéchal
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP).Centre, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,French Vasculitis Study Group, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Guillevin
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP).Centre, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,French Vasculitis Study Group, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Faz-Muñoz D, Hinojosa-Azaola A, Mejía-Vilet JM, Uribe-Uribe NO, Rull-Gabayet M, Muñoz-Castañeda WR, Vargas-Parra NJ, Martín-Nares E. ANCA-associated vasculitis and IgG4-related disease overlap syndrome: a case report and literature review. Immunol Res 2022; 70:550-559. [PMID: 35449491 PMCID: PMC9023041 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitides are infrequent autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation of the walls of small vessels leading to tissue and endothelial damage. On the other hand, IgG4-related disease is a fibroinflammatory disease characterized histologically by lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates with IgG4+ plasma cells, storiform fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis that may affect nearly every organ of the body. There are similarities in clinical, serological, radiological, and histopathological features between both diseases, and hence, they usually mimic each other complicating the differential diagnosis. Furthermore, reports of patients with the coexistence of both conditions (overlap syndrome) have been reported. We herein report a patient with an unequivocal diagnosis of ANCA-associated vasculitis, specifically granulomatosis with polyangiitis (posterior uveitis, polyneuropathy, pauci-immune glomerulonephritis with crescent formation and granulomas, and MPO-ANCA positivity) and IgG4-related disease (thoracic aortitis, tubulointerstitial nephritis with prominent IgG4+ plasma cell infiltration, fibrosis, and obliterative arteritis, high levels of serum IgG4, and eosinophilia) overlap syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Faz-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080
| | - Andrea Hinojosa-Azaola
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080
| | - Juan M Mejía-Vilet
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma O Uribe-Uribe
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marina Rull-Gabayet
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080
| | - Wallace Rafael Muñoz-Castañeda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080
| | - Nancy Janeth Vargas-Parra
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Martín-Nares
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080.
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Puéchal X, Iudici M, Pagnoux C, Cohen P, Hamidou M, Aouba A, Lifermann F, Ruivard M, Aumaître O, Bonnotte B, Maurier F, Le Gallou T, Hachulla E, Karras A, Khouatra C, Jourde-Chiche N, Viallard JF, Blanchard-Delaunay C, Godmer P, Le Quellec A, Quéméneur T, de Moreuil C, Mouthon L, Terrier B, Guillevin L. Comparative study of granulomatosis with polyangiitis subsets according to ANCA status: data from the French Vasculitis Study Group Registry. RMD Open 2022; 8:rmdopen-2021-002160. [PMID: 35296533 PMCID: PMC8928389 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2021-002160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-negative and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA–positive granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) differ from proteinase-3 (PR3)-ANCA–positive GPA. Methods Diagnostic characteristics and outcomes of newly diagnosed French Vasculitis Study Group Registry patients with ANCA-negative, MPO-ANCA–positive or PR3-ANCA–positive GPA satisfying American College of Rheumatology criteria and/or Chapel Hill Conference Consensus Nomenclature were compared. Results Among 727 GPA, 62 (8.5%) were ANCA-negative, 119 (16.4%) MPO-ANCA–positive and 546 (75.1%) PR3-ANCA–positive. ANCA-negative patients had significantly (p<0.05) more limited disease (17.7% vs 5.8%) and less kidney involvement (35.5% vs 58.9%) than those PR3-ANCA–positive or MPO-ANCA–positive, with comparable relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). MPO-ANCA–positive versus PR3-ANCA–positive and ANCA-negative patients were significantly more often female (52.9% vs 42.1%), older (59.8 vs 51.9 years), with more frequent kidney involvement (65.5% vs 55.2%) and less arthralgias (34.5% vs 55.1%), purpura (8.4% vs 17.1%) or eye involvement (18.5% vs 28.4%); RFS was similar but OS was lower before age adjustment. PR3-positive patients’ RFS was significantly lower than for ANCA-negative and MPO-positive groups combined, with OS higher before age adjustment. PR3-ANCA–positivity independently predicted relapse for all GPA forms combined but not when comparing only PR3-ANCA–positive versus MPO-ANCA–positive patients. Conclusions Based on this large cohort, ANCA-negative versus ANCA-positive patients more frequently had limited disease but similar RFS and OS. MPO-ANCA–positive patients had similar RFS but lower OS due to their older age. PR3-ANCA–positive GPA patients’ RFS was lower than those of the two other subsets combined but that difference did not persist when comparing only PR3 versus MPO-ANCA–positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Puéchal
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP.Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michele Iudici
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP.Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Pagnoux
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP.Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France.,Vasculitis Clinic, Mont Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pascal Cohen
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP.Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Hamidou
- Internal Medicine, Hôtel-Dieu University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Achille Aouba
- Internal Medicine, Côte-de-Nacre Hospital, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
| | | | - Marc Ruivard
- Internal Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospitals, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Aumaître
- Internal Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospitals, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bernard Bonnotte
- Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, François Mitterrand Hospital, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | | | - Thomas Le Gallou
- Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Hachulla
- Internal Medicine, Claude-Huriez Hospital, Lille University School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Karras
- Nephrology, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, AP-HP.Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France, Paris, France
| | - Chahéra Khouatra
- Respiratory Medicine, Louis Pradel Hospital, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Godmer
- Internal Medicine, Bretagne -Atlantique Hospital, Vannes, France
| | - Alain Le Quellec
- Internal Medicine, Saint Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Quéméneur
- Nephrology and Internal Medicine, Valenciennes Hospital, Valenciennes, France
| | - Claire de Moreuil
- Internal Medicine, La Cavale Blanche University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Luc Mouthon
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP.Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Terrier
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP.Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Guillevin
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP.Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France
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Hellmich B, Holle J, Moosig F. [Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis : Update on classification and management]. Z Rheumatol 2022; 81:286-299. [PMID: 35075511 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-021-01153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare chronic inflammatory systemic disease that occurs in patients with bronchial asthma and is associated with significant blood and tissue eosinophilia. Another characteristic is vasculitis of small and/or medium-sized vessels, which may be absent in prodromal stages of the disease and is therefore no longer an obligatory part of the disease definition. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) can be detected in approximately one third of patients. The ANCA-positive and ANCA-negative EGPA are genetically distinct diseases with common clinical manifestations, which, however, occur with different frequencies. Cardiac involvement is associated with a poor prognosis. Permanent organ damage often occurs as a result of the underlying disease or treatment, especially with glucocorticoids (GC). The standard treatment of EGPA consists of GC in combination with cyclophosphamide for severe organ involvement or medium potency immunosuppressants for more prognostically favorable manifestations. Biologics are increasingly being used in the treatment of EGPA. The interleukin (IL) 5 antagonist mepolizumab reduces the risk of relapses and decreases the demand for GC in patients with relapsing EGPA without severe organ involvement. In analogy to the approach to other ANCA-associated vasculitides, the use of rituximab in ANCA-positive EGPA patients with severe vasculitis recurrence is a possible option, even though formal evidence for such an approach is currently low and formal approval is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hellmich
- Vaskulitiszentrum Süd, Klinik für Innere Medizin, Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Medius Kliniken - Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Universität Tübingen, Eugenstr. 3, 73230, Kirchheim unter Teck, Deutschland.
| | - Julia Holle
- Rheumazentrum Schleswig-Holstein Mitte, Neumünster, Deutschland
| | - Frank Moosig
- Rheumazentrum Schleswig-Holstein Mitte, Neumünster, Deutschland
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