1
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Vedor JE. Revisiting Carl Jung's archetype theory a psychobiological approach. Biosystems 2023; 234:105059. [PMID: 37832929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper delves into the concept of archetypes, universal patterns of behavior and cognition, and proposes a novel tripartite model distinguishing between structural, regulatory, and representational archetypes. Drawing on insights from code biology, neuroscience, genetics, and epigenetics, the model provides a nuanced framework for understanding archetypes and their role in shaping cognition and behavior. The paper also explores the interplay between these elements to express representational archetypes. Furthermore, it addresses the informational capacity of the genome and its influence on post-natal development and the psyche. The paper concludes by discussing the future trajectory of psychology, emphasizing the need for an integrative approach that combines our understanding of social constructs with insights into our inherent organizational propensities or archetypes. This exploration holds the potential to advance our understanding of the human condition.
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2
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Mueller D, Halfmann K. Dopamine, religiosity, and utilitarian moral judgment. Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:627-638. [PMID: 34461025 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1974935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to examine the relationship between biological and sociocultural factors that predict utilitarian moral judgment. Utilitarian moral judgments occur when a specific action is based on the outcome rather than its consistency with social norms. We predicted that (1) individuals with higher levels of dopamine will make more utilitarian decisions and (2) individuals who express greater religiosity will make less utilitarian judgments. We measured dopamine using spontaneous eyeblink rate, an indirect measure associated with striatal dopaminergic transmission. A total of 96 participants completed a utilitarian moral judgment task where they made judgments regarding nonmoral, impersonal, personal low-conflict, and personal high-conflict moral dilemmas. Then, participants completed a questionnaire measuring religiosity. We found a negative relationship between religiosity and the proportion of "yes" judgments participants made in the high-conflict personal dilemmas, which was consistent with our second hypothesis. None of our other hypotheses were supported. Understanding biological and cultural factors that relate to utilitarian moral judgment may also help in developing artificial intelligence that more closely mimic human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Mueller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, USA
| | - Kameko Halfmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, USA
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3
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Markovitch N, Knafo-Noam A. Sensitivity, but to which environment? Individual differences in sensitivity to parents and peers show domain-specific patterns and a negative genetic correlation. Dev Sci 2021; 24:e13136. [PMID: 34155726 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The idea that individuals differ in their sensitivity to the environment's effects is a cornerstone of developmental science. It has been demonstrated repeatedly, for different kinds of stressors, outcomes, and sensitivity markers. However, almost no empirical work was done to examine whether environmental sensitivity is domain-general (i.e., the same individuals are sensitive to different environmental contexts) or domain-specific (i.e., different individuals are sensitive to different environmental contexts), despite its importance to understanding human development, learning, and behavior. To address this question, phenotypic sensitivity to parents and to peers were compared in 1313 11-year-old Israeli adolescent twins. We found that, (1) our phenotypic markers indeed moderate environmental influences, with a discriminant predictive utility, (2) adolescents who are sensitive to their parents are not necessarily sensitive to their peers, and (3) sensitivity to parents and sensitivity to peers have different etiologies and show a negative genetic correlation, indicating that adolescents carrying genetic markers for sensitivity to parents are less likely to carry genetic markers for sensitivity to peers. These findings suggest that environmental sensitivity shows domain-specific patterns, as different individuals can be sensitive to different environments. We discuss the theoretical, empirical, and practical implications of domain-specificity of environmental sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Markovitch
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Knafo-Noam
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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4
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Luo M, Meehan AJ, Walton E, Röder S, Herberth G, Zenclussen AC, Cosín-Tomás M, Sunyer J, Mulder RH, Cortes Hidalgo AP, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Felix JF, Relton C, Suderman M, Pappa I, Kok R, Tiemeier H, van IJzendoorn MH, Barker ED, Cecil CAM. Neonatal DNA methylation and childhood low prosocial behavior: An epigenome-wide association meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:228-241. [PMID: 34170065 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Low prosocial behavior in childhood has been consistently linked to later psychopathology, with evidence supporting the influence of both genetic and environmental factors on its development. Although neonatal DNA methylation (DNAm) has been found to prospectively associate with a range of psychological traits in childhood, its potential role in prosocial development has yet to be investigated. This study investigated prospective associations between cord blood DNAm at birth and low prosocial behavior within and across four longitudinal birth cohorts from the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics (PACE) Consortium. We examined (a) developmental trajectories of "chronic-low" versus "typical" prosocial behavior across childhood in a case-control design (N = 2,095), and (b) continuous "low prosocial" scores at comparable cross-cohort time-points (N = 2,121). Meta-analyses were performed to examine differentially methylated positions and regions. At the cohort-specific level, three CpGs were found to associate with chronic low prosocial behavior; however, none of these associations was replicated in another cohort. Meta-analysis revealed no epigenome-wide significant CpGs or regions. Overall, we found no evidence for associations between DNAm patterns at birth and low prosocial behavior across childhood. Findings highlight the importance of employing multi-cohort approaches to replicate epigenetic associations and reduce the risk of false positive discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannan Luo
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan J Meehan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Esther Walton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Stefan Röder
- Department for Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunda Herberth
- Department for Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana C Zenclussen
- Department for Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marta Cosín-Tomás
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,IMIM Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosa H Mulder
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea P Cortes Hidalgo
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Janine F Felix
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Irene Pappa
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Kok
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward D Barker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte A M Cecil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Kitayama S, Yu Q, King AP, Yoon C, Liberzon I. The gray matter volume of the temporoparietal junction varies across cultures: a moderating role of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4). Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:193-202. [PMID: 32300802 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior work shows that compared to European Americans, East Asians show an enhanced propensity to take the perspective of another person. In the current work, we tested whether this cultural difference might be reflected in the gray matter (GM) volume of the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), a brain region selectively implicated in perspective taking and mentalizing. We also explored whether the cultural difference in the TPJ GM volume might be moderated by dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) exon 3 variable-number tandem repeat polymorphism. Structural magnetic resonance imaging of 66 European Americans and 66 East Asian-born Asians were subjected to voxel-based morphometry. It was observed that the GM volume of the right TPJ was greater among East Asians than among European Americans. Moreover, this cultural difference was significantly more pronounced among carriers of the 7- or 2-repeat allele of DRD4 than among the non-carriers of these alleles. Our findings contribute to the growing evidence that culture can shape the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qinggang Yu
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anthony P King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carolyn Yoon
- Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
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6
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ISHII K, MASUDA T, MATSUNAGA M, NOGUCHI Y, YAMASUE H, OHTSUBO Y. A REEXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CULTURE AND DOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR GENE INTERACTION ON SOCIAL ORIENTATION. PSYCHOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.2117/psysoc.2021-b014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Hill TD, Gonzalez KE, Upenieks L. Love thy Aged? A State-Level Analysis of Religiosity and Mobility in Aging Populations During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. J Aging Health 2021; 33:377-386. [PMID: 33382007 PMCID: PMC8685583 DOI: 10.1177/0898264320984016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We test whether the association between state
religiosity and distance traveled is moderated by population age during the
novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: Mobility is
operationalized as the state-level average median distance traveled from
February 24 to May 4 across the contiguous United States. Shelter-in-place rates
are operationalized as the state-level percentage of users staying home. State
religiosity is measured with an index of aggregated religious identities,
beliefs, and practices. Population age is indicated by the state percentage of
adults aged 65 years and older. We model population mobility using regression
with state clustered robust SEs. Results: We
observe that religious states tend to travel more during the early stages of the
pandemic. However, the behavioral risks associated with state religiosity are
less pronounced in states with larger older populations.
Discussion: We contribute to our understanding of the social
patterning of pandemic mobility in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- 12346The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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8
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Zheng S, Masuda T, Matsunaga M, Noguchi Y, Ohtsubo Y, Yamasue H, Ishii K. Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) and Childhood Adversity Influence Trust. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 121:104840. [PMID: 32866773 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early-life environments have been associated with various social behaviors, including trust, in late adolescence and adulthood. Given that the oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism (OXTR rs53576) moderates the impact of childhood experience on social behaviors, in the present study, we examined the main effect of childhood adversity through a self-report measure and its interactions with OXTR rs53576 on general trust among 203 Japanese and 200 European Canadian undergraduate students. After controlling for the effect of culture, the results indicated that childhood adversity had a negative association with general trust, and that OXTR rs53576 moderated the impact of childhood adversity on general trust. Specifically, the negative association between childhood adversity and general trust is only significant among homozygote A-allele carriers. These findings demonstrated that OXTR rs53576 moderated the relations between childhood experiences and social functioning in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Zheng
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Matsunaga
- Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Yasuki Noguchi
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ohtsubo
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Japan.
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9
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Sasaki JY, Kim HS. The ego dampening influence of religion: evidence from behavioral genetics and psychology. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 40:24-28. [PMID: 32892031 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Religion is a product of evolutionary and biological processes. Thus, understanding why some people are religious and how it impacts their everyday lives requires an integrated perspective. This review presents a theoretical framework incorporating recent findings on religious influences on the behavioral expression of genetic and psychological predispositions. We propose that religion may facilitate ego dampening, or weakening of the impact of one's internal drive, for the service of sociality. Evidence from gene-environment interaction and behavioral studies suggests that religious beliefs and practices may dampen more prepotent, self-focused motives that can be at odds with cooperation and social cohesion. The review underscores the importance of taking an interdisciplinary perspective to understand complex and fundamental questions about religion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Y Sasaki
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2530 Dole Street, Sakamaki C400, Honolulu, HI 96822-2294, USA.
| | - Heejung S Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
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10
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Karataş M, Gürhan-Canli Z. A Construal Level Account of the Impact of Religion and God on Prosociality. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 46:1107-1120. [PMID: 31928319 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219895145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This research shows that the two most prevalent religious constructs-God and religion-differentially impact cognition. Activating thoughts about God (vs. religion) induces a relatively more abstract (vs. concrete) mindset (Studies 1a-1c). Consequently, time donation intentions (Study 2) and actual monetary donations (Study 3) after a God (vs. religion) prime increase when people are presented an abstractly (vs. concretely) framed donation appeal. Similarly, people donate more money to distant (vs. close) donation targets, which are construed relatively abstractly (vs. concretely), when a religious speech activates predominantly God-specific (vs. religion-specific) thoughts (Study 4). These effects are mediated by "feeling right" under construal level fit (Study 3). Overall, this research significantly advances extant knowledge on religious cognition and past research on the link between religion and prosociality.
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11
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Cao C, Wang L, Wu J, Li G, Fang R, Liu P, Luo S, Elhai JD. Association between the OXTR rs53576 genotype and latent profiles of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in a representative sample of earthquake survivors. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2019; 33:140-147. [PMID: 31771350 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1695604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder are commonly experienced mental disorders among psychological trauma victims. Few studies have investigated the genetic basis for population heterogeneity of trauma-related psychopathology, including PTSD and depression. This study examined the main and interaction effects of the OXTR rs53576 genotype in distinguishing four subgroups identified by symptom profiles of PTSD and depression symptoms using latent profile analysis.Design: A cross-sectional design with a gene-environment interaction approach was adopted in the current study.Methods: This study was a secondary data analysis conducted on a sample of 1196 adult earthquake survivors. Participants completed assessments of earthquake exposure, PTSD symptoms, and depression symptoms. The rs53576 polymorphism of OXTR was genotyped using a custom-by-design 2×48-Plex SNPscanTMKit.Results: Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed the main effects of the rs53576 genotype on symptom profiles. Specifically, G allele carriers were more likely in the combined PTSD-depression group than in the low symptom, predominantly depression, and predominantly PTSD groups. No significant interaction effects between this genotype and earthquake exposure on symptom profiles were found.Conclusions: Our findings support a genetic basis for trauma-related psychopathology heterogeneity. Furthermore, results provide preliminary evidence for the role of OXTR in PTSD/depression comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqi Cao
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gen Li
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruojiao Fang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- People' s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Luo
- People' s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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12
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Zmigrod L, Rentfrow PJ, Zmigrod S, Robbins TW. Cognitive flexibility and religious disbelief. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 83:1749-1759. [PMID: 29948184 PMCID: PMC6794241 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility is operationalized in the neuropsychological literature as the ability to shift between modes of thinking and adapt to novel or changing environments. Religious belief systems consist of strict rules and rituals that offer adherents certainty, consistency, and stability. Consequently, we hypothesized that religious adherence and practice of repetitive religious rituals may be related to the persistence versus flexibility of one's cognition. The present study investigated the extent to which tendencies towards cognitive flexibility versus persistence are related to three facets of religious life: religious affiliation, religious practice, and religious upbringing. In a large sample (N = 744), we found that religious disbelief was related to cognitive flexibility across three independent behavioural measures: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Remote Associates Test, and Alternative Uses Test. Furthermore, lower frequency of religious service attendance was related to cognitive flexibility. When analysing participants' religious upbringing in relation to their current religious affiliation, it was manifest that current affiliation was more influential than religious upbringing in all the measured facets of cognitive flexibility. The findings indicate that religious affiliation and engagement may shape and be shaped by cognitive control styles towards flexibility versus persistence, highlighting the tight links between flexibility of thought and religious ideologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor Zmigrod
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - P Jason Rentfrow
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Sharon Zmigrod
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Leiden University Institute for Psychological Research, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Cultural variation in the gray matter volume of the prefrontal cortex is moderated by the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4). Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:3922-3931. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a systematic cultural difference in the volume/thickness of prefrontal regions of the brain. However, origins of this difference remain unclear. Here, we addressed this gap by adopting a unique genetic approach. People who carry the 7- or 2-repeat (7/2-R) allele of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) are more sensitive to environmental influences, including cultural influences. Therefore, if the difference in brain structure is due to cultural influences, it should be moderated by DRD4. We recruited 132 young adults (both European Americans and Asian-born East Asians). Voxel-based morphometry showed that gray matter (GM) volume of the medial prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex was significantly greater among European Americans than among East Asians. Moreover, the difference in GM volume was significantly more pronounced among carriers of the 7/2-R allele of DRD4 than among non-carriers. This pattern was robust in an alternative measure assessing cortical thickness. A further exploratory analysis showed that among East Asian carriers, the number of years spent in the U.S. predicted increased GM volume in the orbitofrontal cortex. The present evidence is consistent with a view that culture shapes the brain by mobilizing epigenetic pathways that are gradually established through socialization and enculturation.
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14
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Tompson SH, Huff ST, Yoon C, King A, Liberzon I, Kitayama S. The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) modulates cultural variation in emotional experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40167-018-0063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Shaw SD, Bagozzi RP. The neuropsychology of consumer behavior and marketing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/arcp.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Shaw
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Richard P. Bagozzi
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
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16
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17
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Kitayama S, Salvador CE. Culture Embrained: Going Beyond the Nature-Nurture Dichotomy. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:841-854. [PMID: 28972851 PMCID: PMC5841951 DOI: 10.1177/1745691617707317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the cultural psychology literature has established that there is systematic cultural variation in the nature of agency in the domains of cognition, emotion, and motivation. This literature adopted both self-report and performance-based (or behavioral) indicators of these processes, which set the stage for a more recent systematic exploration of cultural influences at the neural and biological level. Moreover, previous work has largely focused on East-West differences, thereby calling for a systematic exploration of other ethnic groups. To address these issues, this article reviews recent work in cultural neuroscience, while paying close attention to Latino Americans-the single most rapidly growing minority group in the United States. We focus on research that has employed neural measures and show that culture has systematic influences on the brain. We also point out that, unlike more traditional self-report or performance-based measures, neural indicators of culture are reliably linked to theoretically relevant individual difference variables such as self-construal and acculturation. Cultural neuroscience offers the framework to go beyond the dichotomy between nature and nurture and to explore how they may dynamically interact.
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How do social norms influence prosocial development? Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 20:87-91. [PMID: 28858771 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Humans are both highly prosocial and extremely sensitive to social norms, and some theories suggest that norms are necessary to account for uniquely human forms of prosocial behavior and cooperation. Understanding how norms influence prosocial behavior is thus essential if we are to describe the psychology and development of prosocial behavior. In this article I review recent research from across the social sciences that provides (1) a theoretical model of how norms influence prosocial behavior, (2) empirical support for the model based on studies with adults and children, and (3) predictions about the psychological mechanisms through which norms shape prosocial behavior. I conclude by discussing the need for future studies into how prosocial behavior develops through emerging interactions between culturally varying norms, social cognition, emotions, and potentially genes.
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van Elk M, Aleman A. Brain mechanisms in religion and spirituality: An integrative predictive processing framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 73:359-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Willard AK, Shariff AF, Norenzayan A. Religious priming as a research tool for studying religion: evidentiary value, current issues, and future directions. Curr Opin Psychol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ferguson MA, Nielsen JA, King JB, Dai L, Giangrasso DM, Holman R, Korenberg JR, Anderson JS. Reward, salience, and attentional networks are activated by religious experience in devout Mormons. Soc Neurosci 2016; 13:104-116. [PMID: 27834117 PMCID: PMC5478470 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1257437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High-level cognitive and emotional experience arises from brain activity, but the specific brain substrates for religious and spiritual euphoria remain unclear. We demonstrate using functional magnetic resonance imaging scans in 19 devout Mormons that a recognizable feeling central to their devotional practice was reproducibly associated with activation in nucleus accumbens, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and frontal attentional regions. Nucleus accumbens activation preceded peak spiritual feelings by 1–3 s and was replicated in four separate tasks. Attentional activation in the anterior cingulate and frontal eye fields was greater in the right hemisphere. The association of abstract ideas and brain reward circuitry may interact with frontal attentional and emotive salience processing, suggesting a mechanism whereby doctrinal concepts may come to be intrinsically rewarding and motivate behavior in religious individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Ferguson
- a Department of Bioengineering , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jared A Nielsen
- b Department of Psychiatry , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Jace B King
- d Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Li Dai
- e Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Danielle M Giangrasso
- d Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Rachel Holman
- f Department of Radiology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Julie R Korenberg
- d Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,e Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jeffrey S Anderson
- a Department of Bioengineering , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,d Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,f Department of Radiology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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Batara JBL, Franco PS, Quiachon MAM, Sembrero DRM. Effects of Religious Priming Concepts on Prosocial Behavior Towards Ingroup and Outgroup. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 12:635-644. [PMID: 27872671 PMCID: PMC5114877 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v12i4.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies show that there is a connection between religion and prosociality (e.g., Saroglou, 2013). To investigate whether there is a causal relationship between these two variables, a growing number of scholars employed priming religious concepts and measure its influence on prosocial behavior (e.g., Pichon, Boccato, & Saroglou, 2007). In the recent development of religious priming, Ritter and Preston (2013) argued that different primes (agent prime, spiritual/abstract prime, and institutional prime) may also have varying influence on prosocial behavior specifically helping an ingroup or an outgroup target. With this in mind, a 2 (social categorization of the target of help) by 3 (agent prime, institutional prime, spiritual prime) experiment was conducted to directly investigate this hypothesis. Results suggest that priming religious concepts especially the spiritual prime can increase prosocial behaviors. However, no significant effect was found on the social categorization which implies that Filipino participants elicit prosocial behavior regardless of the social categorization (be it ingroup or outgroup) of the target of help. The present study’s findings contribute to further the literature on religious priming and its influence on prosocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela S Franco
- Department of Psychology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
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Abstract
Cultural neuroscience research examines how psychological processes are affected by the interplay between culture and biological factors, including genetic influences, patterns of neural activation, and physiological processes. In this review, we present foundational and current empirical research in this area, and we also discuss theories that aim to explain how various aspects of the social environment are interpreted as meaningful in different cultures and interact with a cascade of biological processes to ultimately influence thoughts and behaviors. This review highlights theoretical and methodological issues, potential solutions, and future implications for a field that aspires to integrate the complexities of human biology with the richness of culture.
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Betsch C, Böhm R, Airhihenbuwa CO, Butler R, Chapman GB, Haase N, Herrmann B, Igarashi T, Kitayama S, Korn L, Nurm ÜK, Rohrmann B, Rothman AJ, Shavitt S, Updegraff JA, Uskul AK. Improving Medical Decision Making and Health Promotion through Culture-Sensitive Health Communication. Med Decis Making 2016; 36:811-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0272989x15600434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review introduces the concept of culture-sensitive health communication. The basic premise is that congruency between the recipient’s cultural characteristics and the respective message will increase the communication’s effectiveness. Culture-sensitive health communication is therefore defined as the deliberate and evidence-informed adaptation of health communication to the recipients’ cultural background in order to increase knowledge and improve preparation for medical decision making and to enhance the persuasiveness of messages in health promotion. To achieve effective health communication in varying cultural contexts, an empirically and theoretically based understanding of culture will be indispensable. We therefore define culture, discuss which evolutionary and structural factors contribute to the development of cultural diversity, and examine how differences are conceptualized as scientific constructs in current models of cultural differences. In addition, we will explicate the implications of cultural differences for psychological theorizing, because common constructs of health behavior theories and decision making, such as attitudes or risk perception, are subject to cultural variation. In terms of communication, we will review both communication strategies and channels that are used to disseminate health messages, and we will discuss the implications of cultural differences for their effectiveness. Finally, we propose an agenda both for science and for practice to advance and apply the evidence base for culture-sensitive health communication. This calls for more interdisciplinary research between science and practice but also between scientific disciplines and between basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Betsch
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Robert Böhm
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Collins O. Airhihenbuwa
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Robb Butler
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Gretchen B. Chapman
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Niels Haase
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Benedikt Herrmann
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Tasuku Igarashi
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Lars Korn
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Ülla-Karin Nurm
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Bernd Rohrmann
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Alexander J. Rothman
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Sharon Shavitt
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - John A. Updegraff
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
| | - Ayse K. Uskul
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany (CB, LK)
- School of Business and Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (RB)
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA (COA)
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (RB)
- Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (GBC)
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Religion priming and an oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism interact to affect self-control in a social context. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:97-109. [PMID: 25640833 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Using a genetic moderation approach, this study examines how an experimental prime of religion impacts self-control in a social context, and whether this effect differs depending on the genotype of an oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism (rs53576). People with different genotypes of OXTR seem to have different genetic orientations toward sociality, which may have consequences for the way they respond to religious cues in the environment. In order to determine whether the influence of religion priming on self-control is socially motivated, we examine whether this effect is stronger for people who have OXTR genotypes that should be linked to greater rather than less social sensitivity (i.e., GG vs. AA/AG genotypes). The results showed that experimentally priming religion increased self-control behaviors for people with GG genotypes more so than people with AA/AG genotypes. Furthermore, this Gene × Religion interaction emerged in a social context, when people were interacting face to face with another person. This research integrates genetic moderation and social psychological approaches to address a novel question about religion's influence on self-control behavior, which has implications for coping with distress and psychopathology. These findings also highlight the importance of the social context for understanding genetic moderation of psychological effects.
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Genetic differential susceptibility on trial: meta-analytic support from randomized controlled experiments. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:151-62. [PMID: 25640837 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The most stringent test of differential susceptibility theory is provided by randomized control trials examining the moderating role of genetic markers of differential susceptibility in experimental manipulations of the environment (Gene × Experimental Environment interactions), being at least 10 times more powerful than correlational Gene × Environment interaction studies. We identified 22 experiments involving 3,257 participants with various developmental outcomes (e.g., externalizing problems, internalizing behaviors, and cognitive development). Effect sizes contrasting experimental versus control group were computed both for subjects with the polymorphism considered indicative of heightened susceptibility (e.g., the dopamine receptor D4 gene seven-repeat allele and the serotonin transporter polymorphic region short allele) and others expected to be low in susceptibility (e.g., the dopamine receptor D4 gene four-repeat allele and the serotonin transporter polymorphic region short allele). Clear-cut experimental support for genetic differential susceptibility emerged: the combined effect size of the interventions for the susceptible genotypes amounted to r = .33 (95% confidence interval = 0.23, 0.42; p < .01) versus a nonsignificant r = .08 (95% confidence interval = -0.02, 0.17; p = .12) for the hypothesized nonsusceptible genotypes. Macrotrials showed more evidence of genetic differential susceptibility than microtrials, and differential susceptibility was more clearly observed in trials with externalizing and cognitive outcomes than with internalizing problems. This meta-analysis shows proof of principle for genetic differential susceptibility and indicates that it is time to explore its mechanisms and limits. The concept of differential susceptibility alters the idea of constitutional "risk" factors (reactive temperament and risk genotypes), and points to intervention efficacy hidden in Gene × Environment interactions.
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LeClair J, Sasaki JY, Ishii K, Shinada M, Kim HS. Gene–culture interaction: influence of culture and oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism on loneliness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40167-016-0034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kitayama S, King A, Hsu M, Liberzon I, Yoon C. Dopamine-System Genes and Cultural Acquisition: The Norm Sensitivity Hypothesis. Curr Opin Psychol 2015; 8:167-174. [PMID: 28491931 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research in cultural psychology shows that cultures vary in the social orientation of independence and interdependence. To date, however, little is known about how people may acquire such global patterns of cultural behavior or cultural norms. Nor is it clear what genetic mechanisms may underlie the acquisition of cultural norms. Here, we draw on recent evidence for certain genetic variability in the susceptibility to environmental influences and propose a norm sensitivity hypothesis, which holds that people acquire culture, and rules of cultural behaviors, through reinforcement-mediated social learning processes. One corollary of the hypothesis is that the degree of cultural acquisition should be influenced by polymorphic variants of genes involved in dopaminergic neural pathways, which have been widely implicated in reinforcement learning. We reviewed initial evidence for this prediction and discussed challenges and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ming Hsu
- University of California, Berkeley
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Jiang Y, Bachner-Melman R, Chew SH, Ebstein RP. Dopamine D4 receptor gene and religious affiliation correlate with dictator game altruism in males and not females: evidence for gender-sensitive gene × culture interaction. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:338. [PMID: 26441510 PMCID: PMC4585304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
On a large sample of 2288 Han Chinese undergraduates, we investigated how religion and DRD4 are related to human altruistic giving behavior as measured with the Andreoni-Miller Dictator Game. This game enables us to clearly specify (non-)selfishness, efficiency, and fairness motives for sharing. Participants were further classified into religious categories (Christian, Buddhist-Tao, and No Religion) based on self-reports, and genotyped for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene exon III VNTR. Our analysis revealed a significant interaction between religion and DRD4 correlated with giving behavior solely among males: Whereas no significant association between religion and sharing decisions was observed in the majority 4R/4R genotype group, a significant difference in giving behavior between Christian and non-Christian males was seen in the non-4R/4R group, with Christian men being overall more altruistic (less selfish and fairer) than non-Christian men. These results support the vantage sensitivity hypothesis regarding DRD4 that the non-4R/4R “susceptibility” genotype is more responsive to a positive environment provided by some religions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Jiang
- Department of Economics, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel Bachner-Melman
- School of Social and Community Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center Emek Hefer, Israel ; Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Mt. Scopus, Israel
| | - Soo Hong Chew
- Department of Economics, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard P Ebstein
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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Haggard MC, Kang LL, Rowatt WC, Shen MJ. Associations Among Religiousness and Community Volunteerism in National Random Samples of American Adults. J Prev Interv Community 2015; 43:175-85. [DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2014.973277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shariff AF, Willard AK, Andersen T, Norenzayan A. Religious Priming. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2015; 20:27-48. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868314568811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Priming has emerged as a valuable tool within the psychological study of religion, allowing for tests of religion’s causal effect on a number of psychological outcomes, such as prosocial behavior. As the literature has grown, questions about the reliability and boundary conditions of religious priming have arisen. We use a combination of traditional effect-size analyses, p-curve analyses, and adjustments for publication bias to evaluate the robustness of four types of religious priming (Analyses 1-3), review the empirical evidence for religion’s effect specifically on prosocial behavior (Analyses 4-5), and test whether religious-priming effects generalize to individuals who report little or no religiosity (Analyses 6-7). Results across 93 studies and 11,653 participants show that religious priming has robust effects across a variety of outcome measures—prosocial measures included. Religious priming does not, however, reliably affect non-religious participants—suggesting that priming depends on the cognitive activation of culturally transmitted religious beliefs.
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Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH. The hidden efficacy of interventions: gene×environment experiments from a differential susceptibility perspective. Annu Rev Psychol 2014; 66:381-409. [PMID: 25148854 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of interventions might be underestimated or even go undetected as a main effect when it is hidden in gene-by-environment (G×E) interactions. This review moves beyond the problems thwarting correlational G×E research to propose genetic differential susceptibility experiments. G×E experiments can test the bright side as well as the dark side of the moderating role of genotypes traditionally considered to represent vulnerability to negative conditions. The differential susceptibility model predicts that carriers of these risk genotypes profit most from interventions changing the environment for the better. The evolutionary background of G×E and differential susceptibility is discussed, and statistical methods for the analysis of differential susceptibility (versus diathesis stress) are reviewed. Then, based on results from 22 randomized G×E experiments, meta-analytic evidence for the differential susceptibility model is presented. Intervention effects are much stronger in the susceptible genotypes than in the nonsusceptible genotypes. The final sections suggest possibilities to broaden the G component in the G×E equation by including genetic pathways, and to broaden the E component by including methylation level and gene expression as promising ways to probe the concept of the environment more deeply and address the perennial issue of what works for whom.
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Kitayama S, King A, Yoon C, Tompson S, Huff S, Liberzon I. The Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene (DRD4) Moderates Cultural Difference in Independent Versus Interdependent Social Orientation. Psychol Sci 2014; 25:1169-77. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797614528338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research suggests that cultural groups vary on an overarching dimension of independent versus interdependent social orientation, with European Americans being more independent, or less interdependent, than Asians. Drawing on recent evidence suggesting that the dopamine D4 receptor gene ( DRD4) plays a role in modulating cultural learning, we predicted that carriers of DRD4 polymorphisms linked to increased dopamine signaling (7- or 2-repeat alleles) would show higher levels of culturally dominant social orientations, compared with noncarriers. European Americans and Asian-born Asians (total N = 398) reported their social orientation on multiple scales. They were also genotyped for DRD4. As in earlier work, European Americans were more independent, and Asian-born Asians more interdependent. This cultural difference was significantly more pronounced for carriers of the 7- or 2-repeat alleles than for noncarriers. Indeed, no cultural difference was apparent among the noncarriers. Implications for potential coevolution of genes and culture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolyn Yoon
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan
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Ishii K, Kim HS, Sasaki JY, Shinada M, Kusumi I. Culture modulates sensitivity to the disappearance of facial expressions associated with serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40167-014-0014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Janušonis S. Functional associations among G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors in the human brain. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:16. [PMID: 24438157 PMCID: PMC3898241 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The activity of neurons is controlled by groups of neurotransmitter receptors rather than by individual receptors. Experimental studies have investigated some receptor interactions, but currently little information is available about transcriptional associations among receptors at the whole-brain level. Results A total of 4950 correlations between 100 G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors were examined across 169 brain regions in the human brain using expression data published in the Allen Human Brain Atlas. A large number of highly significant correlations were found, many of which have not been investigated in hypothesis-driven studies. The highest positive and negative correlations of each receptor are reported, which can facilitate the construction of receptor sets likely to be affected by altered transcription of one receptor (such sets always exist, but their members are difficult to predict). A graph analysis isolated two large receptor communities, within each of which receptor mRNA levels were strongly cross-correlated. Conclusions The presented systematic analysis shows that the mRNA levels of many G protein-coupled receptors are interdependent. This finding is not unexpected, since the brain is a highly integrated complex system. However, the analysis also revealed two novel properties of global brain structure. First, receptor correlations are described by a simple statistical distribution, which suggests that receptor interactions may be guided by qualitatively similar processes. Second, receptors appear to form two large functional communities, which might be differentially affected in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skirmantas Janušonis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung S. Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106;
| | - Joni Y. Sasaki
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada;
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Ma Y, Wang C, Li B, Zhang W, Rao Y, Han S. Does self-construal predict activity in the social brain network? A genetic moderation effect. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1360-7. [PMID: 24009354 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural activity in the social brain network varies across individuals with different cultural traits and different genetic polymorphisms. It remains unknown whether a specific genetic polymorphism may influence the association between cultural traits and neural activity in the social brain network. We tested whether the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) affects the association between self-construals and neural activity involved in reflection of personal attributes of oneself and a significant other (i.e., mother). Using functional MRI, we scanned Chinese adults with short/short (s/s) or long/long (l/l) variants of the 5-HTTLPR during reflection of personal attributes of oneself and one's mother. We found that, while s/s and l/l genotype groups did not differ significantly in self-construals measured by the Self-Construal Scale, the relationship between self-construal scores and neural responses to reflection of oneself and mother was significantly different between the two genotype groups. Specifically, l/l but not s/s genotype group showed significant association between self-construal scores and activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, bilateral middle frontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, insula and hippocampus during reflection on mental attributes of oneself and mother. Our findings suggest that a specific genetic polymorphism may interact with a cultural trait to shape the neural substrates underlying social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Ma
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenbo Wang
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingfeng Li
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Han
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Jiang Y, Chew SH, Ebstein RP. The role of D4 receptor gene exon III polymorphisms in shaping human altruism and prosocial behavior. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:195. [PMID: 23717276 PMCID: PMC3653059 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings are an extraordinarily altruistic species often willing to help strangers at a considerable cost (sometimes life itself) to themselves. But as Darwin noted "… he who was ready to sacrifice his life, as many a savage has been, rather than betray his comrades, would often leave no offspring to inherit his noble nature." Hence, this is the paradox of altruism. Twin studies have shown that altruism and other prosocial behavior show considerable heritability and more recently a number of candidate genes have been identified with this phenotype. Among these first provisional findings are genes encoding elements of dopaminergic transmission. In this article we will review the evidence for the involvement of one of these, the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene, in shaping human prosocial behavior and consider the methodologies employed in measuring this trait, specific molecular genetic findings and finally, evidence from several Gene × Environment (G × E) studies that imply differential susceptibility of this gene to environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Jiang
- Department of Economics, National University of Singapore Singapore
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Sasaki JY. Promise and Challenges Surrounding Culture–Gene Coevolution and Gene–Culture Interactions. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2013.764814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chiao JY, Cheon BK, Pornpattanangkul N, Mrazek AJ, Blizinsky KD. Cultural Neuroscience: Progress and Promise. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2013; 24:1-19. [PMID: 23914126 PMCID: PMC3727289 DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2013.752715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The nature and origin of human diversity has been a source of intellectual curiosity since the beginning of human history. Contemporary advances in cultural and biological sciences provide unique opportunities for the emerging field of cultural neuroscience. Research in cultural neuroscience examines how cultural and genetic diversity shape the human mind, brain and behavior across multiple time scales: situation, ontogeny and phylogeny. Recent progress in cultural neuroscience provides novel theoretical frameworks for understanding the complex interaction of environmental, cultural and genetic factors in the production of adaptive human behavior. Here, we provide a brief history of cultural neuroscience, theoretical and methodological advances, as well as empirical evidence of the promise of and progress in the field. Implications of this research for population health disparities and public policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Y Chiao
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program Northwestern University
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Cheon BK, Mrazek AJ, Pornpattananangkul N, Blizinsky KD, Chiao JY. Constraints, Catalysts and Coevolution in Cultural Neuroscience: Reply to Commentaries. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2013; 24:71-79. [PMID: 23710119 DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2013.773599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bobby K Cheon
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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