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Awaad R, Quadri Y, Sifat M, Elzamzamy K, Suleiman K, Rehman O, Husain A, Abdelrehim A, Rushdi R, Belanger CC, Hill TD, Koenig HG. An Exploratory Qualitative Analysis of the Stanford-Templeton Convenings on Islam and Suicide. J Relig Health 2024; 63:954-967. [PMID: 38198108 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
For over 70 years, studies have reported lower rates of completed suicide in Muslim-majority countries and individuals who identify as Muslim. To this point, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between Islam and lower risk of suicide remain understudied. In an effort to advance our understanding, we convened a bilingual international interdisciplinary panel of experts for a discussion of the current state and future directions of the field. In this paper, we present an exploratory qualitative analysis of the core themes that emerged from the group interviews. We also derive a general theoretical model of the association between Islam and suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Awaad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yasmeen Quadri
- Muslim Mental Health and Islamic Psychology Lab, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Munjireen Sifat
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 655 Research Parkway Suite 400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | | | - Kamal Suleiman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Obaid Rehman
- West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 Lee St, Lewisburg, WV, 24901, USA
| | - Amina Husain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amira Abdelrehim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Ein-Shams University, 1 Elsarayat St., Abbaseya, 11517, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rufaida Rushdi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cairo University, 1 Gamaa Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Chelsea C Belanger
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Terrence D Hill
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Harold G Koenig
- Duke University Health System, King Abdulaziz University, Box 3400 Med Ctr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Hill TD, Bostean G, Upenieks L, Bartkowski JP, Ellison CG, Burdette AM. (Un)holy Smokes? Religion and Traditional and E-Cigarette Use in the United States. J Relig Health 2024; 63:1334-1359. [PMID: 36520262 PMCID: PMC9753896 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study employed national cross-sectional survey data from the 2021 Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (n = 1578 to 1735) to model traditional cigarette and e-cigarette use as a function of religious affiliation, general religiosity, biblical literalism, religious struggles, and the sense of divine control. Although the odds of abstaining from cigarettes and e-cigarettes were comparable for conservative Protestants and non-affiliates, conservative Protestants were more likely to cut down on cigarettes and e-cigarettes during the pandemic. Religiosity increased the odds of abstaining from cigarettes (not e-cigarettes) and reduced pandemic consumption of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Biblical literalism was unrelated to abstaining from cigarettes and pandemic changes in cigarette use; however, biblical literalists were more likely to cut e-cigarette use during the pandemic. While the sense of divine control was unrelated to abstaining from cigarettes and e-cigarettes, these beliefs increased the odds of cessation from traditional and e-cigarette use. Finally, our religious struggles index was unrelated to smoking behavior. Our study is among the first to report any association between religion and lower e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D. Hill
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-1644 USA
| | - Georgiana Bostean
- Department of Sociology and Environmental Science & Policy Program, Chapman University, Orange, USA
| | | | - John P. Bartkowski
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | | | - Amy M. Burdette
- Department of Sociology and Public Health Program, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
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Hill TD, Upenieks L, Wolf JK, Cossman L, Ellison CG. Do Religious Struggles Mediate the Association Between Neighborhood Disorder and Health in the United States? J Relig Health 2024; 63:202-223. [PMID: 36862272 PMCID: PMC9979112 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, numerous studies have linked the subjective experience of neighborhood disorder (perceptions of crime, dilapidation and ambient strains) with poorer health. We test whether religious struggles (religious doubts and feeling abandoned or punished by God) mediate this association. Our counterfactual mediation analyses of data from the 2021 Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (CHAPS) (n = 1741) revealed consistent indirect effects of neighborhood disorder through religious struggles for anger, psychological distress, sleep disturbance, poorer self-rated health, and shorter subjective life expectancy. This study contributes to previous work by integrating the study of neighborhood context and religion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D. Hill
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Laura Upenieks
- Department of Sociology, Baylor University, 97326 One Bear Place, Waco, TX 76798 USA
| | - Julia K. Wolf
- Community and Policy, College for Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Lynne Cossman
- Community and Policy, College for Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Christopher G. Ellison
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
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Louie P, Hill TD, Upenieks L. Do early life traumas moderate the impact of cumulative pandemic stress on anger? Adv Life Course Res 2023; 58:100576. [PMID: 38054871 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2023.100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Do early life traumas condition the psychological consequences of pandemic stressors? Using national data from the Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (May-June 2021), we examine whether early life traumas buffer or amplify the impact of cumulative pandemic stressors (CPS) on anger, an understudied measure of emotional distress. We examine two competing perspectives. The trauma amplification perspective posits that people who experience early life traumas are especially vulnerable to subsequent stressors, while the trauma resiliency perspective suggests the opposite, that people who experience traumas in early life are less vulnerable to subsequent stressors. The trauma resiliency perspective was partially supported by our analyses. Although early life traumas abated the impact of three or more pandemic stressors on anger, we failed to observe any attenuation at lower levels of pandemic stress exposure. We extend previous research by recasting the common stress proliferation model as a stress modification model and by focusing on feelings of anger. Findings are discussed in the context of social stress, mental health, and the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Louie
- Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Terrence D Hill
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Laura Upenieks
- Department of Sociology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Upenieks L, Hill TD, Ford-Robertson J. Religion and Pandemic Weight Gain: A Refuge from the Storm? J Psychol Theol 2023; 51:392-411. [PMID: 38602957 PMCID: PMC10183346 DOI: 10.1177/00916471231167225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was an inherently stressful global crisis that was associated with weight gain for over 40% of the American public. Building on previous research, we draw on recently collected national survey data from the United States to examine the effects of religious attendance (both in-person and virtual), the sense of divine control, and religious/spiritual (R/S) struggles on pandemic weight gain. A series of logistic regression models were conducted. Our findings suggest that divine control and monthly in-person religious attendance were associated with a lower risk of pandemic weight gain, while R/S struggles were associated with a higher risk of weight gain. Our results reveal the complex role that religiosity can play with respect to pandemic weight gain.
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Sileo KM, Luttinen R, Muñoz S, Hill TD. Gender Role Discrepancy Stress and COVID-19 Prevention Behaviors Among Men in the United States. Am J Health Promot 2023; 37:766-777. [PMID: 36648009 PMCID: PMC9852979 DOI: 10.1177/08901171231152140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the associations between gender role discrepancy (non-conformity to socially prescribed masculine gender role norms) and discrepancy stress (distress arising from this discrepancy) on COVID-19 prevention behaviors among men, and the potential moderating effects of race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and income on these relationships. DESIGN A national online survey was conducted between May and June 2021. SETTING The United States. SUBJECTS 749 adult men residing in the United States. MEASURES A scale measured gender role discrepancy and discrepancy stress. COVID-19 prevention outcomes were constructed and included self-reported vaccination status/intentions, social distancing, mask-wearing, and hand-sanitizing. ANALYSIS Multivariate generalized linear models were performed in SPSS. RESULTS Gender role discrepancy associated with greater odds of vaccination (AOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.02-1.78, P = .04), while discrepancy stress associated with lower odds of vaccination (AOR = .48, 95% CI = .35-.68, P < 0. 001) and mask-wearing (AOR = .54, 95% CI = .37-.79, P = .001) for men overall. Discrepancy stress's negative effect on specific COVID-19 prevention behaviors was only apparent or was amplified for men in lower income brackets (vaccination, social distancing, mask-wearing), racial/ethnic minority men (vaccination), and sexual minority men (social distancing). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that gender role discrepancy stress negatively affects men's engagement in COVID-19 prevention, particularly for men in marginalized populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M. Sileo
- The Department of Public Health, College of Health, Community, and Policy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Luttinen
- The Department of Public Health, College of Health, Community, and Policy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- The Department of Demography, College of Health, Community, and Policy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Suyapa Muñoz
- The Department of Public Health, College of Health, Community, and Policy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Terrence D. Hill
- The Department of Sociology, College of Health, Community, and Policy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Hill TD, Garcia-Alexander G, Sileo K, Fahmy C, Testa A, Luttinen R, Schroeder R. Male Sexual Dysfunction and the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231174348. [PMID: 37211748 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231174348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We contribute to our understanding of the social epidemiology of intimate partner violence (IPV) by developing a mediation model that frames IPV as an outcome of male sexual dysfunction (performance anxiety and erectile dysfunction) and the mechanisms of masculine discrepancy stress (the perceived failure to conform to internalized normative expectations of masculinity) and anger. Our mediation analyses of recently collected data from the 2021 Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (CHAPS), a national probability sample of 792 men, confirmed that sexual dysfunction was indirectly associated with the perpetration of any IPV, physical IPV, and sexual IPV through the compound path of masculine discrepancy stress and anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- Department of Sociology, One UTSA Circle, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Katelyn Sileo
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chantal Fahmy
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Luttinen
- Department of Demography, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Schroeder
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
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Louie P, Upenieks L, Hill TD. Cumulative Pandemic Stressors, Psychosocial Resources, and Psychological Distress: Toward a More Comprehensive Test of a Pandemic Stress Process. Soc Ment Health 2023:21568693231165260. [PMCID: PMC10155051 DOI: 10.1177/21568693231165260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the mental health consequences of individual COVID-19 stressors (e.g., bereavement, job loss, or financial strain) have been well-documented, little is known about the cumulative toll of multiple pandemic stressors. Using national data from the Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (May–June 2021), we test whether the accumulation of pandemic stressors is associated with greater psychological distress. We also consider whether this association is moderated by psychosocial resources (i.e., mastery, self-esteem, and social support). Our findings suggest that individuals who report three or more pandemic stressors tend to exhibit greater psychological distress than those who report fewer pandemic stressors or no pandemic stressors. While mastery offsets the impact of pandemic stressors at higher levels of stress exposure (i.e., two or more COVID-19 stressors), social support and self-esteem played a stress-buffering role to a point, but became ineffective at the highest levels of pandemic stress. The current study provides new insights into the pandemic stress process by conceptualizing and operationalizing the cumulative impact of COVID-19 stressors. We also confirm the continued significance of traditional coping resources in the context of novel pandemic stressors.
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Abstract
Studies of the relationship between income inequality and life expectancy often speculate about the role of policy, but direct empirical research is limited. Drawing on the neo-materialist perspective, we examine whether the longitudinal association between income inequality and life expectancy is mediated and moderated by policy liberalism in U.S. states (2000-2014). More liberal policy contexts are characterized by greater efforts to regulate the economy, redistribute income, and protect vulnerable groups and lesser efforts to penalize deviant social behavior. We find that state-level income inequality is inversely associated with policy liberalism and life expectancy. The association between income inequality and life expectancy was not mediated by policy liberalism but was moderated by it. The association is attenuated in states with more liberal policy contexts, supporting the neo-materialist perspective. This finding illustrates how states like New York and California (with liberal policy contexts) can exhibit high income inequality and high life expectancy.
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McFarland MJ, Hill TD, Montez JK. Policy Brief. J Health Soc Behav 2023; 64:1. [PMID: 36905291 PMCID: PMC10031271 DOI: 10.1177/00221465221150307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. McFarland
- Michael J. McFarland, PhD, Department of Sociology and Center for Demography and Population Health, Florida State University, 113 Collegiate Loop,
P.O. Box 3062270, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2270, USA.
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Bartkowski JP, Klee K, Hill TD, Garcia-Alexander G, Ellison CG, Burdette AM. Fear God, Not COVID-19: Is Conservative Protestantism Associated with Risky Pandemic Lifestyles? Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040582. [PMID: 36833117 PMCID: PMC9957345 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has established attitudinal and behavioral health variations in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, but scholarship on the religious antecedents associated with these outcomes has only recently gained momentum. Rhetoric from some leading conservative Protestants in the U.S. has underplayed the threat of the pandemic and may have contributed to unhealthy pandemic behaviors within this faith tradition. Moreover, previous inquiries have revealed that conservative Protestantism's otherworldly focus can thwart personal and community health. We use nationally representative data to test the hypotheses that, compared with other religious groups and the non-religious, conservative Protestants will tend to (1) perceive the pandemic as less threatening and (2) engage in riskier pandemic lifestyles. These hypotheses are generally supported net of confounding factors. We conclude that affiliation with a conservative Protestant denomination can undermine public health among this faith tradition's adherents and may therefore compromise general health and well-being during a pandemic. We discuss the implications of these findings, offer recommendations for pandemic health promotion among conservative Protestants, and delineate promising avenues for future research on this important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Bartkowski
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Katherine Klee
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Terrence D. Hill
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Ginny Garcia-Alexander
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Christopher G. Ellison
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Amy M. Burdette
- Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Hill TD, Bostean G, Upenieks L, Bartkowski JP, Ellison CG, Burdette AM. (Un)holy Smokes? Religion and Traditional and E-Cigarette Use in the United States. J Relig Health 2022; 62:906-931. [PMID: 36520262 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study employed national cross-sectional survey data from the 2021 Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (n = 1578 to 1735) to model traditional cigarette and e-cigarette use as a function of religious affiliation, general religiosity, biblical literalism, religious struggles, and the sense of divine control. Although the odds of abstaining from cigarettes and e-cigarettes were comparable for conservative Protestants and non-affiliates, conservative Protestants were more likely to cut down on cigarettes and e-cigarettes during the pandemic. Religiosity increased the odds of abstaining from cigarettes (not e-cigarettes) and reduced pandemic consumption of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Biblical literalism was unrelated to abstaining from cigarettes and pandemic changes in cigarette use; however, biblical literalists were more likely to cut e-cigarette use during the pandemic. While the sense of divine control was unrelated to abstaining from cigarettes and e-cigarettes, these beliefs increased the odds of cessation from traditional and e-cigarette use. Finally, our religious struggles index was unrelated to smoking behavior. Our study is among the first to report any association between religion and lower e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-1644, USA.
| | - Georgiana Bostean
- Department of Sociology and Environmental Science & Policy Program, Chapman University, Orange, USA
| | | | - John P Bartkowski
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | | | - Amy M Burdette
- Department of Sociology and Public Health Program, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
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Hill TD, Garcia-Alexander G, Davis AP, Bjorklund ET, Vila-Henninger LA, Cockerham WC. Political ideology and pandemic lifestyles: the indirect effects of empathy, authoritarianism, and threat. Discov Soc Sci Health 2022; 2:14. [PMID: 36033356 PMCID: PMC9400002 DOI: 10.1007/s44155-022-00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background In this paper, we integrate theory and research from sociology, psychology, and political science to develop and test a mediation model that helps to explain why political conservatism is often associated with pandemic behaviors and lifestyles that are inconsistent with public health recommendations for COVID-19. Methods Using national data from the 2021 Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (n = 1743), we formally test the indirect effects of political conservatism (an index of Republican party identification, conservative political orientation, right-wing news media consumption, and 2020 Trump vote) on pandemic lifestyles (an index of social distancing, hand sanitizing, mask usage, and vaccination) through the mechanisms of empathy (concern about the welfare of others), authoritarian beliefs (authoritarian aggressiveness and acquiescence to authority), and pandemic threat perceptions (threats to self and to the broader society). Result Our results confirm that political conservatism is associated with riskier pandemic lifestyles. We also find that this association is partially mediated by lower levels of empathy, higher levels of authoritarian beliefs, and lower levels of perceived pandemic threat. Conclusions Understanding why political conservatism is associated with riskier pandemic lifestyles may eventually lead us to ways of identifying and overcoming widespread cultural barriers to critical pandemic responses.
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Sileo KM, Luttinen R, Muñoz S, Hill TD. Mechanisms Linking Masculine Discrepancy Stress and the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence Among Men in the United States. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221119355. [PMID: 36028978 PMCID: PMC9421240 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221119355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies show that masculine discrepancy stress (i.e., the intrapsychic
strain associated with failing to meet internalized masculine ideals) is
associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, little is known
about the processes underlying this association. There may be other social
psychological constructs at play that explain this relationship further. The
present study uses recently collected data from a national survey of men living
in the United States (n = 711) to formally test whether the
effects of discrepancy stress on three different forms of IPV perpetration are
mediated by anger, self-esteem, and perceived powerlessness. We find that
discrepancy stress is directly associated with higher levels of anger, lower
levels self-esteem, a sense of powerlessness, and a greater odds of perpetrating
any physical IPV and severe physical IPV resulting in injuries, but not sexual
IPV perpetration in our sample of men. Our mediation analyses confirms that
masculine discrepancy stress is indirectly associated with perpetrating all
three forms of IPV through the mechanism of anger. Self-esteem and perceived
powerlessness are not supported as mediators. These findings add to our
understanding of the link between masculinity and violence perpetration and can
inform IPV reduction interventions. Gender transformative interventions that
reduce discrepancy stress among men by shifting men’s adherence to traditional
masculine norms, and that integrate anger management strategies, should be
explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M. Sileo
- Department of Public Health, The
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Katelyn M. Sileo, Department of Public
Health, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX
78249, USA.
| | - Rebecca Luttinen
- Department of Demography, The
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Suyapa Muñoz
- Department of Public Health, The
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Terrence D. Hill
- Department of Sociology, The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Testa A, Fahmy C, Hill TD. Perceptions of neighborhood dangerousness and changes in sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Assessing the mediating role of changes in health behaviors. Prev Med 2022; 156:106991. [PMID: 35167855 PMCID: PMC8837485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that neighborhood context contributes to variations in morbidity and mortality. This body of work includes a burgeoning literature that links adverse neighborhood characteristics (e.g., neighborhood poverty and perceptions of disorder and dangerousness) with poorer sleep outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many neighborhoods exhibited socioeconomic downturns and escalations in crime and violence. The question is the extent to which these changes in neighborhood conditions have impacted the sleep quality of residents. In this paper, we use original survey data from the 2021 Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (CHAPS), a national probability sample of adults living in the U.S., to formally test whether changes in perceptions of neighborhood dangerousness during the pandemic are associated with sleep quality during the same period. Regression analyses show that while reports of a neighborhood becoming safer during the pandemic are associated with better sleep quality, reports of a neighborhood becoming more dangerous are associated with worse sleep quality. Mediation analyses also indicate that the association between increased neighborhood dangerousness and poorer sleep quality is partially explained by a concurrent deterioration in diet quality, but not increases in alcohol or cigarette consumption. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for research and policy on neighborhood context and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, United States of America.
| | - Chantal Fahmy
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, United States of America.
| | - Terrence D Hill
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Sociology, United States of America.
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Hill TD, Wen M, Ellison CG, Wu G, Dowd-Arrow B, Su D. Modeling recent gun purchases: A social epidemiology of the pandemic arms race. Prev Med Rep 2021; 24:101634. [PMID: 34976686 PMCID: PMC8684007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider the social patterning of recent pandemic gun purchases. Overall, 6% of the sample reported purchasing a new gun during the pandemic. Pandemic gun purchasers tend to be male, younger, US-born, and living in the south. Pandemic gun purchasers tend to be less educated and recently unemployed. Pandemic gun purchasers tend to be Republicans and experiencing religious change.
In this paper, we document the social patterning of recent gun purchases to advance a contemporary social epidemiology of the pandemic arms race. We employ cross-sectional survey data from the 2020 Health, Ethnicity and Pandemic Study, which included a national sample of 2,709 community-dwelling adults living in the United States. We use binary logistic regression to model recent pandemic gun purchases as a function of age, sex, race/ethnicity, nativity status, region of residence, marital status, number of children, education, household income, pandemic job change, religious service attendance, pandemic religion change, and political party. Overall, 6% of the sample reported purchasing a new gun during the pandemic. Multivariate regression results suggest that pandemic gun purchasers tend to be male, younger, US-born, less educated, recently unemployed, experiencing changes in their religious beliefs, Republicans, and residents of southern states. To our knowledge, we are among the first to formally document a new population of pandemic gun owners that is characterized by youth, US-nativity, and religious volatility. Our analyses underscore the need for public health initiatives designed to enhance gun-related safety during pandemics, including, for example, addressing underlying motivations for recent gun purchases and improving access to training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Ming Wen
- Department of Sociology, The University of Utah, 390 1530 E #301, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christopher G Ellison
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Guangzhen Wu
- Department of Sociology, The University of Utah, 390 1530 E #301, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Benjamin Dowd-Arrow
- Public Health Program, Florida State University, 526 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Dejun Su
- Department of Health Promotion, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984340 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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17
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Hill TD, Dowd-Arrow B, Ellison CG, Garcia-Alexander G, Bartkowski JP, Burdette AM. Sexual Dysfunction and Gun Ownership in America: When Hard Data Meet a Limp Theory. Am J Mens Health 2021; 15:15579883211044342. [PMID: 34521291 PMCID: PMC8447103 DOI: 10.1177/15579883211044342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there has been no direct empirical evidence linking sexual dysfunction (SD) with gun ownership, speculation has been widespread and persistent for decades. In this paper, we formally examine the association between SD and gun ownership. Our primary hypothesis, derived from the psychosexual theory of gun ownership, asserts that men experiencing SD are more likely to personally own guns than other men. To test this hypothesis, we used recently collected data from the 2021 Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (CHAPS), a national probability sample of 780 men, and binary logistic regression to model gun ownership as a function of SD. Our key finding is that men experiencing SD are no more likely to own guns than men without SD. This interpretation was supported across several indicators of SD (performance anxiety, erection trouble, and ED medication) and gun ownership (personal gun ownership, purchasing a gun during the pandemic, and keeping a gun in one's bedroom). To our knowledge, we are the first to have directly tested the association between SD and gun ownership in America. Our findings are important because they contribute to our understanding of factors associated with gun ownership by challenging the belief that phallic symbolism and masculinity somehow drive men with SD to purchase guns. Our results also remind us of the perils of gun culture rhetoric, which, in this case, function to discredit gun owners and to further stigmatize men with ED. We conclude by calling for more evidence-based discussions of SD and guns in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Dowd-Arrow
- Department of Sociology, Public Health Program, and Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | | | - John P Bartkowski
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Amy M Burdette
- Department of Sociology, Public Health Program, and Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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18
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Gonzalez KE, James R, Bjorklund ET, Hill TD. Conservatism and infrequent mask usage: A study of US counties during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Soc Sci Q 2021; 102:2368-2382. [PMID: 34908612 PMCID: PMC8661919 DOI: 10.1111/ssqu.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention eventually recommended wearing masks in public to slow the spread of the coronavirus, the practice has been unevenly distributed in the United States. METHODS In this article, we model county-level infrequent mask usage as a function of three pillars of conservatism: (1) Republican political leadership (percentage of votes for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election), (2) conservative Protestantism (percentage evangelical Christian), and (3) right-wing media consumption (Google searches for Fox News). RESULTS Our analyses indicate that mask usage tends to be lower in counties with greater support for President Trump (in majority Trump counties), counties with more evangelical Christians, and areas with greater interest in Fox News. CONCLUSION Given the effectiveness of masks in limiting the transmission of respiratory droplets, conservative ideological resistance to public health and recommended pandemic lifestyles may indirectly support the spread of the coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rina James
- School of SociologyThe University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Eric T. Bjorklund
- Sanford School of Social and Family DynamicsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Terrence D. Hill
- Department of SociologyThe University of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
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19
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Hill TD, Zeng L, Rambotti S, Mossakowski KN, Johnson RJ. Sad Eyes, Crooked Crosses: Religious Struggles, Psychological Distress and the Mediating Role of Psychosocial Resources. J Relig Health 2021; 60:2573-2591. [PMID: 33970412 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we employed data from the 2011 Miami-Dade Health Survey (n = 444) to formally test whether the association between religious struggles and psychological distress is mediated by psychosocial resources. We found that religious struggles were associated with lower levels of social support, self-esteem, the sense of control, and self-control. We also observed that religious struggles were associated with higher levels of non-specific emotional distress, depression, and anxiety, but not somatization. Our mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects of religious struggles on emotional distress (not somatization) through social support, self-esteem, and the sense of control, but not self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-1644, USA.
| | - Liwen Zeng
- School of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Simone Rambotti
- Department of Sociology, Loyola University, New Orleans, USA
| | | | - Robert J Johnson
- Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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20
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Jorgenson AK, Thombs RP, Clark B, Givens JE, Hill TD, Huang X, Kelly OM, Fitzgerald JB. Inequality amplifies the negative association between life expectancy and air pollution: A cross-national longitudinal study. Sci Total Environ 2021; 758:143705. [PMID: 33223160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution, in the form of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), poses serious population health risks. We estimate cross-national longitudinal models to test whether the negative relationship between life expectancy and PM2.5 concentration is larger in nations with higher levels of income inequality. The dependent variable is average life expectancy at birth, and the focal predictor variables include PM2.5 concentration, income inequality, and the two-way interaction between them. We also estimate the average marginal effects of PM2.5 concentration from low to high values of income inequality, and the predicted values of life expectancy from low to high values of PM2.5 concentration and income inequality. Results indicate that the negative relationship between life expectancy and PM2.5 concentration is larger in nations with higher levels of income inequality, and the reductions in predicted life expectancy are substantial when both PM2.5 concentration and income inequality are high. We suggest that the theoretical principles of Power, Proximity, and Physiology help explain our findings. This study underscores the importance in considering the multiplicative impacts of environmental conditions and socioeconomic factors in the modeling of population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Jorgenson
- Boston College, Department of Sociology and Environmental Studies Program, McGuinn Hall 426, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States.
| | - Ryan P Thombs
- Boston College, Department of Sociology, McGuinn Hall 426, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States.
| | - Brett Clark
- University of Utah, Department of Sociology, 380 S 1530 E RM 301, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
| | - Jennifer E Givens
- Utah State University, Department of Sociology, 0730 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0730, United States.
| | - Terrence D Hill
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Sociology, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-1644, United States.
| | - Xiaorui Huang
- Boston College, Department of Sociology, McGuinn Hall 426, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States.
| | - Orla M Kelly
- University College Dublin, School of Social Policy, Social Work & Social Justice, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington Building, Belfield, Dublin D04 N9Y1, Ireland.
| | - Jared B Fitzgerald
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Sociology, 431 Social Sciences & Humanities, Stillwater, OK 74078-4062, United States.
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21
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McFarland MJ, McFarland CAS, Hill TD, D'Oria R. Postpartum Depressive Symptoms during the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Examination of Population Birth Data from Central New Jersey. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:353-359. [PMID: 33492587 PMCID: PMC7829096 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-020-03116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To examine the mental health of women in the perinatal period prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We use provisional vital statistics data for births occurring in the central region of New Jersey. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is employed to assess depressive symptoms. Our focal analysis uses linear regression models to test whether giving birth during the pandemic is associated with elevated depressive symptoms. All analyses are performed using time-matched (September 2019-April 2020; n = 18,531) and month-matched (January 2019-April 2019 and January 2020- April 2020; n = 18,346) samples. Results Women who gave birth in March and not in April reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than those who gave birth prior to the pandemic in our time-matched (b = 0.09) and month-matched (b = 0.09) samples. The magnitude of this association is approximately one-third the magnitude of the association between preterm birth and depressive symptoms. Conclusion These findings suggest that researchers and practitioners should pay special attention to signs of postpartum depression and women’s adaptive coping responses in the early stages of pandemics. Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at
10.1007/s10995-020-03116-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McFarland
- Department of Sociology and Center for Demography and Population Health, Florida State University, 113 Collegiate Loop, P.O. Box 3062270, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-2270, USA.
| | | | - Terrence D Hill
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas, San Antonio, USA
| | - Robyn D'Oria
- Central Jersey Family Health Consortium, North Brunswick Township, USA
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22
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although research suggests that religious involvement tends to favor longevity, most of this work has been conducted in the United States. This article explores the association between religious participation and all-cause mortality risk in Mexico. METHODS We used data from the 2003-2015 Mexican Health and Aging Study (n = 14,743) and Cox proportional hazard regression models to assess the association between religious participation and all-cause mortality risk. RESULTS Our key finding is that older Mexicans who participate once or more per week in religious activities tend to exhibit a 19% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality than those who never participate. This estimate persisted with adjustments for health selection (chronic disease burden, activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, cognitive functioning, and depressive symptoms), several potential mediators (social support, smoking, and drinking), and a range of sociodemographic characteristics. Although we observed considerable health selection due to physical health and cognitive functioning, we found no evidence of mediation. DISCUSSION Our results confirm that religious participation is associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among older adults in Mexico. Our analyses contribute to previous research by replicating and extending the external validity of studies conducted in the United States, Israel, Denmark, Finland, and Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph L Saenz
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Sunshine M Rote
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Kentucky
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23
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Hill TD, Gonzalez KE, Upenieks L. Love thy Aged? A State-Level Analysis of Religiosity and Mobility in Aging Populations During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. J Aging Health 2021; 33:377-386. [PMID: 33382007 PMCID: PMC8685583 DOI: 10.1177/0898264320984016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We test whether the association between state
religiosity and distance traveled is moderated by population age during the
novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: Mobility is
operationalized as the state-level average median distance traveled from
February 24 to May 4 across the contiguous United States. Shelter-in-place rates
are operationalized as the state-level percentage of users staying home. State
religiosity is measured with an index of aggregated religious identities,
beliefs, and practices. Population age is indicated by the state percentage of
adults aged 65 years and older. We model population mobility using regression
with state clustered robust SEs. Results: We
observe that religious states tend to travel more during the early stages of the
pandemic. However, the behavioral risks associated with state religiosity are
less pronounced in states with larger older populations.
Discussion: We contribute to our understanding of the social
patterning of pandemic mobility in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- 12346The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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24
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Jorgenson AK, Fitzgerald JB, Thombs RP, Hill TD, Givens JE, Clark B, Schor JB, Huang X, Kelly OM, Ore P. The multiplicative impacts of working hours and fine particulate matter concentration on life expectancy: A longitudinal analysis of US States. Environ Res 2020; 191:110117. [PMID: 32841634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study contributes to interdisciplinary research on the social and environmental determinants of population health, with a focus on the interaction between working hours and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration. The authors estimate longitudinal models of the relationship between US state-level average life expectancy and both average working hours and PM2.5 concentration for the 2005-2014 period. Results obtained from two-way fixed effects models indicate that average life expectancy is negatively associated with both average working hours and fine particulate matter concentration. Findings also indicate clear moderating relationships: the negative association between life expectancy and working hours is amplified as PM2.5 concentration increases, and the negative relationship between life expectancy and fine particulate matter concentration is amplified when average working hours increase. The results of this study underscore the need for additional research on the multiplicative impacts of socioeconomic factors and environmental factors in the modeling of population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Jorgenson
- Boston College, Department of Sociology and Environmental Studies Program, McGuinn Hall 426, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
| | - Jared B Fitzgerald
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Sociology, 431 Social Sciences & Humanities, Stillwater, OK, 74078-4062, USA
| | - Ryan P Thombs
- Boston College, Department of Sociology, McGuinn Hall 426, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Terrence D Hill
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Sociology, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-1644, USA
| | - Jennifer E Givens
- Utah State University, Department of Sociology, 0730 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-0730, USA
| | - Brett Clark
- University of Utah, Department of Sociology, 380 S 1530 E RM 301, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Juliet B Schor
- Boston College, Department of Sociology, McGuinn Hall 426, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Xiaorui Huang
- Boston College, Department of Sociology, McGuinn Hall 426, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Orla M Kelly
- University College Dublin, School of Social Policy, Social Work & Social Justice, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington Building, Belfield, Dublin, D04 N9Y1, Ireland
| | - Peter Ore
- University of Arizona, School of Sociology, Social Sciences Building, Room 427, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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25
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Hill TD, Gonzalez K, Burdette AM. The Blood of Christ Compels Them: State Religiosity and State Population Mobility During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. J Relig Health 2020; 59:2229-2242. [PMID: 32596753 PMCID: PMC7321650 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-020-01058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the association between state religiosity and population mobility during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We use first-party geo-behavioral data collected through mobile phone operating systems, global positioning systems, and Wi-Fi signals to assess changes in the average median distance traveled by approximately 15,000,000 devices over eight weeks (February 24-April 13) in the contiguous United States. Robust regression results show that more religious states tend to exhibit higher average mobility scores and slower average declines in mobility. Findings also suggest that state stay-at-home orders have a weaker impact on mobility in more religious states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D. Hill
- School of Sociology, The University of Arizona, Social Sciences Building, Room 400, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, P.O. Box 210027, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Kelsey Gonzalez
- School of Sociology, The University of Arizona, Social Sciences Building, Room 400, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, P.O. Box 210027, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Amy M. Burdette
- Department of Sociology, Florida State University, 526 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2270 USA
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26
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Abstract
Although several studies suggest that religious attendance is associated with better cognitive functioning in later life, researchers have generally failed to connect with any established life-course perspectives or theories of cognitive aging. Building on previous work, we examine the effects of life-course religious attendance on a range of cognitive functioning outcomes. We employ data from the religious life histories module of the 2016 Health and Retirement Study, a subsample of 516 adults aged 65 and older. Our key findings demonstrate that older adults who attended religious services for more of their life course tend to exhibit poorer working memory and mental status and better self-rated memory than older adults who attended less often. We contribute to previous research by reconceptualizing religious attendance as a cumulative life-course exposure, exploring the effects of religious attendance net of secular social engagement, and examining a wider range of cognitive functioning outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn C Carr
- Department of Sociology, Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Amy M Burdette
- Department of Sociology, Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin Dowd-Arrow
- Department of Sociology, Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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27
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Abstract
Although there is no empirical evidence linking gun ownership with better sleep, speculation is widespread in gun culture. We assess the direct association between gun ownership and sleep disturbance and whether gun ownership moderates the association between neighborhood fear and sleep disturbance. We use four waves of cross-sectional data from the General Social Survey (2010-2018) and logistic regression to model sleep disturbance as a function of gun ownership and test the statistical interaction of gun ownership and neighborhood fear. Our analyses demonstrate that gun ownership is unrelated to sleep disturbance across sleep specifications. None of the statistical interactions between gun ownership and neighborhood fear reached statistical significance. Although being afraid to walk alone at night in one's neighborhood is associated with restless sleep, owning a gun is no consolation. In ancillary analyses, we observed that gun ownership is unrelated to sleep disturbance across survey years and a range of subpopulations. In the first empirical study of gun ownership and sleep, we find consistent evidence to suggest that people who own guns do not report better sleep in general or in the context of living in a dangerous neighborhood. Our analyses are important because they contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of sleep. They also challenge theoretical perspectives and cultural narratives about how having a gun in the home helps individuals and their families to feel safe, secure, and protected. Additional research is needed to replicate our findings using longitudinal data and more reliable measures of sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- The University of Arizona, School of Sociology, Social Sciences Building, Room 427, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Benjamin Dowd-Arrow
- Florida State University, Department of Sociology, 526 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2270, USA.
| | - Amy M Burdette
- Florida State University, Department of Sociology, 526 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2270, USA.
| | - Lauren Hale
- Stony Brook University, Program in Public Health, 101 Nicolls Road, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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28
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Abstract
In this paper, we directly assessed the extent to which the association between religious attendance and the social support trajectories of older Mexican Americans is due to selection (spurious) processes related to personality, health status, and health behavior. We employed seven waves of data from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (1993-2010) to examine the association between religious attendance and perceived social support trajectories (n = 2479). We used growth mixture modeling to estimate latent classes of social support trajectories and multivariate multinomial logistic regression models to predict membership in the social support trajectory classes. Growth mixture estimates revealed three classes of social support trajectories: high, moderate, and low. Multinomial logistic regression estimates showed that the odds of membership in the low support trajectory class (versus the high social support trajectory class) were lower for respondents who attended religious services yearly, monthly, weekly, and more than weekly than for respondents who never attend religious services. Religious attendance could not distinguish between membership in the moderate and high support trajectory classes. These results persisted with adjustments for age, gender, immigrant status, language proficiency, education, income, religious affiliation, marital status, living arrangements, contact with family/friends, secular group memberships, self-esteem, smoking, heavy drinking, depression, cognitive functioning, and physical mobility. We conclude that the association between religious attendance and the social support trajectories of older Mexican Americans is primarily driven by processes related to social integration, not selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- School of Sociologym, Sciences Building, University of Arizona, Room 400, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Christopher S Bradley
- Department of Criminal Justice, Social Work, and Sociology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin Dowd-Arrow
- Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Amy M Burdette
- Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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29
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Hill TD, Ellison C, Hale L. RELIGIOUS ATTENDANCE AND SLEEP DISTURBANCE IN OLDER MEXICAN AMERICANS. Innov Aging 2019. [PMCID: PMC6846614 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igz038.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have shown that religious involvement is associated with better health across the life course, researchers have virtually ignored possible links between religious involvement and sleep-related outcomes. Building on previous work, we tested whether religious attendance was inversely associated with sleep disturbance among older Mexican Americans. We also assessed whether depressive symptoms could mediate or explain any of the inverse association between religious attendance and sleep disturbance. Relevant hypotheses were tested using ordinary least squares regression and conditional process mediation analysis of cross-sectional data collected from the original cohort of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (H-EPESE). The baseline H-EPESE (1993-1994) included a probability sample of 3,050 Mexican Americans ages 65 and older. Due to missing data on our focal variables, our final analytic sample included 2,323 respondents. Regression models show that religious attendance is inversely associated with depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance, even with adjustments for smoking, drinking, body mass, chronic disease, mobility, marital status, living arrangements, family engagement, secular group participation, social support, age, gender, immigrant status, language proficiency, education, household income, and religious affiliation. Mediation analyses also indicate that depressive symptoms fully mediate the association between religious attendance and sleep disturbance. These findings contribute to previous work by showing that regular religious attendance may protect against sleep disturbance by promoting mental health in an understudied population of older Mexican Americans. The importance of religious involvement is supported by the fact that secular group participation was unrelated to sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren Hale
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
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30
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Hill TD. Religion, Spirituality, and Health: Addressing the So-What Question. The Gerontologist 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- School of Sociology, Social Sciences Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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31
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Abstract
Although several studies suggest that religious involvement is associated with healthier biological functioning in later life, most of this work is cross-sectional. We extend previous research by employing a longitudinal design. Our analysis of Health and Retirement Study (2006/2010) data suggests that older adults who attended religious services weekly or more in 2006 tend to exhibit fewer high-risk biomarkers in 2010 and greater reductions in allostatic load over the 4-year study period than respondents who attended yearly or not at all. These patterns persisted with adjustments for baseline allostatic load and a range of background variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Suh
- School of Sociology, The University of Arizona, Social Sciences Building, Room 400, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Terrence D Hill
- School of Sociology, The University of Arizona, Social Sciences Building, Room 400, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Harold G Koenig
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Abstract
Americans can be divided into two groups: those who own guns and those who do not. Although people who own guns and people who do not own guns are often separated along social, cultural, and political lines, it is unclear whether these divisions might extend to population differences in emotional experience. In this paper, we use national cross-sectional data from the 2014 Chapman University Survey on American Fears (n = 1385) to test whether gun owners are more or less afraid than people who do not own guns. We build on previous work by testing two hypotheses with a broad range of fear-related outcomes, including specific phobias and fears associated with being victimized. The symptom perspective argues that gun ownership is a behavioral expression of fear, that gun owners need guns to protect themselves because they are irrational cowards. Although binary logistic regression models provided minimal support for this idea, there was some evidence to suggest that the odds of gun ownership are higher for people who report being afraid of being victimized by a random/mass shooting. The palliative perspective claims that gun ownership mitigates fear, that owning a powerful weapon is somehow soothing to individuals and their families. Ordinary least squares and negative binomial regression models suggest that people who own guns tend to report lower levels of phobias and victimization fears than people who do not own guns. This general pattern is observed across multiple indicators of fear (e.g., of animals, heights, zombies, and muggings), multiple outcome specifications (continuous and count), and with adjustments for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, household income, marital status, the presence of children, religious identity, religiosity, religious attendance, political orientation, region of residence, and urban residence. Additional longitudinal research is needed to confirm our findings with a wider range of covariates and fear-related outcomes. We consider the association between gun ownership and fear. We find minimal evidence that gun ownership is an expression of fear. People who own guns tend to report lower levels of phobias and victimization fears. This pattern is observed across multiple indicators of fear and phobias. We discuss the implications for the social epidemiology of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dowd-Arrow
- Florida State University, Department of Sociology, Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, 526 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-2270, USA
| | - Terrence D Hill
- The University of Arizona, School of Sociology, Social Sciences Building, Room 427, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Amy M Burdette
- Florida State University, Department of Sociology, Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, 526 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-2270, USA
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Koenig HG, Youssef NA, Ames D, Oliver RJP, Volk F, Teng EJ, Hill TD. Dimensions of Religiosity and PTSD Symptom Clusters in US Veterans and Active Duty Military. J Relig Health 2019; 58:805-822. [PMID: 30989450 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined multiple dimensions of religiosity and their relationship to the four DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters among US Veterans and Active Duty Military (ADM), hypothesizing that religiosity would be most strongly inversely related to negative cognitions/emotions (Criterion D symptoms) and less strongly to neurobiologically based symptom clusters (B, C, and E). This cross-sectional multisite study involved 591 Veterans and ADM from across the southern USA. Inclusion criteria were having served in a combat theater and the presence of PTSD symptoms. Measures of religious beliefs/practices, social involvement, and PTSD symptoms were administered, and bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted in the overall sample, and in exploratory analyses, in the sample stratified by race (White, Black, and Hispanic). In the overall sample, multivariate analyses revealed that the only PTSD symptom cluster inversely related to religiosity was Criterion D, and only to organizational (b = - 0.08, P = 0.028) and cognitive/intrinsic religiosity (b = - 0.06, P = 0.049), relationships that were fully explained by social factors. Religious struggles, in contrast, were positively related to all four symptom clusters. Inverse relationships with Criterion D symptoms were particularly strong in Blacks, in whom inverse relationships were also present with Criterion E symptoms. In contrast, only positive relationships with PTSD symptom clusters were found in Hispanics, and no relationships (except for religious struggles) were present in Whites. As hypothesized, the inverse relationship between religious involvement and PTSD symptoms in Veterans and ADM was strongest (though modest) for Criterion D negative cognitions/emotions, especially in Blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold G Koenig
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, 201 Trent Drive, Box 3400, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Ningxia Medical University, 692 Shengli St, Xingqing Qu, Yinchuan Shi, 750000, Ningxia Huizuzizhiqu, China.
| | - Nagy A Youssef
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1 Freedom Way, 30904, Augusta, GA, Georgia
| | - Donna Ames
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, 201 Trent Drive, Box 3400, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
- University of California - Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Rev John P Oliver
- Chaplain Services, Duke University Hospital, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Fred Volk
- Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies, School of Behavioral Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA
| | - Ellen J Teng
- Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Terrence D Hill
- School of Sociology, University of Arizona, Social Sciences 400, PO Box 210027, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0027, USA
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Mossakowski KN, Wongkaren T, Hill TD, Johnson R. Does ethnic identity buffer or intensify the stress of discrimination among the foreign born and U.S. born? Evidence from the Miami-Dade Health Survey. J Community Psychol 2019; 47:445-461. [PMID: 30238466 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the extent to which ethnic identity is a protective factor and buffers the stress of discrimination among the foreign born compared to the U.S. born in Miami-Dade County. Data were drawn from the 2011 Miami-Dade Health Survey (N = 444), which is a countywide probability sample of adults in South Florida. Two interaction effects were observed: (a) a stronger ethnic identity was associated with less distress among the foreign born than the U.S. born; and (b) a stronger ethnic identity exacerbated the relationship between everyday discrimination and distress among the U.S. born. Ethnic identity, which involves ethnic pride, participation in cultural practices, and cultural commitment or sense of belonging, was associated with better psychological well-being among the foreign born than the U.S. born. Ethnic identity, however, was not a protective factor for the U.S. born, but rather it intensified the distressing effect of discrimination.
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Hill TD, Jorgenson AK, Ore P, Balistreri KS, Clark B. Air quality and life expectancy in the United States: An analysis of the moderating effect of income inequality. SSM Popul Health 2018; 7:100346. [PMID: 30627626 PMCID: PMC6321951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies have shown that air pollution can be devastating to population health, little is known about the health implications of the intersection of air pollution and income inequality. We investigate if air pollution is especially detrimental to the health of US state populations characterized by more inequitable distributions of income. In other words, are the populations of states with higher levels of income inequality especially vulnerable to similar levels of air pollution? We use two-way fixed-effects panel regression techniques to analyze longitudinal data for 49 US states and the District of Columbia (2000-2010) to model state-level life expectancy as a function of fine particulate matter, income inequality, and other state-level factors. We estimate models with interaction terms to formally assess whether the association between fine particulate matter and life expectancy varies by level of state income inequality. Across multiple life expectancy outcomes and additive models, states with higher PM2.5 levels tend to exhibit lower average life expectancy. This general pattern is observed with our specifications for raw and weighted PM2.5 and with adjustments for income share of the top 10%, total population, GDP per capita, median household income, median age, percent college degree or higher, percent black, and percent Hispanic/Latino. We also find that the association between state PM2.5 levels and average life expectancy intensifies in states with higher levels of income inequality. More specifically, PM2.5 levels are more detrimental to population life expectancy in states where a higher percentage of income is concentrated in the top 10% of the state income distribution. We discuss the implications of our results for future research in social epidemiology and environmental justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- School of Sociology, University of Arizona, Social Sciences Building, Room 427, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Andrew K Jorgenson
- Department of Sociology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall 426, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States
| | - Peter Ore
- School of Sociology, University of Arizona, Social Sciences Building, Room 427, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Kelly S Balistreri
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, 218 Williams Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States
| | - Brett Clark
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, 380 S 1530 E RM 301, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
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Abstract
Studies of the association between religious attendance and body mass have yielded mixed results. In this paper, we consider intersectional variations by race and gender to advance our understanding of these inconsistencies. We use data from the 2006-2008 Health and Retirement Study to examine the association between religious attendance and three indicators of body mass: overall body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio (n = 11,457). For White women, attendance is either protective or unrelated to body mass. For Black women, attendance is consistently associated with increased body mass. We find that religious attendance is not associated with body mass among the men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Godbolt
- Department of Sociology, Florida State University, 526 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-2240, USA
| | - Preeti Vaghela
- Department of Sociology, Florida State University, 526 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-2240, USA
| | - Amy M Burdette
- Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy and Department of Sociology, Florida State University, 526 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-2240, USA.
| | - Terrence D Hill
- School of Sociology, University of Arizona, Social Sciences Building, Room 400, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Mai QD, Hill TD, Vila-Henninger L, Grandner MA. Employment insecurity and sleep disturbance: Evidence from 31 European countries. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12763. [PMID: 30156336 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For nearly half a century, jobs have become increasingly characterized by employment insecurity. We examined the implications for sleep disturbance with cross-sectional data from the European Working Conditions Survey (2010). A group of 24,553 workers between the ages of 25 and 65 years in 31 European countries were asked to indicate whether they suffered from "insomnia or general sleep difficulties" in the past 12 months. We employed logistic regression to model the association between employment insecurity and sleep disturbance for all countries combined and each individual country. For all countries combined, employment insecurity increased the odds of reporting insomnia or general sleep difficulties in the past 12 months. Each unit increase in employment insecurity elevated the odds of sleep disturbance by approximately 47%. This finding was remarkably consistent across 27 of 31 European countries, including Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and UK. These results persisted with adjustments for age, gender, immigrant status, household size, partnership status, number of children, child care, elder care, education, earner status, precarious employment status, workplace sector, workplace tenure and workplace size. Employment insecurity was unrelated to sleep disturbance in four European countries: Malta, Poland, Portugal and Romania. Our research continues recent efforts to reveal the human costs associated with working in neoliberal postindustrial labour markets. Our analyses contribute to the external validity of previous research by exploring the impact of employment insecurity across European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan D Mai
- Department of Sociology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Abstract
The resurgence of interest in the influence of religion and spirituality on health is examined within the context of the holistic paradigm and historical connection between nursing and spirituality. While nursing and spirituality often intersect with end-of-life considerations, this article presents findings from studies that demonstrate that religious involvement favors health and longevity across the life course. Examples include protective associations with stress, depression, self-rated health, and infant birth weight. Theoretical and empirical explanations for this relationship are offered, such as social and psychological resources and healthy behaviors. The effects of religion on biological functioning, including allostatic load and telomere length, are also discussed, although this area is understudied. Considerations for the "dark-side" of religious involvement are also offered. Suggestions for nurses wishing to protect and promote the health of their patients using a holistic approach include expanding knowledge of research on religion and health and advocating for patients' spiritual needs by conducting a comprehensive spiritual assessment in primary, secondary, and tertiary clinical settings.
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Abstract
In this article, we use data from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to examine the association between religious involvement and marijuana use for medical and recreational purposes in U.S. adults (N = 41,517). We also consider whether the association between religious involvement and marijuana use varies according to personal health status. Our results show that adults who attend religious services more frequently and hold more salient religious beliefs tend to exhibit lower rates of medical and recreational marijuana use. We also find that these “protective effects” are less pronounced for adults in poor health. Although our findings confirm previous studies of recreational marijuana use, we are the first to examine the association between religious involvement and medical marijuana use. Our moderation analyses suggest that the morality and social control functions of religious involvement may be offset under the conditions of poor health.
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Abstract
Do health behaviors cluster together as health lifestyles in adolescence? Are these lifestyles socially patterned? Do these lifestyles impact physical health into adulthood? To answer these questions, we employed data from Waves 1 and 4 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health ( n = 7,827). Our latent class analysis revealed four health lifestyles: (a) low risk, (b) moderate risk with substance use, (c) moderate risk with inactivity, and (d) high risk. As suggested by health lifestyle theory, membership in these classes varied according to gender, race-ethnicity, and family structure. Consistent with the life course perspective, regression analyses indicated that those in the high-risk lifestyle tend to exhibit worse health in adolescence and adulthood than those in the low-risk lifestyle. Our findings confirm that socially patterned lifestyles can be observed in adolescence, and these lifestyles are potentially important for understanding the distribution of physical health across the early life course.
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Hill TD, Jorgenson A. Bring out your dead!: A study of income inequality and life expectancy in the United States, 2000-2010. Health Place 2017; 49:1-6. [PMID: 29128719 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We test whether income inequality undermines female and male life expectancy in the United States. We employ data for all 50 states and the District of Columbia and two-way fixed effects to model state-level average life expectancy as a function of multiple income inequality measures and time-varying characteristics. We find that state-level income inequality is inversely associated with female and male life expectancy. We observe this general pattern across four measures of income inequality and under the rigorous conditions of state-specific and year-specific fixed effects. If income inequality undermines life expectancy, redistribution policies could actually improve the health of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- The University of Arizona, School of Sociology, P.O. Box 210027, Social Sciences Building, Room 400, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Andrew Jorgenson
- Boston College, Department of Sociology, McGuinn Hall 426, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although several studies suggest that religious involvement tends to favor healthy biological functioning, most of this work has been conducted in the United States. This study explores the association between religious participation and biological functioning in Mexico. METHOD The data are drawn from two waves of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (2003-2012) to assess continuous and categorical biomarker specifications. RESULTS Across specifications, religious participation in 2003 is associated with lower levels of waist-to-hip ratio, total cholesterol, pulse rate, and overall allostatic load in 2012. Respondents who increased their participation over the study period also exhibit a concurrent reduction in pulse rate. Depending on the specification, participation is also associated with lower levels of diastolic blood pressure and C-reactive protein. Participation is generally unrelated to body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin, and systolic blood pressure. DISCUSSION Our results confirm that religious participation is associated with healthier biological functioning in Mexico.
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Abstract
Although numerous studies suggest that religious involvement is associated with better health and longer life expectancies, it is unclear whether these general patterns extend to cellular aging. The mechanisms linking indicators of religious involvement with indicators of cellular aging are also undefined. We employed longitudinal data from the 2004 and 2008 Health and Retirement Study, a national probability sample of Americans aged 50 and older, to test whether average telomere length varied according to level of religious attendance. We also tested several potential mechanisms. Our results showed that respondents who attended religious services more frequently in 2004 also exhibited fewer stressful events, lower rates of smoking, fewer symptoms of depression, and lower levels of C-reactive protein in 2008. Respondents who increased their level of attendance from 2004 to 2008 also exhibited lower rates of smoking in 2008. Although religious attendance was not directly associated with telomere length, our mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects through depression and smoking, but not stressful events or C-reactive protein. We conclude that religious attendance may promote telomere length indirectly by reducing symptoms of depression and the risk of smoking. There was no evidence to support stressful events or C-reactive protein as mechanisms of religious attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Hill
- a School of Sociology , The University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA
| | - Preeti Vaghela
- b Department of Sociology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
| | - Christopher G Ellison
- c Department of Sociology , University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas , USA
| | - Sunshine Rote
- d Kent School of Social Work , University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
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Burdette AM, Webb NS, Hill TD, Jokinen-Gordon H. Race-specific trends in HPV vaccinations and provider recommendations: persistent disparities or social progress? Public Health 2017; 142:167-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jacobs AW, Hill TD, Tope D, O'Brien LK. Employment Transitions, Child Care Conflict, and the Mental Health of Low-Income Urban Women With Children. Womens Health Issues 2016; 26:366-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pascoe AE, Hill TD, Mossakowski KN, Johnson RJ. Religious Involvement and Perceptions of Control: Evidence from the Miami-Dade Health Survey. J Relig Health 2016; 55:862-873. [PMID: 26118384 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-015-0081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study uses data collected through the 2011 Miami-Dade Health Survey (n = 444) to test whether religious involvement is associated with three distinct control beliefs. Regression results suggest that people who exhibit high levels of religious involvement tend to report higher levels of the sense of control, self-control, and the health locus of control than respondents who exhibit low levels of religious involvement. Although this study suggests that religious involvement can promote perceptions of control over one's own life, this pattern is apparently concentrated at the high end of the distribution for religious involvement, indicating a threshold effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita E Pascoe
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Terrence D Hill
- School of Sociology, University of Arizona, Social Sciences Building, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | | | - Robert J Johnson
- Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Abstract
Although numerous studies of non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks show that social integration and social support tend to favor longevity, it is unclear whether this general pattern extends to the Mexican American population. Building on previous research, we employed seven waves of data from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly to examine the association between perceived social support trajectories and the all-cause mortality risk of older Mexican Americans. Growth mixture estimates revealed three latent classes of support trajectories: high, moderate, and low. Cox regression estimates indicated that older Mexican American men in the low support trajectory tend to exhibit a higher mortality risk than their counterparts in the high support trajectory. Social support trajectories were unrelated to the mortality risk of older Mexican American women. A statistically significant interaction term confirmed that social support was more strongly associated with the mortality risk of men.
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Hill TD, Burdette AM, Taylor J, Angel JL. Religious Attendance and the Mobility Trajectories of Older Mexican Americans: An Application of the Growth Mixture Model. J Health Soc Behav 2016; 57:118-134. [PMID: 26957138 DOI: 10.1177/0022146515627850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have examined the association between religious involvement and physical functioning, there is no consistent empirical evidence concerning the true nature of the association. The Hispanic population is also surprisingly understudied in previous work. In this article, we employ seven waves of data from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly to examine the association between religious attendance and performance-based mobility trajectories among older Mexican Americans. Growth mixture estimates reveal three latent classes of mobility trajectories: (1) high, (2) moderate, and (3) low. Multinomial logistic regression estimates show that the odds of being classified as having low mobility (versus high and moderate mobility) are lower for respondents who attend religious services than for respondents who never attend. Religious attendance does not distinguish between moderate and high mobility. Our regression results confirm that religious attendance is associated with favorable mobility trajectories among older Mexican Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Taylor
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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