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Islam MJ, Broidy L. The Transformative Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Shaping Gender Norms and Empowering Women: Evidence From Pakistan and Nepal. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:2015-2031. [PMID: 38465612 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241238240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This study explores how information and communication technologies (ICTs) influence transforming attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) and women's empowerment in Pakistan and Nepal. By analyzing data from married women using recent Demographic and Health Surveys, the research reveals that owning multiple ICTs is associated with decreased experiences of physical IPV and reduced acceptance of wife-beating. Notably, increased ownership of ICTs corresponds to heightened participation in household decisions. Furthermore, regular internet use further diminishes the likelihood of experiencing physical IPV and justifying wife-beating. These findings underscore ICTs' potential to empower women, reshape gender norms, and enhance decision-making autonomy. The study advocates for gender-inclusive policy interventions that leverage the transformative influence of ICTs in fostering positive sociocultural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jahirul Islam
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Broidy
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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2
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Lim S, Mantsios A, Braithwaite RS, Pitts R. A secondary gendered analysis of interviews with Latina cisgender women indicated for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. AIDS Care 2024; 36:692-702. [PMID: 38466205 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2024.2325070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
HIV infections disproportionately impact Latinx populations in the United States, yet oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake is low. This study was a secondary gendered analysis of interviews with Latina cisgender women (n = 20) recruited from an urban safety net hospital inNew York City between August 2019 and October 2022. All women were indicated for PrEP by the provider. In-depth interviews were conducted with participants in English and Spanish and asked about social determinants of health, sexual partnerships and behaviors, and PrEP-specific enablers and barriers. Secondary thematic content analysis was conducted to identify gender-related factors influencing PrEP uptake. The following themes emerged from the data:structural factors (e.g., employment), partner-related factors, low sexual health knowledge, and resilience and empowerment. Partner-related factors were the most salient; partner infidelity served as reasons for initiating PrEP. Despite being constrained by low power in relationships, women made empowered choices to initiate PrEP and protect themselves. Findings indicated that the impact of gender inequity was an important factor in Latina women's PrEP decision making, pointing to a need to address partner-driven HIV risk, imbalance of power in relationships, and gender norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahnah Lim
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ronald S Braithwaite
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Pitts
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Rogers K, Kajula L, Kilonzo MN, Palermo T, Ranganathan M, Collins RL, Livingston JA, Yamanis T. 'You are looked upon as a luxury tool': Young Tanzanian women's perception of community norms supporting partner violence during transactional sex ( kudanga). Cult Health Sex 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38669268 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2024.2339280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This paper explores the definition of, and perceived community attitudes, toward kudanga, a Swahili street term for a type of transactional sex practised in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Rooted in economic and gender disparity, transactional sex increases adolescent girls' and young women's vulnerability to HIV and gender-based violence. We sought to understand perceived community attitudes about kudanga, and how the internalisation of norms surrounding gender-based violence relate to the experiences of young women who practise kudanga. Using qualitative data from focus group discussions with 37 young women, we found that community perceptions of kudanga were largely negative, and those who engaged in it were looked down upon and despised. Violence and lack of sexual agency were normalised when doing kudanga. However, young women understood kudanga to often be their best option to obtain economic stability and felt strongly that those who practised kudanga should not be stigmatised. Our research provides further evidence that transactional sex exists on a continuum and highlights the importance of reducing community stigma surrounding transactional sex as a means of decreasing risk of HIV and gender-based violence for young women. To our knowledge, this article is the first to explore kudanga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Rogers
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lusajo Kajula
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mrema Noel Kilonzo
- UNICEF Office of Research, Innocenti, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tia Palermo
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - R Lorraine Collins
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Thespina Yamanis
- School of International Service, American University, WA, DC, USA
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4
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Moujahid C, Turman JE, Houradi H, Amahdar L. Scoping Review to Identify Social Determinants of Maternal Health in Morocco. Int J Soc Determinants Health Health Serv 2024; 54:151-162. [PMID: 38037291 DOI: 10.1177/27551938231217589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
To understand the mechanism of health inequities and their influence on maternal health, the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) provides a framework to identify structural and intermediate causes of health inequity. This review maps and describes the current socioeconomic determinants of maternal health in Morocco according to the CSDH framework. A scoping study was carried out from six databases (Springer, Web of Science, Pubmed, Science Direct, Jstor, and Cochrane library) based on quantitative and qualitative research done since 1990. Structural factors such as women's employment and economic status, education level, culture, and gender equity were influenced by intermediary factors such as place of residence, age at marriage, maternal age at childbirth, and parity (either alone or in conjunction with other variables). Together these factors worked to influence maternal health service usage or affected maternal health outcomes. Power dynamics were identified in a variety of social situations that impacted access to health care for women across socioeconomic categories. Studies reveal how social determinants impact maternal health in Morocco. Addressing these determinants is required for sustainably improving maternal and infant health in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaimae Moujahid
- Biomedical Technologies, Sciences and Technologies of Health, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
| | - Jack E Turman
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hiba Houradi
- Biomedical Technologies, Sciences and Technologies of Health, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
| | - Loubna Amahdar
- Biomedical Technologies, Sciences and Technologies of Health, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
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5
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Peng X, Wang B, Wang Q, Li Y, Sun Y, Li X, Tucker JD, He L, Tang W, Wu D, Zou H. Sexual attitudes and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services among older women in southern China: a qualitative study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1327734. [PMID: 38577286 PMCID: PMC10993997 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1327734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Sexual health plays a vital role in healthy aging. However, little is known about the sexual attitudes of and the utilization of sexual and reproductive health services by older women in China. This article is based on a qualitative study of older Chinese women in suburban areas to examine their attitudes toward sexuality and their utilization of sexual and reproductive health services. Methods Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with older women (ages 50 to 74) from suburbs of southern China. Participants were purposively sampled on a convenience basis and recruited when they were visiting community health facilities between June and December 2021. Inclusion criteria were older women aged 50 years and older who had sexual experience. A topic guide was used that focused on sexual activity, sexual attitudes, the utilization of sexual and reproductive health services, and the factors that influence these. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. We coded the data inductively and conducted a thematic analysis. Results Twenty-six Chinese women participated in the study. These older women had varying attitudes regarding sexual activity and its significance for older adults. The gender norms they held concerning sexual desire deemed that men had higher sexual desire than women. Most asymptomatic women did not actively seek sexual and reproductive health services. In most cases, women only sought professional services when they started to have sexual and reproductive health problems. Factors influencing the uptake of sexual and reproductive health services by older women were cost (affordability), availability, distance (accessibility), and conservative cultural norms towards sexuality. Conclusion The attitudes of older women towards sexual activity are diverse. While some view sexual activity as common and essential for maintaining a sense of well-being in older age, others may hold different perspectives, considering it less significant. The utilization of sexual and reproductive health services by older Chinese women, except for when they were having a specific health issue, was low. Sexual health messages and services tailored for older women are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Peng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianyun Wang
- University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yuwei Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Joseph D. Tucker
- University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Longtao He
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiming Tang
- University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, China
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Navarro JL, Brown M, Jensen T, Weinstein M, Jensen M. It isn't just Mom: Gendered provision of family and home responsibilities among emerging adults during COVID-19. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1330424. [PMID: 38463426 PMCID: PMC10920304 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1330424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Media and research reports have highlighted the disproportionate burden of home and family responsibilities shouldered by women and mothers due to COVID-19-related school/childcare shutdowns. This cross-sectional study extends this line of inquiry to emerging adults. Our study of 329 diverse emerging adults suggests that young women took on more home/family responsibilities than young men amidst the pandemic, and that these duties were associated with symptoms of depression. However, results also indicate that emerging adults who reported greater home/family responsibilities amidst the pandemic also experienced more quality family time, suggesting that pandemic-related challenges may have also been accompanied by opportunities for family connection. Contrary to previous research that has shown home/family responsibilities to be concentrated by SES and race/ethnicity, we found that participants uniformly endorsed COVID-19-related impacts on home/family responsibilities across these demographic distinctions. This could reflect the ubiquity of COVID-19's impact; across race/ethnicity and class-but differentially by gender-young adults faced significant challenges in taking on new home/family roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Navarro
- Department of Human Service Studies, Elon University, Elon, NC, United States
| | - Morgan Brown
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Todd Jensen
- School of Social Work, The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mariani Weinstein
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Michaeline Jensen
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Hoy S, Larsson H, Kjellenberg K, Nyberg G, Ekblom Ö, Helgadóttir B. Gendered relations? Associations between Swedish parents, siblings, and adolescents' time spent sedentary and physically active. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1236848. [PMID: 38455967 PMCID: PMC10918000 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1236848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The family is assumed to be fundamental in youth socialization processes and development, connected to social and cultural practices such as healthy lifestyles and physical activity. However, gender patterns in physical activity among adolescents and the structural drivers of gender inequality (e.g., parentage and siblingship) are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore further how gender structures relate to adolescents' time spent being sedentary and physically active, using contemporary gender theory. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 1,139 adolescents aged 13-14 and their parents, including 815 mothers and 572 fathers. Physical activity and time spent sedentary were assessed through accelerometry among adolescents and through a self-report questionnaire for parents validated against accelerometry. Results The results showed significant relationships between mothers' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and girls' MVPA on weekdays and weekends, and fathers' MVPA was significantly related to girls' MVPA on weekdays. Our results imply that the relationship between Swedish parents' and adolescent girls' physical activity in higher intensities are to some extent gendered practices. However, time spent sedentary does not seem to show any patterns of being performed according to binary ideas of gender. Further, our exploratory analyses suggest that these results somewhat intersect with parents' educational level and relate to intra-categorical aspects of doing gender. The results also indicate slight gendered patterns in the "doing" of brotherhood for time spent sedentary, however, for boys only on weekends. Discussion The study contributes to the understanding of gender norms as constraints and enablers for adolescents' participation in physical activity. The results can spur public health and physical activity research to apply a contemporary gender theory approach, and to expand the research agenda connected to what relates to gender inequalities in physical activity practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hoy
- Department of Movement, Culture and Society, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Larsson
- Department of Movement, Culture and Society, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Teacher Education and Outdoor Studies, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (NIH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Karin Kjellenberg
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gisela Nyberg
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Örjan Ekblom
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björg Helgadóttir
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Winiker AK, Eschliman EL, Kisanga EP, Poku OB, Candelario J, Takahashi LM, Tobin K. Multilevel experiences of carceral violence in Los Angeles, California: first-hand accounts from a racially diverse sample of transgender women. Cult Health Sex 2024; 26:159-173. [PMID: 36995142 PMCID: PMC10731923 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2023.2194353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Transgender women face a disproportionate burden of carceral violence, or violence related to policing and the criminal legal system, with transgender women of colour experiencing even greater disparities. Several frameworks conceptualise the mechanisms through which violence impacts transgender women. However, none of them directly explore the role of carceral violence, particularly as it is experienced by transgender women themselves. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted with a racially/ethnically diverse sample of transgender women in Los Angeles between May and July 2020. Participants were between 23 - 67 years old. Participants identified as Black (n = 4), Latina (n = 4), white (n = 2), Asian (n = 2), and Native American (n = 2). Interviews assessed experiences of multilevel violence, including from police and law enforcement. Deductive and inductive coding methods were used to identify and explore common themes concerning carceral violence. Experiences of law enforcement-perpetrated interpersonal violence were common and included physical, sexual and verbal abuse. Participants also highlighted structural violence, including misgendering, the non-acceptance of transgender identities, and police intentionally failing to uphold laws that could protect transgender women. These results demonstrate the pervasive, multilevel nature of carceral violence perpetrated against transgender women and suggest avenues for future framework development, trans-specific expansions of carceral theory, and system-wide institutional change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail K. Winiker
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan L. Eschliman
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edwina P. Kisanga
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ohemaa B. Poku
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health, Columbia University and New York Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lois M. Takahashi
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Karin Tobin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hagen RV, Scelza BA. Sex ratios and gender norms: why both are needed to understand sexual conflict in humans. Evol Hum Sci 2024; 6:e10. [PMID: 38414809 PMCID: PMC10897493 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexual conflict theory has been successfully applied to predict how in non-human animal populations, sex ratios can lead to conflicting reproductive interests of females and males and affect their bargaining positions in resolving such conflicts of interests. Recently this theory has been extended to understand the resolution of sexual conflict in humans, but with mixed success. We argue that an underappreciation of the complex relationship between gender norms and sex ratios has hampered a successful understanding of sexual conflict in humans. In this paper, we review and expand upon existing theory to increase its applicability to humans, where gender norms regulate sex ratio effects on sexual conflict. Gender norms constrain who is on the marriage market and how they are valued, and may affect reproductive decision-making power. Gender norms can also directly affect sex ratios, and we hypothesize that they structure how individuals respond to market value gained or lost through biased sex ratios. Importantly, gender norms are in part a product of women's and men's sometimes conflicting reproductive interests, but these norms are also subject to other evolutionary processes. An integration of sexual conflict theory and cultural evolutionary theory is required to allow for a full understanding of sexual conflict in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée V Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles. United States of America
| | - Brooke A Scelza
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles. United States of America
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10
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Bueno-Sánchez L, Alhambra-Borrás T, Gallego-Valadés A, Garcés-Ferrer J. Psychosocial Impact of Infertility Diagnosis and Conformity to Gender Norms on the Quality of Life of Infertile Spanish Couples. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:158. [PMID: 38397648 PMCID: PMC10888361 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological data show that human reproductive disorders are a common problem worldwide, affecting almost one in six people of reproductive age. As a result, infertility has been identified by the World Health Organization as a public health disease. Reproductive problems can take a heavy toll on the psychosocial well-being of couples suffering from infertility. This is especially true for women, who tend to be the ones who undergo the most treatment. The main objective of the present study is to find out whether a sex-based infertility diagnosis influences the quality of life of couples with infertility. Also, we aim to find out whether the degree of adherence to gender norms influences their quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Fertility Quality of Life Questionnaire (FertiQoL) and the Conformity to Feminine and Masculine Norms Inventories in a sample of 219 infertile Spanish couples (438 participants). The results show that, in all cases, regardless of the degree of conformity to gender norms and whether the infertility diagnosis was of female or male origin, women have lower scores on the self-perceived quality of life. This suggests that being female is already a psychosocial risk factor when assessing the psychosocial consequences of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bueno-Sánchez
- Polibienestar Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46022 València, Spain; (T.A.-B.); (A.G.-V.); (J.G.-F.)
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11
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Newmann SJ, Zakaras JM, Rocca CH, Gorrindo P, Ndunyu L, Gitome S, Withers M, Bukusi EA, Dworkin SL. Transforming masculine norms to improve men's contraceptive acceptance: results from a pilot intervention with men in western Kenya. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2023; 31:2170084. [PMID: 36811906 PMCID: PMC9970212 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2023.2170084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Men's adherence to constraining male gender norms can lead them to resist contraceptive use. Very few interventions have attempted to transform masculine norms to encourage greater contraceptive acceptance and gender equality. We designed and evaluated a small-scale community-based intervention targeting the masculine norms tied to contraceptive resistance among partnered men (N = 150) in two western Kenya communities (intervention vs. control). Pre-post survey data fit to linear and logistic regression models evaluated differences in post-intervention outcomes, accounting for pre-intervention differences. Intervention participation was associated with increases in contraceptive acceptance scores (adjusted coefficient (aβ) 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16, 1.91; p = 0.02) and contraceptive knowledge scores (aβ 0.22; 95% CI 0.13, 0.31; p < 0.001) and with contraceptive discussions with one's partner (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 3.96; 95% CI 1.21, 12.94; p = 0.02) and with others (aOR 6.13; 95% CI 2.39, 15.73; p < 0.001). The intervention was not associated with contraceptive behavioural intention or use. Our findings demonstrate the promise of a masculinity-driven intervention on increasing men's contraceptive acceptance and positive contraceptive involvement. A larger randomised trial is needed to test the effectiveness of the intervention among men as well as among couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J. Newmann
- Professor of Clinical Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, 6D22, San Francisco, CA94110, USA.,Correspondence:
| | - Jennifer Monroe Zakaras
- Research Associate, Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Corinne H. Rocca
- Professor, Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Phillip Gorrindo
- GloCal Fellow, Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Serah Gitome
- Research Officer, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mellissa Withers
- Associate Professor, University of Southern California Institute for Global Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Shari L. Dworkin
- Dean and Professor, School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Washington, Bothell, WA, USA
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12
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Laurenzi CA, Toska E, Tallarico R, Sherr L, Steventon Roberts KJ, Hansen M, Tolmay J, Jochim J, Ameyan W, Yates R. Key normative, legal, and policy considerations for supporting pregnant and postpartum adolescents in high HIV-burden settings: a critical analysis. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2023; 31:2249696. [PMID: 37712411 PMCID: PMC10506436 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2023.2249696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rates of adolescent pregnancy within sub-Saharan Africa are increasing. Adolescent mothers ages 10-19 years face a distinct set of risks to their own and their children's health, compounded by many economic, social, and epidemiological challenges, such as living with HIV. In navigating this complex developmental period, many adolescent mothers face structural barriers impeding safe transitions to adulthood and motherhood. Drawing on existing literature and emerging data, we outline three normative, legal, and policy issues - violence and gender inequity, access to sexual and reproductive health services, and access to social and structural supports - which affect the health, wellbeing and development of adolescent mothers and their children. We also highlight emergent evidence about programming and policy changes that can better support adolescent mothers and their children. These key proposed responses include removing barriers to SRH and HIV service integration; ensuring implementation of return-to-school policies; and extending social protection systems to cater for adolescent mothers. Despite ongoing global crises and shifts in funding priorities, these normative, legal, and policy considerations remain critical to safeguard the health and wellbeing of adolescent mothers and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A. Laurenzi
- Senior Researcher, Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Elona Toska
- Associate Professor, Centre for Social Science Research, Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Co-director, Accelerate Hub, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Associate Professor, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Renata Tallarico
- Youth Team Lead and SYP Regional Coordinator, United Nations Population Fund, Eastern and Southern Regional Office, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Professor, Clinical and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J. Steventon Roberts
- Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Postgraduate Researcher, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maja Hansen
- Technical Advisor, Gender Equality, United Nations Population Fund, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Janke Tolmay
- Quantitative Research Assistant, Accelerate Hub, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Janina Jochim
- Postdoctoral Research Officer, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wole Ameyan
- Technical Officer, Adolescent HIV, Global HIV Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Yates
- Strategic Advocacy Lead, Accelerate Hub, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Rogers K, Ranganathan M, Kajula L, Lorraine Collins R, Livingston JA, Palermo T. The influence of gender-equitable attitudes on sexual behaviour among unmarried adolescents in rural Tanzania: a longitudinal study. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2023; 31:2260169. [PMID: 37850724 PMCID: PMC10586071 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2023.2260169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PLAIN LANGUAGE STATEMENT Gender norms that centre men and disadvantage women create gender inequality, which can lead to risky sexual behaviour. This study examined how both community and individual attitudes toward gender norms influenced risky sexual behaviour in adolescents, and whether that influence was different between males and females. We found that higher gender-equitable attitudes were linked to increased odds of HIV testing in the last 12 months, and decreased odds of engaging in a sexual relationship with a much older partner. Individual high gender-equitable attitudes among girls were also linked to higher odds of them using condoms and contraceptives. Gender-equitable attitudes did not seem to influence early sexual debut, engagement in transactional sex, having multiple sexual partners at the same time, or the number of sexual partners a participant had in the last 12 months. Based on these findings, programming designed to increase gender-equitable attitudes might be helpful in increasing HIV testing and condom and contraceptive use, but it needs to involve the entire community, not just individual boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Rogers
- PhD Candidate, Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 330 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY14212, USA
| | - Meghna Ranganathan
- Assistant Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lusajo Kajula
- Independent Consultant, UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - R. Lorraine Collins
- Associate Dean for Research, Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Tia Palermo
- Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Kanamori M, Stickley A, Takemura K, Kobayashi Y, Oka M, Ojima T, Kondo K, Kondo N. Community gender norms, mental health, and suicide ideation and attempts among older Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study. Int Psychogeriatr 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37927096 DOI: 10.1017/s104161022300087x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gender norms embedded in communities may restrict opportunities and harm the mental health of older adults, yet this phenomenon has received little attention. This study investigates the connection between older adults' perceptions of community gender norms and mental health and suicide-related outcomes. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING This study analyzed data from the 2019 wave of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. PARTICIPANTS In total, 25,937 participants aged 65 years or older in 61 municipalities. MEASUREMENTS Perceptions of community gender norms were assessed by the respondents' perceptions of the gender-differentiating language used by those around them such as "You should/should not do XXX, because you are a man/woman." RESULTS The prevalence of all mental health outcomes was higher among both men and women who perceived community gender norms as restrictive. These associations remained in fully adjusted multivariable analyses. Prevalence ratios for men were 1.36 [95% confidence interval: 1.13, 1.65] for psychological resistance to obtaining help, 1.85 [1.54, 2.23] for depressive symptoms, 1.99 [1.34, 2.96] for suicidal ideation, and 2.15 [1.21, 3.80] for suicide attempts. The corresponding figures for women were 1.39 [1.17, 1.65], 1.80 [1.55, 2.10], 2.13 [1.65, 2.74], 2.62 [1.78, 3.87]. There was a more pronounced association between perceiving community gender norms as restrictive and depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors among those with nonconventional gender role attitudes compared to those with conventional attitudes. CONCLUSIONS Considering the effects of community gender norms, in addition to individual gender role attitudes, may be critical in designing effective public health interventions for improving mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kanamori
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Health and Social Behavior, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Andrew Stickley
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yumiko Kobayashi
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Health and Social Behavior, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Mayumi Oka
- Research Center for Medical and Health Data Science, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ojima
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Department of Social Preventive Medical Sciences, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Gerontological Evaluation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Moriokacho, Japan
| | - Naoki Kondo
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Campo-Engelstein L. No clitting! We need to talk about clitoris transplantation. Bioethics 2023; 37:838-845. [PMID: 37597257 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, genital transplants have emerged as another type of quality-of-life transplants. Successful allogenic transplantations of the uterus, ovary, testicle, and penis have all been reported. Yet, there is no discussion of clitoris transplantation in the medical literature, mass media, and everywhere else I searched. This surgery could be used for cisgender women who have a clitoral injury or disease or who have undergone female genital cutting. I examine the gender norms regarding sexuality and reproduction to show how they shape surgical advancements. My point in this paper is not to take a normative position on status of current genital transplantations. Rather, I highlight that their existence is due, at least in part, because they align with dominant gender norms: penis and testicle transplantations reinforce the importance of men's virility and the existence of "normal" male genitalia, whereas uterus and ovary transplantations uphold the conflation of women and reproduction and the strong valuing of women's fertility. That medical advances reflect cultural values is not a new claim. What is new in this paper is the discussion of how sexism norms-regarding the invisibility of the clitoris and the devaluing of women's sexual pleasure- has engendered various types of genital transplants, but not clitoris transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Campo-Engelstein
- Institutes for Bioethics and Health Humanities, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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16
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Jackson TE, Graveline VL, Murphy AM, Rodericks ES. 'That just sounds bizarre': factors affecting heterosexual college students' perceptions of new sperm-targeting contraceptives. Cult Health Sex 2023; 25:1498-1514. [PMID: 36602875 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2022.2162972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Contraceptive responsibility has historically fallen on women in the context of heterosexual relationships, often resulting in a perceived burden on their emotional and reproductive health. We conducted in-depth, individual interviews with women and men in college to investigate factors influencing the choices they make regarding contraceptive use and more specifically their perceptions and willingness to try new sperm-targeting contraceptives. Thematic analysis revealed factors at a societal, interpersonal, and individual level affecting participants' perceptions and imagined decisions. Societally, a perceived gendered divide continues to exist placing primary responsibility for contraceptive use on women. Interpersonally, the context of a relationship increased partners' feelings of empathy and willingness to try alternative contraceptive methods; and individually participants remained concerned about their own sexual and reproductive safety. Findings indicate that societal level norms need to be shifted towards the acceptability of sperm-targeting contraceptives or other versions of contraceptives that act on male bodies, in addition to a greater focus on their development. It is proposed that this would help to ease the continued undue burden placed on women for reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Jackson
- Department of Psychology, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Valerie L Graveline
- Department of Psychology, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Alicia M Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
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17
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Gopalakrishnan L, Bertozzi S, Bradshaw P, Deardorff J, Shakya Baker H, Rabe-Hesketh S. The Role of Gender Norms on Intimate Partner Violence Among Newly Married Adolescent Girls and Young Women in India: A Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231208999. [PMID: 37885422 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231208999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Gender norms have been posited to impact intimate partner violence (IPV), but there is scant evidence of the longitudinal association between community-level gender norms and IPV. Using longitudinal data on 3,965 married girls surveyed in India, we fitted mixed-effects ordinal and binary logistic regression models for physical IPV intensity and occurrence of sexual IPV. We found a 26% increase in the odds that women experience frequent physical IPV per one unit increase in greater community-level equitable gender norms. We did not find an association between community-level equitable gender norms and sexual IPV. Findings suggest that the relationship between gender norms and physical and sexual IPV differs, indicating the need for tailored interventions for different types of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Bertozzi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Bradshaw
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Holly Shakya Baker
- Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sophia Rabe-Hesketh
- School of Education, School of Education, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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18
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Stief K. Non-employment, gender norms and the risk of couple separation in eastern and western Germany. Longit Life Course Stud 2023; 14:492-513. [PMID: 37874201 DOI: 10.1332/17579597y2023d000000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines and compares the impact of non-employment - more precisely female and male unemployment and female labour-market inactivity - on cohabiting and married couples' separation risk in eastern and western Germany. Although Germany has experienced substantial changes in the spheres of family and labour market in recent decades, differences between the former East and West Germany persist even over 30 years after reunification. Applying conditional logistic fixed-effect models to German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data, I find the following: in western Germany, where - despite a trend towards more egalitarian gender norms - traditional gender norms still prevail, male unemployment increases couples' separation risk, whereas female labour-market inactivity reduces it. Examining change across two birth cohorts - women born in or before 1971 and women born after 1971 - I find for western Germany that the effects of male and female unemployment on couple separation appear to be converging, and the relationship-stabilising effect of female labour-market inactivity seems to be diminishing. This is in line with the trend towards egalitarian gender norms in that region. In eastern Germany, both female and male unemployment have a relationship-destabilising effect in the older birth cohort, which might reflect the more egalitarian gender norms there. However, the relationship-destabilising effect of male and female unemployment is diminishing, and can no longer be found in the younger birth cohort. Unexpectedly, for eastern German women born after 1971, labour-market inactivity is relationship-stabilising, which was not the case in the older cohort.
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19
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Szekeres H, Halperin E, Saguy T. The mother of violations: Motherhood as the primary expectation of women. Br J Soc Psychol 2023; 62:1875-1896. [PMID: 37329215 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent conservative political rhetoric support women having careers but emphasize that this should not be an obstacle to having children. We propose that this sentiment reflects the hierarchy of gender norms in today's society whereby motherhood is the ultimate role that women are expected to fulfil and denying such role evokes social penalties, above and beyond other prescribed gender norms. Across five experiments (N = 738), we predicted and found that voluntarily childless women elicit more negative reactions than mothers, and importantly, also more than women violating other gender norms in the realm of occupation (Study 1), power (Study 2) or sexual orientation (Study 3). We demonstrate that these patterns cannot be explained merely by a perceived lack of communal qualities of the non-mothers (Study 4) and also show that involuntary childless women do not receive the same negativity (Study 5). We discuss this, often neglected, gender bias and its resistance to social change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Szekeres
- Department of Social Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eran Halperin
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tamar Saguy
- School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
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20
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Carlisle ZT, Schmitz RM. "'I am a Man. How Could I Possibly Have Been Raped?' Men Making Sense of Their Experiences With Sexual Violence". J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:10514-10541. [PMID: 37222535 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231174500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence among college students is an enduring issue that can shape adverse outcomes for victim survivors. The gender dynamics of college sexual assault and rape include rates of women overrepresented as victims and men as perpetrators. Dominant cultural frames reinforcing the (hetero)normative gendered sexual scripts of masculinity often preclude men from being considered as legitimate victims of sexual violence, despite evidence documenting their victimization. The present study contributes to knowledge of men's experiences of sexual violence by sharing the narratives of 29 college men survivors and how they make sense of their experiences. Through open and focused thematic qualitative coding, findings revealed how men struggled to understand their victimization experiences within cultural frameworks that exclude men as victims. Participants engaged in complex linguistic processes (i.e., "epiphanies") to process their unwanted sexual encounter, in addition to altering their sexual behavior after experiencing sexual violence. Findings can inform programing and interventions to be more inclusive of supporting men as victims.
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21
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Hong Y, Xu W. Continuity and changes in grandchild care and the risk of depression for Chinese grandparents: new evidence from CHARLS. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1217998. [PMID: 37601176 PMCID: PMC10435994 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1217998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although studies have researched the mental effects of intergenerational care, little is known about the impact of transformations in caregiving intensity on depression. This study explores grand-parents' depressive symptom outcomes in terms of changes over time in grandparental childcare, with considerations for subgroup differences. Method Using data from the 2015-2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study on grandparents aged 45 and older, we adopted generalized estimating equations to estimate the effects of seven category changes [(1) continued to provide high-intensity or (2) low-intensity care at both waves; (3) never provided care; (4) started caregiving; (5) ended caregiving; (6) provided less intensive care; and (7) provided more intensive care] over time in grandparental childcare on depressive symptoms among 17,701 grandparents with at least one grandchild, as well as how the impact varies by gender and urban/rural areas. Results Grandparents who decreased the intensity of care, stopped childcare, or offered continuous low-intensity care were associated with a lower level of depression compared with those providing no childcare. In addition, the benefit of continuous caregiving on mental health was especially noticeable in urban grandmothers. Conclusion Providing continuous low-intensity, decreased-intensity grandparenting and the cessation of caregiving were associated with a decreased level of depression for Chinese grandparents; however, there were complex interactions at play. Policies aimed at supporting grandparenting should consider caregiving intensity transitions relevant to gender and urban/rural residence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Sociology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Erdmann M, Marques Hill A, Helbig M, Leuze K. Do women's empowerment and self-expression values change adolescents' gendered occupational expectations? Longitudinal evidence against the gender-equality paradox from 26 European countries. Front Sociol 2023; 8:1175651. [PMID: 37359212 PMCID: PMC10288873 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1175651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increases in women's educational attainment in recent decades, female labor market participation and labor market returns are still lower than those of their male counterparts. Among the main factors explaining this persistence of economic inequality is the persistently gendered nature of occupational expectations, which results in gender segregation of labor. In this paper, we describe how gender-specific adolescents' occupational expectations change over time (2006-2018) and how women's empowerment and cultural norms might influence gender-specific occupational expectations. Against the backdrop of the research on the gender-equality paradox and from a comparative perspective, we focus on national and institutional characteristics to investigate how individual and national factors explain gendered occupational expectations. We answer our research questions by applying a two-step multilevel model with fixed effects. For this, we used PISA data and merged them with state-level information from 26 European countries. We add to existing research by making three contributions. First, we describe the changes in occupational expectations over time within European countries by looking at the gender composition of the desired occupation and distinguishing three categories (gender-typical, gender-balanced, and gender-atypical). Second, we investigate the relationship between national characteristics and the evolution of gendered occupational expectations separately by gender to reveal gender-specific mechanisms. Third, by using data from two-time points, we explore which national-level changes lead to changes in students' occupational expectations. Our first descriptive results show that the patterns of how students' occupational expectations change over time differ remarkably between countries. In 2018 in some countries, students' occupational expectations became more segregated while in others the number of students with gender-balanced or gender-atypical expectations increased. Our fixed effects models show that women's empowerment and self-expression value explained variance over time. For example, women's empowerment measured via an increase in women's employment and participation in parliament led to less gender-typical occupational expectations among girls and boys. Similarly, a rise in self-expression values led to less gender-typical occupational expectations, again for both boys and girls. Remarkably, our results do not verify the gender-equality paradox for occupational expectations, as is the case in previous cross-sectional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Erdmann
- President's Research Group, Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Helbig
- President's Research Group, Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Educational Decisions and Processes, Migration, Returns to Education, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Leuze
- Institute of Sociology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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23
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Jordan LP, Zhou X, Abdullah A, Emery CR. Gendered Dimensions of Demand for Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) in Kathmandu, Nepal. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231172708. [PMID: 37165657 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231172708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Breaking the demand chain for sex from minors would render supply worthless, contributing to the elimination of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). Using a novel sampling technique, this study reports on actual and potential adult customers of CSEC in two areas in Kathmandu (n = 466). Controlling for refusal conversion, age, education, and income, higher scores on a new Love-Fantasy Scale (LFS) were associated with increased odds of purchasing sex from young girls, as were patriarchal norms emphasizing the power of men. Further research is needed to design interventions that include aspects related to sexual fantasy for young girls to combat demand for CSEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy P Jordan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- Center of Social Development for Africa, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Xiaochen Zhou
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Alhassan Abdullah
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Clifton R Emery
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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24
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Marecek J, Senadheera C. Gendered Antecedents and Consequences of Young Women's Suicidal Acts in Sri Lanka. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2885. [PMID: 36833580 PMCID: PMC9957307 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the late 1990s, Sri Lanka had a record rate of suicide deaths. Since then, deaths have decreased dramatically due to the restriction of lethal agrochemicals. The number of nonfatal suicidal acts, however, remains extraordinarily high. A disproportionate number of these cases are adolescents and young adults-mainly girls and young women. This paper offers a close look at adolescent girls in rural Sri Lanka who had engaged in nonfatal suicidal acts. We carried out interviews with daughters and mothers while the girls were receiving medical care following a suicidal act. Drawing from these interviews, we describe the circumstances leading to girls' suicidal acts, the responses and moral judgments made by adult family members, and the reputational and social consequences of these acts. Few girls intended to die; none had previously undertaken a suicidal act, and none gave evidence of "mental illness". In many cases, girls' suicidal acts were triggered by acute family conflicts, often concerning situations that were seen to compromise the girl's sexual respectability and the honor of her family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Marecek
- Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Chandanie Senadheera
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
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25
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Buller AM, Pichon M, Chevalier C, Treves-Kagan S. The role of gender and romantic jealousy in intimate partner violence against women, a mixed-methods study in Northern Ecuador. Cult Health Sex 2023; 25:223-240. [PMID: 35114886 PMCID: PMC9923437 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2022.2031299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Male romantic jealousy is a commonly cited driver of intimate partner violence against women. An in-depth, contextualised understanding of the pathways and mechanisms from jealousy to intimate partner violence is, however, needed to inform programmes and interventions. We triangulated data from 48 interviews, eight focus groups and 1216 survey findings from low-income married women and men in northern Ecuador. Male jealousy was associated with controlling behaviours (aOR: 14.47, 95% CI: 9.47, 22.12) and sexual intimate partner violence (aOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.12, 5.12). Controlling behaviours were associated with physical and sexual intimate partner violence (aOR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.21, 3.84). Qualitatively we found that most respondents framed jealousy within a discourse of love, and three triggers of male jealousy leading to intimate partner violence were identified: (1) community gossip, which acted as a mechanism of community control over women's movements and sexuality; (2) women joining the labour force, which was quantitatively associated with intimate partner violence and partially mediated by jealousy; and (3) women's refusal to have sex, which could lead husbands to coerce sex through accusations of infidelity. Gender-transformative interventions at the individual, couple and community level providing models of alternative masculinities and femininities may offer promise in reducing intimate partner violence in Ecuador. Importantly, future economic empowerment interventions should address jealousy to mitigate potential intimate partner violence backlash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Buller
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Marjorie Pichon
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Cleo Chevalier
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Treves-Kagan
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Cislaghi B, Abeyasekera AL, Bhatia A, Backman-Levy JK. Editorial: The next generation of gender equality work: Reflective action for health and justice. Front Sociol 2023; 7:1080349. [PMID: 36726598 PMCID: PMC9886309 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.1080349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amiya Bhatia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Kilgallen JA, Schaffnit SB, Kumogola Y, Galura A, Urassa M, Lawson DW. Positive Correlation Between Women's Status and Intimate Partner Violence Suggests Violence Backlash in Mwanza, Tanzania. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP20331-NP20360. [PMID: 34802316 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211050095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization in low and middle-income nations is characterized by economic and demographic shifts largely understood to be beneficial to women's empowerment. These changes include increased education and wage-labor opportunities, a disruption of traditional patrilocal residence systems, and reductions in spousal age gap and fertility. However, such changes may drive a "violence backlash," with men increasing intimate partner violence (IPV) in efforts to challenge women's shifting status. To date, tests of this idea primarily relate to women's changing economic status, with less known about the demographic correlates of IPV in urbanizing settings. Addressing this, we conducted a cross-sectional study of IPV behavior and attitudes in an urbanizing community in Mwanza, northern Tanzania (n = 317). Consistent with a violence backlash, IPV was reported more often among women educated at higher levels than their husband, and women earning similar, rather than lower, wages to their husband were more likely to report that he condones IPV. These findings were independent of women's absolute education and income. Furthermore, less frequent paternal kin contact, and relatively small spousal age gaps, generally understood to boost women's empowerment, were associated with an increased risk of experiencing IPV. Less frequent paternal kin contact was also associated with an increased likelihood that a husband condones IPV. Contrary to our predictions, relatively lower fertility, generally linked to higher women's empowerment, did not predict IPV behavior and women with high, rather than low, fertility were more likely to report that their husband condones IPV. Overall, our results support the notion of a violence backlash corresponding to economic changes for women that accompany urbanization. In contrast, demographic changes associated with urbanization have more variable relationships. Drawing on these results, we suggest future research avenues for better understanding the vulnerability of women to IPV in urbanizing settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Kilgallen
- Department of Anthropology, 8786University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Susan B Schaffnit
- Department of Anthropology, 8786University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Yusufu Kumogola
- 119151National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Anthony Galura
- Department of Anthropology, 8786University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Mark Urassa
- 119151National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - David W Lawson
- Department of Anthropology, 8786University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Mandal M, Calhoun LM, McGuire C, Speizer IS. Using structural equation modeling to examine the influence of family planning social norms on modern contraceptive use in Nigeria. Front Sociol 2022; 7:866254. [PMID: 36340618 PMCID: PMC9630911 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.866254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite high knowledge of family planning (FP) among Nigerian women, use of modern contraceptives remains low. While FP investments in Nigeria have been ongoing for decades, relatively little emphasis on contextual and structural factors may have contributed to low demand for and use of contraception. From 2009 to 2014, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) supported the Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (NURHI) with the aim of increasing voluntary use of contraceptives among women ages 15-49 years in six Nigerian cities. A subsequent phase of NURHI was implemented in three states for the next 3 to 5 years. Using cross-sectional survey data from three cities (two exposed to NURHI, one not exposed), this study examines whether social norms around FP were related to women's use of modern contraception, and whether the relationship differed by varying levels of exposure to the program (i.e., by city). We identified three distinct FP social norms through factor analysis: norms around delaying first pregnancy; spacing or limiting pregnancies; and using contraception when the husband disagrees. Using structural equation modeling, we found that FP social norms are related to use of modern contraceptive methods, and the relationship varies by city and norm type. The observed differences suggest that this relationship depends on numerous factors at the individual, interpersonal and societal level, and this may include malleable factors influenced by the NURHI program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahua Mandal
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lisa M. Calhoun
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Courtney McGuire
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ilene S. Speizer
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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29
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Batram-Zantvoort S, Wandschneider L, Niehues V, Razum O, Miani C. Maternal self-conception and mental wellbeing during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative interview study through the lens of "intensive mothering" and "ideal worker" ideology. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:878723. [PMID: 36132187 PMCID: PMC9484320 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.878723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers tended to be responsible for most of the (additional) caregiving and domestic tasks during the COVID-19 pandemic while simultaneously having to pursue their work duties. Increased role conflicts, parenting stress, and exhaustion predict adverse mental health. We aimed to examine how women referred to and made sense of dominant gender norms in their arrangements of pandemic daily life and how these beliefs impacted their maternal self-conception. Qualitative interviews with 17 women were analyzed through the lens of "intensive mothering" ideology and "ideal workers" norms, emphasizing notions of maternal guilt rising from a perceived mismatch between the ideal and actual maternal self-conception. We found that mothers' notions of guilt and their decreases in health link to dominant discourses on motherhood and intersect with "ideal worker" norms. As such, these norms amplify the burden of gendered health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Batram-Zantvoort
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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30
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Nnyombi A, Bukuluki P, Besigwa S, Ocaya-Irama J, Namara C, Cislaghi B. How social norms contribute to physical violence among ever-partnered women in Uganda: A qualitative study. Front Sociol 2022; 7:867024. [PMID: 36117885 PMCID: PMC9477001 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.867024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper contributes to the literature that studies how social norms sustain undesirable behavior. It establishes how norms contribute to intimate partner physical violence against women. First, norms organize physical violence as a domestic and private matter. Second, they organize physical violence as a constituent part of women's lives, thereby normalizing women's experience of abuse. Third, norms define appropriate boundaries within which male partners perpetrate violence. The findings draw essential information for social change interventions that target improvement in women's and girls' wellbeing. For social and behavioral programmes to change harmful norms, they have to deconstruct physical violence as a private matter, advance the de-normalization of physical violence, and dismantle acceptable boundaries within which violence happens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysious Nnyombi
- Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Bukuluki
- School of Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Beniamino Cislaghi
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Aloyce D, Stöckl H, Malibwa D, Peter E, Mchome Z, Dwarumpudi A, Buller AM, Kapiga S, Mshana G. Men's Reflections on Romantic Jealousy and Intimate Partner Violence in Mwanza, Tanzania. Violence Against Women 2022; 29:1299-1318. [PMID: 36039538 PMCID: PMC10090525 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Romantic jealousy is a prominent trigger for intimate partner violence. Yet, there are few studies on this relationship in sub-Saharan Africa and none captures men's perspectives. To expand the existing knowledge on romantic jealousy and its relation to intimate partner violence, our study analyzed 30 in-depth interviews with male participants. Triggers of romantic jealousy included suspicion or confirmed infidelity, reduced attention from their partners, and challenges to male supremacy. Men reported that intimate partner violence was a frequently used response to triggers of romantic jealousy. Social norms and inequitable gender norms were key underlying factors to all those triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Aloyce
- 558110Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwigs-Maximillians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Esther Peter
- 558110Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Zaina Mchome
- 558110Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania.,National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Saidi Kapiga
- 558110Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gerry Mshana
- 558110Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania.,National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
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32
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Yu C, Zuo X, Lian Q, Zhong X, Fang Y, Lou C, Tu X. Comparing the Perceptions of Gender Norms among Adolescents with Different Sibling Contexts in Shanghai, China. Children (Basel) 2022; 9:1281. [PMID: 36138591 PMCID: PMC9497095 DOI: 10.3390/children9091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Individuals' gender development is influenced by the characteristics of personal and contextual environments. However, the role of sibling contexts in shaping gender norms has rarely been studied among Chinese youth at early adolescence as most of them were the only child. The aim of this paper is to compare perceived gender norms among adolescents aged 10-14 with different sibling configurations, to help inform and tailor guidance for sexual and reproductive health education in the future. We used the Global Early Adolescent Study baseline data collected from Shanghai, China. The sample for analysis was 1615 students. We used univariate analysis and multivariate ordinal logistic regression to compare perceived gender-stereotyped traits and gender role attitudes, stratified by age and sex. The results showed that sibling context was more influential for boys than girls at early adolescence in their gender socialization process. Among boys those who were with mixed-sex siblings scored higher on gender-stereotyped traits (ORonly-childvs. mixed-sex siblings = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.48-0.94, p = 0.019; ORsame-sex siblingsvs. mixed-sex siblings = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.96, p = 0.033). Younger early adolescents aged 10-12 who were the only child or who had mixed-sex siblings perceived more traditional gender role attitudes than those living with same-sex siblings (ORonly-childvs. same-sex siblings = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.06-2.75, p = 0.028; ORmixed-sex siblingsvs. same-sex siblings = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.03-2.94, p = 0.037). Comprehensive sexuality education with gender and power components being well addressed, both in and out of the family, is needed to provide extra gender-inclusive and gender-egalitarian environments for youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiayun Zuo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiguo Lian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | | | - Yuhang Fang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chaohua Lou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaowen Tu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
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Bueno-Sánchez L, Alhambra-Borrás T, Gallego-Valadés A, Garcés-Ferrer J. Quality of Life and Conformity to Gender Norms in Women Receiving Assisted Reproductive Technologies as a Potential Indicator of Mental Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10031. [PMID: 36011666 PMCID: PMC9408235 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of depression, stress, or anxiety in people receiving assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has been demonstrated. However, knowledge about the influence of gender norms on quality of life (QofL) during infertility treatment is limited. The main objective of this study was to confirm that patients undergoing ART present a vulnerable mental state, which may be an indicator of risk. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental cross-sectional study was carried out in the Assisted Reproduction Unit of the Hospital Politécnico Universitario de la Fe (Spain) in which a total of 438 women participated: 256 in pre-treatment and 182 in treatment. Two questionnaires were administered, FertiQol and CFNI-23, assessing self-perceived QofL and conformity to gender norms, respectively. The results showed significant differences between the pre-treatment and treatment groups on the FertiQol and its subscales. Significant associations were also found between the CFNI-23 factors and the FertiQol subscales. The results suggest that gender norms and ART interfere with women's mental health and QofL and should be considered as possible risk indicators by professionals preventively before the prenatal or perinatal stages. Future research should design prospective studies aimed at estimating the impact of clinical and sociodemographic variables on women and other groups receiving ART.
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34
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Sychareun V, Durham J, Choummanivong M, Taikeophithoun C, Phommavongsa P, Somphet V, Thammavongsa V, Petitet PH. Lifestyles, sexuality and gender: vulnerability to STIs and unplanned pregnancy among female migrant beer promoters in Lao PDR. Cult Health Sex 2022; 24:1047-1061. [PMID: 33970814 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.1913233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, many young rural female migrants supplement their income by working as beer promoters. This study examined how young, female beer promoters working in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR, navigate intimate relations and sexual encounters and how their experiences create sexual vulnerabilities. A total of 30 female beer promoters aged 18-24 years old were recruited using snowball sampling. Repeated face-to-face in-depth interviews were undertaken and thematic analysis conducted to identify common themes. Most participants had their first coital experience pre-migration but living in the city introduced them to a larger pool of potential partners. Unprotected sexual intercourse was common, with young women usually deferring to their male partners preference for non-condom use. Working as beer promoters, the sexualised environment of the bar room promoted male ideals of femininity and exposed the young women to sexual harassment. While the young women used various strategies to assert their autonomy, and challenge unequal gender norms, the prevailing male hegemony acted to subvert female sexual agency. Leveraging young urban migrants' desire to complete education, live independently and postpone motherhood may provide opportunities to examine and challenge gender norms and harmful practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanphanom Sychareun
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Jo Durham
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Molina Choummanivong
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Phouthong Phommavongsa
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Vathsana Somphet
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Vassana Thammavongsa
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Pascale Hancart Petitet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMI 233 Trans VIHMI, Inserm U 1175, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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35
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Bhushan NL, Stoner MC, Groves AK, Kahn K, Pettifor AE. Partnership Dynamics and HIV-Related Sexual Behaviors Among Adolescent Mothers in South Africa: A Longitudinal Analysis of HIV Prevention Trials Network 068 Data. J Adolesc Health 2022; 71:63-69. [PMID: 35370076 PMCID: PMC9232891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In South Africa, adolescent mothers have a three times higher risk of HIV acquisition than nonadolescent mothers. Yet, limited evidence exists regarding how early childbearing may affect HIV risk. A better understanding of adolescent mothers' partnership dynamics and sexual behaviors is critical to tailoring interventions to prevent new infections. METHODS Data are from HIV Prevention Trials Network 068, a longitudinal study of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 13-20 in South Africa who were followed annually for up to 6 years. Log-binomial regression models were used to assess whether adolescent motherhood was associated with partnership dynamics (intimate partner violence, gender inequitable norms, low relationship power, no HIV prevention communication) and if the association between partnership dynamics and sexual behaviors (unprotected sex and transactional sex) varied by adolescent motherhood. Generalized estimating equations, with an exchangeable correlation structure, were used to account for nonindependence. RESULTS Adolescent mothers were more likely than nonadolescent mothers to be in partnerships characterized by intimate partner violence, low relationship power, gender inequitable norms, and no HIV prevention communication. A higher proportion were also more likely to experience these dynamics, as well as engage in transactional sex, after giving birth. Poor partnership dynamics put AGYW at a higher risk for unprotected sex and transactional sex, regardless of adolescent motherhood status. DISCUSSION Engaging adolescent mothers in interventions post birth and developing interventions that address power imbalances in AGYW's sexual partnerships have the potential to reduce engagement in HIV-related sexual behaviors and HIV risk in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita L. Bhushan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marie C.D. Stoner
- Women’s Global Health Imperative, RTI International, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Allison K. Groves
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Audrey E. Pettifor
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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36
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Lowe H, Kenny L, Hassan R, Bacchus LJ, Njoroge P, Dagadu NA, Hossain M, Cislaghi B. 'If she gets married when she is young, she will give birth to many kids': a qualitative study of child marriage practices amongst nomadic pastoralist communities in Kenya. Cult Health Sex 2022; 24:886-901. [PMID: 33754958 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.1893821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Child marriage is associated with adverse health and social outcomes for women and girls. Among pastoralists in Kenya, child marriage is believed to be higher compared to the national average. This paper explores how social norms and contextual factors sustain child marriage in communities living in conflict-affected North Eastern Kenya. In-depth interviews were carried out with nomadic and semi-nomadic women and men of reproductive age in Wajir and Mandera counties. Participants were purposively sampled across a range of age groups and community types. Interviews were analysed thematically and guided by a social norms approach. We found changes in the way young couples meet and evidence for negative perceptions of child marriage due to its impact on the girls' reproductive health and gender inequality. Despite this, child marriage was common amongst nomadic and semi-nomadic women. Two overarching themes explained child marriage practices: 1) gender norms, and 2) desire for large family size. Our findings complement the global literature, while contributing perspectives of pastoralist groups. Contextual factors of poverty, traditional pastoral lifestyles and limited formal education opportunities for girls, supported large family norms and gender norms that encouraged and sustained child marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattie Lowe
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Leah Kenny
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rahma Hassan
- Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Loraine J Bacchus
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mazeda Hossain
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Beniamino Cislaghi
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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37
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Casey EA, Ihrig A, Roman M, Hoxmeier JC, Carlson J, Greer K. Life Course and Socioecological Influences on Gender-Equitable Attitudes Among Men: A Scoping Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2022; 23:764-777. [PMID: 33267742 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020977140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emerging research suggests that holding gender-equitable attitudes (GEA) is associated with decreased risk of gender-based violence perpetration and increased willingness to engage in violence preventative actions among men. GEA, defined here as support for political, economic, and social equity across gender in both public and private spheres, may therefore constitute a protective factor against perpetration and a promotive factor in fostering healthy relationships and communities. Forces that shape GEA throughout boys' and young men's lives are less well articulated. The purpose of this exploratory, scoping review was to synthesize cross-disciplinary research to distill life-course influences on the development of GEA among men. Three databases and Google Scholar were searched to locate peer-reviewed studies that empirically examined GEA as an outcome of childhood, adolescent, or young adulthood factors. Sixty-nine articles were located that, collectively, used data from 97 different countries and identified 22 potential life-course influences on men's GEA. Across studies, facilitators of equitable attitudes included higher levels of education, exposure to gender transformative prevention programming, and having parents who held, modeled, and communicated gender-equitable beliefs. Hindrances to equitable attitudes included but were not limited to religiosity, the transition to fatherhood, and having mostly male peer groups. Findings suggest that opportunities to foster equitable attitudes exist across the life course and both inside and outside of formal prevention or education interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Casey
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Anna Ihrig
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Melinda Roman
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Jill C Hoxmeier
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Juliana Carlson
- School of Social Welfare, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kelsey Greer
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA
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38
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Sileo KM, Luttinen R, Muñoz S, Hill TD. Mechanisms Linking Masculine Discrepancy Stress and the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence Among Men in the United States. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221119355. [PMID: 36028978 PMCID: PMC9421240 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221119355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies show that masculine discrepancy stress (i.e., the intrapsychic
strain associated with failing to meet internalized masculine ideals) is
associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, little is known
about the processes underlying this association. There may be other social
psychological constructs at play that explain this relationship further. The
present study uses recently collected data from a national survey of men living
in the United States (n = 711) to formally test whether the
effects of discrepancy stress on three different forms of IPV perpetration are
mediated by anger, self-esteem, and perceived powerlessness. We find that
discrepancy stress is directly associated with higher levels of anger, lower
levels self-esteem, a sense of powerlessness, and a greater odds of perpetrating
any physical IPV and severe physical IPV resulting in injuries, but not sexual
IPV perpetration in our sample of men. Our mediation analyses confirms that
masculine discrepancy stress is indirectly associated with perpetrating all
three forms of IPV through the mechanism of anger. Self-esteem and perceived
powerlessness are not supported as mediators. These findings add to our
understanding of the link between masculinity and violence perpetration and can
inform IPV reduction interventions. Gender transformative interventions that
reduce discrepancy stress among men by shifting men’s adherence to traditional
masculine norms, and that integrate anger management strategies, should be
explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M. Sileo
- Department of Public Health, The
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Katelyn M. Sileo, Department of Public
Health, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX
78249, USA.
| | - Rebecca Luttinen
- Department of Demography, The
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Suyapa Muñoz
- Department of Public Health, The
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Terrence D. Hill
- Department of Sociology, The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Marks MJ, Busch TM, Wu A. The Relationship between the Sexual Double Standard and Women's Sexual Health and Comfort. Int J Sex Health 2022; 34:409-423. [PMID: 38596271 PMCID: PMC10903628 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2022.2069179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The current research explores the relationship between Sexual Double Standard (SDS) endorsement and women's sexual health and attitudes. Women (n = 705) completed an SDS endorsement scale, and then answered a variety of questions in three main categories of outcome variables: sexual comfort, sexual reputation, and sexual health. Results suggest that women's SDS endorsement was not related to women's sexual comfort. Further, SDS endorsement was slightly positively related to how concerned women were about their sexual reputation. Regarding sexual health, SDS endorsement was related to a shorter timespan since women's last OBGYN screening, and unrelated to women's discomfort discussing birth control with their OBGYN. Results suggest there is much more to explore in targeted studies on the relationship of SDS endorsement to women's perceptions of their sexual reputations and their interactions with OBGYNs with respect to the SDS. Previous and related research is discussed, along with implications of the current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Marks
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Tara M. Busch
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina, Pembroke, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Wu
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
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Abstract
Gender is an important determinant of health, but explicit attention to gender is often missing in health promotion. We build on Pederson and colleagues' gender-transformative framework for health promotion to propose four guiding principles for gender-transformative health promotion. First, health promotion must address gender norms directly if it is to improve health outcomes. Second, it should move beyond individual change to engage explicitly with structural and social determinants of health. Third, it should address underlying gender-related determinants in order to influence health outcomes. And fourth, it requires complexity-informed design, implementation, and evaluation. We provide background on key concepts that are essential for designing, implementing, and evaluating gender-transformative health promotion: gender norms, socioecological approaches, and the gender system. We give examples of the four principles in practice, using the case of postnatal mental health promotion in Australia and sexuality education in Mexico. These four principles can be applied to health promotion efforts across contexts and outcomes to address the harmful gender norms that contribute to poor health as a part of broader efforts to improve health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Fisher
- Global and Women's Health Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; ,
| | - Shelly Makleff
- Global and Women's Health Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; ,
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41
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Sheffield V, Hartley S, Stansfield RB, Mack M, Blackburn S, Vaughn VM, Heidemann L, Chang R, Lukela JR. Gendered Expectations: the Impact of Gender, Evaluation Language, and Clinical Setting on Resident Trainee Assessment of Faculty Performance. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:714-722. [PMID: 34405349 PMCID: PMC8904706 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-07093-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender inequity is pervasive in academic medicine. Factors contributing to these gender disparities must be examined. A significant body of literature indicates men and women are assessed differently in teaching evaluations. However, limited data exist on how faculty gender affects resident evaluation of faculty performance based on the skill being assessed or the clinical practice settings in which the trainee-faculty interaction occurs. OBJECTIVE Evaluate for gender-based differences in the assessment of general internal medicine (GIM) faculty physicians by trainees in inpatient and outpatient settings. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study SUBJECTS: Inpatient and outpatient GIM faculty physicians in an Internal Medicine residency training program from July 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018. MAIN MEASURES Faculty scores on trainee teaching evaluations including overall teaching ability and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies (medical knowledge [MK], patient care [PC], professionalism [PROF], interpersonal and communication skills [ICS], practice-based learning and improvement [PBLI], and systems-based practice [SBP]) based on the institutional faculty assessment form. KEY RESULTS In total, 3581 evaluations by 445 trainees (55.1% men, 44.9% women) assessing 161 GIM faculty physicians (50.3% men, 49.7% women) were included. Male faculty were rated higher in overall teaching ability (male=4.69 vs. female=4.63, p=0.003) and in four of the six ACGME competencies (MK, PROF, PBLI, and SBP) based on our institutional evaluation form. In the inpatient setting, male faculty were rated more favorably for overall teaching (male = 4.70, female = 4.53, p=<0.001) and across all ACGME competencies. The only observed gender difference in the outpatient setting favored female faculty in PC (male = 4.65, female = 4.71, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Male and female GIM faculty performance was assessed differently by trainees. Gender-based differences were impacted by the setting of evaluation, with the greatest difference by gender noted in the inpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Sheffield
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Hartley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Megan Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Staci Blackburn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Valerie M Vaughn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lauren Heidemann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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42
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Abstract
CONTEXT Child stunting has increasingly become the focus of large-scale global health efforts with the inclusion of stunting eradication as one of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Child sex has been identified as a biological risk factor for stunting, and sex-specific approaches to stunting prevention have been proposed. OBJECTIVE This paper examines four pathways, developmental sensitivity, energetics, caretaking and measurement, proposed to contribute to sex differences in linear growth faltering and stunting risk. METHODS Anthropological, public health and clinical literature on sex differences in stunting and the mechanisms contributing to variability across contexts are reviewed. RESULTS The direction of sex differences in stunting prevalence varies across countries and between households. Sex differences in growth trajectories and immune function beginning prenatally place boys at greater risk of infection and undernutrition, but these biological differences are interpreted by parents and within household contexts that are shaped by social and cultural norms which, in turn, influence care and feeding practices. CONCLUSION A perspective that incorporates an examination of the social and environmental factors shaping child growth in specific contexts is needed to understand sex-based vulnerability to stunting and to develop context-appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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43
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Danielsson E, Eriksson K. Women's invisible work in disaster contexts: gender norms in speech on women's work after a forest fire in Sweden. Disasters 2022; 46:141-161. [PMID: 32895981 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate what women do in disaster situations and how both men and women perceive and discuss the work of women. These patterns were evidenced in the stories that were told following the largest forest fire in the modern history of Sweden in July 2014. The study is based on 31 retrospective interviews with volunteers involved in combating the forest fire and concentrates on stories about the supportive work of women during this disaster. The results indicate that women were praised when they followed traditional norms but were denigrated when they performed what were viewed as male-coded tasks. The stories reveal norms concerning what a woman is and is not by focusing on women's age and clothing and by directly and indirectly questioning their abilities and authority. The norms are also rendered visible by the positive attention that women receive while describing doing what is expected of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Danielsson
- Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
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Abstract
Early marriage remains a central concern among reproductive and sexual rights advocates worldwide. Mainstream researchers have often focused on the negative effects of early marriage on young women, presenting them as powerless victims of social and cultural traditions. Yet the voices and perceptions of young women remain strongly absent in many studies on early marriage. Our study addresses this knowledge gap by utilising participatory and ethnographic methodologies to better understand what early marriage means to those who have experienced it and how these emic perspectives may diverge from humanitarian paradigms. Since the war began in 2011, Syrians have become one of the largest groups of refugees worldwide, with over 5.5 million individuals seeking asylum abroad. Humanitarian organisations have called attention to high rates of early marriage within this population and its unique drivers in the specific context of displacement. We draw upon data collected between 2018 and 2020 during 90 individual interviews and 14 participatory action research meetings to explore how Syrian refugee women conceptualise the practice of early marriage and its drivers after displacement. Our findings reveal that early marriage is perceived as a practice that benefits young women and is justified in terms of its beneficial effects. Participants described early marriage as a rational solution to present-day problems, many of which they associate with the unique context of displacement. Our findings echo prior qualitative studies that illustrate the complexity of attitudes towards early marriage and the importance of understanding the specific contexts in which it is practised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Al Akash
- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology, Anthropology Department, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Morgen A Chalmiers
- PhD Student, Medical Scientist Training Program, Anthropology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Correspondence:
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45
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Hullenaar KL, Ruback RB. Gender Interaction Effects on Reporting Assaults to the Police. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP12997-NP13027. [PMID: 32046589 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520903134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study used two theoretical perspectives-coercive power and gender norms-to examine how gender affects victims' decisions to report physical assaults to the police. The coercive power perspective attributes gender differences in reporting to sex-linked physical coercive power differences that affect the harm of the crime and victims' personal safety. The gender norm perspective attributes gender differences in reporting to specific gender norms that influence crime reporting decisions. Using a sample of 18,627 nonintimate partner physical assaults from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1993-2015), crime reporting models demonstrated significantly better fit when they included the interaction between the victim's gender and the offender's gender than when they included only the main effects. In the sample, (a) female victims were 21.9% more likely to report to the police when the offender was male (vs. female) and (b) male victims were 45.8% more likely to report to the police when the offender was female (vs. male). Victims' tendency to report an opposite-sex offender to the police was strongest in simple assaults and absent in aggravated assaults. We conclude that male and female victims' reporting behaviors were most consistent with gender norms that encourage the use of self-help violence and discourage police reporting in intragender assaults. Consistent with this explanation, self-help violence was negatively related to crime reporting in assaults. Victims were more likely to use self-help violence and avoid reporting to the police against a same-sex offender than an opposite-sex offender. Finally, the offender's gender had a relatively stronger influence on assault victims' decisions to use self-help violence than on victims' decisions to take no action against the offender (i.e., not reporting to the police or using self-help violence).
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46
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Thepsourinthone J, Dune T, Liamputtong P, Arora A. Out of the Closet, Not Yet Out of the House: Gay Men's Experiences of Homonegativity and Internalized Homonegativity. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1479. [PMID: 34828524 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explores how Australian gay men experience gender and sexuality in relation to heteronormative gender norms, specifically masculinity. A sample of 32 gay men 22-72 years of age participated in an online interview, using a videoconferencing software, on masculinity and homosexuality. Thematic analyses revealed that gay men experience gender and sexuality-related strain across all levels of their socioecological environment through social regulation, homophobic discrimination/harassment, and anti-effeminacy prejudice. The gay men expressed feelings of self-loathing, shame, internalized homonegativity, and isolation as a result. In examining interactions at each level of the socioecological environment, future research and practice may gain understanding in the social phenomena and how to ameliorate such strain.
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47
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Dery I. "Give Her a Slap or Two . . . She Might Change": Negotiating Masculinities Through Intimate Partner Violence Among Rural Ghanaian Men. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:9670-9690. [PMID: 31422730 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519869066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Critical studies on men and masculinities have gained significant momentum in feminist scholarship in the past decades. The growing interest in feminist scholarship has focused broadly on how male-bodied people construct, negotiate, and express masculine identities. Despite this growing interest, insufficient attention has explored how rurally based Ghanaian men construct and negotiate their masculinities in intimate relationships. Situated within critical discursive psychology and drawing on 16 semi-structured in-depth interviews and 6 focus group discussions with adult men in northwestern Ghana, the results show that dominant notions of masculinity provide a broad context through which participants' narratives, negotiations, and experiences on intimate partner violence could be understood. Findings suggest that various cultural narratives and metaphors were deployed to support men's controlling behaviors and/or intimate violence against women. The implications of how harmful masculine ideologies could frustrate efforts that target the development and promotion of a socially just and less oppressive society are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Dery
- University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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48
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Browne A, Bennouna C, Asghar K, Correa C, Harker-Roa A, Stark L. Risk and Refuge: Adolescent Boys' Experiences of Violence in "Post-Conflict" Colombia. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:9393-9415. [PMID: 31387477 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519867150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, researchers and practitioners are examining connections between public and private cycles of violence. In complex emergency settings, these cycles of violence often intersect with conflicting norms and values as societies work toward sustainable peace. Gender norms, particularly norms of masculinity, are not often highlighted in transdisciplinary violence studies. Furthermore, few studies on either subject capture the perspectives and experiences of adolescent boys. This study seeks to explore adolescent boys' (13-17 years) experiences with violence at home and in the community in "post-conflict" Colombia. Thematic qualitative analysis of 20 interview transcripts from 14 Colombian boys in Cundinamarca (n = 5) and Córdoba (n = 9) revealed themes of conflict avoidance, hegemonic masculinity, and opportunities for change in the form of positive coping habits. Further research into social and emotional coping behaviors and linkages to perpetuating violence between adolescence and adulthood is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khudejha Asghar
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Lindsay Stark
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
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49
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Kernebone PN, O'Shea A, Jerebine A, Barnett LM. Kicking goals: Exploring the experiences of girls who play Australian Rules football. Health Promot J Austr 2021; 33:880-890. [PMID: 34478203 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Increasing physical activity of adolescent girls is a key priority for health promotion, as their physical activity levels are generally lower than boys. This study aims to understand the experiences of adolescent girls who play Australian Football League Women's (AFLW) football and to explore girls' pathways to playing football. Understanding how AFLW and gender norms/stereotypes influence girls' experiences and self-perceptions was a key focus. METHODS A qualitative description design and purposive sampling were used. Six adolescent girls aged 11-17 that play football in urban Victoria, Australia participated. Short interview survey questions covering demographic and football pathway information were administered prior to online one-on-one interviews. Interviews lasted 30-45 minutes. Questions were framed broadly, open-ended and non-directive (some using image prompts). Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS The results cover four themes: (a) Self-perception-participants presented with positive self-perceptions, (b) Social support-a supportive team and exposure to women playing football, and family support/involvement, were encouraging factors in pathways to playing football, (c) AFLW role models-were positive influences on participants' experience and self-perceptions and (d) Influence of gender norms/stereotypes-participant self-perceptions displayed conforming and non-conforming features of gender norms/stereotypes. Participants reported exposure to sexist commentary about girls in sport through social media and peers but instead of being discouraged, most used it as motivation or empowerment, while others were dismissive. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest increased media coverage of AFLW players may be beneficial. Education programs/initiatives which i) involve AFLW role models and ii) encourage family friendly club environments and team bonding spaces are recommended. SO WHAT?: Findings indicate that adolescent girls can thrive in their football experience, which could increase feelings of empowerment and foster positive self-perceptions, contributing to overall health. Further research in this area is recommended to expand on and strengthen our study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige N Kernebone
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Amie O'Shea
- School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Alethea Jerebine
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- The School of Health and Social Development, The Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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50
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Gold-Watts A, Hovdenak M, Daniel M, Gandhimathi S, Sudha R, Bastien S. A qualitative study of adolescent girls' experiences of menarche and menstruation in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2021; 15:1845924. [PMID: 33203319 PMCID: PMC7682741 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2020.1845924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In low- and middle-income countries, women and girls experience menstrual hygiene management-related health and social challenges such as urinary tract infections, social stigma, and school and workplace absenteeism. Purpose: In this study, we sought to explore how adolescent girls in rural Thirumalaikodi, Tamil Nadu, India experience menarche and menstruation, how their experiences connect to the sociocultural context, and what strategies they use to manage menstruation. This study also informed the adaptation and development of a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention. Methods: We conducted ten semi-structured qualitative interviews with adolescent girls in ninth standard from June-July 2018. Data were analysed using a thematic network approach. Results: Findings revealed that menarche inaugurates biological transitions of puberty and cultural codes that shape gender norms. Gender norms in turn generate, maintain, and reproduce stigmatizing attitudes, beliefs, and practices that influenced the development of coping mechanisms at home and at school. Resulting adaptations to the intervention consisted of two activities (school lesson and an extracurricular activity) that address knowledge gaps and myths. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance of qualitative research in unpacking adolescent girls’ experiences with menarche and menstruation. Study findings also show how formative research can contribute to the adaptation and development of a contextually and culturally-relevant water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anise Gold-Watts
- Department of Public Health Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås, Norway
| | - Marte Hovdenak
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway
| | - Marguerite Daniel
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway
| | - Subramanian Gandhimathi
- Department of Community Health, Sri Narayani College & School of Nursing , Thirumalaikodi, India
| | - Rajamani Sudha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Nursing, Sri Narayani College & School of Nursing , Thirumalaikodi, India
| | - Sheri Bastien
- Department of Public Health Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås, Norway.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
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