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Salehi MA, Zafari R, Mohammadi S, Shahrabi Farahani M, Dolatshahi M, Harandi H, Poopak A, Dager SR. Brain-based sex differences in schizophrenia: A systematic review of fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26664. [PMID: 38520370 PMCID: PMC10960555 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder with characteristic symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, lack of motivation, and paucity of thought. Recent evidence suggests that the symptoms of schizophrenia, negative symptoms in particular, vary widely between the sexes and that symptom onset is earlier in males. A better understanding of sex-based differences in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of schizophrenia may provide a key to understanding sex-based symptom differences. This study aimed to summarize sex-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) differences in brain activity of patients with schizophrenia. We searched PubMed and Scopus to find fMRI studies that assessed sex-based differences in the brain activity of patients with schizophrenia. We excluded studies that did not evaluate brain activity using fMRI, did not evaluate sex differences, and were nonhuman or in vitro studies. We found 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the current systematic review. Compared to females with schizophrenia, males with schizophrenia showed more blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in the cerebellum, the temporal gyrus, and the right precuneus cortex. Male patients also had greater occurrence of low-frequency fluctuations in cerebral blood flow in frontal and parietal lobes and the insular cortex, while female patients had greater occurrence of low-frequency fluctuations in the hippocampus, parahippocampus, and lentiform nucleus. The current study summarizes fMRI studies that evaluated sex-based fMRI brain differences in schizophrenia that may help to shed light on the underlying pathophysiology and further understanding of sex-based differences in the clinical presentation and course of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasa Zafari
- School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Soheil Mohammadi
- School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Mahsa Dolatshahi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Division of NeuroradiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Hamid Harandi
- School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Stephen R. Dager
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Mo F, Zhao H, Li Y, Cai H, Song Y, Wang R, Yu Y, Zhu J. Network Localization of State and Trait of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae020. [PMID: 38401526 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Neuroimaging studies investigating the neural substrates of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia have yielded mixed results, which may be reconciled by network localization. We sought to examine whether AVH-state and AVH-trait brain alterations in schizophrenia localize to common or distinct networks. STUDY DESIGN We initially identified AVH-state and AVH-trait brain alterations in schizophrenia reported in 48 previous studies. By integrating these affected brain locations with large-scale discovery and validation resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets, we then leveraged novel functional connectivity network mapping to construct AVH-state and AVH-trait dysfunctional networks. STUDY RESULTS The neuroanatomically heterogeneous AVH-state and AVH-trait brain alterations in schizophrenia localized to distinct and specific networks. The AVH-state dysfunctional network comprised a broadly distributed set of brain regions mainly involving the auditory, salience, basal ganglia, language, and sensorimotor networks. Contrastingly, the AVH-trait dysfunctional network manifested as a pattern of circumscribed brain regions principally implicating the caudate and inferior frontal gyrus. Additionally, the AVH-state dysfunctional network aligned with the neuromodulation targets for effective treatment of AVH, indicating possible clinical relevance. CONCLUSIONS Apart from unifying the seemingly irreproducible neuroimaging results across prior AVH studies, our findings suggest different neural mechanisms underlying AVH state and trait in schizophrenia from a network perspective and more broadly may inform future neuromodulation treatment for AVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Brain Bank Construction and Resource Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Brain Bank Construction and Resource Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Brain Bank Construction and Resource Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Brain Bank Construction and Resource Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Brain Bank Construction and Resource Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Brain Bank Construction and Resource Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Brain Bank Construction and Resource Utilization, Hefei, China
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Haigh SM, Berryhill ME, Kilgore-Gomez A, Dodd M. Working memory and sensory memory in subclinical high schizotypy: An avenue for understanding schizophrenia? Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:1577-1596. [PMID: 36895099 PMCID: PMC10178355 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The search for robust, reliable biomarkers of schizophrenia remains a high priority in psychiatry. Biomarkers are valuable because they can reveal the underlying mechanisms of symptoms and monitor treatment progress and may predict future risk of developing schizophrenia. Despite the existence of various promising biomarkers that relate to symptoms across the schizophrenia spectrum, and despite published recommendations encouraging multivariate metrics, they are rarely investigated simultaneously within the same individuals. In those with schizophrenia, the magnitude of purported biomarkers is complicated by comorbid diagnoses, medications and other treatments. Here, we argue three points. First, we reiterate the importance of assessing multiple biomarkers simultaneously. Second, we argue that investigating biomarkers in those with schizophrenia-related traits (schizotypy) in the general population can accelerate progress in understanding the mechanisms of schizophrenia. We focus on biomarkers of sensory and working memory in schizophrenia and their smaller effects in individuals with nonclinical schizotypy. Third, we note irregularities across research domains leading to the current situation in which there is a preponderance of data on auditory sensory memory and visual working memory, but markedly less in visual (iconic) memory and auditory working memory, particularly when focusing on schizotypy where data are either scarce or inconsistent. Together, this review highlights opportunities for researchers without access to clinical populations to address gaps in knowledge. We conclude by highlighting the theory that early sensory memory deficits contribute negatively to working memory and vice versa. This presents a mechanistic perspective where biomarkers may interact with one another and impact schizophrenia-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Haigh
- Department of Psychology, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Programs in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, and Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Marian E. Berryhill
- Department of Psychology, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Programs in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, and Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Alexandrea Kilgore-Gomez
- Department of Psychology, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Programs in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, and Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Michael Dodd
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Jiang W, Rootes-Murdy K, Chen J, Bizzozero NIP, Calhoun VD, van Erp TGM, Ehrlich S, Agartz I, Jönsson EG, Andreassen OA, Wang L, Pearlson GD, Glahn DC, Hong E, Liu J, Turner JA. Multivariate alterations in insula - Medial prefrontal cortex linked to genetics in 12q24 in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2021; 306:114237. [PMID: 34655926 PMCID: PMC8643340 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct effect of genetic variations on clinical phenotypes within schizophrenia (SZ) remains elusive. We examined the previously identified association of reduced gray matter concentration in the insula - medial prefrontal cortex and a quantitative trait locus located in 12q24 in a SZ dataset. The main analysis was performed on 1461 SNPs and 830 participants. The highest contributing SNPs were localized in five genes including TMEM119, which encodes a microglial marker, that is associated with neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. The gene set in 12q4 may partially explain brain alterations in SZ, but they may also relate to other psychiatric and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, United States of America; Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Psychosomatics, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kelly Rootes-Murdy
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, United States of America
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, United States of America
| | | | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, United States of America
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, United States of America; Qureshey Research Laboratory, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA,United States of America
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States of America; Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lei Wang
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, United States of America
| | | | - David C Glahn
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, United States of America
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, United States of America; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, United States of America
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Barber L, Reniers R, Upthegrove R. A review of functional and structural neuroimaging studies to investigate the inner speech model of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:582. [PMID: 34764242 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations remains uncertain, the inner speech model remains a prominent theory. A systematic review and meta-analyses of both functional and structural neuroimaging studies were performed to investigate the inner speech model. Of the 417 papers retrieved, 26 met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses found the left insula to be significantly active during auditory verbal hallucinations and to have a significantly reduced grey matter volume in hallucinators. Dysfunction of the left insula may contribute to the misattribution of inner speech due to its suggested roles in both inner speech production and the salience network. No significant activity was found at Broca's area or Heschl's gyrus during auditory verbal hallucinations. Furthermore, no structural abnormalities were found at these sites or in the arcuate fasciculi. Overall, evidence was found to both support and oppose the inner speech model. Further research should particularly include a systematic review of task-based trait studies with a focus on inner speech production and self-referential processing, and analyses of additional language-related white matter tracts.
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Wang X, Cheng B, Roberts N, Wang S, Luo Y, Tian F, Yue S. Shared and distinct brain fMRI response during performance of working memory tasks in adult patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5458-5476. [PMID: 34431584 PMCID: PMC8519858 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) impairments are common features of psychiatric disorders. A systematic meta-analysis was performed to determine common and disorder-specific brain fMRI response during performance of WM tasks in patients with SZ and patients with MDD relative to healthy controls (HC). Thirty-four published fMRI studies of WM in patients with SZ and 18 published fMRI studies of WM in patients with MDD, including relevant HC, were included in the meta-analysis. In both SZ and MDD there was common stronger fMRI response in right medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which are part of the default mode network (DMN). The effects were of greater magnitude in SZ than MDD, especially in prefrontal-temporal-cingulate-striatal-cerebellar regions. In addition, a disorder-specific weaker fMRI response was observed in right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) in MDD, relative to HC. For both SZ and MDD a significant correlation was observed between the severity of clinical symptoms and lateralized fMRI response relative to HC. These findings indicate that there may be common and distinct anomalies in brain function underlying deficits in WM in SZ and MDD, which may serve as a potential functional neuroimaging-based diagnostic biomarker with value in supporting clinical diagnosis, measuring illness severity and assessing the efficacy of treatments for SZ and MDD at the brain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Bochao Cheng
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Neil Roberts
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Luo
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangfang Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Suping Yue
- Department of Psychiatry, the Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
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Yang F, Ma H, Yuan J, Wei Y, Xu L, Zhang Y, Kang C, Yang J. Correlation of abnormalities in resting state fMRI with executive functioning in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2021; 299:113862. [PMID: 33735738 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have consistently demonstrated that neurocognitive and social cognitive impairments are commonly observed in schizophrenia, the neural substrates of deficits of cognitive function remain unclear, especially for the chronic schizophrenia. There has been little resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) study of cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia. In this study we aimed to investigate the changes of rs-fMRI signals with regional homogeneity (ReHo), and explore the correlations between abnormal regional activity and cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia. METHODS Altogether 76 subjects, 37 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 39 normal controls matched approximately for age, gender and education level were enrolled. All subjects were evaluated psychotic symptoms by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and cognitive function by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Conventional MRI and rs-fMRI were performed in all subjects. ReHo was calculated to measure the temporal synchronization of a given voxel and its neighboring voxels based on Kendall coefficient of concordance (KCC) in the rs-fMRI. RESULTS For the numbers of achieved categories, percentage of conceptual level response in the scores of WCST, the patient group was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05). For the total errors, perseverative errors, non-perseverative errors, the patient group was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). Significant differences in ReHo were found in 11 regions (included five activated and five with decreased activity in the cerebrum and one with decreased activity in the cerebellum) in the chronic schizophrenia patients when compared with the normal controls. The ReHo map clusters that were significantly different between the two groups showed no significant correlation with clinical symptoms. Correlation of the whole brain with subscores of PANSS-T, PANSS-P, PANSS-N and WCST were significantly found in some regions. CONCLUSIONS The study identified five increased and six decreased spontaneous synchrony in the cerebrum and cerebellum in chronic schizophrenia patients compared to the normal matched controls, which were associated with positive, negative symptoms, and deficits of executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China; Department of Psychiatry, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Inner Mongolia 010020, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China; Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650018, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Yujun Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Chuanyuan Kang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jianzhong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China.
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Wolf RC, Hildebrandt V, Schmitgen MM, Pycha R, Kirchler E, Macina C, Karner M, Hirjak D, Kubera KM, Romanov D, Freudenmann RW, Huber M. Aberrant Gray Matter Volume and Cortical Surface in Paranoid-Type Delusional Disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 79:335-344. [PMID: 32160619 DOI: 10.1159/000505601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delusions are core symptoms of schizophrenia-spectrum and related disorders. Despite their clinical relevance, the neural correlates underlying such phenomena are unclear. Recent research suggests that specific delusional content may be associated with distinct neural substrates. OBJECTIVE Here, we used structural magnetic resonance imaging to investigate multiple parameters of brain morphology in patients presenting with paranoid type delusional disorder (pt-DD, n = 14) compared to those of healthy controls (HC, n = 25). METHODS Voxel- and surface-based morphometry for structural data was used to investigate gray matter volume (GMV), cortical thickness (CT) and gyrification. RESULTS Compared to HC, patients with pt-DD showed reduced GMV in bilateral amygdala and right inferior frontal gyrus. Higher GMV in patients was found in bilateral orbitofrontal and in left superior frontal cortices. Patients also had lower CT in frontal and temporal regions. Abnormal gyrification in patients was evident in frontal and temporal areas, as well as in bilateral insula. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest the presence of aberrant GMV in a right prefrontal region associated with belief evaluation, as well as distinct structural abnormalities in areas that essentially subserve processing of fear, anxiety and threat in patients with pt-DD. It is possible that cortical features of distinct evolutionary and genetic origin, i.e. CT and gyrification, contribute differently to the pathogenesis of pt-DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Christian Wolf
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,
| | - Viviane Hildebrandt
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike M Schmitgen
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger Pycha
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy
| | - Erwin Kirchler
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy
| | - Christian Macina
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy
| | - Martin Karner
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katharina M Kubera
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Romanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Markus Huber
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy
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9
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Smith ET. Examining tensions in the past and present uses of concepts. Stud Hist Philos Sci 2020; 84:84-94. [PMID: 33218469 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Examining tensions between the past and present uses of scientific concepts can help clarify their contributions as tools in experimental practices. This point can be illustrated by considering the concepts of mental imagery and hallucinations: despite debates over their respective referential reliabilities remaining unresolved within their interdependent histories, both are used as independently stable concepts in neuroimaging experiments. Building on an account of how these concepts function as tools structured for pursuit of diverging goals in experiments, this paper explores this tension by re-examining the continued reliance of each concept on inverse characterisations inherited from the nominally-discarded 'mediator-view' of sensory-like mental phenomena (SLMP). In doing so, I seek to demonstrate how examining unresolved tensions can help highlight that entrenched associations can remain both integral to, and obscured by, the uses of concepts as goal-directed tools within experimental practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden T Smith
- School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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10
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Herman AB, Brown EG, Dale CL, Hinkley LB, Subramaniam K, Houde JF, Fisher M, Vinogradov S, Nagarajan SS. The Visual Word Form Area compensates for auditory working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8881. [PMID: 32483253 PMCID: PMC7264140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory working memory impairments feature prominently in schizophrenia. However, the existence of altered and perhaps compensatory neural dynamics, sub-serving auditory working memory, remains largely unexplored. We compared the dynamics of induced high gamma power (iHGP) across cortex in humans during speech-sound working memory in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy comparison subjects (HC) using magnetoencephalography (MEG). SZ showed similar task performance to HC while utilizing different brain regions. During encoding of speech sounds, SZ lacked the correlation of iHGP with task performance in posterior superior temporal gyrus (STGp) that was observed in healthy subjects. Instead, SZ recruited the visual word form area (VWFA) during both stimulus encoding and response preparation. Importantly, VWFA activity during encoding correlated with the magnitude of SZ hallucinations, task performance and an independent measure of verbal working memory. These findings suggest that VWFA plasticity is harnessed to compensate for STGp dysfunction in schizophrenia patients with hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Herman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- UCB-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ethan G Brown
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Corby L Dale
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Leighton B Hinkley
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karuna Subramaniam
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John F Houde
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Fisher
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- San Francisco Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- San Francisco Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Srikantan S Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Huang AS, Rogers BP, Anticevic A, Blackford JU, Heckers S, Woodward ND. Brain function during stages of working memory in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:2136-2142. [PMID: 31185485 PMCID: PMC6898667 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is impaired in psychotic disorders and linked to functional outcome. Most neurobiological models emphasize prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction in the etiology of WM impairment. However, WM is composed of multiple processes, including encoding and maintenance, and the delineation of the neurobiology of these sub-processes has not been well characterized in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. Functional MRI was obtained during an event-related spatial delayed match-to-sample task from 58 healthy individuals, 72 individuals with schizophrenia and 41 people with bipolar I disorder with psychotic features in order to: 1) characterize neural responses during encoding, maintenance and retrieval stages of WM using complementary region-of-interest and whole brain approaches; 2) determine whether schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder exhibit similar abnormalities in WM-related brain function; and 3) elucidate the associations between WM-related brain function, task performance, and neuropsychological functioning. Both schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder groups showed encoding- and maintenance-related impairments in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and frontal eye fields (FEF). BOLD response in the PPC and FEF, during encoding and maintenance respectively, was associated with task performance independent of group. Additionally, encoding-related activation in the PPC correlated with general neuropsychological functioning independent of group. Only encoding-related activation in the right ventral striatum differed between schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder; individuals with schizophrenia showed significantly lower activation than both psychotic bipolar disorder and healthy groups. Our results are consistent with emerging evidence implicating PPC dysfunction in WM impairment and suggest interventions targeting neural activation in PPC may improve WM and neuropsychological functioning across psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Huang
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Baxter P. Rogers
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Alan Anticevic
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37212 USA ,0000 0004 0370 7685grid.34474.30Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Health Scientist, Research and Development, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Neil D. Woodward
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37212 USA
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12
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Gaudiot C, Du X, Summerfelt A, Hare SM, Bustillo JR, Rowland LM, Hong LE. A working memory related mechanism of auditory hallucinations. J Abnorm Psychol 2019; 128:423-430. [PMID: 31058523 PMCID: PMC6774251 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive mechanisms underlying auditory hallucinations (AH) in schizophrenia have been related to working memory (WM), although the formative mechanism is unknown. The phonological loop refers to subvocal rehearsals of information held online for supporting WM. As WM deficiency is frequent in schizophrenia, we hypothesized that AH and WM deficit share a common dysfunction in phonological loop operation, especially when it is taxed by ambiguous auditory and verbal associations. We developed an active phonological priming (APP) paradigm in which participants generated arbitrary verbal associations to pseudowords with ambiguous meaning. They were later asked to rate their familiarity to each pseudoword, a task that required subvocal evaluation of ambiguous auditory-verbal information. Factor and mediation analyses were used to test the hypothesis that WM, AH, and APP induced phonological bias toward perceiving ambiguous contents as familiar may share a common underlying mechanism. In 32 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 20 healthy controls (HC), SZ rated ambiguous pseudowords as significantly more familiar compared with HC (p = .006), indicating a proneness to APP-induced bias. This increased subjective bias to perceive ambiguous contents as familiar after APP significantly correlated with AH severity (p = .001) and mediated the relationship between WM and AH. Factor analysis demonstrated a common latent factor among WM, AH, and the bias induced by active priming to ambiguous contents. A heightened phonological loop priming to ambiguous contents appears to be mechanistically linked to WM deficits and AH in schizophrenia. These findings emphasize the importance of jointly addressing WM deficits and AH in clinical practice and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gaudiot
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ann Summerfelt
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephanie M. Hare
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juan R. Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Mennigen E, Jiang W, Calhoun VD, van Erp TGM, Agartz I, Ford JM, Mueller BA, Liu J, Turner JA. Positive and general psychopathology associated with specific gray matter reductions in inferior temporal regions in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 208:242-249. [PMID: 30819594 PMCID: PMC6544466 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that affects perception, cognition, and emotion causing symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and suspiciousness. Schizophrenia is also associated with structural cortical abnormalities including lower gray matter (GM) concentration, GM volume, and cortical thickness relative to healthy control individuals. However, the association between GM measures and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia is still not well understood. Here, we applied parallel independent component analysis (pICA), a higher-order statistical approach that identifies covarying patterns within two (or more) data modalities simultaneously, to link covarying brain networks of GM concentration with covarying linear combinations of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). In a large sample of patients with schizophrenia (n = 337) the association between these two data modalities was investigated. The pICA revealed a distinct PANSS profile characterized by increased delusional symptoms, suspiciousness, hallucinations, and anxiety, that was associated with a pattern of lower GM concentration in inferior temporal gyri and fusiform gyri and higher GM concentration in the sensorimotor cortex. GM alterations replicate previous findings; additionally, applying a multivariate technique, we were able to map a very specific symptom profile onto these GM alterations extending our understanding of cortical abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. Techniques like parallel ICA can reveal linked patterns of alterations across different data modalities that can help to identify biologically-informed phenotypes which might help to improve future treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mennigen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Theo GM van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Centre for Psychosis Research, Division Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Judith M. Ford
- San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryon A. Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jingyu Liu
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Chatterjee I, Kumar V, Sharma S, Dhingra D, Rana B, Agarwal M, Kumar N. Identification of brain regions associated with working memory deficit in schizophrenia. F1000Res 2019; 8:124. [PMID: 31069066 PMCID: PMC6480944 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17731.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia, a severe psychological disorder, shows symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. In addition, patients with schizophrenia often exhibit a deficit in working memory which adversely impacts the attentiveness and the behavioral characteristics of a person. Although several clinical efforts have already been made to study working memory deficit in schizophrenia, in this paper, we investigate the applicability of a machine learning approach for identification of the brain regions that get affected by schizophrenia leading to the dysfunction of the working memory. Methods: We propose a novel scheme for identification of the affected brain regions from functional magnetic resonance imaging data by deploying group independent component analysis in conjunction with feature extraction based on statistical measures, followed by sequential forward feature selection. The features that show highest accuracy during the classification between healthy and schizophrenia subjects are selected. Results: This study reveals several brain regions like cerebellum, inferior temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, insula, and amygdala that have been reported in the existing literature, thus validating the proposed approach. We are also able to identify some functional changes in the brain regions, such as Heschl gyrus and the vermian area, which have not been reported in the literature involving working memory studies amongst schizophrenia patients. Conclusions: As our study confirms the results obtained in earlier studies, in addition to pointing out some brain regions not reported in earlier studies, the findings are likely to serve as a cue for clinical investigation, leading to better medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranath Chatterjee
- Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, DELHI, 110007, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, DELHI, 110029, India
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, DELHI, 110007, India
| | - Divyanshi Dhingra
- Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, DELHI, 110007, India
| | - Bharti Rana
- Department of Computer Science, Hans Raj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, DELHI, 110007, India
| | - Manoj Agarwal
- Department of Computer Science, Hans Raj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, DELHI, 110007, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, DELHI, 110007, India
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15
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Sanfratello L, Aine C, Stephen J. Neuroimaging investigations of dorsal stream processing and effects of stimulus synchrony in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 278:56-64. [PMID: 29884441 PMCID: PMC6252286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in auditory and visual processing are common in schizophrenia (SP). In the unisensory realm visual deficits are primarily noted for the dorsal visual stream. In addition, insensitivity to timing offsets between stimuli are widely reported for SP. The aim of the present study was to test at the physiological level differences in dorsal/ventral stream visual processing and timing sensitivity between SP and healthy controls (HC) using MEG and a simple auditory/visual task utilizing a variety of multisensory conditions. The paradigm included all combinations of synchronous/asynchronous and central/peripheral stimuli, yielding 4 task conditions. Both HC and SP groups showed activation in parietal areas (dorsal visual stream) during all multisensory conditions, with parietal areas showing decreased activation for SP relative to HC, and a significantly delayed peak of activation for SP in intraparietal sulcus (IPS). We also observed a differential effect of stimulus synchrony on HC and SP parietal response. Furthermore, a (negative) correlation was found between SP positive symptoms and activity in IPS. Taken together, our results provide evidence of impairment of the dorsal visual stream in SP during a multisensory task, along with an altered response to timing offsets between presented multisensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Sanfratello
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA.
| | - Cheryl Aine
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA
| | - Julia Stephen
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA
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16
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Kustermann T, Popov T, Miller GA, Rockstroh B. Verbal working memory-related neural network communication in schizophrenia. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13088. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tzvetan Popov
- Department of Psychology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Gregory A. Miller
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
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17
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Nakano S, Shoji Y, Morita K, Igimi H, Sato M, Ishii Y, Kondo A, Uchimura N. Comparison of changes in oxygenated hemoglobin during the tree-drawing task between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:1071-1082. [PMID: 29719398 PMCID: PMC5916263 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s159984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tree-drawing test is used as a projective psychological test that expresses the abnormal internal experience in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). Despite the widely accepted view that the cognitive function is involved in characteristic tree-drawing in patients with SZ, no study has psychophysiologically examined it. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of cognitive function during tree-drawing in patients with SZ. For that purpose, we evaluated the brain function in patients with SZ during a tree-drawing task by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and compared them with those in healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS The subjects were 28 healthy controls and 28 patients with SZ. Changes in the oxygenated hemoglobin ([oxy-Hb]) concentration in both the groups during the task of drawing a tree imagined freely (free-drawing task) and the task of copying an illustration of a tree (copying task) were measured by using NIRS. RESULTS Because of the difference between the task conditions, [oxy-Hb] levels in controls during the free-drawing task were higher than that during the copying task at the bilateral frontal pole regions and left inferior frontal region. Because of the difference between the groups, [oxy-Hb] levels at the left middle frontal region, bilateral inferior frontal regions, bilateral inferior parietal regions, and left superior temporal region during the free-drawing task in patients were lower than that in controls. CONCLUSION [oxy-Hb] during the tree-drawing task in patients with SZ was lower than that in healthy controls. Our results suggest that brain dysfunction in patients with SZ might be associated with their tree-drawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Nakano
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shoji
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Morita
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Igimi
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Horikawa Hospital, Medical Corporation Association Horikawakai, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mamoru Sato
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Youhei Ishii
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Naohisa Uchimura
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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18
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Jenkins LM, Bodapati AS, Sharma RP, Rosen C. Working memory predicts presence of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:84-94. [PMID: 28562181 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1321106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The recent dramatic increase in research investigating auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) has broadened the former narrow focus on schizophrenia to incorporate additional populations that experience these symptoms. However, an understanding of potential shared mechanisms remains elusive. Based on theories suggesting a failure of top-down cognitive control, we aimed to compare the relationship between AVHs and cognition in two categorical diagnoses of psychosis, schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. METHOD A total of 124 adults aged 21-60 participated, of whom 76 had present-state psychosis (schizophrenia, n = 53; bipolar disorder with psychosis, n = 23), and 48 were non-clinical controls. Diagnosis and hallucination presence was determined using the Structured Clinical Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV TR. AVHs severity was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Participants also completed the MATRICS cognitive battery. RESULTS The bipolar disorder with psychosis group performed better than the schizophrenia group for cognitive domains of Processing speed, Attention, Working memory (WM), and Visual memory. Hierarchical binary logistic regression found that WM significantly predicted presence of AVHs in both psychotic groups, but diagnosis did not significantly increase the predictive value of the model. A hierarchical multiple linear regression found that schizophrenia diagnosis was the only significant predictor of hallucination severity. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study-the first, to our knowledge, to compare the relationship between AVHs and MATRICS domains across schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis-support theories that deficits in WM underly the genesis of AVHs. WM potentially represents a shared mechanism of AVHs across diagnoses, supporting dimensional classifications of these psychotic disorders. However, non-cognitive factors predictive of hallucination severity may be specific to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M Jenkins
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Anjuli S Bodapati
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Rajiv P Sharma
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Cherise Rosen
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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19
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Garrison JR, Fernandez-Egea E, Zaman R, Agius M, Simons JS. Reality monitoring impairment in schizophrenia reflects specific prefrontal cortex dysfunction. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 14:260-268. [PMID: 28203529 PMCID: PMC5292760 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reality monitoring impairment is often reported in schizophrenia but the neural basis of this deficit is poorly understood. Difficulties with reality monitoring could be attributable to the same pattern of neural dysfunction as other cognitive deficits that characterize schizophrenia, or might instead represent a separable and dissociable impairment. This question was addressed through direct comparison of behavioral performance and neural activity associated with reality monitoring and working memory in patients with schizophrenia and matched healthy controls. Participants performed a word-pair reality monitoring task and a Sternberg working memory task while undergoing fMRI scanning. Distinct behavioral deficits were observed in the patients during performance of each task, which were associated with separable task- and region-specific dysfunction in the medial anterior prefrontal cortex for reality monitoring and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for working memory. The results suggest that reality monitoring impairment is a distinct neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia. The findings are consistent with the presence of a range of dissociable cognitive deficits in schizophrenia which may be associated with variable functional and structural dysconnectivity in underlying processing networks. We examined reality monitoring and working memory in patients with schizophrenia. Distinct behavioral deficits observed during performance of each task Separable task- and region-specific dysfunction in distinct prefrontal cortex regions Reality monitoring appears to be a distinct neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane R Garrison
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Emilio Fernandez-Egea
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Rashid Zaman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; East London Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Mark Agius
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK
| | - Jon S Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
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20
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Liu TT, Glover GH, Mueller BA, Greve DN, Rasmussen J, Voyvodic JT, Turner JA, van Erp TGM, Mathalon DH, Andersen K, Lu K, Brown GG, Keator DB, Calhoun VD, Lee HJ, Ford JM, Diaz M, O’Leary DS, Gadde S, Preda A, Lim KO, Wible CG, Stern HS, Belger A, McCarthy G, Ozyurt B, Potkin SG. Quality Assurance in Functional MRI. fMRI: From Nuclear Spins to Brain Functions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7591-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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21
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de la Iglesia-Vaya M, Escartí MJ, Molina-Mateo J, Martí-Bonmatí L, Gadea M, Castellanos FX, Aguilar García-Iturrospe EJ, Robles M, Biswal BB, Sanjuan J. Abnormal synchrony and effective connectivity in patients with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 6:171-9. [PMID: 25379429 PMCID: PMC4215518 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Auditory hallucinations (AH) are the most frequent positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Hallucinations have been related to emotional processing disturbances, altered functional connectivity and effective connectivity deficits. Previously, we observed that, compared to healthy controls, the limbic network responses of patients with auditory hallucinations differed when the subjects were listening to emotionally charged words. We aimed to compare the synchrony patterns and effective connectivity of task-related networks between schizophrenia patients with and without AH and healthy controls. Schizophrenia patients with AH (n = 27) and without AH (n = 14) were compared with healthy participants (n = 31). We examined functional connectivity by analyzing correlations and cross-correlations among previously detected independent component analysis time courses. Granger causality was used to infer the information flow direction in the brain regions. The results demonstrate that the patterns of cortico-cortical functional synchrony differentiated the patients with AH from the patients without AH and from the healthy participants. Additionally, Granger-causal relationships between the networks clearly differentiated the groups. In the patients with AH, the principal causal source was an occipital-cerebellar component, versus a temporal component in the patients without AH and the healthy controls. These data indicate that an anomalous process of neural connectivity exists when patients with AH process emotional auditory stimuli. Additionally, a central role is suggested for the cerebellum in processing emotional stimuli in patients with persistent AH.
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Key Words
- AH, auditory hallucinations
- Auditory hallucinations
- BOLD, blood oxygenation level dependent
- BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
- CCTC, cortico-cerebellar–thalamic–cortical
- Cerebellum
- CoI, component of interest
- Effective connectivity
- Functional connectivity
- GCCA, Granger causal connectivity analysis
- ICA, independent component analysis
- ICA-TC, ICA-time course
- MRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- MVAR, multivariate autoregression
- PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
- PSYRATS, Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale
- SPM, statistical parametric maps
- Schizophrenia
- Synchrony
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de la Iglesia-Vaya
- Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Image (CEIB), Regional Ministry of Health in the Valencia Region (CS), C./Micer Masco nº 31-33, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Brain Connectivity Lab, Prince Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), C./Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic), nº 3, Valencia 46012, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- GIBI230 (Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Imagen, CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Spain
| | - Maria José Escartí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinic Hospital, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Jose Molina-Mateo
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Martí-Bonmatí
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- GIBI230 (Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Imagen, CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Spain
| | - Marien Gadea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology. University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo J. Aguilar García-Iturrospe
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinic Hospital, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Montserrat Robles
- Instituto de Aplicaciones de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones Avanzadas (ITACA), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bharat B. Biswal
- Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinic Hospital, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Gisselgård J, Anda LG, Brønnick K, Langeveld J, Ten Velden Hegelstad W, Joa I, Johannessen JO, Larsen TK. Verbal working memory deficits predict levels of auditory hallucination in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2014; 153:38-41. [PMID: 24457037 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auditory verbal hallucinations are a characteristic symptom in schizophrenia. Recent causal models of auditory verbal hallucinations propose that cognitive mechanisms involving verbal working memory are involved in the genesis of auditory verbal hallucinations. Thus, in the present study, we investigate the hypothesis that verbal working memory is a specific factor behind auditory verbal hallucinations. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the association between verbal working memory manipulation (Backward Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing) and auditory verbal hallucinations in a population study (N=52) of first episode psychosis. The degree of auditory verbal hallucination as reported in the P3-subscale of the PANSS interview was included as dependent variable using sequential multiple regression, while controlling for age, psychosis symptom severity, executive cognitive functions and simple auditory working memory span. RESULTS Multiple sequential regression analyses revealed verbal working memory manipulation to be the only significant predictor of verbal hallucination severity. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with cognitive data from auditory verbal hallucinations in healthy individuals, the present results suggest a specific association between auditory verbal hallucinations, and cognitive processes involving the manipulation of phonological representations during a verbal working memory task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Gisselgård
- Stavanger University Hospital, TIPS, Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Liss Gøril Anda
- Stavanger University Hospital, TIPS, Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kolbjørn Brønnick
- Stavanger University Hospital, TIPS, Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger, Norway; Network for Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Johannes Langeveld
- Stavanger University Hospital, TIPS, Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Inge Joa
- Stavanger University Hospital, TIPS, Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger, Norway; Network for Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan Olav Johannessen
- Stavanger University Hospital, TIPS, Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger, Norway; Network for Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tor Ketil Larsen
- Stavanger University Hospital, TIPS, Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger, Norway
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Oertel-Knöchel V, Knöchel C, Matura S, Prvulovic D, Linden DEJ, van de Ven V. Reduced functional connectivity and asymmetry of the planum temporale in patients with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives. Schizophr Res 2013; 147:331-8. [PMID: 23672819 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The planum temporale (PT) is a highly lateralized brain area associated with auditory and language processing. In schizophrenia, reduced structural and functional laterality of the PT has been suggested, which is of clinical interest because of its potential role in the generation of auditory verbal hallucinations. We investigated whether resting-state functional imaging (fMRI) of the PT reveals aberrant functional connectivity and laterality in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and unaffected relatives, and examined possible associations between altered intrinsic functional organization of auditory networks and hallucinations. We estimated functional connectivity between bilateral PT and whole-brain in 24 SZ patients, 22 unaffected first-degree relatives and 24 matched healthy controls. The results indicated reduced functional connectivity between PT and temporal, parietal, limbic and subcortical regions in SZ patients and relatives in comparison with controls. Altered functional connectivity correlated with predisposition towards hallucinations (measured with the Revised Hallucination Scale [RHS]) in both patients and relatives. We also observed reduced functional asymmetry of the superior temporal gyrus in patients and relatives, which correlated significantly with acute severity of hallucinations in the patient group. To conclude, SZ patients and relatives showed abnormal asymmetry and aberrant connectivity in the planum temporale during resting-state, which was related to psychopathology. These results are in line with results from auditory processing and symptom-mapping studies that suggest that the PT is a central node in the generation of hallucinations. Our findings support reduced intrinsic functional hemispheric asymmetry of the auditory network as a possible trait marker in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Oertel-Knöchel
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe Univ., Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Tracy DK, Shergill SS. Mechanisms Underlying Auditory Hallucinations-Understanding Perception without Stimulus. Brain Sci 2013; 3:642-69. [PMID: 24961419 PMCID: PMC4061847 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3020642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a common phenomenon, occurring in the “healthy” population as well as in several mental illnesses, most notably schizophrenia. Current thinking supports a spectrum conceptualisation of AVH: several neurocognitive hypotheses of AVH have been proposed, including the “feed-forward” model of failure to provide appropriate information to somatosensory cortices so that stimuli appear unbidden, and an “aberrant memory model” implicating deficient memory processes. Neuroimaging and connectivity studies are in broad agreement with these with a general dysconnectivity between frontotemporal regions involved in language, memory and salience properties. Disappointingly many AVH remain resistant to standard treatments and persist for many years. There is a need to develop novel therapies to augment existing pharmacological and psychological therapies: transcranial magnetic stimulation has emerged as a potential treatment, though more recent clinical data has been less encouraging. Our understanding of AVH remains incomplete though much progress has been made in recent years. We herein provide a broad overview and review of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Tracy
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Sukhwinder S Shergill
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Asami T, Saito Y, Whitford TJ, Makris N, Niznikiewicz M, McCarley RW, Shenton ME, Kubicki M. Abnormalities of middle longitudinal fascicle and disorganization in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 143:253-9. [PMID: 23290607 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The middle longitudinal fascicle (MdLF) is a long association fiber connecting the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and temporal pole with the angular gyrus through the white matter of the STG, structures which are known to play a crucial role in the pathology of schizophrenia. Functions of MdLF are thought to be related to language and thought processing in the left hemisphere, and with attention in the right hemisphere. While deficits of these functions are core clinical features of schizophrenia, no study has investigated the structural abnormalities of MdLF in schizophrenia. METHOD 3T diffusion tensor data was acquired from twenty-six patients with schizophrenia and twenty-five healthy control subjects. Streamline tractography technique was used to extract MdLF. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was compared between the two groups. In addition, relationships were investigated between FA in the left MdLF and the Disorganized Thoughts Factor derived from the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale five factor model, and between FA in the right MdLF and the Poor Attention. RESULT Relative to control subjects, the patients with chronic schizophrenia showed significant mean FA reductions in the bilateral MdLF. The FA of the left MdLF demonstrated a significant negative association with the Disorganized Thoughts Factor, and the FA of the right MdLF showed a significant negative relationship with the Poor Attention. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new evidence for structural deficits in the bilateral MdLF in patients with chronic schizophrenia. It further demonstrates the contribution of these abnormalities to the core clinical features - especially to disorganization and attention deficit.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in coherent cortical circuit functioning, reflected in gamma band activity (to approximately 40 Hz), may be a core deficit in schizophrenia. The early auditory gamma band response (EAGBR) is a neurophysiologically simple probe of circuit functioning in primary auditory cortex. We examined the EAGBR in first hospitalized schizophrenia to assess whether it was reduced at first hospitalization. METHOD Wavelet evoked power and intertrial phase locking of the EAGBR at Fz to standard tones during an oddball target detection task were examined in 28 first hospitalized schizophrenia patients (10 female) and 44 control subjects (17 female). RESULTS At first hospitalization EAGBR trial-to-trial phase locking and evoked power were significantly reduced in patients. Although reduced overall in patients, greater total symptoms were significantly associated with greater gamma phase locking and power. Additionally, greater EAGBR power was marginally associated with greater positive factor scores, hallucinations, and thinking disturbance. CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities of gamma band functioning in local auditory sensory circuits are present in schizophrenia at first hospitalization further evidence that basic sensory processes are impaired in schizophrenia. It remains to be determined whether the EAGBR becomes permanently impaired with disease progression, and if its reduction is specific to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grantley W. Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Robert W. McCarley
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA 02301, USA
| | - Dean F. Salisbury
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA,Correspondence to: Dean F. Salisbury, PhD, Clinical Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Oxford Building, 3501 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Tel.: + 1 (412) 246-5123,
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Pesa N, Hermens DF, Battisti RA, Kaur M, Hickie IB, Solowij N. Delayed preattentional functioning in early psychosis patients with cannabis use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:507-18. [PMID: 22402706 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cannabis use is prevalent among the early psychosis (EP) population. The event-related potentials, mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a are reduced in EP. Cannabinoids have been shown to modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors which are involved in MMN generation. OBJECTIVES This study is the first to investigate the effects of cannabis use on MMN/P3a in EP. METHODS EP was defined as a history of psychosis or psychotic symptoms with no progression to date to chronic schizophrenia. Twenty-two EP patients with cannabis use (EP + CANN), 22 non-cannabis-using EP patients (EP-CANN) and 21 healthy controls participated in this study. MMN/P3a was elicited using a two-tone, auditory paradigm with 8% duration deviants. RESULTS As expected, EP-CANN showed marked reductions in MMN/P3a amplitudes compared to controls. However, EP + CANN showed evidence of a different pattern of neurophysiological expression of MMN/P3a compared to non-using patients, most notably in terms of delayed frontal MMN/P3a latencies. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence that MMN/P3a deficits are present during early psychosis and suggests that this biomarker may have utility in differentiating substance- from non-substance-related psychoses.
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Kayser J, Tenke CE, Kroppmann CJ, Alschuler DM, Fekri S, Gil R, Jarskog LF, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Bruder GE. A neurophysiological deficit in early visual processing in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1168-78. [PMID: 22803512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Existing 67-channel event-related potentials, obtained during recognition and working memory paradigms with words or faces, were used to examine early visual processing in schizophrenia patients prone to auditory hallucinations (AH, n = 26) or not (NH, n = 49) and healthy controls (HC, n = 46). Current source density (CSD) transforms revealed distinct, strongly left- (words) or right-lateralized (faces; N170) inferior-temporal N1 sinks (150 ms) in each group. N1 was quantified by temporal PCA of peak-adjusted CSDs. For words and faces in both paradigms, N1 was substantially reduced in AH compared with NH and HC, who did not differ from each other. The difference in N1 between AH and NH was not due to overall symptom severity or performance accuracy, with both groups showing comparable memory deficits. Our findings extend prior reports of reduced auditory N1 in AH, suggesting a broader early perceptual integration deficit that is not limited to the auditory modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
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29
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Waters F, Allen P, Aleman A, Fernyhough C, Woodward TS, Badcock JC, Barkus E, Johns L, Varese F, Menon M, Vercammen A, Larøi F. Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and nonschizophrenia populations: a review and integrated model of cognitive mechanisms. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38:683-93. [PMID: 22446568 PMCID: PMC3406530 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the majority of cognitive studies on auditory hallucinations (AHs) have been conducted in schizophrenia (SZ), an increasing number of researchers are turning their attention to different clinical and nonclinical populations, often using SZ findings as a model for research. Recent advances derived from SZ studies can therefore be utilized to make substantial progress on AH research in other groups. The objectives of this article were to (1) present an up-to-date review regarding the cognitive mechanisms of AHs in SZ, (2) review findings from cognitive research conducted in other clinical and nonclinical groups, and (3) integrate these recent findings into a cohesive framework. First, SZ studies show that the cognitive underpinnings of AHs include self-source-monitoring deficits and executive and inhibitory control dysfunctions as well as distortions in top-down mechanisms, perceptual and linguistic processes, and emotional factors. Second, consistent with SZ studies, findings in other population groups point to the role of top-down processing, abnormalities in executive inhibition, and negative emotions. Finally, we put forward an integrated model of AHs that incorporates the above findings. We suggest that AHs arise from an interaction between abnormal neural activation patterns that produce salient auditory signals and top-down mechanisms that include signal detection errors, executive and inhibition deficits, a tapestry of expectations and memories, and state characteristics that influence how these experiences are interpreted. Emotional factors play a particular prominent role at all levels of this hierarchy. Our model is distinctively powerful in explaining a range of phenomenological characteristics of AH across a spectrum of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Waters
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Graylands Hospital, North Metro Area Mental Health Perth, Australia.
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - André Aleman
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Todd S. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,Department of Research, BC Mental Health and Addiction Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Johanna C. Badcock
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Graylands Hospital, Perth, Australia,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Emma Barkus
- School of psychology, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise Johns
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London UK
| | - Filippo Varese
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, North Wales, UK
| | - Mahesh Menon
- Schizophrenia Program and PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ans Vercammen
- Schizophrenia Program and PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frank Larøi
- Department of Psychology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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30
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Wible CG. Hippocampal temporal-parietal junction interaction in the production of psychotic symptoms: a framework for understanding the schizophrenic syndrome. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:180. [PMID: 22737114 PMCID: PMC3381447 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A framework is described for understanding the schizophrenic syndrome at the brain systems level. It is hypothesized that over-activation of dynamic gesture and social perceptual processes in the temporal-parietal occipital junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (PSTS) and surrounding regions produce the syndrome (including positive and negative symptoms, their prevalence, prodromal signs, and cognitive deficits). Hippocampal system hyper-activity and atrophy have been consistently found in schizophrenia. Hippocampal activity is highly correlated with activity in the TPJ and may be a source of over-excitation of the TPJ and surrounding regions. Strong evidence for this comes from in-vivo recordings in humans during psychotic episodes. Many positive symptoms of schizophrenia can be reframed as the erroneous sense of a presence or other who is observing, acting, speaking, or controlling; these qualia are similar to those evoked during abnormal activation of the TPJ. The TPJ and PSTS play a key role in the perception (and production) of dynamic social, emotional, and attentional gestures for the self and others (e.g., body/face/eye gestures, audiovisual speech and prosody, and social attentional gestures such as eye gaze). The single cell representation of dynamic gestures is multimodal (auditory, visual, tactile), matching the predominant hallucinatory categories in schizophrenia. Inherent in the single cell perceptual signal of dynamic gesture representations is a computation of intention, agency, and anticipation or expectancy (for the self and others). Stimulation of the TPJ resulting in activation of the self representation has been shown to result a feeling of a presence or multiple presences (due to heautoscopy) and also bizarre tactile experiences. Neurons in the TPJ are also tuned, or biased to detect threat related emotions. Abnormal over-activation in this system could produce the conscious hallucination of a voice (audiovisual speech), a person or a touch. Over-activation could interfere with attentional/emotional gesture perception and production (negative symptoms). It could produce the unconscious feeling of being watched, followed, or of a social situation unfolding along with accompanying abnormal perception of intent and agency (delusions). Abnormal activity in the TPJ would also be predicted to create several cognitive disturbances that are characteristic of schizophrenia, including abnormalities in attention, predictive social processing, working memory, and a bias to erroneously perceive threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia G Wible
- Laboratory for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Brockton MA, USA
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31
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Alba-Ferrara L, Fernyhough C, Weis S, Mitchell RLC, Hausmann M. Contributions of emotional prosody comprehension deficits to the formation of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32:244-50. [PMID: 22459787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in emotional processing have been widely described in schizophrenia. Associations of positive symptoms with poor emotional prosody comprehension (EPC) have been reported at the phenomenological, behavioral, and neural levels. This review focuses on the relation between emotional processing deficits and auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). We explore the possibility that the relation between AVH and EPC in schizophrenia might be mediated by the disruption of a common mechanism intrinsic to auditory processing, and that, moreover, prosodic feature processing deficits play a pivotal role in the formation of AVH. The review concludes with proposing a mechanism by which AVH are constituted and showing how different aspects of our neuropsychological model can explain the constellation of subjective experiences which occur in relation to AVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Alba-Ferrara
- Roskamp Laboratory of Brain Development, Modulation and Repair. Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, FL, USA.
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32
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Glover GH, Mueller BA, Turner JA, van Erp TGM, Liu TT, Greve DN, Voyvodic JT, Rasmussen J, Brown GG, Keator DB, Calhoun VD, Lee HJ, Ford JM, Mathalon DH, Diaz M, O'Leary DS, Gadde S, Preda A, Lim KO, Wible CG, Stern HS, Belger A, McCarthy G, Ozyurt B, Potkin SG. Function biomedical informatics research network recommendations for prospective multicenter functional MRI studies. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 36:39-54. [PMID: 22314879 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This report provides practical recommendations for the design and execution of multicenter functional MRI (MC-fMRI) studies based on the collective experience of the Function Biomedical Informatics Research Network (FBIRN). The study was inspired by many requests from the fMRI community to FBIRN group members for advice on how to conduct MC-fMRI studies. The introduction briefly discusses the advantages and complexities of MC-fMRI studies. Prerequisites for MC-fMRI studies are addressed before delving into the practical aspects of carefully and efficiently setting up a MC-fMRI study. Practical multisite aspects include: (i) establishing and verifying scan parameters including scanner types and magnetic fields, (ii) establishing and monitoring of a scanner quality program, (iii) developing task paradigms and scan session documentation, (iv) establishing clinical and scanner training to ensure consistency over time, (v) developing means for uploading, storing, and monitoring of imaging and other data, (vi) the use of a traveling fMRI expert, and (vii) collectively analyzing imaging data and disseminating results. We conclude that when MC-fMRI studies are organized well with careful attention to unification of hardware, software and procedural aspects, the process can be a highly effective means for accessing a desired participant demographics while accelerating scientific discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Glover
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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33
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Wible CG. Schizophrenia as a disorder of social communication. Schizophr Res Treatment 2012; 2012:920485. [PMID: 22966453 DOI: 10.1155/2012/920485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is reviewed for the existence of a core system for moment-to-moment social communication that is based on the perception of dynamic gestures and other social perceptual processes in the temporal-parietal occipital junction (TPJ), including the posterior superior temporal sulcus (PSTS) and surrounding regions. Overactivation of these regions may produce the schizophrenic syndrome. The TPJ plays a key role in the perception and production of dynamic social, emotional, and attentional gestures for the self and others. These include dynamic gestures of the body, face, and eyes as well as audiovisual speech and prosody. Many negative symptoms are characterized by deficits in responding within these domains. Several properties of this system have been discovered through single neuron recording, brain stimulation, neuroimaging, and the study of neurological impairment. These properties map onto the schizophrenic syndrome. The representation of dynamic gestures is multimodal (auditory, visual, and tactile), matching the predominant hallucinatory categories in schizophrenia. Inherent in the perceptual signal of gesture representation is a computation of intention, agency, and anticipation or expectancy (for the self and others). The neurons are also tuned or biased to rapidly detect threat-related emotions. I review preliminary evidence that overactivation of this system can result in schizophrenia.
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34
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Bruder GE, Alschuler DM, Kroppmann CJ, Fekri S, Gil RB, Jarskog LF, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Goetz R, Kayser J, Wexler BE. Heterogeneity of auditory verbal working memory in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 2011; 120:88-97. [PMID: 21319926 DOI: 10.1037/a0021661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of schizophrenia remains an obstacle for understanding its pathophysiology. Studies using a tone discrimination screening test to classify patients have found evidence for 2 subgroups having either a specific deficit in verbal working memory (WM) or deficits in both verbal and nonverbal memory. This study aimed to (a) replicate in larger samples differences between these subgroups in auditory verbal WM; (b) evaluate their performance on tests of explicit memory and sustained attention; (c) determine the relation of verbal WM deficits to auditory hallucinations and other symptoms; and (d) examine medication effects. The verbal WM and tone discrimination performance did not differ between medicated (n = 45) and unmedicated (n = 38) patients. Patients with schizophrenia who passed the tone screening test (discriminators; n = 60) were compared with those who did not (nondiscriminators; n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 47). The discriminator subgroup showed poorer verbal WM than did controls and a deficit in verbal but not visual memory on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (Wechsler, 1987), whereas the nondiscriminator subgroup showed overall poorer performance on both verbal and nonverbal tests and a marked deficit in sustained attention. Verbal WM deficits in discriminators were correlated with auditory hallucinations but not with negative symptoms. The results are consistent with a verbal memory deficit in a subgroup of schizophrenia having intact auditory perception, which may stem from dysfunction of language-related cortical regions, and a more generalized cognitive deficit in a subgroup having auditory perceptual and attentional dysfunction.
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35
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Brauns S, Gollub RL, Roffman JL, Yendiki A, Ho BC, Wassink TH, Heinz A, Ehrlich S. DISC1 is associated with cortical thickness and neural efficiency. Neuroimage 2011; 57:1591-600. [PMID: 21642004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is known to play a major role during brain development and is a candidate gene for schizophrenia. Cortical thickness is highly heritable and several MRI studies have shown widespread reductions of cortical thickness in patients with schizophrenia. Here, we investigated the effects of variation in DISC1 on cortical thickness. In a subsequent analysis we tested whether the identified DISC1 risk variant is also associated with neural activity during working memory functioning. METHODS We acquired structural MRI (sMRI), functional MRI (fMRI) and genotype data from 96 healthy volunteers. Separate cortical statistical maps for five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of DISC1 were generated to detect differences of cortical thickness in genotype groups across the entire cortical surface. Working-memory related load-dependent activation was measured during the Sternberg Item Recognition Paradigm and analyzed using a region-of-interest approach. RESULTS Phe allele carriers of the DISC1 SNP Leu607Phe had significantly reduced cortical thickness in the left supramarginal gyrus compared to Leu/Leu homozygotes. Neural activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during working memory task was increased in Phe allele carriers, whereas working memory performance did not differ between genotype groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides convergent evidence for the effect of DISC1 risk variants on two independent brain-based intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia. The same risk variant was associated with cortical thickness reductions and signs of neural inefficiency during a working memory task. Our findings provide further evidence for a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brauns
- MGH/MIT/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129-2000, USA
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Ozyurt IB, Keator DB, Wei D, Fennema-Notestine C, Pease KR, Bockholt J, Grethe JS. Federated web-accessible clinical data management within an extensible neuroimaging database. Neuroinformatics 2011; 8:231-49. [PMID: 20567938 PMCID: PMC2974931 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-010-9078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Managing vast datasets collected throughout multiple clinical imaging communities has become critical with the ever increasing and diverse nature of datasets. Development of data management infrastructure is further complicated by technical and experimental advances that drive modifications to existing protocols and acquisition of new types of research data to be incorporated into existing data management systems. In this paper, an extensible data management system for clinical neuroimaging studies is introduced: The Human Clinical Imaging Database (HID) and Toolkit. The database schema is constructed to support the storage of new data types without changes to the underlying schema. The complex infrastructure allows management of experiment data, such as image protocol and behavioral task parameters, as well as subject-specific data, including demographics, clinical assessments, and behavioral task performance metrics. Of significant interest, embedded clinical data entry and management tools enhance both consistency of data reporting and automatic entry of data into the database. The Clinical Assessment Layout Manager (CALM) allows users to create on-line data entry forms for use within and across sites, through which data is pulled into the underlying database via the generic clinical assessment management engine (GAME). Importantly, the system is designed to operate in a distributed environment, serving both human users and client applications in a service-oriented manner. Querying capabilities use a built-in multi-database parallel query builder/result combiner, allowing web-accessible queries within and across multiple federated databases. The system along with its documentation is open-source and available from the Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resource Clearinghouse (NITRC) site.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Burak Ozyurt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Pettersson-Yeo W, Allen P, Benetti S, McGuire P, Mechelli A. Dysconnectivity in schizophrenia: where are we now. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35:1110-1124. [PMID: 21115039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The disconnection hypothesis suggests that the core symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ) are related to aberrant, or 'dys-', connectivity between distinct brain regions. A proliferation of functional and structural neuroimaging studies have been conducted to investigate this hypothesis, across the full course of the disorder; from people at Ultra-High-Risk of developing psychosis to patients with chronic SZ. However the results of these studies have not always been consistent, and to date, there have been no attempts to summarise the results of both methodologies in conjunction. In this article, we systematically review both the structural and functional connectivity literature in SZ. The main trends to emerge are that schizophrenia is associated with connectivity reductions, as opposed to increases, relative to healthy controls, and that this is particularly evident in the connections involving the frontal lobe. These two trends appear to apply across all stages of the disorder, and to be independent of the neuroimaging methodology employed. We discuss the potential implications of these trends, and identify possible future investigative directions.
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Jiménez JA, Mancini-Marïe A, Lakis N, Rinaldi M, Mendrek A. Disturbed sexual dimorphism of brain activation during mental rotation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010; 122:53-62. [PMID: 20385471 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in visuo-spatial abilities have been well documented in the general population, but there are only a few inconsistent reports in schizophrenia. The purpose of the present study was to examine potential sex differences in performance and pattern of brain activations during mental rotation in schizophrenia patients relative to control participants. METHODS Thirty three schizophrenia patients (17 women and 16 men) were compared to thirty five healthy control participants (17 women and 18 men), while performing a classic mental rotation task (3-D figures). Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) echo-planar images were acquired on a 3-Tesla Siemens TRIO system. Random-effect analyses were performed using SPM5 (UK Wellcome Institute). RESULTS Behavioural data revealed a diagnosis-by-sex interaction with healthy men (HM) performing significantly better than schizophrenia men (SZ-M) and no significant difference between healthy women (HW) and schizophrenia women (SZ-W). fMRI results revealed an overall similar pattern of extensive cerebral activations (in the parietal and lateral prefrontal cortex) and deactivations (in the medial prefrontal cortex) in HM and SZ-W during performance of the mental rotation versus control task. In contrast, both HW and SZ-M showed much more restricted activations and no significant deactivations. CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in performance and cerebral activations during mental rotation in schizophrenia patients deviated significantly from what we observed in healthy volunteers. This finding supports and extends existing evidence of a disturbed sexual dimorphism in schizophrenia. Moreover, the results emphasize the importance of including both sexes in neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Jiménez
- Centre de Recherche Fernand-Seguin and Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Abstract
After decades of research aimed at elucidating the pathophysiology and etiology of schizophrenia, it has become increasingly apparent that it is an illness knowing few boundaries. Psychopathological manifestations extend across several domains, impacting multiple facets of real-world functioning for the affected individual. Even within one such domain, arguably the most enduring, difficult to treat, and devastating to long-term functioning-executive impairment-there are not only a host of disrupted component processes, but also a complex underlying dysfunctional neural architecture. Further, just as implicated brain structures (eg, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) through postmortem and neuroimaging techniques continue to show alterations in multiple, interacting signaling pathways, so too does evolving understanding of genetic risk factors suggest multiple molecular entry points to illness liability. With this expansive network of interactions in mind, the present chapter takes a systems-level approach to executive dysfunction in schizophrenia, by identifying key regions both within and outside of the frontal lobes that show changes in schizophrenia and are important in cognitive control neural circuitry, summarizing current knowledge of their relevant functional interactions, and reviewing emerging links between schizophrenia risk genetics and characteristic executive circuit aberrancies observed with neuroimaging methods.
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Sanz JH, Karlsgodt KH, Bearden CE, van Erp TG, Nandy RR, Ventura J, Nuechterlein K, Cannon TD. Symptomatic and functional correlates of regional brain physiology during working memory processing in patients with recent onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2009; 173:177-82. [PMID: 19692211 PMCID: PMC2734873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show altered patterns of functional activation during working memory processing; specifically, high-performing patients appear to hyper-activate and low-performing patients appear to hypo-activate when compared with controls. It remains unclear how these individual differences in neurophysiological activation relate to the clinical presentation of the syndrome. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, the relationship is examined using partial least squares (PLS), a multivariate statistical technique that selects underlying latent variables based on the covariance between two sets of variables, in this case, clinical variables and regional fMRI activations during a verbal working memory task. The PLS analysis extracted two latent variables, and the significance of these associations was confirmed through permutation. Lower levels of activation during task performance across frontal and parietal regions of interest in the left hemisphere were found to covary with poorer role functioning and greater severity of negative and disorganized symptoms, while lower activation in right frontal and subcortical regions of interest was found to covary with better social functioning and fewer positive symptoms. These results suggest that appropriately lateralized patterns of functional activation during working memory processing are related to the severity of negative and disorganized symptoms and to the level of role and social functioning in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline H. Sanz
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles,Corresponding Author: Jacqueline H. Sanz, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; E-mail: , Telephone: 443-923-4478, Fax: 443-923-4470
| | | | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles
| | | | - Rajesh R. Nandy
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Joseph Ventura
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Keith Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles
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Keator DB, Wei D, Gadde S, Bockholt J, Grethe JS, Marcus D, Aucoin N, Ozyurt IB. Derived Data Storage and Exchange Workflow for Large-Scale Neuroimaging Analyses on the BIRN Grid. Front Neuroinform 2009; 3:30. [PMID: 19826494 PMCID: PMC2759340 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.11.030.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organizing and annotating biomedical data in structured ways has gained much interest and focus in the last 30 years. Driven by decreases in digital storage costs and advances in genetics sequencing, imaging, electronic data collection, and microarray technologies, data is being collected at an ever increasing rate. The need to store and exchange data in meaningful ways in support of data analysis, hypothesis testing and future collaborative use is pervasive. Because trans-disciplinary projects rely on effective use of data from many domains, there is a genuine interest in informatics community on how best to store and combine this data while maintaining a high level of data quality and documentation. The difficulties in sharing and combining raw data become amplified after post-processing and/or data analysis in which the new dataset of interest is a function of the original data and may have been collected by multiple collaborating sites. Simple meta-data, documenting which subject and version of data were used for a particular analysis, becomes complicated by the heterogeneity of the collecting sites yet is critically important to the interpretation and reuse of derived results. This manuscript will present a case study of using the XML-Based Clinical Experiment Data Exchange (XCEDE) schema and the Human Imaging Database (HID) in the Biomedical Informatics Research Network's (BIRN) distributed environment to document and exchange derived data. The discussion includes an overview of the data structures used in both the XML and the database representations, insight into the design considerations, and the extensibility of the design to support additional analysis streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Keator
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, College of Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA
| | - Dingying Wei
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, College of Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA
| | - Syam Gadde
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Grethe
- Center for Research on Biological Systems, University of California San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Marcus
- Neuroinformatics Research Group, Washington UniversitySaint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicole Aucoin
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard UniversityBoston, MA, USA
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