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Nazarov PV, Kreis S. Integrative approaches for analysis of mRNA and microRNA high-throughput data. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1154-1162. [PMID: 33680358 PMCID: PMC7895676 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Review on tools and databases linking miRNA and its mRNA targetome. Databases show little overlap in miRNA targetome predictions suggesting strong contextual effects. Deconvolution and deep learning approaches are promising new approaches to improve miRNA targetome predictions.
Advanced sequencing technologies such as RNASeq provide the means for production of massive amounts of data, including transcriptome-wide expression levels of coding RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, piRNAs and many other RNA species. In silico analysis of datasets, representing only one RNA species is well established and a variety of tools and pipelines are available. However, attaining a more systematic view of how different players come together to regulate the expression of a gene or a group of genes requires a more intricate approach to data analysis. To fully understand complex transcriptional networks, datasets representing different RNA species need to be integrated. In this review, we will focus on miRNAs as key post-transcriptional regulators summarizing current computational approaches for miRNA:target gene prediction as well as new data-driven methods to tackle the problem of comprehensively and accurately dissecting miRNome-targetome interactions.
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Key Words
- CCA, canonical correlation analysis
- CDS, coding sequence
- CLASH, cross-linking, ligation and sequencing of hybrids
- CLIP, cross-linking immunoprecipitation
- CNN, convolutional neural network
- Data integration
- GO, gene ontology
- ICA, independent component analysis
- Matrix factorization
- NGS, next-generation sequencing
- NMF, non-negative matrix factorization
- PCA, principal component analysis
- RNASeq, high-throughput RNA sequencing
- TDMD, target RNA-directed miRNA degradation
- TF, transcription factors
- Target prediction
- Transcriptomics
- circRNA, circular RNA
- lncRNA, long non-coding RNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- miRNA, microRNA
- microRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr V Nazarov
- Multiomics Data Science Research Group, Department of Oncology & Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen L-1445, Luxembourg
| | - Stephanie Kreis
- Signal Transduction Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux L-4367, Luxembourg
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Chung JW, Burciu RG, Ofori E, Coombes SA, Christou EA, Okun MS, Hess CW, Vaillancourt DE. Beta-band oscillations in the supplementary motor cortex are modulated by levodopa and associated with functional activity in the basal ganglia. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 19:559-571. [PMID: 29984164 PMCID: PMC6029579 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of acute levodopa administration on movement-related cortical oscillations and movement velocity in Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients with PD on and off medication and age- and sex-matched healthy controls performed a ballistic upper limb flexion movement as fast and accurately as possible while cortical oscillations were recorded with high-density electroencephalography. Patients off medication were also studied using task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a force control paradigm. Percent signal change of functional activity during the force control task was calculated for the putamen and subthalamic nucleus (STN) contralateral to the hand tested. We found that patients with PD off medication had an exaggerated movement-related beta-band (13–30 Hz) desynchronization in the supplementary motor area (SMA) compared to controls. In PD, spectral power in the beta-band was correlated with movement velocity. Following an acute dose of levodopa, we observed that the beta-band desynchronization in the SMA was reduced in PD, and was associated with increased movement velocity and increased voltage of agonist muscle activity. Further, using fMRI we found that the functional activity in the putamen and STN in the off medication state, was related to how responsive that cortical oscillations in the SMA of PD were to levodopa. Collectively, these findings provide the first direct evaluation of how movement-related cortical oscillations relate to movement velocity during the ballistic phase of movement in PD and demonstrate that functional brain activity in the basal ganglia pathways relate to the effects of dopaminergic medication on cortical neuronal oscillations during movement. Acute levodopa decreased beta-band desynchronization in the SMA, while improving movement velocity and muscle activity. Beta-band cortical activity during movement is positively correlated with upper limb movement velocity. fMRI in basal ganglia predicted the response of beta-band cortical activity to levodopa.
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Key Words
- BOLD, blood oxygen level dependent
- Ballistic movements
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- ECoG, electrocorticography
- EEG
- EEG, electroencephalography
- EMG, electromyography
- ERSP, event-related power spectral perturbation
- FDR, false discovery rate
- HC, healthy control
- ICA, independent component analysis
- LFP, local field potential
- Levodopa
- M1, primary motor cortex
- MDS-UPDRS, Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale
- MEG, magnetoencephalography
- MPA, measure projection analysis
- MVC, maximum voluntary contraction
- MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PD-OFF, off medication (levodopa) day
- PD-ON, on medication (levodopa) day
- PET, positron emission tomography
- Parkinson's disease
- ROI, regions of interest
- S1, primary somatosensory cortex
- SMA, supplementary motor area
- SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta
- STN, subthalamic nucleus
- Supplementary motor area
- fMRI
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- iEMG, integrated electromyography
- rCBF, regional cerebral blood flow
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Chung
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Roxana G Burciu
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Edward Ofori
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen A Coombes
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Evangelos A Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology and Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher W Hess
- Department of Neurology and Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology and Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Mantel T, Meindl T, Li Y, Jochim A, Gora-Stahlberg G, Kräenbring J, Berndt M, Dresel C, Haslinger B. Network-specific resting-state connectivity changes in the premotor-parietal axis in writer's cramp. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 17:137-144. [PMID: 29085775 PMCID: PMC5650679 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Writer's cramp is a task-specific dystonia impairing writing and sometimes other fine motor tasks. Neuroimaging studies using manifold designs have shown varying results regarding the nature of changes in the disease. Objective To clarify and extend the knowledge of underlying changes by investigating functional connectivity (FC) in intrinsic connectivity networks with putative sensorimotor function at rest in an increased number of study subjects. Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging with independent component analysis was performed in 26/27 writer's cramp patients/healthy controls, and FC within and between resting state networks with putative sensorimotor function was compared. Additionally, voxel-based morphometry was carried out on the subjects' structural images. Results Patients displayed increased left- and reduced right-hemispheric primary sensorimotor FC in the premotor-parietal network. Mostly bilaterally altered dorsal/ventral premotor FC, as well as altered parietal FC were observed within multiple sensorimotor networks and showed differing network-dependent directionality. Beyond within-network FC changes and reduced right cerebellar grey matter volume in the structural analysis, the positive between-network FC of the cerebellar network and the basal ganglia network was reduced. Conclusions Abnormal resting-state FC in multiple networks with putative sensorimotor function may act as basis of preexisting observations made during task-related neuroimaging. Further, altered connectivity between the cerebellar and basal ganglia network underlines the important role of these structures in the disease. Investigation of FC changes in various sensorimotor ICNs at rest in writer's cramp. We saw multiple, network-specific FC changes in primary/higher sensorimotor cortices. This may act as basis of the varying nature of sensorimotor changes during task-fMRI. Further, findings supporting disrupted cerebellar-basal ganglia interaction were made. An additional morphometric analysis demonstrated structural cerebellar abnormality.
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Key Words
- ADDS, arm dystonia disability scale
- BGN, basal ganglia network
- BOLD, blood oxygen level-dependent
- CN, cerebellar network
- CONTR, healthy controls
- Cerebellum
- Dystonia
- FC, functional connectivity
- FHD, focal hand dystonia
- FWHM, full width at half maximum
- FoV, field of view
- Functional connectivity
- GM, grey matter
- IC, independent component
- ICA, independent component analysis
- ICN, intrinsic connectivity network
- IPS, intraparietal sulcus
- M1, primary motor cortex
- PAT, writer's cramp patients
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PMd/v, dorsal/ventral premotor cortex
- PPN, premotor parietal network
- Premotor cortex
- ROI, region of interest
- Resting state
- S1, primary somatosensory cortex
- S2, secondary somatosensory cortex
- SM1, primary sensorimotor cortex
- SMA, supplementary motor area
- SMG, supramarginal gyrus
- SPC, superior parietal cortex
- TIV, total intracranial volume
- WC, writer's cramp
- WCRS, writer's cramp rating scale
- rsfMRI, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging
- v/dSMN, ventral/dorsal sensorimotor network
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mantel
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Meindl
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Jochim
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, Germany
| | - Gina Gora-Stahlberg
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, Germany
| | - Jona Kräenbring
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Isar-Amper-Klinikum München-Ost, Vockestrasse 72, Haar, Germany
| | - Maria Berndt
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Dresel
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haslinger
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, Germany.
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Stropahl M, Debener S. Auditory cross-modal reorganization in cochlear implant users indicates audio-visual integration. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 16:514-523. [PMID: 28971005 PMCID: PMC5609862 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is clear evidence for cross-modal cortical reorganization in the auditory system of post-lingually deafened cochlear implant (CI) users. A recent report suggests that moderate sensori-neural hearing loss is already sufficient to initiate corresponding cortical changes. To what extend these changes are deprivation-induced or related to sensory recovery is still debated. Moreover, the influence of cross-modal reorganization on CI benefit is also still unclear. While reorganization during deafness may impede speech recovery, reorganization also has beneficial influences on face recognition and lip-reading. As CI users were observed to show differences in multisensory integration, the question arises if cross-modal reorganization is related to audio-visual integration skills. The current electroencephalography study investigated cortical reorganization in experienced post-lingually deafened CI users (n = 18), untreated mild to moderately hearing impaired individuals (n = 18) and normal hearing controls (n = 17). Cross-modal activation of the auditory cortex by means of EEG source localization in response to human faces and audio-visual integration, quantified with the McGurk illusion, were measured. CI users revealed stronger cross-modal activations compared to age-matched normal hearing individuals. Furthermore, CI users showed a relationship between cross-modal activation and audio-visual integration strength. This may further support a beneficial relationship between cross-modal activation and daily-life communication skills that may not be fully captured by laboratory-based speech perception tests. Interestingly, hearing impaired individuals showed behavioral and neurophysiological results that were numerically between the other two groups, and they showed a moderate relationship between cross-modal activation and the degree of hearing loss. This further supports the notion that auditory deprivation evokes a reorganization of the auditory system even at early stages of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Stropahl
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Debener
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all Oldenburg, Germany
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Case M, Zhang H, Mundahl J, Datta Y, Nelson S, Gupta K, He B. Characterization of functional brain activity and connectivity using EEG and fMRI in patients with sickle cell disease. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 14:1-17. [PMID: 28116239 PMCID: PMC5226854 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a red blood cell disorder that causes many complications including life-long pain. Treatment of pain remains challenging due to a poor understanding of the mechanisms and limitations to characterize and quantify pain. In the present study, we examined simultaneously recording functional MRI (fMRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG) to better understand neural connectivity as a consequence of chronic pain in SCD patients. We performed independent component analysis and seed-based connectivity on fMRI data. Spontaneous power and microstate analysis was performed on EEG-fMRI data. ICA analysis showed that patients lacked activity in the default mode network (DMN) and executive control network compared to controls. EEG-fMRI data revealed that the insula cortex's role in salience increases with age in patients. EEG microstate analysis showed patients had increased activity in pain processing regions. The cerebellum in patients showed a stronger connection to the periaqueductal gray matter (involved in pain inhibition), and negative connections to pain processing areas. These results suggest that patients have reduced activity of DMN and increased activity in pain processing regions during rest. The present findings suggest resting state connectivity differences between patients and controls can be used as novel biomarkers of SCD pain. Simultaneous EEG-fMRI recordings revealed altered connectivity in sickle cell patients. Reduced activity observed in default mode network and executive control network. Patients' salience network strength increases with age; opposite seen in controls. EEG-fMRI parameters reflect disease severity in sickle cell patients.
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Key Words
- BOLD, blood-oxygen-level dependent
- CBA, cardioballistic artifact
- DMN, default mode network
- ECN, executive control network
- EEG
- EEG, electroencephalography
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FWHM, full width at half maximum
- Functional MRI
- GLM, general linear model
- HRF, hemodynamic response function
- ICA, independent component analysis
- MNI, montreal neurological institute
- OBS, optimal basis set
- PAG, periaqueductal gray
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCC, posterior cingulate cortex
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- Pain
- ROI, region of interest
- RSN, resting state networks
- Resting state networks
- SCD, sickle cell disease
- SMA, supplementary motor area
- Sickle cell disease
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Case
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Huishi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - John Mundahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Yvonne Datta
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kalpna Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA; Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA
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Holiga Š, Mueller K, Möller HE, Urgošík D, Růžička E, Schroeter ML, Jech R. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of the subthalamic microlesion and stimulation effects in Parkinson's disease: Indications of a principal role of the brainstem. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 9:264-74. [PMID: 26509113 PMCID: PMC4576412 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During implantation of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes in the target structure, neurosurgeons and neurologists commonly observe a “microlesion effect” (MLE), which occurs well before initiating subthalamic DBS. This phenomenon typically leads to a transitory improvement of motor symptoms of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD). Mechanisms behind MLE remain poorly understood. In this work, we exploited the notion of ranking to assess spontaneous brain activity in PD patients examined by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in response to penetration of DBS electrodes in the subthalamic nucleus. In particular, we employed a hypothesis-free method, eigenvector centrality (EC), to reveal motor-communication-hubs of the highest rank and their reorganization following the surgery; providing a unique opportunity to evaluate the direct impact of disrupting the PD motor circuitry in vivo without prior assumptions. Penetration of electrodes was associated with increased EC of functional connectivity in the brainstem. Changes in connectivity were quantitatively related to motor improvement, which further emphasizes the clinical importance of the functional integrity of the brainstem. Surprisingly, MLE and DBS were associated with anatomically different EC maps despite their similar clinical benefit on motor functions. The DBS solely caused an increase in connectivity of the left premotor region suggesting separate pathophysiological mechanisms of both interventions. While the DBS acts at the cortical level suggesting compensatory activation of less affected motor regions, the MLE affects more fundamental circuitry as the dysfunctional brainstem predominates in the beginning of PD. These findings invigorate the overlooked brainstem perspective in the understanding of PD and support the current trend towards its early diagnosis. DBS surgery in Parkinson's patients is often associated with a “microlesion effect” (MLE). Mechanisms behind MLE remain poorly understood. Using resting-state fMRI, we identified the brainstem as the principal hub responding to MLE. This invigorates the overlooked brainstem perspective in the understanding of Parkinson's disease.
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Key Words
- BOLD, blood-oxygenation-level dependent
- Brainstem
- DBS, deep-brain stimulation
- Deep-brain stimulation
- EC, eigenvector centrality
- FDG-PET, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FWE, family-wise error
- GP, globus pallidus
- ICA, independent component analysis
- MLE, microlesion effect
- MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute
- Microlesion effect
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PPN, pedunculopontine nucleus
- Parkinson's disease
- Resting-state fMRI
- SD, standard deviation
- STN, subthalamic nucleus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- UPDRS-III, motor part of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- rm-ANOVA, repeated measures analysis of variance
- rs-fMRI, resting-state fMRI
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Holiga
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, Leipzig 04103, Germany ; Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases & Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 16, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Karsten Mueller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Harald E Möller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Dušan Urgošík
- Department of Stereotactic and Radiation Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Roentgenova 2, Prague 15030, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University In Prague, Kateřinská 30, Prague 12821, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, Leipzig 04103, Germany ; Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases & Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 16, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University In Prague, Kateřinská 30, Prague 12821, Czech Republic
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Hampson JP, Zick SM, Khabir T, Wright BD, Harris RE. Altered resting brain connectivity in persistent cancer related fatigue. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 8:305-13. [PMID: 26106555 PMCID: PMC4474178 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an estimated 3 million women in the US living as breast cancer survivors and persistent cancer related fatigue (PCRF) disrupts the lives of an estimated 30% of these women. PCRF is associated with decreased quality of life, decreased sleep quality, impaired cognition and depression. The mechanisms of cancer related fatigue are not well understood; however, preliminary findings indicate dysfunctional activity in the brain as a potential factor. Here we investigate the relationship between PCRF on intrinsic resting state connectivity in this population. Twenty-three age matched breast cancer survivors (15 fatigued and 8 non-fatigued) who completed all cancer-related treatments at least 12 weeks prior to the study, were recruited to undergo functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI). Intrinsic resting state networks were examined with both seed based and independent component analysis methods. Comparisons of brain connectivity patterns between groups as well as correlations with self-reported fatigue symptoms were performed. Fatigued patients displayed greater left inferior parietal lobule to superior frontal gyrus connectivity as compared to non-fatigued patients (P < 0.05 FDR corrected). This enhanced connectivity was associated with increased physical fatigue (P = 0.04, r = 0.52) and poor sleep quality (P = 0.04, r = 0.52) in the fatigued group. In contrast greater connectivity in the non-fatigued group was found between the right precuneus to the periaqueductal gray as well as the left IPL to subgenual cortex (P < 0.05 FDR corrected). Mental fatigue scores were associated with greater default mode network (DMN) connectivity to the superior frontal gyrus (P = 0.05 FDR corrected) among fatigued subjects (r = 0.82) and less connectivity in the non-fatigued group (r = -0.88). These findings indicate that there is enhanced intrinsic DMN connectivity to the frontal gyrus in breast cancer survivors with persistent fatigue. As the DMN is a network involved in self-referential thinking we speculate that enhanced connectivity between the DMN and the frontal gyrus may be related to mental fatigue and poor sleep quality. In contrast, enhanced connectivity between the DMN and regions in the subgenual cingulate and brainstem may serve a protective function in the non-fatigued group.
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Key Words
- BA, Brodmann area
- BCS, breast cancer survivors
- BFI, brief fatigue inventory
- BOLD, blood-oxygen level dependence
- Breast cancer survivors
- CFS, chronic fatigue syndrome
- DMN, default mode network
- Default mode network (DMN)
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FWHM, Full width at half maximum
- Functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI)
- HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale
- ICA, independent component analysis
- IPL, inferior parietal lobule
- Independent component analysis (ICA)
- MFI, multidimensional fatigue Inventory
- MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute
- PC, posterior cingulate
- PCRF, persistent cancer related fatigue
- PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index
- Persistent cancer related fatigue (PCRF)
- SFG, superior frontal gyrus
- SPM, statistical parametric mapping
- STR, spatio-temporal regression
- fcMRI, functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson P. Hampson
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
- Corresponding author at: Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, P.O. Box 385, Lobby M, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA. Tel.: +1 734 998 7019; fax: +1 734 998 6900.
| | - Suzanna M. Zick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tohfa Khabir
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Wright
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard E. Harris
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
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Perobelli S, Alessandrini F, Zoccatelli G, Nicolis E, Beltramello A, Assael BM, Cipolli M. Diffuse alterations in grey and white matter associated with cognitive impairment in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome: evidence from a multimodal approach. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 7:721-31. [PMID: 25844324 PMCID: PMC4375735 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in SBDS gene, at chromosome 7q11. Phenotypically, the syndrome is characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, bone marrow dysfunction, skeletal dysplasia and variable cognitive impairments. Structural brain abnormalities (smaller head circumference and decreased brain volume) have also been reported. No correlation studies between brain abnormalities and neuropsychological features have yet been performed. In this study we investigate neuroanatomical findings, neurofunctional pathways and cognitive functioning of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome subjects compared with healthy controls. To be eligible for inclusion, participants were required to have known SBDS mutations on both alleles, no history of cranial trauma or any standard contraindication to magnetic resonance imaging. Appropriate tests were used to assess cognitive functions. The static images were acquired on a 3 × 0 T magnetic resonance scanner and blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected both during the execution of the Stroop task and at rest. Diffusion tensor imaging was used to assess brain white matter. The Tract-based Spatial Statistics package and probabilistic tractography were used to characterize white matter pathways. Nine participants (5 males), half of all the subjects aged 9-19 years included in the Italian Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome Registry, were evaluated and compared with nine healthy subjects, matched for sex and age. The patients performed less well than norms and controls on cognitive tasks (p = 0.0002). Overall, cortical thickness was greater in the patients, both in the left (+10%) and in the right (+15%) hemisphere, significantly differently increased in the temporal (left and right, p = 0.04), and right parietal (p = 0.03) lobes and in Brodmann area 44 (p = 0.04) of the right frontal lobe. The greatest increases were observed in the left limbic-anterior cingulate cortex (≥43%, p < 0.0004). Only in Broca's area in the left hemisphere did the patients show a thinner cortical thickness than that of controls (p = 0.01). Diffusion tensor imaging showed large, significant difference increases in both fractional anisotropy (+37%, p < 0.0001) and mean diffusivity (+35%, p < 0.005); the Tract-based Spatial Statistics analysis identified six abnormal clusters of white matter fibres in the fronto-callosal, right fronto-external capsulae, left fronto-parietal, right pontine, temporo-mesial and left anterior-medial-temporal regions. Brain areas activated during the Stroop task and those active during the resting state, are different, fewer and smaller in patients and correlate with worse performance (p = 0.002). Cognitive impairment in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome subjects is associated with diffuse brain anomalies in the grey matter (verbal skills with BA44 and BA20 in the right hemisphere; perceptual skills with BA5, 37, 20, 21, 42 in the left hemisphere) and white matter connectivity (verbal skills with alterations in the fronto-occipital fasciculus and with the inferior-longitudinal fasciculus; perceptual skills with the arcuate fasciculus, limbic and ponto-cerebellar fasciculus; memory skills with the arcuate fasciculus; executive functions with the anterior cingulated and arcuate fasciculus).
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Key Words
- BA, Brodmann area
- BOLD, blood oxygen level-dependent
- CTA, cortical thickness analysis
- Cognitive impairment
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- Diffusion tensor imaging
- EPI, Echo-planar Imaging
- FA, fractional anisotropy
- FDT, Diffusion Toolbox
- Functional MRI
- GLM, General Linear Model
- ICA, independent component analysis
- MD, mean diffusivity
- PD, parallel diffusivity
- PT, probabilistic tractography
- RD, radial diffusivity
- SDS, Shwachman–Diamond syndrome
- Shwachman–Diamond syndrome
- Structural MRI
- TBSS, Tract-based Spatial Statistics.
- Tract-based Spatial Statistics
- rs-fMRI, resting state fMRI
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Perobelli
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Piazzale Stefani, 1-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Franco Alessandrini
- Neuroradiology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Piazzale Stefani, 1-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Zoccatelli
- Neuroradiology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Piazzale Stefani, 1-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Nicolis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Piazzale Stefani, 1-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Beltramello
- Neuroradiology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Piazzale Stefani, 1-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Baroukh M Assael
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Piazzale Stefani, 1-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Cipolli
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Piazzale Stefani, 1-37126 Verona, Italy
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de la Iglesia-Vaya M, Escartí MJ, Molina-Mateo J, Martí-Bonmatí L, Gadea M, Castellanos FX, Aguilar García-Iturrospe EJ, Robles M, Biswal BB, Sanjuan J. Abnormal synchrony and effective connectivity in patients with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 6:171-9. [PMID: 25379429 PMCID: PMC4215518 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Auditory hallucinations (AH) are the most frequent positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Hallucinations have been related to emotional processing disturbances, altered functional connectivity and effective connectivity deficits. Previously, we observed that, compared to healthy controls, the limbic network responses of patients with auditory hallucinations differed when the subjects were listening to emotionally charged words. We aimed to compare the synchrony patterns and effective connectivity of task-related networks between schizophrenia patients with and without AH and healthy controls. Schizophrenia patients with AH (n = 27) and without AH (n = 14) were compared with healthy participants (n = 31). We examined functional connectivity by analyzing correlations and cross-correlations among previously detected independent component analysis time courses. Granger causality was used to infer the information flow direction in the brain regions. The results demonstrate that the patterns of cortico-cortical functional synchrony differentiated the patients with AH from the patients without AH and from the healthy participants. Additionally, Granger-causal relationships between the networks clearly differentiated the groups. In the patients with AH, the principal causal source was an occipital-cerebellar component, versus a temporal component in the patients without AH and the healthy controls. These data indicate that an anomalous process of neural connectivity exists when patients with AH process emotional auditory stimuli. Additionally, a central role is suggested for the cerebellum in processing emotional stimuli in patients with persistent AH.
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Key Words
- AH, auditory hallucinations
- Auditory hallucinations
- BOLD, blood oxygenation level dependent
- BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
- CCTC, cortico-cerebellar–thalamic–cortical
- Cerebellum
- CoI, component of interest
- Effective connectivity
- Functional connectivity
- GCCA, Granger causal connectivity analysis
- ICA, independent component analysis
- ICA-TC, ICA-time course
- MRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- MVAR, multivariate autoregression
- PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
- PSYRATS, Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale
- SPM, statistical parametric maps
- Schizophrenia
- Synchrony
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de la Iglesia-Vaya
- Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Image (CEIB), Regional Ministry of Health in the Valencia Region (CS), C./Micer Masco nº 31-33, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Brain Connectivity Lab, Prince Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), C./Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic), nº 3, Valencia 46012, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- GIBI230 (Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Imagen, CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Spain
| | - Maria José Escartí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinic Hospital, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Jose Molina-Mateo
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Martí-Bonmatí
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- GIBI230 (Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Imagen, CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Spain
| | - Marien Gadea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology. University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo J. Aguilar García-Iturrospe
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinic Hospital, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Montserrat Robles
- Instituto de Aplicaciones de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones Avanzadas (ITACA), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bharat B. Biswal
- Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinic Hospital, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, Valencia 46010, Spain
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McLeod KR, Langevin LM, Goodyear BG, Dewey D. Functional connectivity of neural motor networks is disrupted in children with developmental coordination disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 4:566-75. [PMID: 24818082 PMCID: PMC3984446 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are prevalent childhood disorders that frequently co-occur. Evidence from neuroimaging research suggests that children with these disorders exhibit disruptions in motor circuitry, which could account for the high rate of co-occurrence. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the functional connections of the motor network in children with DCD and/or ADHD compared to typically developing controls, with the aim of identifying common neurophysiological substrates. Resting-state fMRI was performed on seven children with DCD, 21 with ADHD, 18 with DCD + ADHD and 23 controls. Resting-state connectivity of the primary motor cortex was compared between each group and controls, using age as a co-factor. Relative to controls, children with DCD and/or ADHD exhibited similar reductions in functional connectivity between the primary motor cortex and the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, right supramarginal gyrus, angular gyri, insular cortices, amygdala, putamen, and pallidum. In addition, children with DCD and/or ADHD exhibited different age-related patterns of connectivity, compared to controls. These findings suggest that children with DCD and/or ADHD exhibit disruptions in motor circuitry, which may contribute to problems with motor functioning and attention. Our results support the existence of common neurophysiological substrates underlying both motor and attention problems.
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Key Words
- ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- DCD, developmental coordination disorder
- DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition)
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- Developmental coordination disorder
- FC, functional connectivity
- Functional connectivity
- GLM general, linear model
- ICA, independent component analysis
- M1, primary motor cortex
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- Resting state fMRI, Motor networks
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- rs-fMRI, resting-state fMRI
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R McLeod
- Medical Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lisa Marie Langevin
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Behavioural Research Unit, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley G Goodyear
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Seaman Family MR Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Behavioural Research Unit, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Götz T, Huonker R, Kranczioch C, Reuken P, Witte OW, Günther A, Debener S. Impaired evoked and resting-state brain oscillations in patients with liver cirrhosis as revealed by magnetoencephalography. Neuroimage Clin 2013; 2:873-82. [PMID: 24179838 PMCID: PMC3777687 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies suggest that the clinical manifestation of neurological deficits in hepatic encephalopathy results from pathologically synchronized neuronal oscillations and altered oscillatory coupling. In the present study spontaneous and evoked oscillatory brain activities were analyzed jointly with established behavioral measures of altered visual oscillatory processing. Critical flicker and fusion frequencies (CFF, FUF) were measured in 25 patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and 30 healthy controls. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were collected at rest and during a visual task employing repetitive stimulation. Resting MEG and evoked fields were analyzed. CFF and FUF were found to be reduced in patients, providing behavioral evidence for deficits in visual oscillatory processing. These alterations were found to be related to resting brain activity in patients, namely that the lower the dominant MEG frequency at rest, the lower the CFF and FUF. An analysis of evoked fields at sensor level indicated that in comparison to normal controls, patients were not able to dynamically adapt to flickering visual stimulation. Evoked activity was also analyzed based on independent components (ICs) derived by independent component analysis. The similarity between the shape of each IC and an artificial sine function representing the stimulation frequency was tested via magnitude squared coherence. In controls, we observed a small number of components that correlated strongly with the sine function and a high number of ICs that did not correlate with the sine function. Interestingly, patient data were characterized by a high number of moderately correlating components. Taken together, these results indicate a fundamental divergence of the cerebral resonance activity in cirrhotic patients.
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Key Words
- CFF, critical flicker frequency
- CON, control
- CSI, component similarity index
- Critical flicker and fusion frequency
- EEG, electroencephalography
- EMG, electromyogram
- ERA, event related averages
- FUF, fusion frequency
- GSI, general similarity index
- GW, Gabor wavelet
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- HESA, hepatic encephalopathy scoring algorithm
- ICA, independent component analysis
- Impaired neuronal oscillations
- Liver cirrhosis
- MEG, magnetoencephalography
- MELD score, model of end-stage liver disease-score
- MSC, magnitude squared coherence
- PCA, principal component analysis
- Resting frequency
- SSVEF/SSVEP/SSVER, steady state visual evoked field/potential/response
- SW, sine wave
- Visual steady state evoked fields
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Götz
- Biomagnetic Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany ; CSCC, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Erlanger 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
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12
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Besseling RM, Jansen JF, Overvliet GM, van der Kruijs SJ, Vles JS, Ebus SC, Hofman PA, Louw AD, Aldenkamp AP, Backes WH. Reduced functional integration of the sensorimotor and language network in rolandic epilepsy. Neuroimage Clin 2013; 2:239-46. [PMID: 24179777 PMCID: PMC3777786 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Over the last years, evidence has accumulated that rolandic epilepsy (RE) is associated with serious cognitive comorbidities, including language impairment. However, the cerebral mechanism through which epileptiform activity in the rolandic (sensorimotor) areas may affect the language system is unknown. To investigate this, the connectivity between rolandic areas and regions involved in language processing is studied using functional MRI (fMRI). Materials and methods fMRI data was acquired from 22 children with rolandic epilepsy and 22 age-matched controls (age range: 8–14 years), both at rest and using word-generation and reading tasks. Activation map analysis revealed no group differences (FWE-corrected, p < 0.05) and was therefore used to define regions of interest for pooled (patients and controls combined) language activation. Independent component analysis with dual regression was used to identify the sensorimotor resting-state network in all subjects. The associated functional connectivity maps were compared between groups at the regions of interest for language activation identified from the task data. In addition, neuropsychological language testing (Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 4th edition) was performed. Results Functional connectivity with the sensorimotor network was reduced in patients compared to controls (p = 0.011) in the left inferior frontal gyrus, i.e. Broca's area as identified by the word-generation task. No aberrant functional connectivity values were found in the other regions of interest, nor were any associations found between functional connectivity and language performance. Neuropsychological testing confirmed language impairment in patients relative to controls (reductions in core language score, p = 0.03; language content index, p = 0.01; receptive language index, p = 0.005). Conclusion Reduced functional connectivity was demonstrated between the sensorimotor network and the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) in children with RE, which might link epileptiform activity/seizures originating from the sensorimotor cortex to language impairment, and is in line with the identified neuropsychological profile of anterior language dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- René M.H. Besseling
- Epilepsy center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands
- Research School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacobus F.A. Jansen
- Research School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Geke M. Overvliet
- Epilepsy center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands
- Research School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvie J.M. van der Kruijs
- Epilepsy center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands
- Research School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes S.H. Vles
- Epilepsy center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Paul A.M. Hofman
- Epilepsy center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anton de Louw
- Epilepsy center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands
| | - Albert P. Aldenkamp
- Epilepsy center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Walter H. Backes
- Research School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author at: Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PB 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. Tel.: + 31 43 3874910; fax: + 31 43 3876909.
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