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van der Ven E, Olino TM, Diehl K, Nuñez SM, Thayer G, Bridgwater MA, Ereshefsky S, Musket C, Lincoln SH, Rogers RT, Klaunig MJ, Soohoo E, DeVylder JE, Grattan RE, Schiffman J, Ellman LM, Niendam TA, Anglin DM. Ethnoracial Risk Variation Across the Psychosis Continuum in the US: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2024; 81:447-455. [PMID: 38381422 PMCID: PMC10882506 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Importance Studies suggest a higher risk of schizophrenia diagnoses in Black vs White Americans, yet a systematic investigation of disparities that include other ethnoracial groups and multiple outcomes on the psychosis continuum is lacking. Objective To identify ethnoracial risk variation in the US across 3 psychosis continuum outcomes (ie, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, clinical high risk for psychosis [CHR-P], and psychotic symptoms [PSs] and psychotic experiences [PEs]). Data Sources PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase were searched up to December 2022. Study Selection Observational studies on ethnoracial differences in risk of 3 psychosis outcomes. Data Extraction and Synthesis Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Using a random-effects model, estimates for ethnoracial differences in schizophrenia and PSs/PEs were pooled and moderation by sampling and setting was determined, along with the assessment of heterogeneity and risk of bias. Main Outcomes and Measures Risk of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorder, CHR-P, and conversion to psychosis among CHR-P and PSs/PEs. Results Of 64 studies in the systematic review, 47 were included in the meta-analysis comprising 54 929 people with schizophrenia and 223 097 with data on PSs/PEs. Compared with White individuals, Black individuals had increased risk of schizophrenia (pooled odds ratio [OR], 2.07; 95% CI, 1.64-2.61) and PSs/PEs (pooled standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03-0.16), Latinx individuals had higher risk of PSs/PEs (pooled SMD, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.08-0.22), and individuals classified as other ethnoracial group were at significantly higher risk of schizophrenia than White individuals (pooled OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.31-2.50). The results regarding CHR-P studies were mixed and inconsistent. Sensitivity analyses showed elevated odds of schizophrenia in Asian individuals in inpatient settings (pooled OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.19-2.84) and increased risk of PEs among Asian compared with White individuals, specifically in college samples (pooled SMD, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.02-0.29). Heterogeneity across studies was high, and there was substantial risk of bias in most studies. Conclusions and Relevance Findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis revealed widespread ethnoracial risk variation across multiple psychosis outcomes. In addition to diagnostic, measurement, and hospital bias, systemic influences such as structural racism should be considered as drivers of ethnoracial disparities in outcomes across the psychosis continuum in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els van der Ven
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas M. Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katharina Diehl
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie M. Nuñez
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York
| | - Griffin Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York
| | | | - Sabrina Ereshefsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Christie Musket
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sarah Hope Lincoln
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - R. Tyler Rogers
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mallory J. Klaunig
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine
| | - Emily Soohoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California
| | | | - Rebecca E. Grattan
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington–Te Herenga Waka, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine
| | - Lauren M. Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tara A. Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Deidre M. Anglin
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York
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2
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Saxena A, Liu S, Handley ED, Dodell-Feder D. Social victimization, default mode network connectivity, and psychotic-like experiences in adolescents. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:462-470. [PMID: 38266514 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Social victimization (SV) and altered neural connectivity have been associated with each other and psychotic-like experiences (PLE). However, research has not directly examined the associations between these variables, which may speak to mechanisms of psychosis-risk. Here, we utilized two-year follow-up data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study to test whether SV increases PLE through two neural networks mediating socio-affective processes: the default mode (DMN) and salience networks (SAN). We find that a latent SV factor was significantly associated with PLE outcomes. Simultaneous mediation analyses indicated that the DMN partially mediated the SV-PLE association while the SAN did not. Further, multigroup testing found that while Black and Hispanic adolescents experienced SV differently than their White peers, the DMN similarly partially mediated the effect of SV on PLE for these racial groups. These cross-sectional results highlight the importance of SV and its potential impact on social cognitive neural networks for psychosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shangzan Liu
- University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Ghrissi F, Stambouli M, Hakiri A, Loch AA, Cheour M, Hallit S. Moderating effect of alexithymia between problem gambling and psychotic experiences in university students. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:19. [PMID: 38172817 PMCID: PMC10765704 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the young individuals with problem gambling (PG) or psychotic experiences (PEs) are less prone to seek medical help. Therefore, community-based studies investigating the relationship between these entities in non-clinical young people across a continuum of severity are warranted. To this end, the present study proposes to advance knowledge on the mechanisms that potentially underlie the association between PG and PEs, by examining the role of a potential moderator, i.e. alexithymia, in this relationship. METHODS A total of 399 participants enrolled in this study (mean age = 21.58 ± 3.20 years) participated in an online cross-sectional survey. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B), and the Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) were used. RESULTS Thirty-three (8.3%) participants had problem-gambling, whereas 13 (3.3%) were probable pathological gamblers. Moderation analysis results adjusted over confounders (age, household crowding index, marital status, personal history of mental disorder, other illegal drug use) showed that the interaction PG by alexithymia (p = .018) was significantly associated with PEs scores. At moderate (Beta = 1.93) and high (Beta = 3.38) levels of alexithymia, more PG was significantly associated with more PEs scores. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that GP may have a different impact on PEs depending on the individual's level of alexithymia. As such, both alexithymia and gambling behavior should be considered in the clinical assessment of young people who present with PEs, which can help in implementing more tailored and individualized treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia.
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Farah Ghrissi
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manel Stambouli
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abir Hakiri
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alexandre Andrade Loch
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Majda Cheour
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, P.O. Box 446, Lebanon.
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, 21478, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
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4
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Kovess-Masfety V, Sabawoon A, Keyes K, Karam E. Prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidities of psychotic experiences in Afghanistan: a highly stressful environment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:99-109. [PMID: 37558897 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence and demographic, psychiatric, and trauma-focused correlates of psychotic experiences (PEs) in the Afghan general population. METHODS Data were drawn from a cross-sectional household survey implemented in eight regions of Afghanistan (N = 4445). The CIDI structured instrument was administered to adults to assess psychiatric disorders and psychotic experiences; life events and PTSD were assessed using validated instruments. Weighted multivariate models integrated socio-demographics, regions, traumas as determinants of PE. RESULTS PEs were frequently reported in the Afghan population: 27.50% of the population reported a lifetime PE. PEs were more common among specific ethnic groups, and were associated with lower income in adjusted regression models. PEs were associated with mental health problems including major depressive disorders (OR = 3.43), PTSD (OR = 5.08), generalized anxiety (OR = 4.2); lifetime suicidal attempts (OR 6.04), lifetime suicidal thoughts (OR = 3.42), addiction (OR = 2.18); and psychological distress and impairment due to mental health (OR = 2.95 and 2.46, respectively). CONCLUSION Psychotic experiences in the Afghan general population confirm general population findings in other countries, that psychotic experiences are common and associated with economic and social marginalization, and part of a continuum of mental health problems experienced in populations. Efforts to reduce and treat psychotic experiences within a broad array of psychiatric conditions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kovess-Masfety
- LPPS, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - A Sabawoon
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Governance Institute of Afghanistan (GI-A), Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - K Keyes
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Karam
- Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St. George Hospital University Medical Center University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
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Oluwoye O, Nagendra A, Kriegel LS, Anglin DM, Santos MM, López SR. Reorienting the focus from an individual to a community-level lens to improve the pathways through care for early psychosis in the United States. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 3:100209. [PMID: 37475775 PMCID: PMC10355221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of coordinated specialty care in the U.S. over the past decade has led to the improvements of clinical and functional outcomes among individuals in the early stages of psychosis. While there have been advancements in the delivery of early intervention services for psychosis, it has almost exclusively focused on short-term change at the individual level. In light of these advancements, research has identified gaps in access to care and delivery of services that are driven by different levels of determinants and have the biggest impact on historically excluded groups (e.g., ethnoracial minoritized communities). Interventions or efforts that place an emphasis on community level (structural or sociocultural) factors and how they may influence pathways to care and through care, specifically for those who have been historically excluded, have largely been missing from the design, dissemination and implementation of early psychosis services. The present paper uses a structural violence framework to review current evidence related to pathways to care for early psychosis and the physical/built environment and conditions (e.g., urbanicity, residential instability) and formal and informal community resources. Suggestions on future directions are also provided, that focus on enriching communities and creating sustainable change that spans from pathways leading to care to 'recovery.' In all, this lays the groundwork for a proposed paradigm shift in research and practice that encompasses the need for an emphasis on structural competency and community-driven approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladunni Oluwoye
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Arundati Nagendra
- Center of Excellence in Psychosocial and Systemic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 151 Merrimac Street, Floor 6, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Liat S. Kriegel
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Deidre M. Anglin
- City University of New York, Department of Psychology, 160 Convent Ave, NAC Building, Room 7/120, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Maria M. Santos
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Steven R. López
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Seeley G. Mudd Room 501, 3620 S. McClintock, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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Oh H, Karcher NR, Soffer‐Dudek N, Koyanagi A, Besecker M, DeVylder JE. Distress related to psychotic experiences: Enhancing the world health organization composite international diagnostic interview psychosis screen. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2023; 33:e1977. [PMID: 37194720 PMCID: PMC10804262 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abbreviated version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) psychosis screen tends to yield high prevalence in online samples. Psychotic Experiences (PE) may not necessarily indicate current or imminent psychopathology; however, distressing PE appear to be more clinically informative. METHODS We analyzed data collected from an online survey administered to a Qualtrics panel (N = 2522 adults). Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the association between PE (with and without associated distress) and several mental health outcomes, adjusting for age, gender, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Individuals with distressing PE had greater odds of most mental health outcomes when compared with individuals with non-distressing PE. This was true for being in mental health treatment, loneliness, probable mental illness, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt, adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and education level. The only exception was for hazardous alcohol use, for which there was no significant association with distressing PE. CONCLUSION As screening for PE gains traction in public health and preventive medicine, using an abbreviated version of the WHO CIDI psychosis screen may be clinically informative, especially when eliciting the distressful nature of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social WorkUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Nirit Soffer‐Dudek
- Department of PsychologyBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de DeuSant Boi de LlobregatSpain
| | - Megan Besecker
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social WorkUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Haile R, Rowell-Cunsolo T, Hyacinthe MF, Alang S. "We (still) charge genocide": A systematic review and synthesis of the direct and indirect health consequences of police violence in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2023; 322:115784. [PMID: 36863215 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Building on historical and contemporary efforts to eliminate police and other forms of state violence, and on the understanding that police violence is a social determinant of health, we conducted a systematic review in which we synthesize the existing literature around 1) racial disparities in police violence; 2) health impacts of direct exposure to police violence; and 3) health impacts of indirect exposure to police violence. We screened 336 studies and excluded 246, due to not meeting our inclusion criteria. Forty-eight additional studies were excluded during the full text review, resulting in a study sample size of 42 studies. Our review showed that Black people in the US are far more likely than white people to experience a range of forms of police violence: from fatal and nonfatal shootings, to assault and psychological violence. Exposure to police violence increases risk of multiple adverse health outcomes. Moreover, police violence may operate as a vicarious and ecological exposure, producing consequences beyond those directly assaulted. In order to successfully eliminate police violence, scholars must work in alignment with social justice movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahwa Haile
- SUNY Old Westbury, Department of Public Health, Old Westbury, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - Sirry Alang
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Health and Human Development, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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DeVylder J, Anglin D, Munson MR, Nishida A, Oh H, Marsh J, Narita Z, Bareis N, Fedina L. Ethnoracial Variation in Risk for Psychotic Experiences. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:385-396. [PMID: 36398917 PMCID: PMC10016402 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & HYPOTHESIS Psychotic disorders are inequitably distributed by race in the United States, although it is not known whether this is due to assessment biases or inequitable distributions of risk factors. Psychotic experiences are subclinical hallucinations and delusions used to study the etiology of psychosis, which are based on self-report and therefore not subject to potential clinician biases. In this study, we test whether the prevalence of psychotic experiences (PE) varies by race and if this variance is explained by socioenvironmental risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Data on demographics, PE, and socioenvironmental risk factors were collected through the National Survey of Poly-victimization and Mental Health, a national probability sample of US young adults. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether PE prevalence varied by race/ethnicity and, if so, whether this was attenuated with inclusion of indicators of income, education, urban/rural living, discrimination, and trauma exposure. STUDY RESULTS Black and Hispanic respondents reported PE at significantly greater rates than White or "other" ethnoracial groups, with hallucinations more commonly reported by Hispanic respondents. PE were significantly associated with police violence exposure, discrimination, adverse childhood experiences, and educational attainment. These factors statistically explained ethnoracial differences in the likelihood of overall PE occurrence and of nearly all PE subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Previously observed racial differences in psychosis extend beyond clinical schizophrenia, and therefore, are unlikely to be explained entirely by clinician biases. Instead, racial disparities in PE appear to be driven by features of structural racism, trauma, and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, USA
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Deidre Anglin
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Atsushi Nishida
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jonathan Marsh
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, USA
| | - Zui Narita
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie Bareis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Fedina
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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9
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Bridgwater MA, Petti E, Giljen M, Akouri-Shan L, DeLuca JS, Rakhshan Rouhakhtar P, Millar C, Karcher NR, Martin EA, DeVylder J, Anglin D, Williams R, Ellman LM, Mittal VA, Schiffman J. Review of factors resulting in systemic biases in the screening, assessment, and treatment of individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis in the United States. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1117022. [PMID: 36993932 PMCID: PMC10040591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1117022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSince its inception, research in the clinical high-risk (CHR) phase of psychosis has included identifying and exploring the impact of relevant socio-demographic factors. Employing a narrative review approach and highlighting work from the United States, sociocultural and contextual factors potentially affecting the screening, assessment, and service utilization of youth at CHR were reviewed from the current literature.ResultsExisting literature suggests that contextual factors impact the predictive performance of widely used psychosis-risk screening tools and may introduce systemic bias and challenges to differential diagnosis in clinical assessment. Factors reviewed include racialized identity, discrimination, neighborhood context, trauma, immigration status, gender identity, sexual orientation, and age. Furthermore, racialized identity and traumatic experiences appear related to symptom severity and service utilization among this population.ConclusionsCollectively, a growing body of research from the United States and beyond suggests that considering context in psychosis-risk assessment can provide a more accurate appraisal of the nature of risk for psychosis, render more accurate results improving the field's prediction of conversion to psychosis, and enhance our understanding of psychosis-risk trajectories. More work is needed in the U.S. and across the globe to uncover how structural racism and systemic biases impact screening, assessment, treatment, and clinical and functional outcomes for those at CHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda A. Bridgwater
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Emily Petti
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Maksim Giljen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - LeeAnn Akouri-Shan
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joseph S. DeLuca
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, United States
| | | | - Caroline Millar
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicole R. Karcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Martin
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deidre Anglin
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Lauren M. Ellman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vijay A. Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jason Schiffman
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Abstract
Experiences of psychedelics and psychosis were deeply entangled in scientific practices in the mid-20th century, from uses of psychedelic drugs that could model psychosis, to detailed phenomenological comparisons of endogenous and drug-induced madness. After the moral panic of the 1960s shut down psychedelic research, however, these two phenomena became disentangled. In the decades following, the science of psychosis transformed, shedding the language of psychoanalysis, and adopting the new scientific veneer of psychiatry. Today, as psychedelic science re-emerges, the research programs surrounding psychosis and psychedelics now stand in stark contrast. Here, I look closely at how these research programs respond to questions related to what is worth measuring, what is worth investigating, and how we ought to respond to these experiences. This comparison reveals radically different assumptions and values that guide each research paradigm and shape clinical practice. While psychedelic research often includes scales that seek to capture experiences of mysticism, meaningfulness, and ego dissolution, research related to psychosis focuses on the measurement of pathological symptoms and functioning. Research into psychosis primarily seeks universal and reductionist causal explanations and interventions, while psychedelic research embraces the importance of set and setting in shaping unique experiences. Responses to psychedelic crisis involve warmth, compassion, and support, while responses to psychotic experiences often involve restraint, seclusion, and weapons. I argue that these differences contain important lessons for psychiatry. However, as psychedelic research struggles to meet regulatory requirements and fit within the paradigm of evidence-based medicine, these differences may quickly dissolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Friesen
- Biomedical Ethics Unit, Department of Social Studies of Medicine, 5620McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Oh H, Koyanagi A, Leaune E, Zhou S, Kelleher I, DeVylder JE. Psychotic experiences, sexual minority status, and suicidal behavior among young adult college students in the United States. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1925-1929. [PMID: 35429284 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic experiences significantly predict suicidal behaviors; however, it is unknown whether these associations are conditional on sexual minority status. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Healthy Minds Study (N = 109,975), which was collected between September 2020 and June 2021 from young adult (aged 18-34) students from across 140 colleges across the United States. Having psychotic experiences and sexual minority status were associated with significantly greater odds of reporting suicidal ideation, suicide plan, and suicide attempt, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. We found significant interactions between psychotic experiences and sexual minority status, such that the relations between psychotic experiences and suicidal behaviors were stronger among heterosexual students than among sexual minority students. However, the interactions disappeared for suicidal ideation and plans after adjusting for socio-behavioral risk factors. Future research can explore whether psychotic experiences predict suicide attempts among sexual minority status behavior socio-behavioral risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, 1149 Hill St Suite 1422, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, USA.
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, 08830, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edouard Leaune
- Center for Suicide Prevention, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Sasha Zhou
- Department of Public Health, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ian Kelleher
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jordan E DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
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12
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Narita Z, Koyanagi A, Oh H, DeVylder J. Association between incarceration and psychotic experiences in a general population sample. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:112-117. [PMID: 35259671 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Incarceration of individuals with mental disorders is an important public health topic. While incarceration appears to be associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, to the best of our knowledge, no study has examined the association between incarceration and psychotic experiences (PEs). The present study aimed to examine whether individuals with PEs had higher odds of incarceration among a general population sample using data from Baltimore and New York City (N = 974). We fitted three regression models to examine the association between incarceration and PEs, using hierarchical adjustments for sociodemographic factors, adverse childhood experiences, and neighborhood disruption. The odds ratio (OR) for incarceration was attenuated with inclusion of more covariates in the model but remained statistically significant even at the highest level of adjustment (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.30 to 3.46). Findings were similar when individually examining delusional mood, delusions of reference and persecution, and hallucination. For delusions of control, a significant association was not found in the highest level of adjustment. The present study provides novel information on the association between incarceration and PEs, adjusted for sociodemographic and psychosocial confounders. Taken in the context of prior studies, these data further support the need to address the high prevalence of psychosis across all aspects of the criminal justice system. Future studies should employ longitudinal data and objective outcome measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui Narita
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, Dr Antoni Pujadas, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Misra S, Etkins OS, Yang LH, Williams DR. Structural Racism and Inequities in Incidence, Course of Illness, and Treatment of Psychotic Disorders Among Black Americans. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:624-632. [PMID: 35319958 PMCID: PMC8961835 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder) are a leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality and an overlooked health inequity in the United States. European data indicate inequities in incidence, severity, and treatment of psychotic disorders, particularly for Black communities, that appear to be primarily attributable to social adversities. The dominant US narrative is that any observed differences are primarily a result of clinician bias and misdiagnosis. We propose that employing the framework of structural racism will prompt European and US research to converge and consider the multifaceted drivers of inequities in psychotic disorders among Black Americans. In particular, we describe how historical and contemporary practices of (1) racialized policing and incarceration, and (2) economic exploitation and disinvestment, which are already linked to other psychiatric disorders, likely contribute to risks and experiences of psychotic disorders among Black Americans. This framework can inform new strategies to (1) document the role of racism in the incidence, severity, and treatment of psychotic disorders; and (2) dismantle how racism operates in the United States, including defunding the police, abolishing carceral systems, and redirecting funds to invest in neighborhoods, housing, and community-based crisis response and mental health care. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(4):624-632. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306631).
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Misra
- Supriya Misra is with the Department of Public Health, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. Onisha S. Etkins and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Lawrence H. Yang is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Onisha S Etkins
- Supriya Misra is with the Department of Public Health, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. Onisha S. Etkins and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Lawrence H. Yang is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Lawrence H Yang
- Supriya Misra is with the Department of Public Health, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. Onisha S. Etkins and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Lawrence H. Yang is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY
| | - David R Williams
- Supriya Misra is with the Department of Public Health, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. Onisha S. Etkins and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Lawrence H. Yang is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY
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14
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DeLuca JS, Novacek DM, Adery LH, Herrera SN, Landa Y, Corcoran CM, Walker EF. Equity in Mental Health Services for Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: Considering Marginalized Identities and Stressors. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 7:176-197. [PMID: 35815004 PMCID: PMC9258423 DOI: 10.1080/23794925.2022.2042874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prevention and early intervention programs have been initiated worldwide to serve youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (CHR-P), who are adolescents and young adults experiencing subclinical psychosis and functional impairment. The primary goals of these efforts are to prevent or mitigate the onset of clinical psychosis, while also treating comorbid issues. It is important to consider issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion in CHR-P work, especially as these programs continue to proliferate around the world. Further, there is a long history in psychiatry of misdiagnosing and mistreating psychosis in individuals from racial and ethnic minority groups. Although there have been significant developments in early intervention psychosis work, there is evidence that marginalized groups are underserved by current CHR-P screening and intervention efforts. These issues are compounded by the contexts of continued social marginalization and significant mental health disparities in general child/adolescent services. Within this narrative review and call to action, we use an intersectional and minority stress lens to review and discuss current issues related to equity in CHR-P services, offer evidence-based recommendations, and propose next steps. In particular, our intersectional and minority stress lenses incorporate perspectives for a range of marginalized and underserved identities related to race, ethnicity, and culture; faith; immigration status; geography/residence; gender identity; sexual orientation; socioeconomic status/class; and ability status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. DeLuca
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, , New York, NY, USA
| | - Derek M. Novacek
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, , Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura H. Adery
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shaynna N. Herrera
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, , New York, NY, USA
| | - Yulia Landa
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, , New York, NY, USA
- New York Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl M. Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, , New York, NY, USA
- New York Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Elaine F. Walker
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Abstract
Despite their enormous potential impact on population health and health inequities, police violence and use of excessive force have only recently been addressed from a public health perspective. Moving to change this state of affairs, this article considers police violence in the USA within a social determinants and health disparities framework, highlighting recent literature linking this exposure to mental health symptoms, physical health conditions, and premature mortality. The review demonstrates that police violence is common in the USA; is disproportionately directed toward Black, Latinx, and other marginalized communities; and exerts a significant and adverse effect on a broad range of health outcomes. The state-sponsored nature of police violence, its embedding within a historical and contemporary context of structural racism, and the unique circumstances of the exposure itself make it an especially salient and impactful form of violence exposure, both overlapping with and distinct from other forms of violence. We conclude by noting potential solutions that clinicaly psychology and allied fields may offer to alleviate the impact of police violence, while simultaneously recognizing that a true solution to this issue requires a drastic reformation or replacement of the criminal justice system, as well as addressing the broader context of structural and systemic racism in the USA. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Deidre M Anglin
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Bowleg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lisa Fedina
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bruce G Link
- School of Public Policy and Department of Sociology, University of California Riverside, California, USA
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16
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Associations between Experiences of Police Contact and Discrimination by the Police and Courts and Health Outcomes in a Representative Sample of Adults in New York City. J Urban Health 2021; 98:727-741. [PMID: 34811698 PMCID: PMC8688626 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-021-00583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Communities marginalized because of racism, heterosexism, and other systems of oppression have a history of being aggressively policed, and in those contexts, researchers have observed associations between a range of negative experiences with police and poor physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes. However, past studies have been limited in that experiences of police contacts were aggregated at the neighborhood level and, if police contacts were self-reported, the sample was not representative. To address these limitations, we employed NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene 2017 Social Determinants of Health Survey (n = 2335) data to examine the associations of self-reported police contacts and discrimination by police and the courts with measures of physical (poor physical health), mental (poor mental health, serious psychological distress), and behavioral health (binge drinking). Residents marginalized because of racial, ethnic, and sexual minority status were more likely to be stopped, searched, or questioned by the police; threatened or abused by the police; and discriminated against by the police or in the courts; those experiences were associated with poor physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes. The associations between experiences with police and poor health outcomes were strongest among Black residents and residents aged 25-44. Our findings suggest that the health of NYC residents who have had exposure to police and experienced discrimination by the police and courts is poorer than those who have not, and build on a growing body of evidence that aggressive policing practices have implications for public health.
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17
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Ryngelblum M, Peres MFT. Social segregation and lethal police violence in the city of São Paulo, Brazil (2014-2015). CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:4275-4286. [PMID: 34586278 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021269.25002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate how lethal police violence (LPV) in the City of São Paulo (CSP), Brazil, is associated with socioeconomic development when we consider the victims' place of residence and the locations of the fatal injuries. The spatial distribution of lethal police violence rate (LPVR) and its association with the human development index (HDI) was investigated using the Moran's I (Global and Bivariate Local). Between 2014 and 2015 we found 403 police victims in the Health database and 794 victims in the Security Department. We found a non-random spatial distribution of the LPV considering the victim's place of residence (I=+0.12; p<0.001) and the locations where the fatal injuries were inflicted (I=+0.07; p<0.001). We found a negative association between LPVR and the HDI of the place of residence (I=-0.10; p<0.001) and a positive association between LPVR and the HDI of the locations of the fatal injuries (I=+0.02; p<0.001). The results point to different dynamics of LPV in CSP. High mortality clusters are found in areas with lower HDI, when considering the victim's address, and in areas with higher HDI, when considering the address of the violent events. LPV impacts young blacks, poorly educated residents of outskirts informing us about patterns of social segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ryngelblum
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2º andar, sala 2177, Pacaembu. 01246-903 São Paulo SP Brasil.
| | - Maria Fernanda Tourinho Peres
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2º andar, sala 2177, Pacaembu. 01246-903 São Paulo SP Brasil.
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18
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Anglin DM, Ereshefsky S, Klaunig MJ, Bridgwater MA, Niendam TA, Ellman LM, DeVylder J, Thayer G, Bolden K, Musket CW, Grattan RE, Lincoln SH, Schiffman J, Lipner E, Bachman P, Corcoran CM, Mota NB, van der Ven E. From Womb to Neighborhood: A Racial Analysis of Social Determinants of Psychosis in the United States. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:599-610. [PMID: 33934608 PMCID: PMC8655820 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The authors examine U.S.-based evidence that connects characteristics of the social environment with outcomes across the psychosis continuum, from psychotic experiences to schizophrenia. The notion that inequitable social and economic systems of society significantly influence psychosis risk through proxies, such as racial minority and immigrant statuses, has been studied more extensively in European countries. While there are existing international reviews of social determinants of psychosis, none to the authors' knowledge focus on factors in the U.S. context specifically-an omission that leaves domestic treatment development and prevention efforts incomplete and underinformed. In this review, the authors first describe how a legacy of structural racism in the United States has shaped the social gradient, highlighting consequential racial inequities in environmental conditions. The authors offer a hypothesized model linking structural racism with psychosis risk through interwoven intermediary factors based on existing theoretical models and a review of the literature. Neighborhood factors, cumulative trauma and stress, and prenatal and perinatal complications were three key areas selected for review because they reflect social and environmental conditions that may affect psychosis risk through a common pathway shaped by structural racism. The authors describe evidence showing that Black and Latino people in the United States suffer disproportionately from risk factors within these three key areas, in large part as a result of racial discrimination and social disadvantage. This broad focus on individual and community factors is intended to provide a consolidated space to review this growing body of research and to guide continued inquiries into social determinants of psychosis in U.S. contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre M Anglin
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Sabrina Ereshefsky
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Mallory J Klaunig
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Miranda A Bridgwater
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Griffin Thayer
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Khalima Bolden
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Christie W Musket
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Rebecca E Grattan
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Sarah Hope Lincoln
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Emily Lipner
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Peter Bachman
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Cheryl M Corcoran
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Natália B Mota
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Els van der Ven
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
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19
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Abstract
Police violence in the United States represents a pressing public health crisis impacting youth, particularly youth of color. This article reviews the recent epidemiology of police executions and conflicts involving children, adolescents, and young adults. The roles of social determinants of health and centuries-long history of white supremacy and racism as root causes of adverse policing are emphasized. The article summarizes the evidence as to how direct and vicarious experiences of police violence impact youth academic, behavioral, and health outcomes. Recommendations are provided for pediatricians to address this public health crisis through clinical practice, education, advocacy, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffani J Johnson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4150 V Street Suite 2100, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Joseph L Wright
- Pediatrics and Health Policy & Management, University of Maryland Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Maryland Capital Region Health, 3001 Hospital Drive, Executive Suite, Cheverly, MD 20785, USA
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20
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Jacob L, Smith L, McDermott D, Haro JM, Stickley A, Koyanagi A. Relationship between sexual orientation and psychotic experiences in the general population in England. Psychol Med 2021; 51:138-146. [PMID: 31694728 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171900309x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-heterosexual individuals are at high risk for a variety of factors associated with the emergence of psychotic experiences (PEs) (e.g. common mental disorders, substance use, and stress). However, there is a scarcity of data on the association between sexual orientation and PEs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the sexual orientation-PE relationship, and to identify potential mediators in this relationship. METHODS This study used nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Sexual orientation was dichotomized into heterosexual and non-heterosexual. Past 12-month PE was assessed with the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire. Regression and mediation analyses were conducted to analyze the association between sexual orientation and PEs, and to identify potential mediators involved in this relationship. RESULTS The final sample consisted of 7275 individuals aged ⩾16 years. The prevalence of non-heterosexual orientation and any PE was 7.1% and 5.5%, respectively. After adjusting for sex, age, and ethnicity, non-heterosexual orientation was positively associated with any PE (odds ratio 1.99, 95% confidence interval 1.34-2.93). The strongest mediators involved in this relationship were borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits (mediated percentage = 33.5%), loneliness (29.1%), and stressful life events (25.4%). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that there is a positive relationship between sexual orientation and PEs in the general population in England, and that underlying mechanisms may involve BPD traits, loneliness, and stressful life events. Future studies with a longitudinal design are warranted to shed more light on how these factors are implicated in the association between sexual orientation and PEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jacob
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux78180, France
- Research and development unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona08830, Spain
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daragh McDermott
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research and development unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona08830, Spain
| | - Andrew Stickley
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and development unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona08830, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Xu Y, Wu Q, Levkoff SE, Jedwab M. Material hardship and parenting stress among grandparent kinship providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of grandparents' mental health. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 110:104700. [PMID: 32854948 PMCID: PMC7444952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of many families, including grandparent kinship families, to deal with a health/economic crisis. The fear of COVID-19 plus stay-at-home orders have increased individuals' psychological distress. Moreover, school closures and homeschooling further increased parenting stress among caregivers. OBJECTIVES This study examined the relationship between material hardship and parenting stress among grandparent kinship providers, and assessed grandparents' mental health as a potential mediator to this relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Grandparent kinship providers (N = 362) that took primary care of their grandchildren participated in a cross-sectional survey via Qualtrics Panels in June 2020 in the United States. METHODS Descriptive and bivariate analyses, binary logistic regression, and mediation analyses were conducted using STATA 15.0. RESULTS Suffering material hardship was significantly associated with higher odds of experiencing parenting stress among grandparent kinship providers, and grandparents' mental health partially mediated this association. CONCLUSIONS Addressing material and mental health needs among grandparent kinship providers is critical to decreasing their parenting stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Xu
- University of South Carolina College of Social Work, United States.
| | - Qi Wu
- Arizona State University School of Social Work, United States
| | - Sue E Levkoff
- University of South Carolina College of Social Work, United States
| | - Merav Jedwab
- Hadassah Academic College School of Social Work, Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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DeVylder J, Fedina L, Link B. Impact of Police Violence on Mental Health: A Theoretical Framework. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1704-1710. [PMID: 32941068 PMCID: PMC7542293 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Police violence has increasingly been recognized as a public health concern in the United States, and accumulating evidence has shown police violence exposure to be linked to a broad range of health and mental health outcomes. These associations appear to extend beyond the typical associations between violence and mental health, and to be independent of the effects of co-occurring forms of trauma and violence exposure. However, there is no existing theoretical framework within which we may understand the unique contributions of police violence to mental health and illness.This article aims to identify potential factors that may distinguish police violence from other forms of violence and trauma exposure, and to explore the possibility that this unique combination of factors distinguishes police violence from related risk exposures. We identify 8 factors that may alter this relationship, including those that increase the likelihood of overall exposure, increase the psychological impact of police violence, and impede the possibility of coping or recovery from such exposures.On the basis of these factors, we propose a theoretical framework for the further study of police violence from a public mental health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan DeVylder
- Jordan DeVylder is with the Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY. Lisa Fedina is with the University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor. Bruce Link is with the School of Public Policy and Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Lisa Fedina
- Jordan DeVylder is with the Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY. Lisa Fedina is with the University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor. Bruce Link is with the School of Public Policy and Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Bruce Link
- Jordan DeVylder is with the Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY. Lisa Fedina is with the University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor. Bruce Link is with the School of Public Policy and Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside
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23
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Oh HY, Koyanagi A, DeVylder JE, Link B. Urban upbringing and psychotic experiences in the United States: A racial and geographic comparison. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113372. [PMID: 32805588 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Urban upbringing has been associated with greater risk for psychotic experiences, though research is needed to confirm whether this is true in the U.S., and whether the association depends on race, type of experience, and region of the country. We analyzed data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (White respondents only) and the National Survey of American Life (Black respondents). Multivariable logistic regression models found that urban upbringing was not significantly associated with lifetime psychotic experiences for Whites, but was significantly associated with lower odds for Blacks, adjusting for socio-demographic covariates and common mental disorders. Rural upbringing was associated with greater odds of lifetime auditory hallucinatory experiences for Blacks. Exploratory analyses suggested growing up in a large city or 'other' environment were associated with greater odds of lifetime psychotic experiences among Whites currently residing in the Northeast, but lower odds among Whites residing in the South. For Blacks currently residing in the West, rural upbringing was associated with significantly greater odds of lifetime psychotic experiences when compared with growing up in a large city. White and Blacks may have different lived experiences in urban and rural settings, calling for more race- and location- specific research to explain these diverging patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Y Oh
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordan E DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York City, USA
| | - Bruce Link
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, USA
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24
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Xuan W, Song D, Yan Y, Yang M, Sun Y. Police Violence among Adults Diagnosed with Mental Disorders. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2020; 45:81-89. [PMID: 32393967 PMCID: PMC7683147 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Police violence is reportedly common among those diagnosed with mental disorders characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms or pronounced emotional lability. Despite the perception that people with mental illness are disproportionately mistreated by the police, there is relatively little empirical research on this topic. A cross-sectional general population survey was administered online in 2017 to 1,000 adults in two eastern U.S. cities to examine the relationship between police violence exposure, mental disorders, and crime involvement. Results from hierarchical logistic regression and mediation analyses revealed that a range of mental health conditions are broadly associated with elevated risk for police violence exposure. Individuals with severe mental illness are more likely than the general population to be physically victimized by police, regardless of their involvement in criminal activities. Most of the excess risk of police violence exposure related to common psychiatric diagnoses was explained by confounding factors including crime involvement. However, crime involvement may necessitate more police contact, but does not necessarily justify victimization or excessive force (particularly sexual and psychological violence). Findings support the need for adequate training for police officers on how to safely interact with people with mental health conditions, particularly severe mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xuan
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Dandan Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Youyou Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
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25
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Seiler N, Nguyen T, Yung A, O'Donoghue B. Terminology and assessment tools of psychosis: A systematic narrative review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:226-246. [PMID: 31846133 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Phenomena within the psychosis continuum that varies in frequency/duration/intensity have been increasingly identified. Different terms describe these phenomena, however there is no standardization within the terminology. This review evaluated the definitions and assessment tools of seven terms - (i) 'psychotic experiences'; (ii) 'psychotic-like experiences'; (iii) 'psychotic-like symptoms'; (iv) 'attenuated psychotic symptoms'; (v) 'prodromal psychotic symptoms'; (vi) 'psychotic symptomatology'; and (vii) 'psychotic symptoms'. METHODS EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CINAHL were searched during February-March 2019. Inclusion criteria included 1989-2019, full text, human, and English. Papers with no explicit definition or assessment tool, duplicates, conference abstracts, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, or no access were excluded. RESULTS A total of 2238 papers were identified and of these, 627 were included. Definitions and assessment tools varied, but some trends were found. Psychotic experiences and psychotic-like experiences were transient and mild, found in the general population and those at-risk. Psychotic-like symptoms were subthreshold and among at-risk populations and non-psychotic mental disorders. Attenuated psychotic symptoms were subthreshold but associated with distress, risk, and help-seeking. Prodromal psychotic symptoms referred to the prodrome of psychotic disorders. Psychotic symptomatology included delusions and hallucinations within psychotic disorders. Psychotic symptoms was the broadest term, encompassing a range of populations but most commonly involving hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and disorganization. DISCUSSION A model for conceptualizing the required terms is proposed and future directions needed to advance this field of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Seiler
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tony Nguyen
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alison Yung
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brian O'Donoghue
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
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26
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Stickley A, Waldman K, Koyanagi A, DeVylder JE, Narita Z, Sumiyoshi T, Jacob L, Oh H. Psychotic experiences and accidents, injuries, and poisonings among adults in the United States. Psychiatry Res 2019; 282:112610. [PMID: 31655406 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic experiences (PEs) have been linked to an increased risk for accidents and injuries. However, this association remains little researched in many countries. To address this research gap, the current study used cross-sectional data from the United States to examine the association between PEs and accidents, injuries, and poisoning in a general population sample. Data were analyzed from 2274 individuals who completed the psychosis screen as part of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Information was obtained on PEs (hallucinations and delusions) and the experience of past 12-month accidents, injuries, and poisoning. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association while adjusting for demographic variables and common mental disorders (CMDs). In a fully adjusted model past 12-month PEs were associated with almost three times higher odds for reporting accidents, injuries, and poisoning (odds ratio [OR]: 2.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-7.74). The results of this study indicate that PEs are associated with higher odds for accidents and injuries among adults in the United States. Research is now needed to determine the direction of this association and the factors linked to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stickley
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan; The Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Kyle Waldman
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordan E DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zui Narita
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France
| | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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DeVylder JE, Jun HJ, Fedina L, Coleman D, Anglin D, Cogburn C, Link B, Barth RP. Association of Exposure to Police Violence With Prevalence of Mental Health Symptoms Among Urban Residents in the United States. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e184945. [PMID: 30646377 PMCID: PMC6324385 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Police violence is reportedly widespread in the United States and may pose a significant risk to public mental health. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between 12-month exposure to police violence and concurrent mental health symptoms independent of trauma history, crime involvement, and other forms of interpersonal violence exposure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional, general population survey study of 1221 eligible adults was conducted in Baltimore, Maryland, and New York City, New York, from October through December 2017. Participants were identified through Qualtrics panels, an internet-based survey administration service using quota sampling. EXPOSURES Past 12-month exposure to police violence, assessed using the Police Practices Inventory. Subtypes of violence exposure were coded according to the World Health Organization domains of violence (ie, physical, sexual, psychological, and neglectful). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Current Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6) score, past 12-month psychotic experiences (World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview), and past 12-month suicidal ideation and attempts. RESULTS Of 1221 eligible participants, there were 1000 respondents (81.9% participation rate). The sample matched the adult population of included cities on race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, 339 [33.9%]; non-Hispanic black/African American, 390 [39.0%]; Hispanic/Latino, 178 [17.8%]; other, 93 [9.3%]), age (mean [SD], 39.8 [15.2] years), and gender (women, 600 [60.0%]; men, 394 [39.4%]; transgender, 6 [0.6%]) within 10% above or beyond 2010 census distributions. Twelve-month prevalence of police violence was 3.2% for sexual violence, 7.5% for physical violence without a weapon, 4.6% for physical violence with a weapon, 13.2% for psychological violence, and 14.9% for neglect. Police violence exposures were higher among men, people of color, and those identified as homosexual or transgender. Respondents reported suicidal ideation (9.1%), suicide attempts (3.1%), and psychotic experiences (20.6%). The mean (SD) K6 score was 5.8 (6.1). All mental health outcomes were associated with police violence exposure in adjusted logistic regression analyses. Physical violence with a weapon and sexual violence were associated with greater odds of psychotic experiences (odds ratio [95% CI]: 4.34 [2.05-9.18] for physical violence with a weapon; 6.61 [2.52-17.36] for sexual violence), suicide attempts (odds ratio [95% CI]: 7.30 [2.94-18.14] for physical violence with a weapon; 6.63 [2.64-16.64] for sexual violence), and suicidal ideation (odds ratio [95% CI]: 2.72 [1.30-5.68] for physical violence with a weapon; 3.76 [1.72-8.20] for sexual violence). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Police violence was commonly reported, especially among racial/ethnic and sexual minorities. Associations between violence and mental health outcomes did not appear to be explained by confounding factors and appeared to be especially pronounced for assaultive forms of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E. DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, New York
| | - Hyun-Jin Jun
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Lisa Fedina
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Daniel Coleman
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Bruce Link
- School of Public Policy, University of California Riverside, Riverside
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Jacob L, Haro JM, Koyanagi A. The association between problem gambling and psychotic experiences: Findings from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. Schizophr Res 2018; 201:79-84. [PMID: 29804926 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the association between psychotic experiences (PEs) and problem gambling are lacking. Thus, we examined the association between PEs and problem gambling in the general UK population. METHODS This study used community-based, cross-sectional data from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) (n = 7403). Ten items from the DSM-IV criteria and the British Gambling Prevalence Survey studies were used to ascertain problem gambling among individuals who gambled in the past 12 months. Respondents were classified as no problem (0 criteria), at-risk (1 or 2 criteria) and problem gambling (≥3 criteria). Past 12-month PE was assessed with the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association between gambling status (exposure variable) and PE (outcome variable). RESULTS The final sample consisted of 7363 people aged ≥16 years with no definite or probable psychosis [mean (SD) age 46.4 (18.6) years; 51.2% females]. The prevalence of PE in those with no problem, at-risk, and problem gambling were 5.1%, 11.1%, and 29.7%, respectively. In the model adjusted for sociodemographics, common mental disorders and risky health behaviors, at-risk (OR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.11-3.19) and problem gambling (OR = 4.64; 95% CI: 1.78-12.13) were associated with an increased odds for PE. CONCLUSION Problem gambling and PE tend to co-exist. Further research is needed to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the association observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jacob
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris 5, Paris 75006, France.
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona 08830, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5 Pabellón 11, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona 08830, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5 Pabellón 11, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The anticipation of threat or victimization is a core feature of paranoia. Cognitive theories of paranoia suggest that paranoid thoughts may arise as a psychological response to trauma exposure, which likewise may lead to greater anticipation of subsequent victimization. Little is known, however, about the relation between paranoid beliefs and anticipated victimization when accounting for past victimization experience. The present study aimed to address whether the experiences of past victimization contribute to the link between paranoid beliefs and the anticipation of threat or victimization, with a particular focus on exposure to police violence. METHODS Data were collected through the Survey of Police-Public Encounters (N=1615), a cross-sectional, general population survey study conducted in four Eastern U.S. cities. Associations between paranoia and anticipated victimization were assessed using linear regression models, with and without adjustment for past victimization exposure. RESULTS Paranoid beliefs were positively associated with police victimization expectations (β=0.19, p<0.001), but these associations were statistically better explained by past exposures to similar victimization such that paranoia was no longer associated with anticipated victimization in adjusted models (β=0.02, p=0.451). To assess for the specificity of past exposures to victimization, adjusting for past exposure to intimate partner violence (as a control condition) did not eliminate the association between paranoia and expected police victimization. CONCLUSIONS The overall findings are consistent with cognitive theories of paranoia in which paranoid beliefs may be a severe but normative reaction to past victimization exposures in some cases.
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Weighed down by discriminatory policing: Perceived unfair treatment and black-white disparities in waist circumference. SSM Popul Health 2018; 5:210-217. [PMID: 30094316 PMCID: PMC6072653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Police maltreatment, whether experienced personally or indirectly through one’s family or friends, represents a potentially harmful stressor, particularly for minority populations. We address this issue by investigating: (1) how waist circumference (WC) varies by personal and vicarious exposure to unfair treatment by police (UTBP); and (2) to what extent exposure to UTBP explains the black-white disparity in WC. We employed data collected from a community-based sample of black (n = 601) and white (n = 608) adults living in Nashville-Davidson county Tennessee to address these questions. Results from our final linear regression model showed that those who reported vicarious UTBP had WCs that were approximately 2 in. greater than those who did not (b = 2.03; p = 0.003). While personal UTBP was not linked to higher WC, a post-hoc analysis suggested that our ability to detect an association was complicated by selection. Binary mediation analysis revealed that differential exposure to vicarious UTBP accounted for approximately 12% of the black-white WC disparity among women. We found no black-white differences in WC among men. The association between vicarious UTBP and WC did not vary by age, race, or gender. Overall, our findings point toward the role of discriminatory policing as a potential upstream contributor to racial disparities in health. Unfair treat by police (UTBP), whether experienced personally or vicariously, is a stressor that disproportionately affects minority populations Exposure to vicarious UTBP is linked with higher waist circumferences (WCs) Black women have larger WCs than white women Exposure to vicarious UTBP explains 12% of the black-white disparity in WC among women
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31
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Psychotic experiences among police officers working in high-stress situations. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:613-614. [PMID: 29477245 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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DeVylder JE, Kelleher I, Oh H, Link BG, Yang LH, Koyanagi A. Criminal victimization and psychotic experiences: cross-sectional associations in 35 low- and middle-income countries. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 138:44-54. [PMID: 29682735 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Criminal victimization has been associated with elevated risk for psychotic symptoms in the United Kingdom, but has not been studied in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Understanding whether crime exposure may play a role in the social etiology of psychosis could help guide prevention and intervention efforts. METHOD We tested the hypothesis that criminal victimization would be associated with elevated odds of psychotic experiences in 35 LMICs (N = 146 999) using cross-sectional data from the World Health Organization World Health Survey. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations between criminal victimization and psychotic experiences. RESULTS Victimization was associated with greater odds of psychotic experiences, OR (95% CI) = 1.72 (1.50-1.98), and was significantly more strongly associated with psychotic experiences in non-urban, OR (95% CI) = 1.93 (1.60-2.33), compared to urban settings, OR (95% CI) = 1.48 (1.21-1.81). The association between victimization and psychosis did not change across countries with varying aggregated levels of criminal victimization. CONCLUSIONS In the largest ever study of victimization and psychosis, the association between criminal victimization and psychosis appears to generalize across a range of LMICs and, therefore, across nations with a broad range of crime rates, degree of urban development, average per capita income, and racial/ethnic make-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | - I Kelleher
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Oh
- Suzanne Pworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B G Link
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.,Department of Public Policy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - L H Yang
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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Swanson JW. Alternative Perspectives on Police Encounters and Psychotic Experiences [Invited Commentary on DeVylder et al, "Psychotic Experiences in the Context of Police Victimization"]. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:946-948. [PMID: 28911052 PMCID: PMC5581898 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Swanson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3071, Durham, NC 27710, US; tel: 919-682-4827, fax: 919-682-1907, e-mail:
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Hodgins S. Aggressive Behavior Among Persons With Schizophrenia and Those Who Are Developing Schizophrenia: Attempting to Understand the Limited Evidence on Causality. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:1021-1026. [PMID: 28605537 PMCID: PMC5581895 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
People with, and those who are developing, schizophrenia are at increased risk to engage in aggressive behavior (AGB). Some incidents lead to criminal prosecution. Most people with schizophrenia who commit crimes engage in delinquency and/or AGB prior to first episode. A large proportion of these individuals have a history of childhood conduct disorder (CD) and brain abnormalities suggestive of abnormal neural development distinctive from that of others with schizophrenia. Factors contributing to schizophrenia that is preceded by CD include failing to learn not-to-behave aggressively in early childhood, impairments in understanding emotions in the faces of others, maltreatment, and subsequent re-victimization. Others with no history of antisocial behavior begin engaging in AGB as positive symptoms increase and illness onsets. They too are at elevated risk to be victimized. Specific genetic variants linked to stress regulation in combination with adversity have been associated both with AGB and psychotic symptoms. Effectively treating conduct problems and preventing victimization would reduce AGB by persons with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilagh Hodgins
- Département de Psychiatrie, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Département de Psychiatrie, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherché, 7331 Hochelaga, Montreal, Quebec H1N3V2, Canada; tel: +1-514-251-4000, fax: +1-514-251-4105, e-mail:
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