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Colelli DR, Dela Cruz GR, Kendzerska T, Murray BJ, Boulos MI. Impact of sleep chronotype on in-laboratory polysomnography parameters. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13922. [PMID: 37150591 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Morningness-eveningness preference, also known as chronotype, is the tendency for a person to sleep during certain hours of the day and is broadly categorised into morning and evening types. In-laboratory polysomnography (iPSG) is the gold-standard to assess sleep, however, an individual's chronotype is not accounted for in current protocols, which may confound collected sleep data. The objective of our study was to assess if chronotype had an association with sleep physiology. Patients who completed the diagnostic iPSG and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), which categorises patients into morning type, neither or evening type, were assessed. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess if chronotype was associated with sleep quality, duration, and physiology during iPSG. The study sample included 2612 patients (mean age of 53.6 years, 48% male) recruited during 2010-2015. Morning type, compared with neither type, was significantly associated with an increase in total sleep time and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and a decrease in sleep onset latency and the arousal index. Evening type, compared with neither type, was significantly associated with a decrease in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and REM sleep, and an increase in sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset. Additionally, iPSG lights out time was significantly different between the different chronotypes. Overall, a morningness chronotype was associated with favourable sleep quality and duration while an eveningness chronotype was associated with reduced sleep quality. Our study quantifies the association of chronotype with iPSG metrics and suggests that laboratory protocols should consider chronotype in their evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Colelli
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gio R Dela Cruz
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tetyana Kendzerska
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J Murray
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sleep Laboratory, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark I Boulos
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sleep Laboratory, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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An Efficient Segmentation Algorithm to Estimate Sleep Duration from Actigraphy Data. STATISTICS IN BIOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12561-021-09309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yamakita M, Sato M, Ando D, Suzuki K, Yamagata Z. Availability of a simple self-report sleep questionnaire for 9- to 12-year-old children. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/sbr.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuya Yamakita
- Faculty of Nursing; Yamanashi Prefectural University; Kofu Yamanashi Japan
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Yamanashi; Chuo Yamanashi Japan
| | - Miri Sato
- Center for Birth Cohort Studies; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering; University of Yamanashi; Chuo Yamanashi Japan
| | - Daisuke Ando
- Department of Physical Education; National Defense Academy; Yokosuka Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kohta Suzuki
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Yamanashi; Chuo Yamanashi Japan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Yamanashi; Chuo Yamanashi Japan
- Center for Birth Cohort Studies; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering; University of Yamanashi; Chuo Yamanashi Japan
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4
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Minimum duration of actigraphy-defined nocturnal awakenings necessary for morning recall. Sleep Med 2013; 14:688-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Evans DS, Snitker S, Wu SH, Mody A, Njajou OT, Perlis ML, Gehrman PR, Shuldiner AR, Hsueh WC. Habitual sleep/wake patterns in the Old Order Amish: heritability and association with non-genetic factors. Sleep 2011; 34:661-9. [PMID: 21532960 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/34.5.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate the contribution of genetic and non-genetic factors on habitual sleep/wake patterns in a community-dwelling agrarian population using a physical activity monitoring device, the Actical. DESIGN Cross-sectional population-based study of healthy Old Order Amish enrolled in the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention (HAPI) Heart Study. SETTING Lancaster County, PA, USA. PARTICIPANTS 723 healthy adults (54% men) with a mean age of 43.3 ± 13.8 years (range: 20-80). 96% of the subjects were connected into one 5-generation pedigree. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS Participants wore Actical accelerometers 24 hours/day for 7 days to determine physical activity level, as well as habitual wake time, bedtime, and sleep duration. Participants completed the Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), a modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a lifestyle questionnaire. A sub-study of 164 participants kept sleep diaries. RESULTS Habitual wake time and bedtime determined by Actical were highly correlated with results from sleep diaries (r = 0.82 for wake time and 0.72 for bedtime, both P < 0.0001). After adjustment for age, sex, occupation, and season, higher activity level was associated with earlier wake time but not with bedtime, and correspondingly with shorter sleep duration. After adjustment for the aforementioned factors and the effects of a shared household, habitual wake time, MEQ score, and ESS score showed significant heritability (wake time h(2) = 0.20, MEQ h(2) = 0.21, and ESS h(2) = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS Objectively measured wake time, self-reported morningness-eveningness preference, and daytime sleepiness appear heritable and wake time may be associated with physical activity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Evans
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Cheng CM, Hsu YL, Young CM. Development of a Portable Device for Telemonitoring of Physical Activities During Sleep. Telemed J E Health 2008; 14:1044-56. [DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2008.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yeh-Liang Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC
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7
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Hall M, Buysse DJ, Nofzinger EA, Reynolds CF, Thompson W, Mazumdar S, Monk TH. Financial strain is a significant correlate of sleep continuity disturbances in late-life. Biol Psychol 2007; 77:217-22. [PMID: 18055094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although psychological stress has been associated with disturbed sleep in younger populations, little is known about the stress-sleep relationship in late-life. In the present study, we evaluated relationships among a chronic stressor, ongoing financial strain, and sleep in a heterogenous sample (n=75) of community-dwelling elders (mean age=74.0 years). Self-report measures included ongoing financial strain, mental health, physical health and subjective sleep quality. Sleep duration, continuity, and architecture were measured by polysomnography (PSG). Analysis of variance and regression were used to test the hypothesis that ongoing financial strain is a significant correlate of disturbed sleep in the elderly. Covariates included age, sex, mental health and physical health. Analyses revealed that ongoing financial strain is a significant correlate of PSG-assessed sleep latency, wakefulness after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency. After adjusting for the effects of age, sex, mental health, and physical health on sleep, ongoing financial strain was associated with lower sleep efficiency (p<.01). Our results show that chronic stress, as measured by ongoing financial strain, is a significant correlate of sleep disturbances in the elderly, even after adjusting for factors known to impact sleep in late-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martica Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Yeragani VK, Cashmere D, Miewald J, Tancer M, Keshavan MS. Decreased coherence in higher frequency ranges (beta and gamma) between central and frontal EEG in patients with schizophrenia: A preliminary report. Psychiatry Res 2006; 141:53-60. [PMID: 16343645 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2004] [Revised: 06/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with a dysfunction of cognitive integration that may be due to abnormalities in inhibitory neural circuitry. A previous study found a failure of gamma band (25-45 Hz) synchronization in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. Another recent study also stressed the importance of investigating high frequencies in the scalp-recorded sleep electroencephalogram (EEG). In this study, we compared coherence between first episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia (n=8) and age- and sex-matched normal controls (n=8) using two 32-s epochs of C4 and F4 EEG. The coherence was obtained using 4096 data points (128 Hz signal) using cross-spectral analysis with Blackman-Tukey window in beta (15.25-24.75 Hz) and gamma (25-44.75 Hz) frequency bands. We used wake, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep periods for the analyses. Our results show a significant decrease in coherence in both beta and gamma frequency bands in patients. Post-hoc 't' tests revealed a significantly lower coherence only during the wake stage in patients with schizophrenia in beta as well as gamma frequency bands. These results further support the importance of the analyses of high-frequency bands in the EEG and support previous findings of abnormal neural synchrony in patients with schizophrenia. These results have been discussed further in relation to wake and sleep stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kumar Yeragani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Keshavan MS, Cashmere JD, Miewald J, Yeragani VK. Decreased nonlinear complexity and chaos during sleep in first episode schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Schizophr Res 2004; 71:263-72. [PMID: 15474897 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2004] [Revised: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by disturbed sleep architecture. It has been thought that sleep abnormalities may underlie information processing deficits associated with this disorder. Nonlinear analyses of sleep data can provide valuable information on sleep characteristics that may be relevant to the functions of sleep. This study examined the predictability and nonlinear complexity of sleep EEG time series in two EEG channels (C4 and F4) using measures of nonlinearity, such as symbolic dynamics and the largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) in schizophrenia. A series of antipsychotic naive patients with first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and age-matched healthy controls were studied during awake period, stage 1/2, slow wave sleep (stage 3/4) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Nonlinearity scores were significantly lower during awake stage in patients compared to controls suggesting that there may be a diminished interplay between various parameters for the genesis of waking EEG. Symbolic dynamics and LLE were significantly lower in patients during REM compared to healthy controls, suggesting decreased nonlinear complexity of the EEG time series and diminished chaos in schizophrenia. Decreased nonlinear complexity was also correlated with neurocognitive deficits as assessed by the Wisconsin card sorting test. Diminished complexity of EEG time series during awake and REM sleep in patients with schizophrenia may underlie the impaired ability to process information in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Health System-Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Room 441, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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10
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Hall M, Vasko R, Buysse D, Ombao H, Chen Q, Cashmere JD, Kupfer D, Thayer JF. Acute stress affects heart rate variability during sleep. Psychosom Med 2004; 66:56-62. [PMID: 14747638 DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000106884.58744.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although stress can elicit profound and lasting effects on sleep, the pathways whereby stress affects sleep are not well understood. In this study, we used autoregressive spectral analysis of the electrocardiogram (EKG) interbeat interval sequence to characterize stress-related changes in heart rate variability during sleep in 59 healthy men and women. METHODS Participants (N = 59) were randomly assigned to a control or stress condition, in which a standard speech task paradigm was used to elicit acute stress in the immediate presleep period. EKG was collected throughout the night. The high frequency component (0.15-0.4 Hz Eq) was used to index parasympathetic modulation, and the ratio of low to high frequency power (0.04-0.15 Hz Eq/0.15-0.4 Hz Eq) of heart rate variability was used to index sympathovagal balance. RESULTS Acute psychophysiological stress was associated with decreased levels of parasympathetic modulation during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement sleep and increased levels of sympathovagal balance during NREM sleep. Parasympathetic modulation increased across successive NREM cycles in the control group; these increases were blunted in the stress group and remained essentially unchanged across successive NREM periods. Higher levels of sympathovagal balance during NREM sleep were associated with poorer sleep maintenance and lower delta activity. CONCLUSIONS Changes in heart rate variability associated with acute stress may represent one pathway to disturbed sleep. Stress-related changes in heart rate variability during sleep may also be important in association with chronic stressors, which are associated with significant morbidity and increased risk for mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martica Hall
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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11
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Jean-Louis G, Kripke DF, Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR, Sepulveda RS. Sleep duration, illumination, and activity patterns in a population sample: effects of gender and ethnicity. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:921-7. [PMID: 10807965 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current knowledge of the population's sleep durations emanates primarily from questionnaires and laboratory studies. Using Actillumes, we investigated whether self-reported sleep durations were indicative of a population decline in sleep duration. We also explored illumination and activity patterns. METHODS San Diego adults (n = 273, age range: 40-64) were recruited through random telephone calls and were monitored at home while engaging in usual daily routines. RESULTS Volunteers slept an average of 6.22 hours and received an average of 554 lux (environmental illumination). The timing of sleep, illumination, and activity occurred at 2:44, 12:57, and 13:43, respectively. Irrespective of ethnicity, age, and time reference, men received greater illumination than did women, but this gender effect was not independent of work status. Women and men exhibited a similar circadian activity profile; however, women exhibited better sleep-wake patterns. Interactions between gender and ethnicity suggested worse sleep-wake patterns among minority men. An age-related decline in activity was found, but no age trend in sleep duration or illumination patterns was observed. CONCLUSIONS This study showed an objective population decline in sleep duration. Sociodemographic effects should be considered in analyses of sleep-wake patterns and illumination exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jean-Louis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093-0667, USA
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12
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Carrier J, Monk TH, Reynolds CF, Buysse DJ, Kupfer DJ. Are age differences in sleep due to phase differences in the output of the circadian timing system? Chronobiol Int 1999; 16:79-91. [PMID: 10023578 DOI: 10.3109/07420529908998714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate whether age-related changes in the phase of the output of the circadian timing system (CTS) can explain age differences in habitual bedtime/wake time and in sleep consolidation parameters. Analyses focused on a group of healthy elderly people (older than 70 years) with no sleep problems and with similar subjective sleep quality as a young control group. The 2-week sleep diary data and 24h laboratory temperature recordings were examined for 70 subjects (22 young men [YM], 19 old men [OM], 29 old women [OW]). Polysomnographic (PSG) sleep data recorded during temperature data acquisition were also available for 62 subjects. These analyses made use of our recently developed technique to demask temperature rhythm data. As expected, compared to the young subjects, older subjects showed earlier habitual bedtime and wake time, more disturbed sleep, and a tendency for an earlier minimum of the circadian temperature rhythm. Despite sleep consolidation differences, the groups showed very similar habitual phase-angle differences (interval between the time occurrence of the fitted temperature minimum and habitual wake time). Both elderly and young subjects woke up on average 3 h after the temperature minimum. After controlling for the effects of age group, habitual bedtime and wake time were related to clock time phase of the circadian temperature rhythm, with an earlier phase associated with earlier habitual bedtime and wake time. None of the sleep consolidation parameters were linked to the temperature phase angle. In conclusion, sleep consolidation changes associated with healthy aging do not appear to be related to changes in the phase-angle difference between the output signal from the CTS and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carrier
- Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA
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McDermott OD, Prigerson HG, Reynolds CF, Houck PR, Dew MA, Hall M, Mazumdar S, Buysse DJ, Hoch CC, Kupfer DJ. Sleep in the wake of complicated grief symptoms: an exploratory study. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41:710-6. [PMID: 9066995 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to explore the concept that the symptoms of complicated grief may be a form of posttraumatic distress, rather than depression, and thus may have different effects on sleep. Sixty-five recently bereaved elders with varying levels of symptoms of complicated grief and depression were stratified by high versus low levels of symptoms; a two-way analysis of variance examined main effects of level of complicated grief symptoms and depressive symptoms on selected sleep measures, as well as interactions. Complicated grief symptoms were independently associated with mild subjective sleep impairment but showed no main effects on electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep measures. In a multiple regression analysis, complicated grief symptoms interacted with depressive symptoms to increase REM sleep percent. Thus, it appears that complicated grief symptoms do not entail the changes of EEG sleep physiology seen in depression, with the possible exception of an interaction with coexisting depression to enhance REM sleep percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D McDermott
- Mental Health Clinical Research Center for the Study of Late-Life Mood Disorders, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Brown LF, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Prigerson HG, Dew MA, Houck PR, Mazumdar S, Buysse DJ, Hoch CC, Kupfer DJ. Social rhythm stability following late-life spousal bereavement: associations with depression and sleep impairment. Psychiatry Res 1996; 62:161-9. [PMID: 8771613 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in social rhythm stability and sleep in spousally bereaved subjects (n = 94) and in nonbereaved elderly control subjects (n = 45). Social rhythm stability and activity level were measured with a diary-like instrument, the Social Rhythm Metric (SRM). We observed that spousal bereavement, per se, was not associated with a lower social rhythm stability or activity level except in the presence of a major depressive episode. We also observed an inverse correlation between severity of depression and social rhythm stability, and a positive correlation between depression and both subjective and objective measures of sleep impairment. Higher social rhythm stability was correlated with better sleep in subjects with high activity levels, but not in subjects with low activity levels. Longitudinal data, including pre-bereavement assessment of social rhythm stability, are necessary to ascertain directional effects, i.e., whether loss of spouse occasions disruption of social rhythms or whether such disruption precedes sleep impairment and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15213-2593, USA
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Abstract
This collection of studies had the aim of exploring whether older (77+ years) men and women have circadian body temperature rhythms different from those of younger adults. A total of 20 older men and 28 older women were compared with either 22 young men or 14 middle-aged men in four protocols; all but the first protocol using a subset of the sample. The four protocols were: 1) 24 h, and 2) 72 h data collections on a normal laboratory routine (sleeping at night); 3) between 36 h and 153 h of field data collection at home; and 4) 36 h of a constant conditions routine (wakeful bedrest under temporal isolation) in the laboratory. There was some evidence for an age-related phase advance in temperature rhythm, especially for the older men on a normal routine, though this was not present in the constant conditions protocol, where 5 of the older subjects showed major delays in the timing of the body temperature trough (10:00 or later). There was no statistically significant evidence from any of the protocols that older subjects generally had lower temperature rhythm amplitudes than younger adults. Only when older men were compared with younger men in 24-h rhythm amplitude by simple t-test did any comparison involving amplitude achieve statistical significance (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Monk
- Sleep and Chronobiology Center, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA
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MONK TIMOTHYH, REYNOLDS CHARLESF, KUPFER DAVIDJ, BUYSSE DANIELJ, COBLE PATRICIAA, HAYES AMYJ, MACHEN MARYANN, PETRIE SUSANR, RITENOUR ANGELAM. The Pittsburgh Sleep Diary. J Sleep Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reynolds CF, Hoch CC, Buysse DJ, Houck PR, Schlernitzauer M, Pasternak RE, Frank E, Mazumdar S, Kupfer DJ. Sleep after spousal bereavement: a study of recovery from stress. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34:791-7. [PMID: 8292683 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90068-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM In this study, we compared repeated measures of electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep and subjective sleep quality in nondepressed, spousally bereaved elders and a healthy control group, in order to search for possible psychobiological correlates of bereavement not confounded by concurrent major depression. METHOD Laboratory-based EEG sleep studies and measures of subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]) were repeated at 3, 6, 11, 18, and 23 months after spousal bereavement in a study group of 27 elderly volunteers. Data were compared with similar measures from a control group of 27 nonbereaved subjects recorded on three occasions 1 year apart. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), using age as a covariate, examined effects due to time on selected variables in the bereaved group, as well as effects due to group, time, and group-by-time interactions in the experimental and control subjects. RESULTS Bereaved and control groups showed consistent differences over time in the phasic measures of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (higher in bereaved subjects during the first and third REM sleep periods), but were similar on all other EEG sleep measures over the 2 years of observation. The bereaved showed a small decline in the percentage of slow-wave sleep over 2 years, but measures of sleep efficiency, REM latency, and delta sleep ratio were stable and did not differ from values seen in control subjects. Bereaved and control subjects were also similar on subjective sleep quality. CONCLUSION During successful adaptation to the loss of a spouse, and in the absence of major depression, spousal bereavement is associated with elevation in the phasic measures of REM sleep but does not appear to be associated with other physiologic sleep changes typical of major depression when studied at 3 to 23 months after the event. Although this observation does not preclude the possibility of significant sleep disturbance nearer the time of the event, it suggests that preservation of normal sleep following a major negative life event may be an important correlate of the resilience seen in successful aging. The elevation in REM density may provide a psychobiological correlate of bereavement not confounded by concurrent major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Reynolds
- Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, PA 15213
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