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Rao L, Guo D, Wu JP. Cisplatin-resistance induces lung squamous carcinoma cell growth by nicotine-mediated α7nAchR/HDAC1/Cyclin D1/pRb cell cycle activation. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3990. [PMID: 38504444 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The majority of adenocarcinoma lung cancer is found in nonsmokers. A history of tobacco use is more common in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The aim of this study is to identify the cisplatin (CDDP)-resistance that promotes lung squamous carcinoma cell growth through nicotine-mediated HDAC1/7nAchR/E2F/pRb cell cycle activation. Squamous cell carcinoma (NCI-H520 and NCI-H157) cells were examined after cisplatin and nicotine treatment by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay, cell migration assay, immunofluorescence staining, western blot analysis, and immunoprecipitation analysis. Consequently, CDDP is released from DNA and Rb phosphorylated pRb as a result of nicotine-induced cancer cell proliferation through 7nAchR, which then triggers the opening of the HDAC1 cell cycle. The cell cycle is stopped when CDDP adducts are present. Nicotine exerts cancer cytoprotective effects by allowing HDAC1 repair mechanisms to re-establish E2F promoting DNA stimulation cell cycle integrity in the cytosol and preventing potential CDDP and HDAC1 suppressed in the nuclear. Concentration expression of nicotine causes squamous carcinoma cell carcinogens to emerge from inflammation. COX2, NF-KB, and NOS2 increase as a result of nicotine-induced squamous carcinoma cell inflammation. Nicotine enhanced the cell growth-related proteins such as α7nAchR, EGFR, HDAC1, Cyclin D, Cyclin E, E2F, Rb, and pRb by western blot analysis. It also induced cancer cell inflammation and growth. As a result, we suggest that nicotine will increase the therapeutic resistance effects of CDDP. This has the potential to interact with nicotine through α7nAchR receptors and HDAC1/Cyclin D/E2F/pRb potentially resulting in CDDP therapy resistance, as well as cell cycle-induced cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leh Rao
- Department of Medical Technology, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biomedicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Medical Technology, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ping Wu
- Department of Medical Technology, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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2
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Błach J, Siedliński M, Sydor W. Immunology in COPD and the use of combustible cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:397. [PMID: 37794516 PMCID: PMC10548761 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases, characterised by high morbidity and mortality. COPD is characterised by a progressive decline of lung function caused by chronic inflammatory reactions in the lung tissue due to continual exposure to harmful molecules by inhalation. As prevention plays a very important role in COPD, quitting smoking is the most important factor in reducing the decline in lung function. Unfortunately, many people are unable to break their nicotine addiction. This paper summarises current knowledge about combustible cigarettes (CSs) and alternative tobacco products such as heated tobacco products (HTPs) in COPD. The paper focuses on the immunological aspects of COPD and the influence of tobacco products on lung tissue immunology. There are differences in research results between HTPs and CSs in favour of HTPs. More long-term studies are needed to look at the effects of HTPs, especially in COPD. However, there is no doubt that it would be best for patients to give up their nicotine addiction completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Błach
- Department of Clinical Immunology, UCH, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Siedliński
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sydor
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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3
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Wong ET, Luettich K, Cammack L, Chua CS, Sciuscio D, Merg C, Corciulo M, Piault R, Ashutosh K, Smith C, Leroy P, Moine F, Glabasnia A, Diana P, Chia C, Tung CK, Ivanov N, Hoeng J, Peitsch M, Lee KM, Vanscheeuwijck P. Assessment of inhalation toxicity of cigarette smoke and aerosols from flavor mixtures: 5-week study in A/J mice. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1701-1722. [PMID: 35543240 PMCID: PMC9545811 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Most flavors used in e-liquids are generally recognized as safe for oral consumption, but their potential effects when inhaled are not well characterized. In vivo inhalation studies of flavor ingredients in e-liquids are scarce. A structure-based grouping approach was used to select 38 flavor group representatives (FGR) on the basis of known and in silico-predicted toxicological data. These FGRs were combined to create prototype e-liquid formulations and tested against cigarette smoke (CS) in a 5-week inhalation study. Female A/J mice were whole-body exposed for 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 5 weeks to air, mainstream CS, or aerosols from (1) test formulations containing propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerol (VG), nicotine (N; 2% w/w), and flavor (F) mixtures at low (4.6% w/w), medium (9.3% w/w), or high (18.6% w/w) concentration or (2) base formulation (PG/VG/N). Male A/J mice were exposed to air, PG/VG/N, or PG/VG/N/F-high under the same exposure regimen. There were no significant mortality or in-life clinical findings in the treatment groups, with only transient weight loss during the early exposure adaptation period. While exposure to flavor aerosols did not cause notable lung inflammation, it caused only minimal adaptive changes in the larynx and nasal epithelia. In contrast, exposure to CS resulted in lung inflammation and moderate-to-severe changes in the epithelia of the nose, larynx, and trachea. In summary, the study evaluates an approach for assessing the inhalation toxicity potential of flavor mixtures, thereby informing the selection of flavor exposure concentrations (up to 18.6%) for a future chronic inhalation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Tsin Wong
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | | | - Lydia Cammack
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | - Chin Suan Chua
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | | | - Celine Merg
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | | | - Romain Piault
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Fabian Moine
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Cecilia Chia
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | - Ching Keong Tung
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
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4
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Sciuscio D, Calvino-Martin F, Kumar A, Langston TB, Martin E, Marescotti D, Mathis C, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Smith DC, Gogova M, Vanscheeuwijck P, Lee KM. Toxicological Assessment of Flavor Ingredients in E-Vapor Products. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:878976. [PMID: 35516526 PMCID: PMC9065440 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.878976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many flavor ingredients are often used in potentially reduced-risk tobacco products (such as e-vapor products). Although most are “generally recognized as safe (GRAS)” when used in food, there is limited information available on their long-term health effects when delivered by inhalation. While obtaining route-of-exposure-specific toxicological data on flavor ingredients is critical to product evaluation, the large number of individual flavor ingredients available and their potential combinations render classical toxicological assessment approaches impractical, as they may require years of preclinical investigations and thousands of laboratory animals. Therefore, we propose a pragmatic approach in which flavor ingredients are initially assigned to groups of structurally related compounds (Flavor Groups), from which flavor group representatives (FGR) are then selected and tested individually and as a mixture in vitro and in vivo. The premise is that structurally related compounds would have comparable metabolic and biological activity and that the data generated using FGRs could support the toxicological assessment of other structurally related flavor ingredients of their respective Flavor Groups. This approach is explained in a step-wise manner and exemplified by a case study, along with its strengths, limitations as well as recommendations for further confirmatory testing. Once completed, this FGR approach could significantly reduce the time and resources required for filling the data gap in understanding the health risks of many flavor ingredients while also minimizing the need for laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sciuscio
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Davide Sciuscio,
| | | | | | | | - Elyette Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Carole Mathis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Maria Gogova
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States
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5
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Xiang Y, Luettich K, Martin F, Battey JND, Trivedi K, Neau L, Wong ET, Guedj E, Dulize R, Peric D, Bornand D, Ouadi S, Sierro N, Büttner A, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Discriminating Spontaneous From Cigarette Smoke and THS 2.2 Aerosol Exposure-Related Proliferative Lung Lesions in A/J Mice by Using Gene Expression and Mutation Spectrum Data. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:634035. [PMID: 35295134 PMCID: PMC8915865 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.634035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice, especially A/J mice, have been widely employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of lung tumor formation and progression and to derive human-relevant modes of action. Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure induces tumors in the lungs; but, non-exposed A/J mice will also develop lung tumors spontaneously with age, which raises the question of discriminating CS-related lung tumors from spontaneous ones. However, the challenge is that spontaneous tumors are histologically indistinguishable from the tumors occurring in CS-exposed mice. We conducted an 18-month inhalation study in A/J mice to assess the impact of lifetime exposure to Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2 aerosol relative to exposure to 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS) on toxicity and carcinogenicity endpoints. To tackle the above challenge, a 13-gene gene signature was developed based on an independent A/J mouse CS exposure study, following by a one-class classifier development based on the current study. Identifying gene signature in one data set and building classifier in another data set addresses the feature/gene selection bias which is a well-known problem in literature. Applied to data from this study, this gene signature classifier distinguished tumors in CS-exposed animals from spontaneous tumors. Lung tumors from THS 2.2 aerosol-exposed mice were significantly different from those of CS-exposed mice but not from spontaneous tumors. The signature was also applied to human lung adenocarcinoma gene expression data (from The Cancer Genome Atlas) and discriminated cancers in never-smokers from those in ever-smokers, suggesting translatability of our signature genes from mice to humans. A possible application of this gene signature is to discriminate lung cancer patients who may benefit from specific treatments (i.e., EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors). Mutational spectra from a subset of samples were also utilized for tumor classification, yielding similar results. “Landscaping” the molecular features of A/J mouse lung tumors highlighted, for the first time, a number of events that are also known to play a role in human lung tumorigenesis, such as Lrp1b mutation and Ros1 overexpression. This study shows that omics and computational tools provide useful means of tumor classification where histopathological evaluation alone may be unsatisfactory to distinguish between age- and exposure-related lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James N D Battey
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Neau
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Remi Dulize
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Peric
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Bornand
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Ouadi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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6
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Simms L, Yu F, Palmer J, Rudd K, Sticken ET, Wieczorek R, Chapman F, Czekala L, Stevenson M, O’Connell G. Use of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes to Predict the Cardiotoxicity Potential of Next Generation Nicotine Products. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:747508. [PMID: 35295225 PMCID: PMC8915889 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.747508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combustible cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. By contrast, the cardiotoxicity potential of non-combustible next generation nicotine products (NGPs), which includes heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic vaping products (EVPs), and how this compares relative to combustible cigarettes is currently an area of scientific exploration. As such, there is a need for a rapid screening assay to assess this endpoint. The Cardio quickPredict is a metabolomics biomarker-based assay that uses human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) to screen for potential structural and functional cardiac toxicants based on the changes of four metabolites, lactic acid, arachidonic acid, thymidine, and 2′-deoxycytidine. The study aims were to investigate the cardiotoxicity potential of NGPs compared to cigarettes, in addition to nicotine. To accomplish this, hiPSC-CM were exposed to smoke or aerosol bubbled PBS samples: reference cigarette (1R6F); three variants of HTP; and three EVP variants. The 1R6F bPBS was the most active, having cardiotoxic potential at 0.3–0.6% bPBS (0.4–0.9 μg/mL nicotine), followed by HTP, which displayed cardiotoxic potential at a 10 times higher concentration, 3.3% bPBS (4.1 μg/mL nicotine). Both 1R6F and HTP bPBS (at 10-fold higher concentration than 1R6F) affected all four predictive metabolites, whereas none of the EVP bPBS samples were active in the assay up to the maximal concentration tested (10% bPBS). Nicotine tested on its own was predicted to have cardiotoxic potential at concentrations greater than 80 μg/mL, which is higher than expected physiological levels associated with combustible cigarette smoking. The application of this rapid screening assay to NGP research and the associated findings adds to the weight-of-evidence indicating that NGPs have a tobacco harm reduction potential when compared to combustible cigarettes. Additionally, this technique was shown to be sensitive and robust for the assessment of different NGPs and may be considered as part of a larger overall scientific framework for NGP assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Liam Simms,
| | - Fan Yu
- Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Palmer
- Stemina Biomarker Discovery Inc., Madison, WI, United States
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7
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Titz B, Sewer A, Luettich K, Wong ET, Guedj E, Nury C, Schneider T, Xiang Y, Trivedi K, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Büttner A, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Aerosol From the Candidate Modified-Risk Tobacco Product THS 2.2 in an 18-Month Systems Toxicology Study With A/J Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:138-158. [PMID: 32780831 PMCID: PMC7657339 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking cessation is the most effective measure for reducing the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, switching to less harmful products (modified-risk tobacco products [MRTP]) can be an alternative to help reduce the risk for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. In an 18-month chronic carcinogenicity/toxicity study in A/J mice (OECD Test Guideline 453), we assessed the aerosol of Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2), a candidate MRTP based on the heat-not-burn principle, compared with 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS). To capture toxicity- and disease-relevant mechanisms, we complemented standard toxicology endpoints with in-depth systems toxicology analyses. In this part of our publication series, we report on integrative assessment of the apical and molecular exposure effects on the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, and lungs). Across the respiratory tract, we found changes in inflammatory response following 3R4F CS exposure (eg, antimicrobial peptide response in the nose), with both shared and distinct oxidative and xenobiotic responses. Compared with 3R4F CS, THS 2.2 aerosol exerted far fewer effects on respiratory tract histology, including adaptive tissue changes in nasal and laryngeal epithelium and inflammation and emphysematous changes in the lungs. Integrative analysis of molecular changes confirmed the substantially lower impact of THS 2.2 aerosol than 3R4F CS on toxicologically and disease-relevant molecular processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress responses, and xenobiotic metabolism. In summary, this work exemplifies how apical and molecular endpoints can be combined effectively for toxicology assessment and further supports findings on the reduced respiratory health risks of THS 2.2 aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Singapore 117406
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Nury
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yang Xiang
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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