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Ehrlich V, Bil W, Vandebriel R, Granum B, Luijten M, Lindeman B, Grandjean P, Kaiser AM, Hauzenberger I, Hartmann C, Gundacker C, Uhl M. Consideration of pathways for immunotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Environ Health 2023; 22:19. [PMID: 36814257 PMCID: PMC9944481 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of public health concern, because of their ubiquitous and extremely persistent occurrence, and depending on their structure, their bio-accumulative, mobile and toxic properties. Human health effects associated with exposure to PFAS include adverse effects on the immune system. In 2020, EFSA (the European Food Safety Authority) defined adverse effects on the immune system as the most critical effect for human health risk assessment, based on reduced antibody responses to childhood vaccines and similar effects observed in experimental animal studies. Likewise, the U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) considers PFAS-induced immunotoxicity, especially in children, as the critical effect for risk assessment. However, the mechanisms by which antibody concentrations are impacted are not completely understood. Furthermore, other targets of the immune system functions have been reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to explore PFAS-associated immune-related effects. This includes, relevant mechanisms that may underlie the observed effects on the immune system, immunosuppression as well as immunoenhancement, such as i) modulation of cell signalling and nuclear receptors, such as NF-κB and PPARs; ii) alteration of calcium signalling and homoeostasis in immune cells; iii) modulation of immune cell populations; iv) oxidative stress and v) impact on fatty acid metabolism & secondary effects on the immune system. METHODS A literature research was conducted using three databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus), which were searched in July 2021 for relevant studies published in the time frame from 2018 to 2021. In total, 487 publications were identified as potentially eligible and following expert-based judgement, articles relevant for mechanisms of PFAS induced immunotoxicity are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we show that there is substantial evidence from both in vitro and in vivo experimental as well as epidemiological studies, supporting that various PFAS, not only PFOA and PFOS, affect multiple aspects of the immune system. Timing of exposure is critical, because the developing immune system is especially vulnerable to toxic insults, resulting in a higher risk of particularly adverse immune effects but also other organs later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ehrlich
- Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt GmbH), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wieneke Bil
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Berit Granum
- Division of Climate and Environment Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte Lindeman
- Division of Climate and Environment Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Andreas-Marius Kaiser
- Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt GmbH), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Hauzenberger
- Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt GmbH), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Hartmann
- Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt GmbH), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt GmbH), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Li X, Zhao B, Luo L, Zhou Y, Lai D, Luan T. In vitro immunotoxicity detection for environmental pollutants: Current techniques and future perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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Osipchuk NC, Soulika AM, Fomina AF. Modulation of Ryanodine Receptors Activity Alters the Course of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 12:770820. [PMID: 35027891 PMCID: PMC8751758 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.770820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs), the intracellular Ca2+ release channels, are expressed in T lymphocytes and other types of immune cells. Modulation of RyRs has been shown to affect T cell functions in vitro and immune responses in vivo. The effects of modulation of RyRs on the development of autoimmune diseases have not been investigated. Here we studied how modulation of RyRs through administration of RyR inhibitor dantrolene or introducing a gain-of-function RYR1-p.R163C mutation affects clinical progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, a T cell-mediated autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease. We found that daily intraperitoneal administration of 5 or 10 mg/kg dantrolene beginning at the time of EAE induction significantly reduced the severity of EAE clinical symptoms and dampened inflammation in the spinal cord. The protective effect of dantrolene on EAE was reversible. Dantrolene administration elicited dose-dependent skeletal muscle weakness: mice that received 10 mg/kg dose developed a waddling gait, while 5 mg/kg dantrolene dose administration produced a reduction in four-limb holding impulse values. Mice bearing the gain-of-function RYR1-p.R163C mutation developed the EAE clinical symptoms faster and more severely than wild-type mice. This study demonstrates that RyRs play a significant role in EAE pathogenesis and suggests that inhibition of RyRs with low doses of dantrolene may have a protective effect against autoimmunity and inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia C Osipchuk
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Athena M Soulika
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Research, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alla F Fomina
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Cepeda-Prado EA, Khodaie B, Quiceno GD, Beythien S, Edelmann E, Lessmann V. Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptors Mediate Timing-Dependent LTP Elicited by Low Repeat Coincident Pre- and Postsynaptic Activity at Schaffer Collateral-CA1 Synapses. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1682-1703. [PMID: 34498663 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-frequency stimulation induced long-term potentiation (LTP) and low-frequency stimulation induced LTD are considered as cellular models of memory formation. Interestingly, spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) can induce equally robust timing-dependent LTP (t-LTP) and t-LTD in response to low frequency repeats of coincident action potential (AP) firing in presynaptic and postsynaptic cells. Commonly, STDP paradigms relying on 25-100 repeats of coincident AP firing are used to elicit t-LTP or t-LTD, but the minimum number of repeats required for successful STDP is barely explored. However, systematic investigation of physiologically relevant low repeat STDP paradigms is of utmost importance to explain learning mechanisms in vivo. Here, we examined low repeat STDP at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses by pairing one presynaptic AP with either one postsynaptic AP (1:1 t-LTP), or a burst of 4 APs (1:4 t-LTP) and found 3-6 repeats to be sufficient to elicit t-LTP. 6× 1:1 t-LTP required postsynaptic Ca2+ influx via NMDARs and L-type VGCCs and was mediated by increased presynaptic glutamate release. In contrast, 1:4 t-LTP depended on postsynaptic metabotropic GluRs and ryanodine receptor signaling and was mediated by postsynaptic insertion of AMPA receptors. Unexpectedly, both 6× t-LTP variants were strictly dependent on activation of postsynaptic Ca2+-permeable AMPARs but were differentially regulated by dopamine receptor signaling. Our data show that synaptic changes induced by only 3-6 repeats of mild STDP stimulation occurring in ≤10 s can take place on time scales observed also during single trial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain A Cepeda-Prado
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Babak Khodaie
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.,OVGU International ESF-funded Graduate School ABINEP, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
| | - Gloria D Quiceno
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Swantje Beythien
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Elke Edelmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.,OVGU International ESF-funded Graduate School ABINEP, Magdeburg 39104, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
| | - Volkmar Lessmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.,OVGU International ESF-funded Graduate School ABINEP, Magdeburg 39104, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
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5
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Fomina AF. Neglected wardens: T lymphocyte ryanodine receptors. J Physiol 2021; 599:4415-4426. [PMID: 34411300 DOI: 10.1113/jp281722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are intracellular Ca2+ release channels ubiquitously expressed in various cell types. RyRs were extensively studied in striated muscle cells due to their crucial role in muscle contraction. In contrast, the role of RyRs in Ca2+ signalling and functions in non-excitable cells, such as T lymphocytes, remains poorly understood. Expression of different isoforms of RyRs was shown in primary T cells and T cell lines. In T cells, RyRs co-localize with the plasmalemmal store-operated Ca2+ channels of the Orai family and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensing Stim family proteins and are activated by store-operated Ca2+ entry and pyridine nucleotide metabolites, the intracellular second messengers generated upon stimulation of T cell receptors. Experimental data indicate that together with d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, RyRs regulate intercellular Ca2+ dynamics by controlling Ca2+ concentration within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and, consequently, store-operated Ca2+ entry. Gain-of-function mutations, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of RyRs alters T cell Ca2+ signalling and effector functions. The picture emerging from the collective data shows that RyRs are the essential regulators of T cell Ca2+ signalling and can be potentially used as molecular targets for immunomodulation or T cell-based diagnostics of the disorders associated with RyRs dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla F Fomina
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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T lymphocytes from malignant hyperthermia-susceptible mice display aberrations in intracellular calcium signaling and mitochondrial function. Cell Calcium 2020; 93:102325. [PMID: 33310301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gain-of-function RyR1-p.R163C mutation in ryanodine receptors type 1 (RyR1) deregulates Ca2+ signaling and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and causes malignant hyperthermia in humans and mice under triggering conditions. We investigated whether T lymphocytes from heterozygous RyR1-p.R163C knock-in mutant mice (HET T cells) display measurable aberrations in resting cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), Ca2+ release from the store, store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), and mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨm) compared with T lymphocytes from wild-type mice (WT T cells). We explored whether these variables can be used to distinguish between T cells with normal and altered RyR1 genotype. HET and WT T cells were isolated from spleen and lymph nodes and activated in vitro using phytohemagglutinin P. [Ca2+]i and ΔΨm dynamics were examined using Fura 2 and tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester fluorescent dyes, respectively. Activated HET T cells displayed elevated resting [Ca2+]i, diminished responses to Ca2+ mobilization with thapsigargin, and decreased rate of [Ca2+]i elevation in response to SOCE compared with WT T cells. Pretreatment of HET T cells with ryanodine or dantrolene sodium reduced disparities in the resting [Ca2+]i and ability of thapsigargin to mobilize Ca2+ between HET and WT T cells. While SOCE elicited dissipation of the ΔΨm in WT T cells, it produced ΔΨm hyperpolarization in HET T cells. When used as the classification variable, the amplitude of thapsigargin-induced Ca2+ transient showed the best promise in predicting the presence of RyR1-p.R163C mutation. Other significant variables identified by machine learning analysis were the ratio of resting cytosolic Ca2+ level to the amplitude of thapsigargin-induced Ca2+ transient and an integral of changes in ΔΨm in response to SOCE. Our study demonstrated that gain-of-function mutation in RyR1 significantly affects Ca2+ signaling and mitochondrial fiction in T lymphocytes, which suggests that this mutation may cause altered immune responses in its carrier. Our data link the RyR1-p.R163C mutation, which causes inherited skeletal muscle diseases, to deregulation of Ca2+ signaling and mitochondrial function in immune T cells and establish proof-of-principle for in vitro T cell-based diagnostic assay for hereditary RyR1 hyperfunction.
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Zhao H, Tong G, Liu J, Wang J, Zhang H, Bai J, Hou L, Zhang Z. IP3R and RyR channels are involved in traffic-related PM 2.5-induced disorders of calcium homeostasis. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:339-348. [PMID: 31023176 DOI: 10.1177/0748233719843763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traffic-related PM2.5 can result in immune system damage and diseases; however, the possible mechanism of its effect remains unclear. Calcium (Ca2+) is a critical signaling molecule in a variety of cells. Indeed, Ca2+ is involved in numerous basic functions, including cell growth and death. In this study, Jurkat T cells were used to explore the possible mechanisms of PM2.5-elicited intracellular Ca2+signal responses. The results indicate that PM2.5 could raise the level of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The [Ca2+]i in Jurkat T cells significantly decreased after treatment with heparin as an inhibitor of inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3 R), or procaine as an inhibitor of ryanodine receptors (RyR). The expression of calmodulin (CAM) protein decreased in a time-dependent manner after exposure to PM2.5, whereas the activity of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase seemed to show a slight drop trend after exposure to PM2.5. Our findings demonstrate that PM2.5 stimulation to Jurkat T cells would result in an increase in [Ca2+]i, which is modulated by IP3 R and RyR, as well as CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Zhao
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Guoqiang Tong
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Jiejing Liu
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Jing Wang
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Jianying Bai
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Lifang Hou
- 2 Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,3 Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
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Fanali LZ, Franco-Belussi L, Bonini-Domingos CR, de Oliveira C. Effects of benzo[a]pyrene on the blood and liver of Physalaemus cuvieri and Leptodactylus fuscus (Anura: Leptodactylidae). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:93-102. [PMID: 29477119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a bio-accumulative toxic compound found in the atmosphere, water, and soil that may affect the life cycle of amphibians. In this study, a few contamination biomarkers, such as hepatic melanomacrophages (MMs), mast cells, erythrocyte micronuclei (MN) and white blood cells were used to determine how BaP acts in these cells in the anurans Physalaemus cuvieri and Leptodactylus fuscus. Animals of both species were divided into three treatment groups: 1 day, 7 days and 13 days, subcutaneously injected 2 mg/kg BaP diluted in mineral oil and control group with only mineral oil. After 7 days, BaP caused the frequency of MN to increase in both species while reducing melanin area. The micronucleus frequency increased due to the genotoxicity of BaP, while the decreasing melanin area may be related to the inhibition of tyrosinase activity, an enzyme responsible for regulating melanogenesis, decreasing the synthesis of melanin. The mast cell density increased in all groups and in both species as a response to the inflammatory action of BaP. These cells respond to nonspecific inflammatory effects leading, therefore, to this response in all treatments. The percentage of leukocytes remained unchanged probably due to great intraspecific variability. Additionally, the leukocyte profiles of both species were characterized and the differences were attributed to extrinsic factors. In short, BaP can affect the integrity of several organs and tissues, and cell functions leading to the conclusion that this compound is hepatotoxic, genotoxic and immunotoxic for anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Zácari Fanali
- Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Franco-Belussi
- Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Environmental monitoring, CCTS, Federal University of São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Classius de Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
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Flores-Pérez A, Elizondo G. Apoptosis induction and inhibition of HeLa cell proliferation by alpha-naphthoflavone and resveratrol are aryl hydrocarbon receptor-independent. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 281:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zaccaria KJ, McClure PR. Using Immunotoxicity Information to Improve Cancer Risk Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:236-50. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813492829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estimating cancer risk from environmental mixtures containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is challenging. Ideally, each mixture would undergo toxicity testing to derive a cancer slope factor (CSF) for use in site-specific cancer risk assessments. However, this whole mixture approach is extremely costly in terms of finances, time, and animal usage. Alternatively, if an untested mixture is “sufficiently similar” to a well-characterized mixture with a CSF, the “surrogate” CSF can be used in risk assessments. We propose that similarity between 2 mixtures could be established using an in vitro battery of genotoxic and nongenotoxic tests. An observed association between carcinogenicity and immunosuppression of PAHs suggests that the addition of immune suppression assays may improve this battery. First, using published studies of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and other PAHs, we demonstrated a correlation between the derived immune suppression relative potency factors (RPFs) for 9 PAHs and their respective cancer RPFs, confirming observations published previously. Second, we constructed an integrated knowledge map for immune suppression by BaP based on the available mechanistic information. The map illustrates the mechanistic complexities involved in BaP immunosuppression, suggesting that multiple in vitro tests of immune suppression involving different processes, cell types, and tissues will have greater predictive value for immune suppression in vivo than a single test. Based on these observations, research strategies are recommended to validate a battery of in vitro immune suppression tests that, along with tests for genotoxic and other nongenotoxic modes of cancer action, could be used to establish “sufficient similarity” of 2 mixtures for site-specific cancer risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter R. McClure
- SRC, Inc, Defense and Environmental Solutions, North Syracuse, NY, USA
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Goodale BC, Tilton SC, Corvi MM, Wilson GR, Janszen DB, Anderson KA, Waters KM, Tanguay RL. Structurally distinct polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce differential transcriptional responses in developing zebrafish. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:656-70. [PMID: 23656968 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment as components of fossil fuels and by-products of combustion. These multi-ring chemicals differentially activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in a structurally dependent manner, and induce toxicity via both AHR-dependent and -independent mechanisms. PAH exposure is known to induce developmental malformations in zebrafish embryos, and recent studies have shown cardiac toxicity induced by compounds with low AHR affinity. Unraveling the potentially diverse molecular mechanisms of PAH toxicity is essential for understanding the hazard posed by complex PAH mixtures present in the environment. We analyzed transcriptional responses to PAH exposure in zebrafish embryos exposed to benz(a)anthracene (BAA), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and pyrene (PYR) at concentrations that induced developmental malformations by 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). Whole genome microarray analysis of mRNA expression at 24 and 48 hpf identified genes that were differentially regulated over time and in response to the three PAH structures. PAH body burdens were analyzed at both time points using GC-MS, and demonstrated differences in PAH uptake into the embryos. This was important for discerning dose-related differences from those that represented unique molecular mechanisms. While BAA misregulated the least number of transcripts, it caused strong induction of cyp1a and other genes known to be downstream of the AHR, which were not induced by the other two PAHs. Analysis of functional roles of misregulated genes and their predicted regulatory transcription factors also distinguished the BAA response from regulatory networks disrupted by DBT and PYR exposure. These results indicate that systems approaches can be used to classify the toxicity of PAHs based on the networks perturbed following exposure, and may provide a path for unraveling the toxicity of complex PAH mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton C Goodale
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Mayati A, Le Ferrec E, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Fardel O. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-independent up-regulation of intracellular calcium concentration by environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human endothelial HMEC-1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:556-62. [PMID: 21452393 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) constitute a major family of widely-distributed environmental toxic contaminants, known as potent ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). B(a)P has been recently shown to trigger an early and transient increase of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), involved in AhR-related up-regulation of target genes by B(a)P. This study was designed to determine whether AhR may play a role in [Ca(2+)](i) induction provoked by B(a)P. We demonstrated that, in addition to B(a)P, various PAHs, including pyrene and benzo(e)pyrene, known to not or only very poorly interact with AhR, similarly up-regulated [Ca(2+)](i) in human endothelial HMEC-1 cells. Moreover, α-naphthoflavone, a flavonoïd antagonist of AhR, was also able to induce [Ca(2+)](i). Knocking-down AhR expression in HMEC-1 cells through transfection of siRNAs, was finally demonstrated to not prevent B(a)P-mediated induction of [Ca(2+)](i), whereas it efficiently counteracted B(a)P-mediated induction of the referent AhR target gene cytochrome P-450 1B1. Taken together, these data demonstrate that environmental PAHs trigger [Ca(2+)](i) induction in an AhR-independent manner.
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Mayati A, Levoin N, Paris H, N'Diaye M, Courtois A, Uriac P, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Fardel O, Le Ferrec E. Induction of intracellular calcium concentration by environmental benzo(a)pyrene involves a β2-adrenergic receptor/adenylyl cyclase/Epac-1/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate pathway in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4041-52. [PMID: 22167199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.319970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) are widely distributed environmental contaminants, known as potent ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). These chemicals trigger an early and transient increase of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), required for AhR-related effects of PAHs. The mechanisms involved in this calcium mobilization were investigated in the present study. We demonstrated that B(a)P-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) induction was prevented in endothelial HMEC-1 cells by counteracting β2-adrenoreceptor (β2ADR) activity using pharmacological antagonists, anti-β2ADR antibodies, or siRNA-mediated knockdown of β2ADR expression; by contrast, it was strongly potentiated by β2ADR overexpression in human kidney HEK293 cells. B(a)P was shown, moreover, to directly bind to β2ADR, as assessed by in vitro binding assays and molecular modeling. Pharmacological inhibition and/or siRNA-mediated silencing of various signaling actors acting downstream of β2ADR in a sequential manner, such as G protein, adenylyl cyclase, Epac-1 protein, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))/IP(3) receptor, were next demonstrated to prevent B(a)P-induced calcium signal. Inhibition or knockdown of these signaling elements, as well as the use of chemical β-blockers, were finally shown to counteract B(a)P-mediated induction of cytochrome P-450 1B1, a prototypical AhR target gene. Taken together, our results show that B(a)P binds directly to β2ADR and consequently utilizes β2ADR machinery to mobilize [Ca(2+)](i), through activation of a G protein/adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/Epac-1/IP(3) pathway. This β2ADR-dependent signaling pathway activated by PAHs may likely be crucial for PAH-mediated up-regulation of AhR target genes, thus suggesting a contribution of β2ADR to the health-threatening effects of these environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mayati
- INSERM U1085/IRSET, IFR140, Université de Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr. L. Bernard, Rennes 35043, France
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Pessah IN, Cherednichenko G, Lein PJ. Minding the calcium store: Ryanodine receptor activation as a convergent mechanism of PCB toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:260-85. [PMID: 19931307 PMCID: PMC2823855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-level polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposures remain a significant public health concern since results from epidemiological studies indicate that PCB burden is associated with immune system dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and impairment of the developing nervous system. Of these various adverse health effects, developmental neurotoxicity has emerged as a particularly vulnerable endpoint in PCB toxicity. Arguably the most pervasive biological effects of PCBs could be mediated by their ability to alter the spatial and temporal fidelity of Ca2+ signals through one or more receptor-mediated processes. This review will focus on our current knowledge of the structure and function of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in muscle and nerve cells and how PCBs and related non-coplanar structures alter these functions. The molecular and cellular mechanisms by which non-coplanar PCBs and related structures alter local and global Ca2+ signaling properties and the possible short and long-term consequences of these perturbations on neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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15
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Stabenau EK, Sasser A, Schulte C. The effects of pyrene exposure on exercise performance, muscle contraction, and mitochondrial O(2) consumption in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2008; 43:576-583. [PMID: 18393064 DOI: 10.1080/10934520801893535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study exposed frogs to the PAH pyrene and measured exercise performance, muscle contractile ability, mitochondrial O(2) consumption, and membrane potential. Leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, were exposed for seven days in control or pyrene saturated water aquaria. Frogs were randomly placed into one of four groups: (i) pyrene-exposed exercised, (ii) control, exercised, (iii) pyrene-exposed, non-exercised, and (iv) control, non-exercised. Following the acute exposure, exercise duration, muscle contractile ability, blood gases and pH, glycogen levels, crossbridge formation and contractile length, and mitochondrial respiration were measured. The data revealed that pyrene exposure produced many adverse effects in Leopard frogs including significant reductions in exercise performance, muscle contractile ability, and alterations to muscle mitochondrial O(2) consumption and membrane potential. These data suggest that PAH exposure may limit survival for frogs in the wild by limiting foraging, mating, and predator avoidance behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich K Stabenau
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois 61625, USA.
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Burchiel SW, Thompson TA, Lauer FT, Oprea TI. Activation of dioxin response element (DRE)-associated genes by benzo(a)pyrene 3,6-quinone and benzo(a)pyrene 1,6-quinone in MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 221:203-14. [PMID: 17466351 PMCID: PMC2020824 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a known human carcinogen and a suspected breast cancer complete carcinogen. BaP is metabolized by several metabolic pathways, some having bioactivation and others detoxification properties. BaP-quinones (BPQs) are formed via cytochrome P450 and peroxidase dependent pathways. Previous studies by our laboratory have shown that BPQs have significant growth promoting and anti-apoptotic activities in human MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells examined in vitro. Previous results suggest that BPQs act via redox-cycling and oxidative stress. However, because two specific BPQs (1,6-BPQ and 3,6-BPQ) differed in their ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and yet both had strong proliferative and EGF receptor activating activity, we utilized mRNA expression arrays and qRT-PCR to determine potential pathways and mechanisms of gene activation. The results of the present studies demonstrated that 1,6-BPQ and 3,6-BPQ activate dioxin response elements (DRE, also known as xenobiotic response elements, XRE) and anti-oxidant response elements (ARE, also known as electrophile response elements, EpRE). 3,6-BPQ had greater DRE activity than 1,6-BPQ, whereas the opposite was true for the activation of ARE. Both 3,6-BPQ and 1,6-BPQ induced oxidative stress-associated genes (HMOX1, GCLC, GCLM, and SLC7A11), phase 2 enzyme genes (NQO1, NQO2, ALDH3A1), PAH metabolizing genes (CYP1B1, EPHX1, AKR1C1), and certain EGF receptor-associated genes (EGFR, IER3, ING1, SQSTM1 and TRIM16). The results of these studies demonstrate that BPQs activate numerous pathways in human mammary epithelial cells associated with increased cell growth and survival that may play important roles in tumor promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Burchiel
- The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy Toxicology Program and Division of Biocomputing, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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17
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Phimister AJ, Lango J, Lee EH, Ernst-Russell MA, Takeshima H, Ma J, Allen PD, Pessah IN. Conformation-dependent stability of junctophilin 1 (JP1) and ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) channel complex is mediated by their hyper-reactive thiols. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:8667-77. [PMID: 17237236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609936200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctophilin 1 (JP1), a 72-kDa protein localized at the skeletal muscle triad, is essential for stabilizing the close apposition of T-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes to form junctions. In this study we report that rapid and selective labeling of hyper-reactive thiols found in both JP1 and ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) with 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin, a fluorescent thiol-reactive probe, proceeded 12-fold faster under conditions that minimize RyR1 gating (e.g. 10 mM Mg2+) compared with conditions that promote high channel activity (e.g. 100 microM Ca2+, 10 mM caffeine, 5 mM ATP). The reactivity of these thiol groups was very sensitive to oxidation by naphthoquinone, H2O2, NO, or O2, all known modulators of the RyR1 channel complex. Using preparative SDS-PAGE, in-gel tryptic digestion, high pressure liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry-based peptide sequencing, we identified 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin-thioether adducts on three cysteine residues of JP1 (101, 402, and 627); the remaining five cysteines of JP1 were unlabeled. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated a physical interaction between JP1 and RyR1 that, like thiol reactivity, was sensitive to RyR1 conformation and chemical status of the hyper-reactive cysteines of JP1 and RyR1. These findings support a model in which JP1 interacts with the RyR1 channel complex in a conformationally sensitive manner and may contribute integral redox-sensing properties through reactive sulfhydryl chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Phimister
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences and Center for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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N'Diaye M, Le Ferrec E, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Corre S, Gilot D, Lecureur V, Monteiro P, Rauch C, Galibert MD, Fardel O. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor- and calcium-dependent induction of the chemokine CCL1 by the environmental contaminant benzo[a]pyrene. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19906-15. [PMID: 16679317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601192200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed immunotoxic environmental contaminants well known to regulate expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukine-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In the present study, we demonstrated that the chemokine CCL1, notably involved in cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory or allergic processes, constitutes a new molecular target for PAHs. Indeed, exposure to PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene (BP) markedly increased mRNA expression and secretion of CCL1 in primary human macrophage cultures. Moreover, intranasal administration of BP to mice enhanced mRNA levels of TCA3, the mouse orthologue of CCL1, in lung. CCL1 induction in cultured human macrophages was fully prevented by targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) through chemical inhibition or small interfering RNA-mediated down-modulation of its expression. In addition, BP and the potent AhR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were found to enhance activity of a CCL1 promoter sequence containing a consensus xenobiotic-responsive element known to specifically interact with AhR. Moreover, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin triggered AhR binding to this CCL1 promoter element as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In an attempt to further characterize the mechanism of CCL1 induction, we demonstrated that BP was able to induce an early and transient increase of intracellular calcium concentration in human macrophages. Inhibition of this calcium increase, using the calcium chelator 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester or the calcium store-operated channel inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, fully blocked CCL1 up-regulation. Taken together, these results bring the first demonstration that PAHs induce expression of the chemokine CCL1 in an AhR- and calcium-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique N'Diaye
- INSERM U620, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6061, Laboratoire de Génétique et Développement, Facultéde Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35043 Rennes Cedex
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