1
|
van Tongeren TC, Carmichael PL, Rietjens IM, Li H. Next Generation Risk Assessment of the Anti-Androgen Flutamide Including the Contribution of Its Active Metabolite Hydroxyflutamide. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:881235. [PMID: 35722059 PMCID: PMC9201820 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.881235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In next generation risk assessment (NGRA), non-animal approaches are used to quantify the chemical concentrations required to trigger bioactivity responses, in order to assure safe levels of human exposure. A limitation of many in vitro bioactivity assays, which are used in an NGRA context as new approach methodologies (NAMs), is that toxicokinetics, including biotransformation, are not adequately captured. The present study aimed to include, as a proof of principle, the bioactivity of the metabolite hydroxyflutamide (HF) in an NGRA approach to evaluate the safety of the anti-androgen flutamide (FLU), using the AR-CALUX assay to derive the NAM point of departure (PoD). The NGRA approach applied also included PBK modelling-facilitated quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE). The PBK model describing FLU and HF kinetics in humans was developed using GastroPlus™ and validated against human pharmacokinetic data. PBK model-facilitated QIVIVE was performed to translate the in vitro AR-CALUX derived concentration-response data to a corresponding in vivo dose-response curve for the anti-androgenicity of FLU, excluding and including the activity of HF (-HF and +HF, respectively). The in vivo benchmark dose 5% lower confidence limits (BMDL05) derived from the predicted in vivo dose-response curves for FLU, revealed a 440-fold lower BMDL05 when taking the bioactivity of HF into account. Subsequent comparison of the predicted BMDL05 values to the human therapeutic doses and historical animal derived PoDs, revealed that PBK modelling-facilitated QIVIVE that includes the bioactivity of the active metabolite is protective and provides a more appropriate PoD to assure human safety via NGRA, whereas excluding this would potentially result in an underestimation of the risk of FLU exposure in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa C.A. van Tongeren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Tessa C.A. van Tongeren,
| | - Paul L. Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang G, Xu Y, Xia Y, Wang G, Zhao H. Transcriptomic Analysis of Hepatotoxicology of Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Exposed to Environmentally Relevant Oxytetracycline. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:539-550. [PMID: 35460351 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of the broad-spectrum antibiotics like oxytetracycline (OTC) has become a serious environmental issue globally. OTC has profound negative effects on aquatic organisms including fishes. In this study, RNA-Seq analysis was employed to examine the possible molecular mechanism of hepatotoxicology in zebrafish induced by OTC exposure. Adult male zebrafish was exposed to 0, 5, 90, and 450 μg/L OTC for 3 weeks. The results showed the decrease in body weight and tail length but the increase in total length of zebrafish under OTC exposure in a dose-dependent way. In addition, severe histopathological damages were featured by increasing tissue vacuolization in the livers of 450 μg/L OTC group. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis revealed that molecular signaling and functional pathways in the liver were disrupted by OTC exposure. Furthermore, the down-regulation of gene expression after OTC exposure was found on both the genes related to fatty acid degradation and the genes related to lipid synthesis. The present study implied that OTC induced liver malfunction and fish health risks through growth retard, histopathological damages, molecular signaling disruption, genetic expression alteration, and lipid metabolism disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaixia Zhang
- Collge of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- AP Center, Changzhou Senior High School of Jiangsu Province, No. 8, Luohan Road, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youran Xia
- Changzhou No. 2 High School, No. 32, Xiheng Street, Zhonglou District, Changzhou, 213001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- AP Center, Changzhou Senior High School of Jiangsu Province, No. 8, Luohan Road, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- Collge of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Isoflucypram: Combining in vivo and NAMs data in a weight of evidence approach to demonstrate the human non-relevance of the mode of action leading to the subtle thyroid effects observed in the rat. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 131:105154. [PMID: 35276315 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Isoflucypram (ISY) is a new cereal fungicide with an overall favorable toxicity profile. As the thyroid was identified as a target organ only in the rat, following repeat dosing; short term in vivo (rat) and in vitro mechanistic studies were conducted to substantiate the thyroid changes as being secondary to liver enzyme induction via PXR/CAR activation and to determine the human non-relevance of the thyroid effects. The in vivo studies established ISY as a weak prototypical hepatic PXR/CAR enzyme inducer (P450 and T4-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (T4-UDPGT) activities), with the induction being associated with increased liver weight/hepatocellular hypertrophy/proliferation. Thyroid effects (minimal follicular cell hypertrophy/proliferation, slight, statistically significantly increased thyroid stimulating hormone) occurred at doses where liver stimulation was already established. Direct thyroid effects (in vitro thyroid peroxidase and sodium iodide symporter inhibition) were excluded. Marked quantitative species differences were identified when comparing rat and human hepatic enzyme activities in vitro, particularly for T4-UDPGT. Specifically, basal T4-UDPGT was 4-fold lower in human compared to rat hepatocytes. In addition, T4-UDPGT was induced in vitro in rat but not in human hepatocytes following ISY treatment. Overall, the weight of evidence supports a liver mediated mode of action for the isoflucypram-induced slight rat thyroid changes as well as the human non-relevance of these findings.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu X, Shi W, Wei S, Zhang X, Yu H. Identification of (anti-)androgenic activities and risks of sludges from industrial and domestic wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115716. [PMID: 33011575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The annual production of sludges is significant all over the world, and large amounts of sludges have been improperly disposed by random dumping. The contaminants in these sludges may leak into the surrounding soils, surface and groundwater, or be blown into the atmosphere, thereby causing adverse effects to human health. In this study, the (anti-)androgenic activities in organic extracts of sludges produced from both industrial and domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were examined using reporter gene assay based on MDA-kb2 cell lines and the potential (anti-)androgenic risks were assessed using hazard index (HI) based on bioassays. Twelve of the 18 samples exhibited androgen receptor (AR) antagonistic activities, with AR antagonistic equivalents ranging from 1.2 × 102 μg flutamide/g sludge to 1.8 × 104 μg flutamide/g sludge; however, no AR agonistic activity was detected in any of the tested samples. These 12 sludges were all from chemical WWTPs; no sludges from domestic WWTPs displayed AR antagonistic activity. Aside from wastewater source, treatment scale and technology could also influence AR antagonistic potencies. The HI values of all the 12 sludges exceeded 1.0, and the highest HI value was above 3.0 × 103 for children; this indicates that these sludges might cause adverse effects to human health and that children are at a greater risk than adults. The anti-androgenic potencies and risks of the subdivided fractions were also determined, and medium-polar and polar fractions were found to have relatively high detection rates and contribution rates to the AR antagonistic potencies and risks of the raw sample extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Hu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiu W, Liu X, Yang F, Li R, Xiong Y, Fu C, Li G, Liu S, Zheng C. Single and joint toxic effects of four antibiotics on some metabolic pathways of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:137062. [PMID: 32036144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In China, antibiotics are commonly used for human and veterinary medicine, and they are present in various environmental media. Thus, the toxic effects of antibiotics on organisms have attracted the attention of society and scientists alike. In this study, zebrafish embryos were used to test the single and joint toxicity of four antibiotics, sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), cefotaxime sodium (CFT), tetracycline (TC), enrofloxacin (ENR), and their combinations, combining the results of experimental and omics techniques. Following exposure to antibiotics for 120 h, the body lengths of zebrafish larvae in all 100 μg/L antibiotic groups were significantly shortened, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in the 100 μg/L Mix group was significantly increased. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) showed that the mRNA level of numerous genes was significantly changed in the five antibiotic treatment groups. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed a significant enrichment of the steroid biosynthesis and other metabolism pathways. Hub gene analysis highlighted dhcr24, acat1, aldh1a2, aldh8a1, suclg2, hadh, and hsdl2 as the key genes, and hub gene expression changes because of the antibiotic treatment suggested that the metabolic system of the zebrafish larvae was severely disrupted by the interaction with other genes. In conclusion, single or joint exposure to different antibiotics at environmental concentrations affected the early development and metabolic system of zebrafish larvae, and our results provide fundamental evidence for future studies of antibiotic toxicity in aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xinjie Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Feng Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rongzhen Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Caixia Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Guanrong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zacharia LC. Permitted Daily Exposure of the Androgen Receptor Antagonist Flutamide. Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:279-289. [PMID: 28666357 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report aims to determine the permitted daily exposure (PDE) of flutamide, an androgen receptor blocker, as directed by guideline EMA/CHMP/CVPM/SWP/169430/2012 that came into effect on June 2015. A literature review was conducted to identify toxicity studies of flutamide. Hazards and sensitive endpoints were determined. Based on the no adverse effect levels (NOAELs) and lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) reported from both reproductive, developmental, and 28-day toxicity studies the PDE was calculated. Most of the toxicity studies converge toward a NOAEL of 1 mg/kg/d that translates to a PDE of 0.1 mg/d. However, taking into consideration the worst case scenarios for additional safety a PDE of 0.025 mg/d (25 μg/d) was calculated based on a reported NOAEL of 0.25 mg/kg/d. A PDE of 0.05 mg/d (50 μg/d) was also calculated from reproductive/developmental toxicity studies, which is in close agreement with the PDE from the 28-day toxicity studies. Considering the lowest PDE of 0.025 mg/d, residual flutamide at this dose is unlikely to pose any risk to humans. Nonmonotonic dose response (NMDR) effects of flutamide were not supported by literature. Oral route of administration was considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lefteris C Zacharia
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, 1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Currier JM, Cheng WY, Menendez D, Conolly R, Chorley BN. Developing a Gene Biomarker at the Tipping Point of Adaptive and Adverse Responses in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155875. [PMID: 27195669 PMCID: PMC4873291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining mechanism-based biomarkers that distinguish adaptive and adverse cellular processes is critical to understanding the health effects of environmental exposures. Shifting from in vivo, low-throughput toxicity studies to high-throughput screening (HTS) paradigms and risk assessment based on in vitro and in silico testing requires utilizing toxicity pathway information to distinguish adverse outcomes from recoverable adaptive events. Little work has focused on oxidative stresses in human airway for the purposes of predicting adverse responses. We hypothesize that early gene expression-mediated molecular changes could be used to delineate adaptive and adverse responses to environmentally-based perturbations. Here, we examined cellular responses of the tracheobronchial airway to zinc (Zn) exposure, a model oxidant. Airway derived BEAS-2B cells exposed to 2–10 μM Zn2+ elicited concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity. Normal, adaptive, and cytotoxic Zn2+ exposure conditions were determined with traditional apical endpoints, and differences in global gene expression around the tipping point of the responses were used to delineate underlying molecular mechanisms. Bioinformatic analyses of differentially expressed genes indicate early enrichment of stress signaling pathways, including those mediated by the transcription factors p53 and NRF2. After 4 h, 154 genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.01) between the adaptive and cytotoxic Zn2+ concentrations. Nearly 40% of the biomarker genes were related to the p53 signaling pathway with 30 genes identified as likely direct targets using a database of p53 ChIP-seq studies. Despite similar p53 activation profiles, these data revealed widespread dampening of p53 and NRF2-related genes as early as 4 h after exposure at higher, unrecoverable Zn2+ exposures. Thus, in our model early increased activation of stress response pathways indicated a recoverable adaptive event. Overall, this study highlights the importance of characterizing molecular mechanisms around the tipping point of adverse responses to better inform HTS paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Currier
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wan-Yun Cheng
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel Menendez
- Genome Integrity & Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rory Conolly
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brian N. Chorley
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Low dose evaluation of the antiandrogen flutamide following a Mode of Action approach. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:515-24. [PMID: 26485406 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The dose-response characterization of endocrine mediated toxicity is an on-going debate which is controversial when exploring the nature of the dose-response curve and the effect at the low-end of the curve. To contribute to this debate we have assessed the effects of a wide range of dose levels of the antiandrogen flutamide (FLU) on 7-week male Wistar rats. FLU was administered by oral gavage at doses of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10mg/kg/day for 28 days. To evaluate the reproducibility, the study was performed 3 times. The molecular initiating event (MIE; AR antagonism), the key events (LH increase, Leydig cell proliferation and hyperplasia increases) and associated events involved in the mode of action (MOA) of FLU induced testicular toxicity were characterized to address the dose response concordance. Results showed no effects at low doses (<0.1mg/kg/day) for the different key events studied. The histopathological changes (Leydig cell hyperplasia) observed at 1 and 10mg/kg/day were associated with an increase in steroidogenesis gene expression in the testis from 1mg/kg/day, as well as an increase in testosterone blood level at 10mg/kg/day. Each key event dose-response was in good concordance with the MOA of FLU on the testis. From the available results, only monotonic dose-response curves were observed for the MIE, the key events, associated events and in effects observed in other sex related tissues. All the results, so far, show that the reference endocrine disruptor FLU induces threshold effects in a standard 28-day toxicity study on adult male rats.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rouquié D, Heneweer M, Botham J, Ketelslegers H, Markell L, Pfister T, Steiling W, Strauss V, Hennes C. Contribution of new technologies to characterization and prediction of adverse effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:172-83. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.986054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
10
|
Liver tumor formation in female rat induced by fluopyram is mediated by CAR/PXR nuclear receptor activation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:648-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
11
|
Ihlaseh-Catalano SM, Bailey KA, Cardoso APF, Ren H, Fry RC, Camargo JLV, Wolf DC. Dose and temporal effects on gene expression profiles of urothelial cells from rats exposed to diuron. Toxicology 2014; 325:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
12
|
Chepelev NL, Meek MEB, Yauk CL. Application of benchmark dose modeling to protein expression data in the development and analysis of mode of action/adverse outcome pathways for testicular toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1115-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai L. Chepelev
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate; Health Canada; Ottawa ON K1A 0K9 Canada
| | - M. E. Bette Meek
- R. Samuel McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment; University of Ottawa; One Stewart Street, Suite 309 Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Carole Lyn Yauk
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate; Health Canada; Ottawa ON K1A 0K9 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ali S, Steinmetz G, Montillet G, Perrard MH, Loundou A, Durand P, Guichaoua MR, Prat O. Exposure to low-dose bisphenol A impairs meiosis in the rat seminiferous tubule culture model: a physiotoxicogenomic approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106245. [PMID: 25181051 PMCID: PMC4152015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widespread chemicals in the world and is suspected of being responsible for male reproductive impairments. Nevertheless, its molecular mode of action on spermatogenesis is unclear. This work combines physiology and toxicogenomics to identify mechanisms by which BPA affects the timing of meiosis and induces germ-cell abnormalities. METHODS We used a rat seminiferous tubule culture model mimicking the in vivo adult rat situation. BPA (1 nM and 10 nM) was added to the culture medium. Transcriptomic and meiotic studies were performed on the same cultures at the same exposure times (days 8, 14, and 21). Transcriptomics was performed using pangenomic rat microarrays. Immunocytochemistry was conducted with an anti-SCP3 antibody. RESULTS The gene expression analysis showed that the total number of differentially expressed transcripts was time but not dose dependent. We focused on 120 genes directly involved in the first meiotic prophase, sustaining immunocytochemistry. Sixty-two genes were directly involved in pairing and recombination, some of them with high fold changes. Immunocytochemistry indicated alteration of meiotic progression in the presence of BPA, with increased leptotene and decreased diplotene spermatocyte percentages and partial meiotic arrest at the pachytene checkpoint. Morphological abnormalities were observed at all stages of the meiotic prophase. The prevalent abnormalities were total asynapsis and apoptosis. Transcriptomic analysis sustained immunocytological observations. CONCLUSION We showed that low doses of BPA alter numerous genes expression, especially those involved in the reproductive system, and severely impair crucial events of the meiotic prophase leading to partial arrest of meiosis in rat seminiferous tubule cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sazan Ali
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7263/ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 237, Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Steinmetz
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology (IBEB), Life Science division, French Alternative Energy and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Guillaume Montillet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5242/ Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS), Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Perrard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5242/ Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS), Lyon, France
| | - Anderson Loundou
- Unité d'Aide Méthodologique à la Recherche clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Durand
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5242/ Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS), Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Roberte Guichaoua
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7263/ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 237, Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France
| | - Odette Prat
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology (IBEB), Life Science division, French Alternative Energy and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fisichella M, Berenguer F, Steinmetz G, Auffan M, Rose J, Prat O. Toxicity evaluation of manufactured CeO2 nanoparticles before and after alteration: combined physicochemical and whole-genome expression analysis in Caco-2 cells. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:700. [PMID: 25145350 PMCID: PMC4150968 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered nanomaterials may release nanosized residues, by degradation, throughout their life cycle. These residues may be a threat for living organisms. They may be ingested by humans through food and water. Although the toxicity of pristine CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) has been documented, there is a lack of studies on manufactured nanoparticles, which are often surface modified. Here, we investigated the potential adverse effects of CeO2 Nanobyk 3810™ NPs, used in wood care, and their residues, altered by light or acid. Results Human intestinal Caco-2 cells were exposed to residues degraded by daylight or in a medium simulating gastric acidity. Size and zeta potential were determined by dynamic light scattering. The surface structure and redox state of cerium were analyzed by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, respectively. Viability tests were performed in Caco-2 cells exposed to NPs. Cell morphology was imaged with scanning electronic microscopy. Gene expression profiles obtained from cells exposed to NPs before and after their alteration were compared, to highlight differences in cellular functions. No change in the cerium redox state was observed for altered NPs. All CeO2 NPs suspended in the culture medium became microsized. Cytotoxicity tests showed no toxicity after Caco-2 cell exposure to these various NPs up to 170 μg/mL (24 h and 72 h). Nevertheless, a more-sensitive whole-gene-expression study, based on a pathway-driven analysis, highlighted a modification of metabolic activity, especially mitochondrial function, by altered Nanobyk 3810™. The down-regulation of key genes of this pathway was validated by qRT-PCR. Conversely, Nanobyk 3810™ coated with ammonium citrate did not display any adverse effect at the same concentration. Conclusion The degraded nanoparticles were more toxic than their coated counterparts. Desorption of the outside layer was the most likely cause of this discrepancy in toxicity. It can be assumed that the safe design of engineered nanoparticles could include robust protective layers conferring on them greater resistance to alteration during their life cycle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-700) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Odette Prat
- CEA, IBEB, SBTN, Laboratoire d'Etude des Protéines Cibles, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Finasteride inhibits human prostate cancer cell invasion through MMP2 and MMP9 downregulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84757. [PMID: 24386413 PMCID: PMC3875555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The use of the 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) finasteride and dutasteride for prostate cancer prevention is still under debate. The FDA recently concluded that the increased prevalence of high-grade tumors among 5-ARI-treated patients must not be neglected, and they decided to disallow the use of 5-ARIs for prostate cancer prevention. This study was conducted to verify the effects of finasteride on prostate cell migration and invasion and the related enzymes/proteins in normal human and tumoral prostatic cell lines. Materials and Methods RWPE-1, LNCaP, PC3 and DU145 cells were cultivated to 60% confluence and exposed for different periods to either 10 µM or 50 µM finasteride that was diluted in culture medium. The conditioned media were collected and concentrated, and MMP2 and MMP9 activities and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 protein expression were determined. Cell viability, migration and invasion were analyzed, and the remaining cell extracts were submitted to androgen receptor (AR) detection by western blotting techniques. Experiments were carried out in triplicate. Results Cell viability was not significantly affected by finasteride exposure. Finasteride significantly downregulated MMP2 and MMP9 activities in RWPE-1 and PC3 cells and MMP2 in DU145 cells. TIMP-2 expression in RWPE-1 cells was upregulated after exposure. The cell invasion of all four tested cell lines was inhibited by exposure to 50 µM of finasteride, and migration inhibition only occurred for RWPE-1 and LNCaP cells. AR was expressed by LNCaP, RWPE-1 and PC3 cells. Conclusions Although the debate on the higher incidence of high-grade prostate cancer among 5-ARI-treated patients remains, our findings indicate that finasteride may attenuate tumor aggressiveness and invasion, which could vary depending on the androgen responsiveness of a patient’s prostate cells.
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang Y, Maxwell A, Zhang X, Wang N, Perkins EJ, Zhang C, Gong P. Differential reconstructed gene interaction networks for deriving toxicity threshold in chemical risk assessment. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14 Suppl 14:S3. [PMID: 24268022 PMCID: PMC3851258 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-s14-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathway alterations reflected as changes in gene expression regulation and gene interaction can result from cellular exposure to toxicants. Such information is often used to elucidate toxicological modes of action. From a risk assessment perspective, alterations in biological pathways are a rich resource for setting toxicant thresholds, which may be more sensitive and mechanism-informed than traditional toxicity endpoints. Here we developed a novel differential networks (DNs) approach to connect pathway perturbation with toxicity threshold setting. Methods Our DNs approach consists of 6 steps: time-series gene expression data collection, identification of altered genes, gene interaction network reconstruction, differential edge inference, mapping of genes with differential edges to pathways, and establishment of causal relationships between chemical concentration and perturbed pathways. A one-sample Gaussian process model and a linear regression model were used to identify genes that exhibited significant profile changes across an entire time course and between treatments, respectively. Interaction networks of differentially expressed (DE) genes were reconstructed for different treatments using a state space model and then compared to infer differential edges/interactions. DE genes possessing differential edges were mapped to biological pathways in databases such as KEGG pathways. Results Using the DNs approach, we analyzed a time-series Escherichia coli live cell gene expression dataset consisting of 4 treatments (control, 10, 100, 1000 mg/L naphthenic acids, NAs) and 18 time points. Through comparison of reconstructed networks and construction of differential networks, 80 genes were identified as DE genes with a significant number of differential edges, and 22 KEGG pathways were altered in a concentration-dependent manner. Some of these pathways were perturbed to a degree as high as 70% even at the lowest exposure concentration, implying a high sensitivity of our DNs approach. Conclusions Findings from this proof-of-concept study suggest that our approach has a great potential in providing a novel and sensitive tool for threshold setting in chemical risk assessment. In future work, we plan to analyze more time-series datasets with a full spectrum of concentrations and sufficient replications per treatment. The pathway alteration-derived thresholds will also be compared with those derived from apical endpoints such as cell growth rate.
Collapse
|
17
|
Potential new targets involved in 1,3-dinitrobenzene induced testicular toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2012; 213:275-84. [PMID: 22841810 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dinitrobenzene (DNB) causes testicular injury, particularly to Sertoli cells, and induces apoptosis in the surrounding germinal cells in rodents; however, the mechanisms causing this toxicity are poorly understood. Our studies, using standard and molecular tools, were conducted to better understand the pathogenesis of the testicular effects. Four daily oral doses of 0.1-8mg/kg/day caused marked testicular lesions in rats from 4mg/kg/day. Global transcriptomics revealed cell cycle and cell death as the major biological processes affected with the expression of genes associated with cell cycle progression ("mitotic roles of polo-like kinase") being particularly altered. In a single dose time course study (4mg/kg), no adverse changes were recorded; however, in contrast to the data from the multiple dose study, plasma testosterone and testicular steroidogenesis-related gene expression were affected. These steroid hormone effects were confirmed in vitro using the H295R steroidogenesis assay. With this global approach we show that DNB not only induces apoptosis and interferes with cell cycle in the testes but that DNB can also modulate steroid hormone biosynthesis, suggesting an interference with the endocrine system. However, the contribution of the endocrine changes to the severe testicular lesions is presently unknown and requires further investigation.
Collapse
|