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Yadav R, Yadav N, Goutam U, Kumar S, Chaudhury A. Genetic Engineering of Poplar: Current Achievements and Future Goals. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: RECENT ADVANCEMENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS 2017:361-390. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4732-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Zeng XF, Zhao DG. Expression of IPT in Asakura-sanshoo ( Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. f. inerme Makino) Alters Tree Architecture, Delays Leaf Senescence, and Changes Leaf Essential Oil Composition. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2015; 34:649-658. [PMID: 27182107 PMCID: PMC4848336 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-015-0948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The IPT gene encodes isopentenyl pyrophosphate transferase, a key enzyme in cytokinin biosynthesis. We introduced IPT under the control of the CaMV35S promoter into Asakura-sanshoo (Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. f. inerme Makino) via stable Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Three of 3-year-old transgenic Asakura-sanshoo lines Y5, Y16, and Y17 were used to evaluate the effects of IPT expression on the morphological characteristics, leaf senescence, and essential oil composition. Introduced IPT into Asakura-sanshoo stimulated an increase in cytokinin content and a decrease in auxin level. The increase in the cytokinin/auxin ratio affected the tree architecture in 3-year-old transgenic lines. The phenotypes of transgenic lines included reduced stem elongation, decreased leaf surface area, increased branching, and delayed leaf senescence. The expression of IPT in Asakura-sanshoo also affected the leaf essential oil composition. The amount of oxygenated sesquiterpenoid compounds in Y5 and Y16 was 21.1 and 15.8 % higher, respectively, than that in wild type (WT). The amount of aromatic compounds in Y5 and Y16 was 2.9 and 24.6 % lower, respectively, than that in WT. These results show that ipt expression in Asakura-sanshoo conferred desirable traits, including a dwarf growth habit, delayed senescence, and increased concentrations of some sesquiterpenoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - De-Gang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
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Dubouzet JG, Strabala TJ, Wagner A. Potential transgenic routes to increase tree biomass. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 212:72-101. [PMID: 24094056 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is a prime target for genetic engineering in forestry because increased biomass yield will benefit most downstream applications such as timber, fiber, pulp, paper, and bioenergy production. Transgenesis can increase biomass by improving resource acquisition and product utilization and by enhancing competitive ability for solar energy, water, and mineral nutrients. Transgenes that affect juvenility, winter dormancy, and flowering have been shown to influence biomass as well. Transgenic approaches have increased yield potential by mitigating the adverse effects of prevailing stress factors in the environment. Simultaneous introduction of multiple genes for resistance to various stress factors into trees may help forest trees cope with multiple or changing environments. We propose multi-trait engineering for tree crops, simultaneously deploying multiple independent genes to address a set of genetically uncorrelated traits that are important for crop improvement. This strategy increases the probability of unpredictable (synergistic or detrimental) interactions that may substantially affect the overall phenotype and its long-term performance. The very limited ability to predict the physiological processes that may be impacted by such a strategy requires vigilance and care during implementation. Hence, we recommend close monitoring of the resultant transgenic genotypes in multi-year, multi-location field trials.
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Van Beveren KS, Spokevicius AV, Tibbits J, Wang Q, Bossinger G. Transformation of cambial tissue in vivo provides an efficient means for induced somatic sector analysis and gene testing in stems of woody plant species. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:629-638. [PMID: 32689272 DOI: 10.1071/fp06057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale functional analysis of genes and transgenes suspected to be involved in wood development in trees is hindered by long generation times, low transformation and regeneration efficiencies and difficulties with phenotypic assessment of traits, especially those that appear late in a tree's development. To avoid such obstacles many researchers have turned to model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., Zinnia elegans Jacq. and Nicotiana ssp., or have focused their attention on in vitro wood formation systems or in vivo approaches targeting primary meristems for transformation. Complementing such efforts, we report the use of Agrobacterium to introduce transgenes directly into cambial cells of glasshouse-grown trees in order to create transgenic somatic tissue sectors. These sectors are suitable for phenotypic evaluation and analysis of target gene function. In our experiments the wood formation zone containing the cambium of Eucalyptus, Populus and Pinus species of varying age was inoculated with Agrobacterium containing a CaMV 35S::GUS construct. Following an initial wound response, frequent and stable transformation was observed in the form of distinct GUS-staining patterns (sectors) in newly formed secondary tissues. Sector size and extent depended on the cell type transformed, the species and the length of time treated plants were allowed to grow (more than two years in some cases). Induced somatic sector analysis (ISSA) can now be efficiently used to study cell fate and gene function during secondary growth in stems of forest tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Van Beveren
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
| | - Antanas V Spokevicius
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
| | - Josquin Tibbits
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
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von Schwartzenberg K. Moss biology and phytohormones--cytokinins in Physcomitrella. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:382-8. [PMID: 16807831 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mosses present several advantages for the analysis of phytohormone physiology. Their enormous regeneration capacity, the possibility of controlling their whole life cycle under in vitro culture conditions, as well as the small number of cell types facilitate studies of hormone homeostasis. This review focuses on the metabolism and biosynthesis of cytokinins, mostly summarising data obtained using the moss Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B.S.G. which has served as a model system for cytokinin research for many years. A comparison of metabolic differences with respect to seed plants is presented, pointing out an important role of adenosine kinase for the formation of nucleotides during cytokinin interconversion in Physcomitrella. Results on cytokinin biosynthesis in Physcomitrella are summarised with respect to the OVE mutants, which can be considered unique in the plant kingdom due to their strong overproduction of cytokinins. The OVE phenotype is correlated with both increased activity in early stages of cytokinin biosynthesis as well as increased conversion of cytokinin riboside to the base. Cytokinin interconverting reactions can contribute to the increased levels of cytokinins in OVE mutants. Further studies on hormone physiology in moss will help to complete our understanding of hormonal homeostasis by elucidating the situation in an evolutionary early embryophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- K von Schwartzenberg
- Biozentrum Klein Flottbek und Botanischer Garten, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany.
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Spokevicius AV, Van Beveren KS, Bossinger G. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of dormant lateral buds in poplar trees reveals developmental patterns in secondary stem tissues. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:133-139. [PMID: 32689220 DOI: 10.1071/fp05176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to devise a method for the rapid creation of somatic transgenic wood sectors of sufficient size that would allow us to detect and analyse altered wood characteristics within them, we have explored the manual wounding and subsequent infection with Agrobacterium of dormant lateral buds in poplar. Following treatment and transformation with a 35S-GUS construct, frequent stable transformation was found in the form of distinct and specific GUS staining patterns in the outer cortex, cambial region (including primary and secondary xylem and phloem) and pith. Sector frequency and size were consistent with anatomical features of dormant lateral buds at the time of manual wounding and Agrobacterium-infection. The suitability of somatic sector analysis for functional genomic studies as well as for studies investigating pattern formation and the developmental fate of various cell-types within poplar stems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antanas V Spokevicius
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
| | - Kim S Van Beveren
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
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Eriksson ME, Israelsson M, Olsson O, Moritz T. Increased gibberellin biosynthesis in transgenic trees promotes growth, biomass production and xylem fiber length. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:784-8. [PMID: 10888850 DOI: 10.1038/77355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In most tree-breeding programs worldwide, increasing the trees' growth rates and stem volumes and shortening their rotation times are important aims. Such trees would yield more biomass per unit area. Here we show that overexpressing a key regulatory gene in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone gibberellin (GA) in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) improves growth rate and biomass. In addition, these transgenic trees have more numerous and longer xylem fibers than unmodified wild-type (wt) plants. Long fibers are desirable in the production of strong paper, but it has not as yet proved possible to influence this trait by traditional breeding techniques. We also show that GA has an antagonistic effect on root initiation, as the transgenic lines showed poorer rooting than the control plants when potted in soil. However, the negative effect on rooting efficiencies in the initial establishment of young plantlets in the growth chamber did not significantly affect root growth at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Eriksson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeâ, Sweden
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Selection of Marker-Free Transgenic Plants Using the Oncogenes (ipt, rol A, B, C) of Agrobacterium as Selectable Markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2313-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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Zažímalová E, Kamínek M, Březinová A, Motyka V. Control of cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANT HORMONES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ebinuma H, Sugita K, Matsunaga E, Yamakado M. Selection of marker-free transgenic plants using the isopentenyl transferase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:2117-21. [PMID: 11038607 PMCID: PMC20050 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new plant vector system for repeated transformation (called MAT for multi-auto-transformation) in which a chimeric ipt gene, inserted into the transposable element Ac, is used as a selectable marker for transformation. Selectable marker genes conferring antibiotic or herbicide resistance, used to introduce economically valuable genes into crop plants, have three major problems: (i) the selective agents have negative effects on proliferation and differentiation of plant cells; (ii) there is uncertainty regarding the environmental impact of many selectable marker genes; (iii) it is difficult to perform recurrent transformations using the same selectable marker to pyramid desirable genes. The MAT vector system containing the ipt gene and the Ac element is designed to overcome these difficulties. When tobacco leaf segments were transformed and selected, subsequent excision of the modified Ac produced marker-free transgenic tobacco plants without sexual crosses or seed production. In addition, the chimeric ipt gene could be visually used as a selectable marker for transformation of hybrid aspen (Populus sieboldii x Populus grandidentata). The chimeric ipt gene, therefore, is an attractive alternative to the most widely used selectable marker genes. The MAT vector system provides a promising way to shorten breeding time for genetically engineered crops. This method could be particularly valuable for fruit and forest trees, for which long generation times are a more significant barrier to breeding and genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ebinuma
- Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., 5-21-1 Oji, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114, Japan
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