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Rosati A, Paoletti A, Lodolini EM, Famiani F. Cultivar ideotype for intensive olive orchards: plant vigor, biomass partitioning, tree architecture and fruiting characteristics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1345182. [PMID: 38332772 PMCID: PMC10850241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1345182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In order to achieve higher and earlier yield, modern olive orchards are increasingly intensified, with tree densities up to > 1500 trees hectare-1. With increasing tree densities, individual-tree canopy volume must be proportionally reduced. Not all cultivars are adaptable to high and very high orchard densities, because of excessive vigor and/or insufficient bearing when the canopy is pruned to a small volume. However, what makes an olive cultivar suitable for intensive and super intensive orchards is not clear. Recently, few studies have addressed this topic, suggesting that tree architecture and early bearing are essential traits. Yet, what architectural and productive features are important, how they work and whether they are interrelated remains elusive. This review summarizes and interprets the literature on olive, as well as the more abundant literature available for other fruit species, aiming to provide a comprehensive knowledge framework for understanding how tree architectural characteristics, plant vigor, and fruiting vary across olive genotypes, and how they are interconnected. It is concluded that, among the architectural characteristics, greater branching and smaller diameters of woody structures are particularly important features for cultivar suitability to intensive and super intensive olive orchards. Greater branching allows to produce more fruiting sites in the small volume of canopy allowed in these systems. It also reduces investments in woody structures, liberating resources for fruiting. Additional resources are liberated with smaller structure diameters. Greater branching also increases resources by increasing biomass partitioning into leaves (i.e. the photosynthetic organs), relative to wood. Since yield is affected by the competition for resources with vegetative growth, reducing resource investments in woody structures and/or increasing resource directly, increases yield. Yield, in turn, depresses vegetative growth, reducing vigor and the need for pruning. High yields also produce short shoots which have relatively greater investments in leaf mass and area, and lower in the woody stem, making them more suitable than long shoots to support concurrent fruit growth. This single framework of interpretation of how the different architectural and fruiting characteristics work and interact with one-another, will provide guidance for cultivar selection and breeding for intensive and super intensive olive orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Rosati
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Spoleto, Italy
| | - Andrea Paoletti
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Spoleto, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Lodolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Cheng JS, Duan W, Tang XL, Zhang YG, Li B, Wang YJ, Yang CX, Song ZZ, Wang LJ, Yang J, Yu Y, Sun XB, Liang MX, Liang ZC, Zhang HX. Low sink demand caused net photosynthetic rate decrease is closely related to the irrecoverable damage of oxygen-releasing complex and electron receptor in peach trees. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153510. [PMID: 34521019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Source sink balance is one of the major determinants of carbon partitioning in plants. However, its effects on photosynthesis in fruit trees are largely unknown. In this work, the effects of low sink demand on net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and chlorophyll fluorescence after fruit removal (-fruit) in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. 'Zaojiubao') trees were investigated. The stepwise energy flow through photosystem II (PSII) at the reaction center (RC) was analyzed with quantitative analyses of fluorescence transient, also called JIP-test. We found that Pn was significantly lower and closely correlated to the leaf stomatal conductance (Gs) of -fruit trees than that of fruit retained (+fruit) trees. Leaf temperature (Tleaf) of -fruit trees was remarkably higher than that of +fruit trees. Day-time-period assays of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence revealed that, in the leaves of -fruit trees, the fluorescence parameters, such as NPQ (non-photochemical quenching coefficient) and ΦD0 (maximum quantum yield of non-photochemical de-excitation), decreased in the morning and recovered to the normal level in the afternoon, whereas other parameters, such as ΦE0 (quantum yield for electron transport at t = 0), Ψ0 (probability that a trapped exciton moves an electron to QA pool), F0 (minimum fluorescence, when all PSII RCs are open) and Wk (relative variable fluorescence at 300 μs of the chlorophyll fluorescence transient), did not. These results suggest that OEC complex and QA pool were irreversibly affected by low sink demand, whereas light harvest antenna and PSII potential efficiency retained a strong ability to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Shan Cheng
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong (Ludong University), Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Wei Duan
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Road, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong (Ludong University), Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yao-Guang Zhang
- College of Art, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Bei Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong (Ludong University), Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yi-Ju Wang
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Science, 26 Gangchengxi Road, Yantai, 265500, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Yang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Road, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Song
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong (Ludong University), Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Road, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Road, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, 2006 Binhaizhong Road, Yantai, 264670, China
| | - Xiu-Bo Sun
- Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, 2006 Binhaizhong Road, Yantai, 264670, China
| | - Mei-Xia Liang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong (Ludong University), Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China; College of Agriculture, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Zhen-Chang Liang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Road, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong (Ludong University), Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China.
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Ngao J, Martinez S, Marquier A, Bluy S, Saint-Joanis B, Costes E, Pallas B. Spatial variability in carbon- and nitrogen-related traits in apple trees: the effects of the light environment and crop load. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1933-1945. [PMID: 33249486 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic carbon assimilation rates are highly dependent on environmental factors such as light availability and on metabolic limitations such as the demand for carbon by sink organs. The relative effects of light and sink demand on photosynthesis in perennial plants such as trees remain poorly characterized. The aim of the present study was therefore to characterize the relationships between light and fruit load on a range of leaf traits including photosynthesis, non-structural carbohydrate content, leaf structure, and nitrogen-related variables in fruiting ('ON') and non-fruiting ('OFF') 'Golden Delicious' apple trees. We show that crop status (at the tree scale) exerts a greater influence over leaf traits than the local light environment or the local fruit load. High rates of photosynthesis were observed in the ON trees. This was correlated with a high leaf nitrogen content. In contrast, little spatial variability in photosynthesis rates was observed in the OFF trees. The lack of variation in photosynthesis rates was associated with high leaf non-structural carbohydrate content at the tree level. Taken together, these results suggest that low carbon demand leads to feedback limitation on photosynthesis resulting in a low level of within-tree variability. These findings provide new insights into carbon and nitrogen allocations within trees, which are heavily dependent on carbon demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Ngao
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | - André Marquier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Bluy
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Evelyne Costes
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît Pallas
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, AGAP, Montpellier, France
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Greer DH. Short-term temperature dependency of the photosynthetic and PSII photochemical responses to photon flux density of leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz vines grown in field conditions with and without fruit. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:634-648. [PMID: 30967170 DOI: 10.1071/fp18324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shiraz vines grown outdoors with and without a crop load were used to determine photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence responses to light across a range of leaf temperatures to evaluate the impact of presence/absence of a sink on these responses. Results indicate maximum rates of photosynthesis and light saturation in fruiting vines were biased towards higher temperatures whereas these processes in vegetative vines were biased towards lower temperatures. The maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry was similarly biased, with higher efficiency for the vegetative vines below 30°C and a higher efficiency for the fruiting vines above. The quantum efficiency of PSII electron transport was generally higher across all temperatures in the fruiting compared with vegetative vines. Photochemical quenching was not sensitive to temperature in fruiting vines but strongly so in vegetative vines, with an optimum at 30°C and marked increases in photochemical quenching at other temperatures. Non-photochemical quenching was not strongly temperature dependent, but there were marked increases in both treatments at 45°C, consistent with marked decreases in assimilation. These results suggest demand for assimilates in fruiting vines induced an acclimation response to high summer temperatures to enhance assimilate supply and this was underpinned by comparable shifts in PSII photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H Greer
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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Rosati A, Paoletti A, Al Hariri R, Morelli A, Famiani F. Resource investments in reproductive growth proportionately limit investments in whole-tree vegetative growth in young olive trees with varying crop loads. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1267-1277. [PMID: 29474732 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It has long been debated whether tree growth is source limited, or whether photosynthesis is adjusted to the actual sink demand, directly regulated by internal and environmental factors. Many studies support both possibilities, but no studies have provided quantitative data at the whole-tree level, across different cultivars and fruit load treatments. This study investigated the effect of different levels of reproductive growth on whole-tree biomass growth across two olive cultivars with different growth rates (i.e., Arbequina, slow-growing and Frantoio, fast-growing), over 2 years. Young trees of both cultivars were completely deflowered either in 2014, 2015, both years or never, providing a range of levels of cumulated reproductive growth over the 2 years. Total vegetative dry matter growth over the 2 years was assessed by destructive sampling (whole tree). Vegetative growth increased significantly less in fruiting trees, however, the total of vegetative and reproductive growth did not differ significantly for any treatment or cultivar. Vegetative growth over the 2 years was closely (R2 = 0.89) and inversely related to reproductive growth across all treatments and cultivars. When using data from 2015 only, the regression improved further (i.e., R2 = 0.99). When biomass was converted into grams of glucose equivalents, based on the chemical composition of the different parts, the results indicated that for every gram of glucose equivalent invested in reproductive growth, vegetative growth was reduced by 0.73-0.78 g of glucose equivalent. This indicates that competition for resources played a major role in determining tree growth, but also that photosynthesis was probably also enhanced at increasing fruit load (or downregulated at decreasing fruit load). The leaf area per unit of trunk cross sectional area increased with deflowering (i.e., decreased with reproductive growth), suggesting that water relations might have limited photosynthesis in deflowered plants, which had much greater canopies. Net assimilation rate (NAR) increased with reproductive growth and decreased with plant size. Net assimilation rate was also negatively correlated with the leaf area per unit of trunk cross sectional area, suggesting that water relations might have contributed to decreasing NAR at increasing plant size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Rosati
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, centro di ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura (CREA - OFA), via Nursina 2, Spoleto (PG), Italy
| | - Andrea Paoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
| | - Raeed Al Hariri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Morelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
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Cano-Lamadrid M, Galindo A, Collado-González J, Rodríguez P, Cruz ZN, Legua P, Burló F, Morales D, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Hernández F. Influence of deficit irrigation and crop load on the yield and fruit quality in Wonderful and Mollar de Elche pomegranates. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:3098-3108. [PMID: 29210466 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The working hypothesis of the present study was that, by proper simultaneous control of irrigation (hydroSOStainable products) and crop load (thinning), it is possible to promote the accumulation of bioactive compounds and improve fruit appearance (size and weight). The effects of (i) irrigation status [T0, 120% ETc (estimated crop evapotranspiration); T1, 60% ETc during fruit growth and ripening] and (ii) crop load (A0, no thinning; A1, thinning) on yield and fruit quality were evaluated in two pomegranate cultivars (Wonderful, Wond and Mollar de Elche, ME). RESULTS Thinning was effective in increasing the size and weight of fruits. Unfortunately, neither punicalagin, nor total polyphenolic content were positively affected by irrigation and thinning. T1A1 Wond fruits were characterized by high sugar content (glucose and fructose), together with high fruit size and weight. Furthermore, T1A1 ME fruits were characterized by high contents of alcohols and monoterpenoids (providing vegetal and citric flavor notes) and key sensory attributes (color, fruity and fresh pomegranate). CONCLUSION The final recommendation was to use the treatment T1A1 [simultaneous combination of deficit irrigation during fruit growth and ripening (T1) and thinning (A1)], although the positive results were cultivar-dependent. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cano-Lamadrid
- Department of Agrofood Technology, Food Quality and Safety (CSA) Research Group, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro Galindo
- Departamento of Water Engineering & Management, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jacinta Collado-González
- Department of Agrofood Technology, Food Quality and Safety (CSA) Research Group, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Obonuco. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Pasto, Nariño, Colombia
| | - Zulma N Cruz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), San José de Las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Pilar Legua
- UMH, EPSO, Department of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, Plant Production and Technology Research Group, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Burló
- Department of Agrofood Technology, Food Quality and Safety (CSA) Research Group, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Donaldo Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), San José de Las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Ángel A Carbonell-Barrachina
- Department of Agrofood Technology, Food Quality and Safety (CSA) Research Group, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisca Hernández
- UMH, EPSO, Department of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, Plant Production and Technology Research Group, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
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Duan W, Xu H, Liu G, Fan P, Liang Z, Li S. Genome-Wide Transcriptional Profile Analysis of Prunus persica in Response to Low Sink Demand after Fruit Removal. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:883. [PMID: 27446115 PMCID: PMC4916340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Prunus persica fruits were removed from 1-year-old shoots to analysis photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and genes changes in leaves to low sink demand caused by fruit removal (-fruit) during the final stage of rapid fruit growth. A decline in net photosynthesis rate was observed, accompanied with a decrease in stomatal conductance. The intercellular CO2 concentrations and leaf temperature increased as compared with a normal fruit load (+fruit). Moreover, low sink demand significantly inhibited the donor side and the reaction center of photosystem II. 382 genes in leaf with an absolute fold change ≥1 change in expression level, representing 116 up- and 266 down-regulated genes except for unknown transcripts. Among these, 25 genes for photosynthesis were down-regulated, 69 stress and 19 redox related genes up-regulated under the low sink demand. These studies revealed high leaf temperature may result in a decline of net photosynthesis rate through down-regulation in photosynthetic related genes and up-regulation in redox and stress related genes, especially heat shock proteins genes. The complex changes in genes at the transcriptional level under low sink demand provided useful starting points for in-depth analyses of source-sink relationship in P. persica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Galindo A, Noguera-Artiaga L, Cruz ZN, Burló F, Hernández F, Torrecillas A, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA. Sensory and physico-chemical quality attributes of jujube fruits as affected by crop load. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Greer DH. Photon flux density and temperature-dependent responses of photosynthesis and photosystem II performance of apple leaves grown in field conditions. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:782-791. [PMID: 32480721 DOI: 10.1071/fp15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The process of photosynthesis depends on the light, and is modulated by leaf temperature and their interaction is important to understand how climate affects photosynthesis. Photosynthetic and PSII light responses at a range of leaf temperatures were measured on leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Gala) trees growing in field conditions. The objective was to assess the interaction between photon flux density (PFD) and temperature on these processes. Results showed leaf temperature strongly modulated the PFD-dependent response of photosynthesis and PSII performance. An interaction on photosynthesis occurred, with temperature affecting saturated rates as well as PFDs saturating photosynthesis. The efficiency of PSII electron transport (operating and maximum in light) universally declined with increasing PFD but temperature strongly influenced the response. Rates of PSII electron transport at saturating PFDs were affected by temperatures. Both photochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching also responded strongly to temperature but at high PFDs, photochemical quenching increased linearly with decreasing temperatures while non-photochemical quenching increased curvilinearly with increasing temperatures. Modelling revealed changes in photosynthesis were positively correlated with rates of electron transport. These results greatly enhance our understanding of photosynthesis and the underpinning processes and their responses to temperature and PFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H Greer
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia. Email
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Shalom L, Samuels S, Zur N, Shlizerman L, Doron-Faigenboim A, Blumwald E, Sadka A. Fruit load induces changes in global gene expression and in abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) homeostasis in citrus buds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3029-44. [PMID: 24706719 PMCID: PMC4071824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Many fruit trees undergo cycles of heavy fruit load (ON-Crop) in one year, followed by low fruit load (OFF-Crop) the following year, a phenomenon known as alternate bearing (AB). The mechanism by which fruit load affects flowering induction during the following year (return bloom) is still unclear. Although not proven, it is commonly accepted that the fruit or an organ which senses fruit presence generates an inhibitory signal that moves into the bud and inhibits apical meristem transition. Indeed, fruit removal from ON-Crop trees (de-fruiting) induces return bloom. Identification of regulatory or metabolic processes modified in the bud in association with altered fruit load might shed light on the nature of the AB signalling process. The bud transcriptome of de-fruited citrus trees was compared with those of ON- and OFF-Crop trees. Fruit removal resulted in relatively rapid changes in global gene expression, including induction of photosynthetic genes and proteins. Altered regulatory mechanisms included abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism and auxin polar transport. Genes of ABA biosynthesis were induced; however, hormone analyses showed that the ABA level was reduced in OFF-Crop buds and in buds shortly following fruit removal. Additionally, genes associated with Ca(2+)-dependent auxin polar transport were remarkably induced in buds of OFF-Crop and de-fruited trees. Hormone analyses showed that auxin levels were reduced in these buds as compared with ON-Crop buds. In view of the auxin transport autoinhibition theory, the possibility that auxin distribution plays a role in determining bud fate is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Shalom
- Department of Fruit Trees Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sivan Samuels
- Department of Fruit Trees Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naftali Zur
- Department of Fruit Trees Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Lyudmila Shlizerman
- Department of Fruit Trees Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Fruit Trees Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Avi Sadka
- Department of Fruit Trees Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Liu YF, Qi HY, Bai CM, Qi MF, Xu CQ, Hao JH, Li Y, Li TL. Grafting helps improve photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in leaves of muskmelon. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1161-70. [PMID: 22043173 PMCID: PMC3204406 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important quality for muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) is their sweetness which is closely related to the soluble sugars content. Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs in plants and thus the source of sugar accumulation in fruits since sugars are translocated from leaves to fruits. The effects of grafting muskmelon on two different inter-specific (Cucurbita maxima×C. moschata) rootstocks was investigated with respect to photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Grafting Zhongmi1 muskmelon on RibenStrong (GR) or Shengzhen1 (GS) rootstocks increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a+b content and the leaf area in middle and late developmental stages of the plant compared to the ungrafted Zhongmi1 check (CK). Grafting enhanced the net photosynthesis rate, the stomatal conductance, concentration of intercellular CO(2) and transpiration rate. Grafting influenced carbohydrates contents by changing carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities which was observed as an increase in acid invertase and neutral invertase activity in the functional leaves during the early and middle developmental stages compared to CK. Grafting improved sucrose phosphate synthase and stachyose synthase activities in middle and late developmental stages, thus translocation of sugars (such as sucrose, raffinose and stachyose) in GR and GS leaves were significantly enhanced. However, compared with CK, translocation of more sugars in grafted plants did not exert feedback inhibition on photosynthesis. Our results indicate that grafting muskmelon on inter-specific rootstocks enhances photosynthesis and translocation of sugars in muskmelon leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Liu
- 1. Shenyang Agricultural University (SYAU), Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hong-Yan Qi
- 1. Shenyang Agricultural University (SYAU), Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chun-Ming Bai
- 2. Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences (LAAS), Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Ming-Fang Qi
- 1. Shenyang Agricultural University (SYAU), Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chuan-Qiang Xu
- 1. Shenyang Agricultural University (SYAU), Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jing-Hong Hao
- 3. Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- 4. Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Li
- 1. Shenyang Agricultural University (SYAU), Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tian-Lai Li
- 1. Shenyang Agricultural University (SYAU), Shenyang 110866, China
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Trentacoste ER, Sadras VO, Puertas CM. Effects of the source:sink ratio on the phenotypic plasticity of stem water potential in olive (Olea europaea L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3535-3543. [PMID: 21382919 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to quantify (i) the effect of the source:sink ratio on stem water potential (SWP) and (ii) the phenotypic plasticity of SWP and its relationship to oil yield components in olive. Trees with a 3-fold variation in the source:sink ratio (crown volume/fruit number per tree) were monitored in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 in a fully irrigated orchard in Mendoza, Argentina. The combination of rainfall, irrigation, and evaporative demand led to a steady SWP largely above -1.65 MPa in 2007-2008 and a marked seasonal decline from -1.13 MPa to -2.04 MPa in trees with a medium and low source:sink ratio in 2008-2009. Plasticity was quantified as the slope of the norm of reaction for each trait. Across seasons, trees with a high source:sink ratio had a higher SWP than their counterparts with a medium and low source:sink ratio. Plasticity of SWP was highest in olives with a low source:sink ratio (slope=1.28) and lowest for trees with a high source:sink ratio (slope=0.76). The average SWP for each source:sink ratio and season was unrelated to both the source:sink ratio and yield components. On the other hand, the plasticity of SWP was positively associated with fruit number and negatively associated with the source:sink ratio, fruit weight, and fruit oil weight. The plasticity of the SWP was unrelated to SWP per se. It is concluded that understanding the effect of the source:sink ratio on plant water relations would benefit from a dual perspective considering the trait per se and its plasticity. A dual approach would also allow for more robust plant-based indicators for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Trentacoste
- Estación Experimental INTA Junín, I. Bousquet s/nº, Junin, 5572, Mendoza, Argentina.
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The Effect of Drought on Gas Exchange and Water Potential in Leaves of Seven Mediterranean Woody Species. IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE ON TREE PHYSIOLOGY AND FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8949-9_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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