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Marshall VA, Fisher NC, Goodman CA, Castro EMC, Liu I, Khanal S, Holdridge BM, Thorpe AL, Labo N, Stolka KB, Hemingway-Foday JJ, Abassora M, N’Dom P, Smith JS, Sallah N, Palser AL, Kellam P, Keele BF, Whitby D. Systematic analysis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus genomes from a KS case-control study in Cameroon: Evidence of dual infections but no association between viral sequence variation and KS risk. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1127-1141. [PMID: 35608873 PMCID: PMC10043945 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is endemic, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a significant public health problem. Until recently, KSHV genotype analysis was performed using variable gene regions, representing a small fraction of the genome, and thus the contribution of sequence variation to viral transmission or pathogenesis are understudied. We performed near full-length KSHV genome sequence analysis on samples from 43 individuals selected from a large Cameroonian KS case-control study. KSHV genomes were obtained from 21 KS patients and 22 control participants. Phylogenetic analysis of the K1 region indicated the majority of sequences were A5 or B1 subtypes and all three K15 alleles were represented. Unique polymorphisms in the KSHV genome were observed including large gene deletions. We found evidence of multiple distinct KSHV genotypes in three individuals. Additionally, our analyses indicate that recombination is prevalent suggesting that multiple KSHV infections may not be uncommon overall. Most importantly, a detailed analysis of KSHV genomes from KS patients and control participants did not find a correlation between viral sequence variations and disease. Our study is the first to systematically compare near full-length KSHV genome sequences between KS cases and controls in the same endemic region to identify possible sequence variations associated with disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie A. Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Fisher
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles A. Goodman
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena M. Cornejo Castro
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabella Liu
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sirish Khanal
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Holdridge
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail L. Thorpe
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Neneh Sallah
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Casper C, Corey L, Cohen JI, Damania B, Gershon AA, Kaslow DC, Krug LT, Martin J, Mbulaiteye SM, Mocarski ES, Moore PS, Ogembo JG, Phipps W, Whitby D, Wood C. KSHV (HHV8) vaccine: promises and potential pitfalls for a new anti-cancer vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:108. [PMID: 36127367 PMCID: PMC9488886 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven viruses cause at least 15% of the total cancer burden. Viral cancers have been described as the "low-hanging fruit" that can be potentially prevented or treated by new vaccines that would alter the course of global human cancer. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) is the sole cause of Kaposi sarcoma, which primarily afflicts resource-poor and socially marginalized populations. This review summarizes a recent NIH-sponsored workshop's findings on the epidemiology and biology of KSHV as an overlooked but potentially vaccine-preventable infection. The unique epidemiology of this virus provides opportunities to prevent its cancers if an effective, inexpensive, and well-tolerated vaccine can be developed and delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Casper
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave. East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 50, Room 6134, 50 South Drive, MSC8007, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8007, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, US
| | - Anne A Gershon
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY10032, US
| | - David C Kaslow
- PATH Essential Medicines, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, HHS, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rm. 6E118 MSC 3330, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Javier Gordon Ogembo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Warren Phipps
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Charles Wood
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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Moorad R, Juarez A, Landis JT, Pluta LJ, Perkins M, Cheves A, Dittmer DP. Whole-genome sequencing of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) reveals evidence for two African lineages. Virology 2022; 568:101-114. [PMID: 35152042 PMCID: PMC8915436 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) was first sequenced from the body cavity (BC) lymphoma cell line, BC-1, in 1996. Few other KSHV genomes have been reported. Our knowledge of sequence variation for this virus remains spotty. This study reports additional genomes from historical US patient samples and from African KS biopsies. It describes an assay that spans regions of the virus that cannot be covered by short read sequencing. These include the terminal repeats, the LANA repeats, and the origins of replication. A phylogenetic analysis, based on 107 genomes, identified three distinct clades; one containing isolates from USA/Europe/Japan collected in the 1990s and two of Sub-Saharan Africa isolates collected since 2010. This analysis indicates that the KSHV strains circulating today differ from the isolates collected at the height of the AIDS epidemic. This analysis helps experimental designs and potential vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Moorad
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Angelica Juarez
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin T Landis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Linda J Pluta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan Perkins
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Avery Cheves
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Latently KSHV-Infected Cells Promote Further Establishment of Latency upon Superinfection with KSHV. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111994. [PMID: 34769420 PMCID: PMC8584431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-related virus which engages in two forms of infection: latent and lytic. Latent infection allows the virus to establish long-term persistent infection, whereas the lytic cycle is needed for the maintenance of the viral reservoir and for virus spread. By using recombinant KSHV viruses encoding mNeonGreen and mCherry fluorescent proteins, we show that various cell types that are latently-infected with KSHV can be superinfected, and that the new incoming viruses establish latent infection. Moreover, we show that latency establishment is enhanced in superinfected cells compared to primary infected ones. Further analysis revealed that cells that ectopically express the major latency protein of KSHV, LANA-1, prior to and during infection exhibit enhanced establishment of latency, but not cells expressing LANA-1 fragments. This observation supports the notion that the expression level of LANA-1 following infection determines the efficiency of latency establishment and avoids loss of viral genomes. These findings imply that a host can be infected with more than a single viral genome and that superinfection may support the maintenance of long-term latency.
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