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Lim H, Denison MIJ, Lee K, Natarajan S, Kim TL, Oh C. Genome-Wide Characterization of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Genes and Their Expression Profile under Drought Stress in Quercus rubra. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2312. [PMID: 39204748 PMCID: PMC11360533 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is crucial in plant metabolism and responses to various abiotic stresses. In the glycolysis pathway, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphate glycerate (1,3-BPG) through the catalytic action of GAPDH. However, the GAPDH gene family in Quercus rubra has been minimally researched. In this study, we identified 13 GAPDH-encoding genes in Q. rubra through a bioinformatics analysis of genomic data. Evolutionary studies suggest that these QrGAPDH genes are closely related to those in Glycine max and Triticum aestivum. We conducted a comprehensive whole-genome study, which included predictions of subcellular localization, gene structure analysis, protein motif identification, chromosomal placement, and analysis of cis-acting regions. We also examined the expression of GAPDH proteins and genes in various tissues of Q. rubra and under drought stress. The results indicated diverse expression patterns across different tissues and differential expression under drought conditions. Notably, the expression of Qurub.02G290300.1, Qurub.10G209800.1, and Qrub.M241600.1 significantly increased in the leaf, stem, and root tissues under drought stress. This study provides a systematic analysis of QrGAPDH genes, suggesting their pivotal roles in the drought stress response of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Lim
- Department of Forest Bioresources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (T.-L.K.); (C.O.)
| | | | - Kyungmi Lee
- Department of Forest Bioresources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (T.-L.K.); (C.O.)
| | | | - Tae-Lim Kim
- Department of Forest Bioresources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (T.-L.K.); (C.O.)
| | - Changyoung Oh
- Department of Forest Bioresources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (T.-L.K.); (C.O.)
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2
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Yang Z, Li G, Zhang Y, Li F, Zhou T, Ye J, Wang X, Zhang X, Sun Z, Tao X, Wu M, Wu J, Li Y. Crop antiviral defense: Past and future perspective. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-024-2680-3. [PMID: 39190125 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-024-2680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Viral pathogens not only threaten the health and life of humans and animals but also cause enormous crop yield losses and contribute to global food insecurity. To defend against viral pathogens, plants have evolved an intricate immune system to perceive and cope with such attacks. Although most of the fundamental studies were carried out in model plants, more recent research in crops has provided new insights into the antiviral strategies employed by crop plants. We summarize recent advances in understanding the biological roles of cellular receptors, RNA silencing, RNA decay, hormone signaling, autophagy, and ubiquitination in manipulating crop host-mediated antiviral responses. The potential functions of circular RNAs, the rhizosphere microbiome, and the foliar microbiome of crops in plant-virus interactions will be fascinating research directions in the future. These findings will be beneficial for the development of modern crop improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Silva A, Montoya ME, Quintero C, Cuasquer J, Tohme J, Graterol E, Cruz M, Lorieux M. Genetic bases of resistance to the rice hoja blanca disease deciphered by a quantitative trait locus approach. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad223. [PMID: 37766452 PMCID: PMC10700108 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Rice hoja blanca (RHB) is one of the most serious diseases in rice-growing areas in tropical Americas. Its causal agent is RHB virus (RHBV), transmitted by the planthopper Tagosodes orizicolus Müir. Genetic resistance is the most effective and environment-friendly way of controlling the disease. So far, only 1 major quantitative trait locus (QTL) of Oryza sativa ssp. japonica origin, qHBV4.1, that alters the incidence of the virus symptoms in 2 Colombian cultivars has been reported. This resistance has already started to be broken, stressing the urgent need for diversifying the resistance sources. In the present study, we performed a search for new QTLs of O. sativa indica origin associated with RHB resistance. We used 4 F2:3-segregating populations derived from indica-resistant varieties crossed with a highly susceptible japonica pivot parent. Besides the standard method for measuring disease incidence, we developed a new method based on computer-assisted image processing to determine the affected leaf area (ALA) as a measure of symptom severity. Based on the disease severity and incidence scores in the F3 families under greenhouse conditions and SNP genotyping of the F2 individuals, we identified 4 new indica QTLs for RHB resistance on rice chromosomes 4, 6, and 11, namely, qHBV4.2WAS208, qHBV6.1PTB25, qHBV11.1, and qHBV11.2, respectively. We also confirmed the wide-range action of qHBV4.1. Among the 5 QTLs, qHBV4.1 and qHBV11.1 had the largest effects on incidence and severity, respectively. These results provide a more complete understanding of the genetic bases of RHBV resistance in the cultivated rice gene pool and can be used to develop marker-aided breeding strategies to improve RHB resistance. The power of joint- and meta-analyses allowed precise mapping and candidate gene identification, providing the basis for positional cloning of the 2 major QTLs qHBV4.1 and qHBV11.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Silva
- Agrobiodiversity Unit, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, Palmira, Valle del Cauca CP 763537, Colombia
| | - María Elker Montoya
- FLAR-The Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice, Valle del Cauca CP 763537, Colombia
| | - Constanza Quintero
- Agrobiodiversity Unit, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, Palmira, Valle del Cauca CP 763537, Colombia
| | - Juan Cuasquer
- Agrobiodiversity Unit, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, Palmira, Valle del Cauca CP 763537, Colombia
| | - Joe Tohme
- Agrobiodiversity Unit, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, Palmira, Valle del Cauca CP 763537, Colombia
| | - Eduardo Graterol
- FLAR-The Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice, Valle del Cauca CP 763537, Colombia
| | - Maribel Cruz
- FLAR-The Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice, Valle del Cauca CP 763537, Colombia
| | - Mathias Lorieux
- Agrobiodiversity Unit, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, Palmira, Valle del Cauca CP 763537, Colombia
- DIADE, University of Montpellier, Cirad, IRD.IRD Occitanie, 911 Ave Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Li X, Chai X, Lyu HN, Fu C, Tang H, Shi Q, Wang J, Xu C. Chemical proteomics reveals an ISR-like response elicited by salicylic acid in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1486-1489. [PMID: 36444540 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xin Chai
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hai-Ning Lyu
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chunjin Fu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Tang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qiaoli Shi
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523125, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengchao Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
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5
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Ding Y, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. Shared and Related Molecular Targets and Actions of Salicylic Acid in Plants and Humans. Cells 2023; 12:219. [PMID: 36672154 PMCID: PMC9856608 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound produced by all plants that has an important role in diverse processes of plant growth and stress responses. SA is also the principal metabolite of aspirin and is responsible for many of the anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and antitumor activities of aspirin. As a result, the number of identified SA targets in both plants and humans is large and continues to increase. These SA targets include catalases/peroxidases, metabolic enzymes, protein kinases and phosphatases, nucleosomal and ribosomal proteins and regulatory and signaling proteins, which mediate the diverse actions of SA in plants and humans. While some of these SA targets and actions are unique to plants or humans, many others are conserved or share striking similarities in the two types of organisms, which underlie a host of common biological processes that are regulated or impacted by SA. In this review, we compare shared and related SA targets and activities to highlight the common nature of actions by SA as a hormone in plants versus a therapeutic agent in humans. The cross examination of SA targets and activities can help identify new actions of SA and better explain their underlying mechanisms in plants and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ding
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
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6
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Zeng H, Bai Y, Wei Y, Reiter RJ, Shi H. Phytomelatonin as a central molecule in plant disease resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5874-5885. [PMID: 35298631 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an essential phytohormone in the regulation of many plant processes, including during plant development and in response to stress. Pathogen infections cause serious damage to plants and reduce agricultural production. Recent studies indicate that melatonin plays important roles in alleviating bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases in plants and post-harvest fruits. Herein, we summarize information related to the effects of melatonin on plant disease resistance. Melatonin, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species form a complex loop in plant-pathogen interaction to regulate plant disease resistance. Moreover, crosstalk of melatonin with other phytohormones including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, auxin, and abscisic acid further activates plant defense genes. Melatonin plays an important role not only in plant immunity but also in alleviating pathogenicity. We also summarize the known processes by which melatonin mediates pathogenicity via negatively regulating the expression levels of genes related to cell viability as well as virulence-related genes. The multiple mechanisms underlying melatonin influences on both plant immunity and pathogenicity support the recognition of the essential nature of melatonin in plant-pathogen interactions, highlighting phytomelatonin as a critical molecule in plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiu Zeng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
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7
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Jiang Z, Jin X, Yang M, Pi Q, Cao Q, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang XB, Han C, Yu J, Li D. Barley stripe mosaic virus γb protein targets thioredoxin h-type 1 to dampen salicylic acid-mediated defenses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1715-1727. [PMID: 35325212 PMCID: PMC9237698 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a signaling molecule to perceive and defend against pathogen infections. Accordingly, pathogens evolve versatile strategies to disrupt the SA-mediated signal transduction, and how plant viruses manipulate the SA-dependent defense responses requires further characterization. Here, we show that barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) infection activates the SA-mediated defense signaling pathway and upregulates the expression of Nicotiana benthamiana thioredoxin h-type 1 (NbTRXh1). The γb protein interacts directly with NbTRXh1 in vivo and in vitro. The overexpression of NbTRXh1, but not a reductase-defective mutant, impedes BSMV infection, whereas low NbTRXh1 expression level results in increased viral accumulation. Similar with its orthologs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), NbTRXh1 also plays an essential role in SA signaling transduction in N. benthamiana. To counteract NbTRXh1-mediated defenses, the BSMV γb protein targets NbTRXh1 to dampen its reductase activity, thereby impairing downstream SA defense gene expression to optimize viral cell-to-cell movement. We also found that NbTRXh1-mediated resistance defends against lychnis ringspot virus, beet black scorch virus, and beet necrotic yellow vein virus. Taken together, our results reveal a role for the multifunctional γb protein in counteracting plant defense responses and an expanded broad-spectrum antibiotic role of the SA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Meng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qinglin Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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8
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Bera S, Arena GD, Ray S, Flannigan S, Casteel CL. The Potyviral Protein 6K1 Reduces Plant Proteases Activity during Turnip mosaic virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:1341. [PMID: 35746814 PMCID: PMC9229136 DOI: 10.3390/v14061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviral genomes encode just 11 major proteins and multifunctionality is associated with most of these proteins at different stages of the virus infection cycle. Some potyviral proteins modulate phytohormones and protein degradation pathways and have either pro- or anti-viral/insect vector functions. Our previous work demonstrated that the potyviral protein 6K1 has an antagonistic effect on vectors when expressed transiently in host plants, suggesting plant defenses are regulated. However, to our knowledge the mechanisms of how 6K1 alters plant defenses and how 6K1 functions are regulated are still limited. Here we show that the 6K1 from Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) reduces the abundance of transcripts related to jasmonic acid biosynthesis and cysteine protease inhibitors when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana relative to controls. 6K1 stability increased when cysteine protease activity was inhibited chemically, showing a mechanism to the rapid turnover of 6K1 when expressed in trans. Using RNAseq, qRT-PCR, and enzymatic assays, we demonstrate TuMV reprograms plant protein degradation pathways on the transcriptional level and increases 6K1 stability at later stages in the infection process. Moreover, we show 6K1 decreases plant protease activity in infected plants and increases TuMV accumulation in systemic leaves compared to controls. These results suggest 6K1 has a pro-viral function in addition to the anti-insect vector function we observed previously. Although the host targets of 6K1 and the impacts of 6K1-induced changes in protease activity on insect vectors are still unknown, this study enhances our understanding of the complex interactions occurring between plants, potyviruses, and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanta Bera
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Gabriella D. Arena
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil;
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Sydney Flannigan
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Clare L. Casteel
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
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9
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Pokotylo I, Hodges M, Kravets V, Ruelland E. A ménage à trois: salicylic acid, growth inhibition, and immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:460-471. [PMID: 34872837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone almost exclusively associated with the promotion of immunity. It is also known that SA has a negative impact on plant growth, yet only limited efforts have been dedicated to explain this facet of SA action. In this review, we focus on SA-related reduced growth and discuss whether it is a regulated process and if the role of SA in immunity imperatively comes with growth suppression. We highlight molecular targets of SA that interfere with growth and describe scenarios where SA can improve plant immunity without a growth penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pokotylo
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NASU, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Michael Hodges
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR CNRS 9213, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Université de Paris, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Volodymyr Kravets
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NASU, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, 60203 Compiègne, France.
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10
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Gupta K, Rishishwar R, Dasgupta I. The interplay of plant hormonal pathways and geminiviral proteins: partners in disease development. Virus Genes 2022; 58:1-14. [PMID: 35034268 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae infect plants and are responsible for a number of diseases of crops in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the World. The innate immune response of the plant assists in its defense against such viral pathogens by the recognition of pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors. Phytohormone signalling pathways play a vital role in plant defense responses against these devastating viruses. Geminiviruses, however, have developed counter-defense strategies that prevail over the above defense pathways. The proteins encoded by geminiviruses act as suppressors of plant immunity by interacting with the signalling components of several hormones. In this review we focus on the molecular interplay of phytohormone pathways and geminiviral infection and try to find interesting parallels with similar mechanisms known in other plant-infecting viruses and strengthen the argument that this interplay is necessary for disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Gupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, -110021, India
| | - Rashmi Rishishwar
- Department of Botany, Bhagat Singh Government P.G. College, Jaora, Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, 457226, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, -110021, India.
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11
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Patel R, Mehta K, Goswami D, Saraf M. An Anecdote on Prospective Protein Targets for Developing Novel Plant Growth Regulators. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 64:109-129. [PMID: 34561838 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones are the main regulatory molecules of core signalling networks associated with plant life cycle regulation. Manipulation of hormone signalling cascade enables the control over physiological traits of plant, which has major applications in field of agriculture and food sustainability. Hence, stable analogues of these hormones are long sought after and many of them are currently known, but the quest for more effective, stable and economically viable analogues is still going on. This search has been further strengthened by the identification of the components of signalling cascade such as receptors, downstream cascade members and transcription factors. Furthermore, many proteins of phytohormone cascades are available in crystallized forms. Such crystallized structures can provide the basis for identification of novel interacting compounds using in silico approach. Plenty of computational tools and bioinformatics software are now available that can aid in this process. Here, the metadata of all the major phytohormone signalling cascades are presented along with discussion on major protein-ligand interactions and protein components that may act as a potential target for manipulation of phytohormone signalling cascade. Furthermore, structural aspects of phytohormones and their known analogues are also discussed that can provide the basis for the synthesis of novel analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Patel
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Krina Mehta
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
| | - Meenu Saraf
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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12
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Abstract
Phytohormones mediate plant development and responses to stresses caused by biotic agents or abiotic factors. The functions of phytohormones in responses to viral infection have been intensively studied, and the emerging picture of complex mechanisms provides insights into the roles that phytohormones play in defense regulation as a whole. These hormone signaling pathways are not simple linear or isolated cascades, but exhibit crosstalk with each other. Here, we summarized the current understanding of recent advances for the classical defense hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) and also the roles of abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CKs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) in modulating plant–virus interactions.
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13
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Kim M, Lee J, Heo L, Lee SJ, Han SW. Proteomic and Phenotypic Analyses of a Putative Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Required for Virulence in Acidovorax citrulli. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 37:36-46. [PMID: 33551695 PMCID: PMC7847757 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2020.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Acidovorax citrulli (Ac) is the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) in watermelon, a disease that poses a serious threat to watermelon production. Because of the lack of resistant cultivars against BFB, virulence factors or mechanisms need to be elucidated to control the disease. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is the enzyme involved in glycerol production from glucose during glycolysis. In this study, we report the functions of a putative glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Ac (GlpdAc) using comparative proteomic analysis and phenotypic observation. A glpdAc knockout mutant, AcΔglpdAc(EV), lost virulence against watermelon in two pathogenicity tests. The putative 3D structure and amino acid sequence of GlpdAc showed high similarity with glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from other bacteria. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that many proteins related to various metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, were affected by GlpdAc. Although AcΔglpdAc(EV) could not use glucose as a sole carbon source, it showed growth in the presence of glycerol, indicating that GlpdAc is involved in glycolysis. AcΔglpdAc(EV) also displayed higher cell-to-cell aggregation than the wild-type bacteria, and tolerance to osmotic stress and ciprofloxacin was reduced and enhanced in the mutant, respectively. These results indicate that GlpdAc is involved in glycerol metabolism and other mechanisms, including virulence, demonstrating that the protein has pleiotropic effects. Our study expands the understanding of the functions of proteins associated with virulence in Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 7546, Korea
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 7546, Korea
| | - Lynn Heo
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 7546, Korea
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
- Co-corresponding authors. S. J. Lee, Phone) +82-31-670-3356, FAX) +82-2-675-3108, E-mail) , S.-W. Han, Phone) +82-31-670-3150, FAX) +82-2-670-8845, E-mail) , ORCID, Sang Jun Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2803-753X, Sang-Wook Han https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0893-1438
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 7546, Korea
- Co-corresponding authors. S. J. Lee, Phone) +82-31-670-3356, FAX) +82-2-675-3108, E-mail) , S.-W. Han, Phone) +82-31-670-3150, FAX) +82-2-670-8845, E-mail) , ORCID, Sang Jun Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2803-753X, Sang-Wook Han https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0893-1438
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14
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Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134678. [PMID: 32630078 PMCID: PMC7370300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) has an essential role in the responses of plants to pathogens. SA initiates defence signalling via binding to proteins. NPR1 is a transcriptional co-activator and a key target of SA binding. Many other proteins have recently been shown to bind SA. Amongst these proteins are important enzymes of primary metabolism. This fact could stand behind SA’s ability to control energy fluxes in stressed plants. Nevertheless, only sparse information exists on the role and mechanisms of such binding. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was previously demonstrated to bind SA both in human and plants. Here, we detail that the A1 isomer of chloroplastic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPA1) from Arabidopsis thaliana binds SA with a KD of 16.7 nM, as shown in surface plasmon resonance experiments. Besides, we show that SA inhibits its GAPDH activity in vitro. To gain some insight into the underlying molecular interactions and binding mechanism, we combined in silico molecular docking experiments and molecular dynamics simulations on the free protein and protein–ligand complex. The molecular docking analysis yielded to the identification of two putative binding pockets for SA. A simulation in water of the complex between SA and the protein allowed us to determine that only one pocket—a surface cavity around Asn35—would efficiently bind SA in the presence of solvent. In silico mutagenesis and simulations of the ligand/protein complexes pointed to the importance of Asn35 and Arg81 in the binding of SA to GAPA1. The importance of this is further supported through experimental biochemical assays. Indeed, mutating GAPA1 Asn35 into Gly or Arg81 into Leu strongly diminished the ability of the enzyme to bind SA. The very same cavity is responsible for the NADP+ binding to GAPA1. More precisely, modelling suggests that SA binds to the very site where the pyrimidine group of the cofactor fits. NADH inhibited in a dose-response manner the binding of SA to GAPA1, validating our data.
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15
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Improving Regulation of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Stress-Related Gene Stimulation in Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-Infected Cucumber Plants Treated with Glycine Betaine, Chitosan and Combination. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102341. [PMID: 32429524 PMCID: PMC7288169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) is a deadly plant virus that results in crop-yield losses with serious economic consequences. In recent years, environmentally friendly components have been developed to manage crop diseases as alternatives to chemical pesticides, including the use of natural compounds such as glycine betaine (GB) and chitosan (CHT), either alone or in combination. In the present study, the leaves of the cucumber plants were foliar-sprayed with GB and CHT—either alone or in combination—to evaluate their ability to induce resistance against CMV. The results showed a significant reduction in disease severity and CMV accumulation in plants treated with GB and CHT, either alone or in combination, compared to untreated plants (challenge control). In every treatment, growth indices, leaf chlorophylls content, phytohormones (i.e., indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid), endogenous osmoprotectants (i.e., proline, soluble sugars and glycine betaine), non-enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., ascorbic acid, glutathione and phenols) and enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, lipoxygenase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase) of virus-infected plants were significantly increased. On the other hand, malondialdehyde and abscisic acid contents have been significantly reduced. Based on a gene expression study, all treated plants exhibited increased expression levels of some regulatory defense genes such as PR1 and PAL1. In conclusion, the combination of GB and CHT is the most effective treatment in alleviated virus infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the induction of systemic resistance against CMV by using GB.
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16
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An update on salicylic acid biosynthesis, its induction and potential exploitation by plant viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:8-17. [PMID: 32330862 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone essential for effective resistance to viral and non-viral pathogens. SA biosynthesis increases rapidly in resistant hosts when a dominant host resistance gene product recognizes a pathogen. SA stimulates resistance to viral replication, intercellular spread and systemic movement. However, certain viruses stimulate SA biosynthesis in susceptible hosts. This paradoxical effect limits virus titer and prevents excessive host damage, suggesting that these viruses exploit SA-induced resistance to optimize their accumulation. Recent work showed that SA production in plants does not simply recapitulate bacterial SA biosynthetic mechanisms, and that the relative contributions of the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways to the SA pool differ markedly between plant species.
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17
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Pokotylo I, Kravets V, Ruelland E. Salicylic Acid Binding Proteins (SABPs): The Hidden Forefront of Salicylic Acid Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4377. [PMID: 31489905 PMCID: PMC6769663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays important roles in many aspects of plant life, notably in plant defenses against pathogens. Key mechanisms of SA signal transduction pathways have now been uncovered. Even though details are still missing, we understand how SA production is regulated and which molecular machinery is implicated in the control of downstream transcriptional responses. The NPR1 pathway has been described to play the main role in SA transduction. However, the mode of SA perception is unclear. NPR1 protein has been shown to bind SA. Nevertheless, NPR1 action requires upstream regulatory events (such as a change in cell redox status). Besides, a number of SA-induced responses are independent from NPR1. This shows that there is more than one way for plants to perceive SA. Indeed, multiple SA-binding proteins of contrasting structures and functions have now been identified. Yet, all of these proteins can be considered as candidate SA receptors and might have a role in multinodal (decentralized) SA input. This phenomenon is unprecedented for other plant hormones and is a point of discussion of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pokotylo
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Volodymyr Kravets
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France.
- CNRS, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, UMR 7618, 94010 Créteil, France.
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18
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Islam W, Naveed H, Zaynab M, Huang Z, Chen HYH. Plant defense against virus diseases; growth hormones in highlights. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1596719. [PMID: 30957658 PMCID: PMC6546145 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1596719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are critical in various aspects of plant biology such as growth regulations and defense strategies against pathogens. Plant-virus interactions retard plant growth through rapid alterations in phytohormones and their signaling pathways. Recent research findings show evidence of how viruses impact upon modulation of various phytohormones affecting plant growth regulations. The opinion is getting stronger that virus-mediated phytohormone disruption and alteration weaken plant defense strategies through enhanced replication and systemic spread of viral particles. These hormones regulate plant-virus interactions in various ways that may involve antagonism and cross talk to modulate small RNA (sRNA) systems. The article aims to highlight the recent research findings elaborating the impact of viruses upon manipulation of phytohormones and virus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hassan Naveed
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Madiha Zaynab
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Zhiqun Huang Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada
- CONTACT Han Y. H. Chen Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Ontario Canada
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19
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Klessig DF, Choi HW, Dempsey DA. Systemic Acquired Resistance and Salicylic Acid: Past, Present, and Future. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:871-888. [PMID: 29781762 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-18-0067-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of the Distinguished Review Article Series in Conceptual and Methodological Breakthroughs in Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. Salicylic acid (SA) is a critical plant hormone that regulates numerous aspects of plant growth and development as well as the activation of defenses against biotic and abiotic stress. Here, we present a historical overview of the progress that has been made to date in elucidating the role of SA in signaling plant immune responses. The ability of plants to develop acquired immunity after pathogen infection was first proposed in 1933. However, most of our knowledge about plant immune signaling was generated over the last three decades, following the discovery that SA is an endogenous defense signal. During this timeframe, researchers have identified i) two pathways through which SA can be synthesized, ii) numerous proteins that regulate SA synthesis and metabolism, and iii) some of the signaling components that function downstream of SA, including a large number of SA targets or receptors. In addition, it has become increasingly evident that SA does not signal immune responses by itself but, rather, as part of an intricate network that involves many other plant hormones. Future efforts to develop a comprehensive understanding of SA-mediated immune signaling will therefore need to close knowledge gaps that exist within the SA pathway itself as well as clarify how crosstalk among the different hormone signaling pathways leads to an immune response that is both robust and optimized for maximal efficacy, depending on the identity of the attacking pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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20
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Relationship of Melatonin and Salicylic Acid in Biotic/Abiotic Plant Stress Responses. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was discovered in plants in 1995, while salicylic acid was the name given to the active ingredient of willow in 1838. From a physiological point of view, these two molecules present in plants have never been compared, even though they have a great number of similarities, as we shall see in this work. Both molecules have biosynthesis pathways that share a common precursor and both play a relevant role in the physiology of plants, especially in aspects related to biotic and abiotic stress. They have also been described as biostimulants of photosynthetic processes and productivity enhancers in agricultural crops. We review the coincident aspects of both molecules, and propose an action model, by which the relationship between these molecules and other agents and plant hormones can be studied.
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21
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY, Choi SK, Carr JP. Manipulation of induced resistance to viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 26:141-148. [PMID: 28843933 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Induced resistance against plant viruses has been studied for many years. However, with the exception of RNA silencing, induced resistance to viruses remains mechanistically less well understood than for other plant pathogens. In contrast, the induction processes involved in induced resistance, comprising basal resistance signaling, effector-triggered immunity, and phytohormone pathways, have been increasingly well characterized in recent years. This has allowed induced resistance to viruses to be placed in a broader conceptual framework linking it to other defense systems, which we discuss in this review. We also discuss the range of agents, including chemicals and beneficial microorganisms and application methods that can be used to induce resistance to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Virology Unit, Department of Horticultural and Herbal Environment, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kook Choi
- Department of Vegetable Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
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22
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Effect of elevated CO 2 and O 3 on phytohormone-mediated plant resistance to vector insects and insect-borne plant viruses. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:816-825. [PMID: 28785951 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Climatic variations are becoming important limiting factors for agriculture productivity, as they not only directly affect the plant net primary productivity but can also modulate the outbreak of plant diseases and pests. Elevated CO2 and O3 are two important climatic factors that have been widely studied before. Elevated CO2 or O3 alters the host plant physiology and affects the vector insects and plant viruses via bottom-up effects of the host plants. Many studies have shown that elevated CO2 or O3 decreases the plant nitrogen content, which modulates the characteristics of vector insects. Recent evidence also reveals that hormone-dependent signaling pathways play a critical role in regulating the response of insects and plant viruses to elevated CO2 or O3. In the current review, we describe how elevated CO2 or O3 affects the vector insects and plant viruses by altering the SA and JA signaling pathways. We also discuss how changes in the feeding behavior of vector insects or the occurrence of plant viruses affects the interactions between vector insects and plant viruses under elevated CO2 or O3. We suggest that new insights into the upstream network that regulates hormone signaling and top-down effects of natural enemies would provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions taking place under elevated CO2 or O3.
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23
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Dempsey DA, Klessig DF. How does the multifaceted plant hormone salicylic acid combat disease in plants and are similar mechanisms utilized in humans? BMC Biol 2017; 15:23. [PMID: 28335774 PMCID: PMC5364617 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development, as well as resistance to (a)biotic stress. Efforts to identify SA effector proteins have revealed that SA binds to and alters the activity of multiple plant proteins—this represents a shift from the paradigm that hormones mediate their functions via one or a few receptors. SA and its derivatives also have multiple targets in animals; some of these proteins, like their plant counterparts, are associated with pathological processes. Together, these findings suggest that SA exerts its defense-associated effects in both kingdoms via a large number of targets.
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24
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Manohar M, Choi HW, Manosalva P, Austin CA, Peters JE, Klessig DF. Plant and Human MORC Proteins Have DNA-Modifying Activities Similar to Type II Topoisomerases, but Require One or More Additional Factors for Full Activity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:87-100. [PMID: 27992291 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-16-0208-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate one or more mechanisms through which microrchidia (MORC) proteins impact immunity, epigenetic gene silencing, and DNA modifications, the enzymatic activities of plant MORCs were characterized. Previously, we showed that plant MORC1s have ATPase and DNA endonuclease activities. Here, we demonstrate that plant MORCs have topoisomerase type II (topo II)-like activities, as they i) covalently bind DNA, ii) exhibit DNA-stimulated ATPase activity, iii) relax or nick supercoiled DNA, iv) catenate DNA, and v) decatenante kinetoplast DNA. Mutational analysis of tomato SlMORC1 suggests that a K loop-like sequence is required to couple DNA binding to ATPase stimulation as well as for efficient SlMORC1's DNA relaxation and catenation activities and in planta suppression of INF1-induced cell death, which is related to immunity. Human MORCs were found to exhibit the same topo II-like DNA modification activities as their plant counterparts. In contrast to typical topo IIs, SlMORC1 appears to require one or more accessory factors to complete some of its enzymatic activities, since addition of tomato extracts were needed for ATP-dependent, efficient conversion of supercoiled DNA to nicked/relaxed DNA and catenanes and for formation of topoisomer intermediates. Both plant and human MORCs bind salicylic acid; this suppresses their decatenation but not relaxation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caroline A Austin
- 2 Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, U.K.; and
| | - Joseph E Peters
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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25
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Choi HW, Klessig DF. DAMPs, MAMPs, and NAMPs in plant innate immunity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27782807 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0921-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicellular organisms have evolved systems/mechanisms to detect various forms of danger, including attack by microbial pathogens and a variety of pests, as well as tissue and cellular damage. Detection via cell-surface receptors activates an ancient and evolutionarily conserved innate immune system. RESULT Potentially harmful microorganisms are recognized by the presence of molecules or parts of molecules that have structures or chemical patterns unique to microbes and thus are perceived as non-self/foreign. They are referred to as Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs). Recently, a class of small molecules that is made only by nematodes, and that functions as pheromones in these organisms, was shown to be recognized by a wide range of plants. In the presence of these molecules, termed Nematode-Associated Molecular Patterns (NAMPs), plants activate innate immune responses and display enhanced resistance to a broad spectrum of microbial and nematode pathogens. In addition to pathogen attack, the relocation of various endogenous molecules or parts of molecules, generally to the extracellular milieu, as a result of tissue or cellular damage is perceived as a danger signal, and it leads to the induction of innate immune responses. These relocated endogenous inducers are called Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). CONCLUSIONS This mini-review is focused on plant DAMPs, including the recently discovered Arabidopsis HMGB3, which is the counterpart of the prototypic animal DAMP HMGB1. The plant DAMPs will be presented in the context of plant MAMPs and NAMPs, as well as animal DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Daniel F Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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26
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Choi HW, Klessig DF. DAMPs, MAMPs, and NAMPs in plant innate immunity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:232. [PMID: 27782807 PMCID: PMC5080799 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicellular organisms have evolved systems/mechanisms to detect various forms of danger, including attack by microbial pathogens and a variety of pests, as well as tissue and cellular damage. Detection via cell-surface receptors activates an ancient and evolutionarily conserved innate immune system. RESULT Potentially harmful microorganisms are recognized by the presence of molecules or parts of molecules that have structures or chemical patterns unique to microbes and thus are perceived as non-self/foreign. They are referred to as Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs). Recently, a class of small molecules that is made only by nematodes, and that functions as pheromones in these organisms, was shown to be recognized by a wide range of plants. In the presence of these molecules, termed Nematode-Associated Molecular Patterns (NAMPs), plants activate innate immune responses and display enhanced resistance to a broad spectrum of microbial and nematode pathogens. In addition to pathogen attack, the relocation of various endogenous molecules or parts of molecules, generally to the extracellular milieu, as a result of tissue or cellular damage is perceived as a danger signal, and it leads to the induction of innate immune responses. These relocated endogenous inducers are called Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). CONCLUSIONS This mini-review is focused on plant DAMPs, including the recently discovered Arabidopsis HMGB3, which is the counterpart of the prototypic animal DAMP HMGB1. The plant DAMPs will be presented in the context of plant MAMPs and NAMPs, as well as animal DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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27
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Klessig DF, Tian M, Choi HW. Multiple Targets of Salicylic Acid and Its Derivatives in Plants and Animals. Front Immunol 2016; 7:206. [PMID: 27303403 PMCID: PMC4880560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a critical plant hormone that is involved in many processes, including seed germination, root initiation, stomatal closure, floral induction, thermogenesis, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Its central role in plant immunity, although extensively studied, is still only partially understood. Classical biochemical approaches and, more recently, genome-wide high-throughput screens have identified more than two dozen plant SA-binding proteins (SABPs), as well as multiple candidates that have yet to be characterized. Some of these proteins bind SA with high affinity, while the affinity of others exhibit is low. Given that SA levels vary greatly even within a particular plant species depending on subcellular location, tissue type, developmental stage, and with respect to both time and location after an environmental stimulus such as infection, the presence of SABPs exhibiting a wide range of affinities for SA may provide great flexibility and multiple mechanisms through which SA can act. SA and its derivatives, both natural and synthetic, also have multiple targets in animals/humans. Interestingly, many of these proteins, like their plant counterparts, are associated with immunity or disease development. Two recently identified SABPs, high mobility group box protein and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, are critical proteins that not only serve key structural or metabolic functions but also play prominent roles in disease responses in both kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miaoying Tian
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, HI , USA
| | - Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA
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Choi HW, Manohar M, Manosalva P, Tian M, Moreau M, Klessig DF. Activation of Plant Innate Immunity by Extracellular High Mobility Group Box 3 and Its Inhibition by Salicylic Acid. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005518. [PMID: 27007252 PMCID: PMC4805298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) signal the presence of tissue damage to induce immune responses in plants and animals. Here, we report that High Mobility Group Box 3 (HMGB3) is a novel plant DAMP. Extracellular HMGB3, through receptor-like kinases BAK1 and BKK1, induced hallmark innate immune responses, including i) MAPK activation, ii) defense-related gene expression, iii) callose deposition, and iv) enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Infection by necrotrophic B. cinerea released HMGB3 into the extracellular space (apoplast). Silencing HMGBs enhanced susceptibility to B. cinerea, while HMGB3 injection into apoplast restored resistance. Like its human counterpart, HMGB3 binds salicylic acid (SA), which results in inhibition of its DAMP activity. An SA-binding site mutant of HMGB3 retained its DAMP activity, which was no longer inhibited by SA, consistent with its reduced SA-binding activity. These results provide cross-kingdom evidence that HMGB proteins function as DAMPs and that SA is their conserved inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia Manosalva
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Miaoying Tian
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Magali Moreau
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Klessig DF. Newly Identified Targets of Aspirin and Its Primary Metabolite, Salicylic Acid. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:163-6. [PMID: 26954428 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone, which influences several physiological processes, and is a critical modulator of multiple levels of immunity in plants. Several high-throughput screens, which were developed to identify SA-binding proteins through which SA mediates its many physiological effects in plants, uncovered several novel targets of aspirin and its primary metabolite, SA, in humans. These include glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), two proteins associated with some of the most prevalent and devastating human diseases. In addition, natural and synthetic SA derivatives were discovered, which are much more potent than SA at inhibiting the disease-associated activities of these targets.
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Collum TD, Culver JN. The impact of phytohormones on virus infection and disease. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 17:25-31. [PMID: 26656395 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones play a critical role in nearly every aspect of plant biology, including development and pathogen defense. During virus infection disruption of the plant's normal developmental physiology has often been associated with alterations in phytohormone accumulation and signaling. Only recently has evidence emerged describing mechanistically how viruses modulate phytohormone levels and the impact these modulations have on plant physiology and virus biology. From these studies there is an emerging theme of virus directed manipulation of plant hormone responses to disarm defense responses and reprogram the cellular environment to enhance replication and spread. In this review we examine the impact viruses have on plant hormone systems and the effects of this phytohormone manipulation on virus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D Collum
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - James N Culver
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Choi HW, Tian M, Manohar M, Harraz MM, Park SW, Schroeder FC, Snyder SH, Klessig DF. Human GAPDH Is a Target of Aspirin's Primary Metabolite Salicylic Acid and Its Derivatives. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143447. [PMID: 26606248 PMCID: PMC4659538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) controls several physiological processes and is a key regulator of multiple levels of plant immunity. To decipher the mechanisms through which SA’s multiple physiological effects are mediated, particularly in immunity, two high-throughput screens were developed to identify SA-binding proteins (SABPs). Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) was identified in these screens. Similar screens and subsequent analyses using SA analogs, in conjunction with either a photoaffinity labeling technique or surface plasmon resonance-based technology, established that human GAPDH (HsGAPDH) also binds SA. In addition to its central role in glycolysis, HsGAPDH participates in several pathological processes, including viral replication and neuronal cell death. The anti-Parkinson’s drug deprenyl has been shown to suppress nuclear translocation of HsGAPDH, an early step in cell death and the resulting cell death induced by the DNA alkylating agent N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Here, we demonstrate that SA, which is the primary metabolite of aspirin (acetyl SA) and is likely responsible for many of its pharmacological effects, also suppresses nuclear translocation of HsGAPDH and cell death. Analysis of two synthetic SA derivatives and two classes of compounds from the Chinese medicinal herb Glycyrrhiza foetida (licorice), glycyrrhizin and the SA-derivatives amorfrutins, revealed that they not only appear to bind HsGAPDH more tightly than SA, but also exhibit a greater ability to suppress translocation of HsGAPDH to the nucleus and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Miaoying Tian
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Maged M. Harraz
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States of America
| | - Sang-Wook Park
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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