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Fan W, Xia C, Wang S, Liu J, Deng L, Sun S, Wang X. Rhizobial infection of 4C cells triggers their endoreduplication during symbiotic nodule development in soybean. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1018-1030. [PMID: 35175637 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Endoreduplication is essential for nodule development and efficient nitrogen fixation; however, the cellular mechanism by which rhizobial infection causes endoreduplication in symbiotic nodules and the roles of the resulting polyploid cells in nitrogen fixation remain largely unknown. Here, we developed a series of different approaches to separate infected cells (ICs) and uninfected cells (UCs) and determined their ploidy levels in soybean (Glycine max) developing nodules. We demonstrated that 4C nuclei exist in both UCs and ICs of developing nodules and that these 4C cells are primarily invaded by rhizobia and subsequently undergo endoreduplication. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing analysis of nuclei with different ploidy levels from soybean nodules at 12 d post-infection (dpi) and 20 dpi showed that 4C cells are predominantly ICs in 12-dpi nodules but UCs in 20-dpi nodules. We conclude that the infection of 4C cells by rhizobia is critical for initiating endoreduplication. These findings provide significant insight into rhizobial infection, nodule endoreduplication and nitrogen fixation in symbiotic nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chunjiao Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Lijun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shiyong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
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Quiñones MA, Lucas MM, Pueyo JJ. Adaptive Mechanisms Make Lupin a Choice Crop for Acidic Soils Affected by Aluminum Toxicity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:810692. [PMID: 35069669 PMCID: PMC8766672 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.810692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Almost half of the world's agricultural soils are acidic, and most of them present significant levels of aluminum (Al) contamination, with Al3+ as the prevailing phytotoxic species. Lupin is a protein crop that is considered as an optimal alternative to soybean cultivation in cold climates. Lupins establish symbiosis with certain soil bacteria, collectively known as rhizobia, which are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Moreover, some lupin species, especially white lupin, form cluster roots, bottlebrush-like structures specialized in the mobilization and uptake of nutrients in poor soils. Cluster roots are also induced by Al toxicity. They exude phenolic compounds and organic acids that chelate Al to form non-phytotoxic complexes in the rhizosphere and inside the root cells, where Al complexes are accumulated in the vacuole. Lupins flourish in highly acidic soils where most crops, including other legumes, are unable to grow. Some lupin response mechanisms to Al toxicity are common to other plants, but lupin presents specific tolerance mechanisms, partly as a result of the formation of cluster roots. Al-induced lupin organic acid secretion differs from P-induced secretion, and organic acid transporters functions differ from those in other legumes. Additionally, symbiotic rhizobia can contribute to Al detoxification. After revising the existing knowledge on lupin distinct Al tolerance mechanisms, we conclude that further research is required to elucidate the specific organic acid secretion and Al accumulation mechanisms in this unique legume, but definitely, white lupin arises as a choice crop for cultivation in Al-rich acidic soils in temperate climate regions.
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Pueyo JJ, Quiñones MA, Coba de la Peña T, Fedorova EE, Lucas MM. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Interplay in Lupin Root Nodules and Cluster Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644218. [PMID: 33747024 PMCID: PMC7966414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two major plant nutrients, and their deficiencies often limit plant growth and crop yield. The uptakes of N or P affect each other, and consequently, understanding N-P interactions is fundamental. Their signaling mechanisms have been studied mostly separately, and integrating N-P interactive regulation is becoming the aim of some recent works. Lupins are singular plants, as, under N and P deficiencies, they are capable to develop new organs, the N2-fixing symbiotic nodules, and some species can also transform their root architecture to form cluster roots, hundreds of short rootlets that alter their metabolism to induce a high-affinity P transport system and enhance synthesis and secretion of organic acids, flavonoids, proteases, acid phosphatases, and proton efflux. These modifications lead to mobilization in the soil of, otherwise unavailable, P. White lupin (Lupinus albus) represents a model plant to study cluster roots and for understanding plant acclimation to nutrient deficiency. It tolerates simultaneous P and N deficiencies and also enhances uptake of additional nutrients. Here, we present the structural and functional modifications that occur in conditions of P and N deficiencies and lead to the organogenesis and altered metabolism of nodules and cluster roots. Some known N and P signaling mechanisms include different factors, including phytohormones and miRNAs. The combination of the individual N and P mechanisms uncovers interactive regulation pathways that concur in nodules and cluster roots. L. albus interlinks N and P recycling processes both in the plant itself and in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Pueyo
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena E. Fedorova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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Banuelos J, Martínez-Romero E, Montaño NM, Camargo-Ricalde SL. Folates in legume root nodules. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:447-452. [PMID: 32984974 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Folates are multifunctional metabolites in plants that are essential for cell division, nucleic acids and amino acid synthesis. During symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes, these cofactors are needed for de novo purine biosynthesis, meaning that changes in the folate pools could directly affect the flow of fixed nitrogen to the plant. Its role related to symbiotic nitrogen fixation has not been yet explored, but recent data suggest a relevant role during the first steps. Transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic analyses indicate that folates are accumulated in symbiotic plant tissue, as they are involved, not only in de novo purines biosynthesis, but in nitrogen translocation, endoreduplication and phytohormones biosynthesis. Understanding the possible implication of folate pools during the nitrogen fixation and assimilation, might aid for new engineering targets, in relation to the two transformylations or the production of glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase during the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. In this review, we intend to deliver and discuss the available evidence that support a relevant role of folates during the symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Banuelos
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Noé Manuel Montaño
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Lucía Camargo-Ricalde
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
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Quilbé J, Lamy L, Brottier L, Leleux P, Fardoux J, Rivallan R, Benichou T, Guyonnet R, Becana M, Villar I, Garsmeur O, Hufnagel B, Delteil A, Gully D, Chaintreuil C, Pervent M, Cartieaux F, Bourge M, Valentin N, Martin G, Fontaine L, Droc G, Dereeper A, Farmer A, Libourel C, Nouwen N, Gressent F, Mournet P, D'Hont A, Giraud E, Klopp C, Arrighi JF. Genetics of nodulation in Aeschynomene evenia uncovers mechanisms of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:829. [PMID: 33547303 PMCID: PMC7864950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Among legumes (Fabaceae) capable of nitrogen-fixing nodulation, several Aeschynomene spp. use a unique symbiotic process that is independent of Nod factors and infection threads. They are also distinctive in developing root and stem nodules with photosynthetic bradyrhizobia. Despite the significance of these symbiotic features, their understanding remains limited. To overcome such limitations, we conduct genetic studies of nodulation in Aeschynomene evenia, supported by the development of a genome sequence for A. evenia and transcriptomic resources for 10 additional Aeschynomene spp. Comparative analysis of symbiotic genes substantiates singular mechanisms in the early and late nodulation steps. A forward genetic screen also shows that AeCRK, coding a receptor-like kinase, and the symbiotic signaling genes AePOLLUX, AeCCamK, AeCYCLOPS, AeNSP2, and AeNIN are required to trigger both root and stem nodulation. This work demonstrates the utility of the A. evenia model and provides a cornerstone to unravel mechanisms underlying the rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Quilbé
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Léo Lamy
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
- Plateforme Bioinformatique, Genotoul, BioinfoMics, UR875 Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle, INRAE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Brottier
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Leleux
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
- Plateforme Bioinformatique, Genotoul, BioinfoMics, UR875 Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle, INRAE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Joël Fardoux
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Ronan Rivallan
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Benichou
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Rémi Guyonnet
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irene Villar
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Olivier Garsmeur
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Bárbara Hufnagel
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Delteil
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Djamel Gully
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Clémence Chaintreuil
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Marjorie Pervent
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Fabienne Cartieaux
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Mickaël Bourge
- Cytometry Facility, Imagerie-Gif, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Valentin
- Cytometry Facility, Imagerie-Gif, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Martin
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Fontaine
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaëtan Droc
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, DIADE, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew Farmer
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Cyril Libourel
- LRSV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nico Nouwen
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Gressent
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Pierre Mournet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Angélique D'Hont
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Giraud
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- Plateforme Bioinformatique, Genotoul, BioinfoMics, UR875 Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle, INRAE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-François Arrighi
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRAE/ UM2 /CIRAD, TA-A82/J, Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France.
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Roy P, Achom M, Wilkinson H, Lagunas B, Gifford ML. Symbiotic Outcome Modified by the Diversification from 7 to over 700 Nodule-Specific Cysteine-Rich Peptides. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E348. [PMID: 32218172 PMCID: PMC7230169 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Legume-rhizobium symbiosis represents one of the most successfully co-evolved mutualisms. Within nodules, the bacterial cells undergo distinct metabolic and morphological changes and differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Legumes in the inverted repeat lacking clade (IRLC) employ an array of defensin-like small secreted peptides (SSPs), known as nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides, to regulate bacteroid differentiation and activity. While most NCRs exhibit bactericidal effects in vitro, studies confirm that inside nodules they target the bacterial cell cycle and other cellular pathways to control and extend rhizobial differentiation into an irreversible (or terminal) state where the host gains control over bacteroids. While NCRs are well established as positive regulators of effective symbiosis, more recent findings also suggest that NCRs affect partner compatibility. The extent of bacterial differentiation has been linked to species-specific size and complexity of the NCR gene family that varies even among closely related species, suggesting a more recent origin of NCRs followed by rapid expansion in certain species. NCRs have diversified functionally, as well as in their expression patterns and responsiveness, likely driving further functional specialisation. In this review, we evaluate the functions of NCR peptides and their role as a driving force underlying the outcome of rhizobial symbiosis, where the plant is able to determine the outcome of rhizobial interaction in a temporal and spatial manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proyash Roy
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (P.R.); (M.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mingkee Achom
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (P.R.); (M.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, NY 14853, USA
| | - Helen Wilkinson
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (P.R.); (M.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Beatriz Lagunas
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (P.R.); (M.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Miriam L. Gifford
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (P.R.); (M.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
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Irrigation-Induced Changes in Chemical Composition and Quality of Seeds of Yellow Lupine ( Lupinus luteus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225521. [PMID: 31698683 PMCID: PMC6888426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality and amount of yellow lupine yield depend on water availability. Water scarcity negatively affects germination, flowering, and pod formation, and thus introduction of an artificial irrigation system is needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of irrigation on the quality of yellow lupine seeds. Raining was applied with a semi-solid device with sprinklers during periods of greatest water demand. It was shown that watered plants produced seeds of lesser quality, having smaller size and weight. To find out why seeds of irrigated plants were of poor quality, interdisciplinary research at the cellular level was carried out. DNA cytophotometry evidenced the presence of nuclei with lower polyploidy in the apical zone of mature seeds. This may lead to formation of smaller cells and reduce depositing of storage materials. The electrophoretic and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses revealed differences in protein and cuticular wax profiles, while scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed, among various chemical elements, decreased calcium content in one of seed zones (near plumule). Seeds from irrigated plants showed slightly higher germination dynamics but growth rate of seedlings was slightly lower. The studies showed that irrigation of lupine affected seed features and their chemical composition, an ability to germination and seedlings growth.
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Forrester NJ, Ashman TL. The direct effects of plant polyploidy on the legume-rhizobia mutualism. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:209-220. [PMID: 29182713 PMCID: PMC5808787 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyploidy is known to significantly alter plant genomes, phenotypes and interactions with the abiotic environment, yet the impacts of polyploidy on plant-biotic interactions are less well known. A particularly important plant-biotic interaction is the legume-rhizobia mutualism, in which rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen in exchange for carbon provided by legume hosts. This mutualism regulates nutrient cycles in natural ecosystems and provides nitrogen to agricultural environments. Despite the ecological, evolutionary and agricultural importance of plant polyploidy and the legume-rhizobia mutualism, it is not yet fully understood whether plant polyploidy directly alters mutualism traits or the consequences on plant growth. SCOPE The aim was to propose a conceptual framework to understand how polyploidy might directly enhance the quantity and quality of rhizobial symbionts hosted by legume plants, resulting in increased host access to fixed nitrogen (N). Mechanistic hypotheses have been devised to examine how polyploidy can directly alter traits that impact the quantity (e.g. nodule number, nodule size, terminal bacteroid differentiation) and quality of symbionts (e.g. nodule environment, partner choice, host sanctions). To evaluate these hypotheses, an exhaustive review of studies testing the effects of plant polyploidy on the mutualism was conducted. In doing so, overall trends were synthesized, highlighting the limited understanding of the mechanisms that underlie variation in results achieved thus far, revealing striking gaps in knowledge and uncovering areas ripe for future research. CONCLUSIONS Plant polyploidy can immediately alter nodule size, N fixation rate and the identity of rhizobial symbionts hosted by polyploid legumes, but many of the mechanistic hypotheses proposed here, such as bacteroid number and enhancements of the nodule environment, remain unexplored. Although current evidence supports a role of plant polyploidy in enhancing key aspects of the legume-rhizobia mutualism, the underlying mechanisms and effects on host benefit from the mutualism remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Forrester
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kundu A, DasGupta M. Silencing of Putative Cytokinin Receptor Histidine Kinase1 Inhibits Both Inception and Differentiation of Root Nodules in Arachis hypogaea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:187-199. [PMID: 28876173 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0144-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia-legume interaction activates the SYM pathway that recruits cytokinin signaling for induction of nodule primordia in the cortex. In Arachis hypogaea, bradyrhizobia invade through natural cracks developed in the lateral root base and are directly endocytosed in the cortical cells to generate the nodule primordia. To unravel the role of cytokinin signaling in A. hypogaea, RNA-interference (RNAi) of cytokinin receptor histidine-kinase1 (AhHK1) was done. AhHK1-RNAi downregulated the expression of type-A response regulators such as AhRR5 and AhRR3 along with several symbiotic genes, indicating that both cytokinin signaling and the SYM pathway were affected. Accordingly, there was a drastic downregulation of nodulation in AhHK1-RNAi roots and the nodules that developed were ineffective. These nodules were densely packed, with infected cells having a higher nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and distinctively high mitotic index, where the rod-shaped rhizobia failed to differentiate into bacteroids within spherical symbiosomes. In accordance with the proliferating state, expression of a mitotic-cyclin AhCycB2.1 was higher in AhHK1-RNAi nodules, whereas expression of a retinoblastoma-related (AhRBR) nodule that restrains proliferation was lower. Also, higher expression of the meristem maintenance factor WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 correlated with the undifferentiated state of AhHK1-RNAi nodules. Our results suggest that AhHK1-mediated cytokinin signaling is important for both inception and differentiation during nodule development in A. hypogaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Maitrayee DasGupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
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Chandran D, Wildermuth M. Modulation of Host Endocycle During Plant–Biotroph Interactions. DEVELOPMENTAL SIGNALING IN PLANTS 2016; 40:65-103. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yoon HJ, Hossain MS, Held M, Hou H, Kehl M, Tromas A, Sato S, Tabata S, Andersen SU, Stougaard J, Ross L, Szczyglowski K. Lotus japonicus SUNERGOS1 encodes a predicted subunit A of a DNA topoisomerase VI that is required for nodule differentiation and accommodation of rhizobial infection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:811-21. [PMID: 24661810 PMCID: PMC4282747 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A symbiotic mutant of Lotus japonicus, called sunergos1-1 (suner1-1), originated from a har1-1 suppressor screen. suner1-1 supports epidermal infection by Mesorhizobium loti and initiates cell divisions for organogenesis of nodule primordia. However, these processes appear to be temporarily stalled early during symbiotic interaction, leading to a low nodule number phenotype. This defect is ephemeral and near wild-type nodule numbers are reached by suner1-1 at a later point after infection. Using an approach that combined map-based cloning and next-generation sequencing we have identified the causative mutation and show that the suner1-1 phenotype is determined by a weak recessive allele, with the corresponding wild-type SUNER1 locus encoding a predicted subunit A of a DNA topoisomerase VI. Our data suggest that at least one function of SUNER1 during symbiosis is to participate in endoreduplication, which is an essential step during normal differentiation of functional, nitrogen-fixing nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi Joong Yoon
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research CentreLondon, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research CentreLondon, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark Held
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research CentreLondon, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Hongwei Hou
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research CentreLondon, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Marilyn Kehl
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research CentreLondon, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexandre Tromas
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research CentreLondon, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research InstituteKisarazu, Chiba, 292-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tabata
- Kazusa DNA Research InstituteKisarazu, Chiba, 292-0812, Japan
| | - Stig Uggerhøj Andersen
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Loretta Ross
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research CentreLondon, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Szczyglowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research CentreLondon, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
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12
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Vieira P, Kyndt T, Gheysen G, Engler JDA. An insight into critical endocycle genes for plant-parasitic nematode feeding sites establishment. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24223. [PMID: 23518580 PMCID: PMC3907419 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot and cyst nematodes are biotrophic parasites that invade the root apex of host plants and migrate toward the vascular cylinder where they cause the differentiation of root cells into galls (or root-knots) containing hypertrophied multinucleated giant-feeding cells, or syncytia, respectively. The precise molecular mechanisms that drive the formation of such unique nematode feeding sites are still far-off from being completely understood. The diverse gene expression changes occurring within the host cells suggest that both types of plant-parasitic nematodes modulate a variety of plant processes. Induction and repression of genes belonging to the host cell cycle control machinery have shown to be essential to drive the formation of such specialized nematode feeding cells. We demonstrate that nematodes usurp key components regulating the endocycle in their favor. This is illustrated by the involvement of anaphase-promoting complex (APC) genes (CCS52A and CCS52B), the endocycle repressor DP-E2F-like (E2F/DEL1) gene and the ROOT HAIRLESS 1 PROTEIN (RHL1), which is part of a multiprotein complex of the toposiomerase VI, in the proper formation of nematode feeding sites. Altering the expression of these genes in Arabidopsis plants by down- or overexpressing strategies strongly influences the extent of endoreduplication in both types of nematode feeding site leading to a disturbance of the nematode's life cycle and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Correspondence to: Janice de Almeida Engler,
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13
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Matsunaga S, Katagiri Y, Nagashima Y, Sugiyama T, Hasegawa J, Hayashi K, Sakamoto T. New insights into the dynamics of plant cell nuclei and chromosomes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 305:253-301. [PMID: 23890384 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407695-2.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plant lamin-like protein NMCP/AtLINC and orthologues of the SUN-KASH complex across the nuclear envelope (NE) show the universality of nuclear structure in eukaryotes. However, depletion of components in the connection complex of the NE in plants does not induce severe defects, unlike in animals. Appearance of the Rabl configuration is not dependent on genome size in plant species. Topoisomerase II and condensin II are not essential for plant chromosome condensation. Plant endoreduplication shares several common characteristics with animals, including involvement of cyclin-dependent kinases and E2F transcription factors. Recent finding regarding endomitosis regulator GIG1 shed light on the suppression mechanism of endomitosis in plants. The robustness of plants, compared with animals, is reflected in their genome redundancy. Spatiotemporal functional analyses using chromophore-assisted light inactivation, super-resolution microscopy, and 4D (3D plus time) imaging will reveal new insights into plant nuclear and chromosomal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.
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14
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Heyman J, De Veylder L. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome in control of plant development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:1182-94. [PMID: 23034505 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Temporal controlled degradation of key cell division proteins ensures a correct onset of the different cell cycle phases and exit from the cell division program. In light of the cell cycle, the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is an important conserved multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase, marking targets for degradation by the 26S proteasome. However, whereas the APC/C has been studied extensively in yeast and mammals, only in the last decade has the plant APC/C started to unveil its secrets. Research results have shown the importance of the APC/C core complex and its activators during gametogenesis, growth, hormone signaling, symbiotic interactions, and endoreduplication onset. In addition, recently, the first plant APC/C inhibitors have been reported, allowing a fine-tuning of APC/C activity during the cell cycle. Together with the identification of the first APC/C targets, a picture emerges of APC/C activity being essential for many different developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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15
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Terpolilli JJ, Hood GA, Poole PS. What determines the efficiency of N(2)-fixing Rhizobium-legume symbioses? Adv Microb Physiol 2012; 60:325-89. [PMID: 22633062 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398264-3.00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation is vital to nutrient cycling in the biosphere and is the major route by which atmospheric dinitrogen (N(2)) is reduced to ammonia. The largest single contribution to biological N(2) fixation is carried out by rhizobia, which include a large group of both alpha and beta-proteobacteria, almost exclusively in association with legumes. Rhizobia must compete to infect roots of legumes and initiate a signaling dialog with host plants that leads to nodule formation. The most common form of infection involves the growth of rhizobia down infection threads which are laid down by the host plant. Legumes form either indeterminate or determinate types of nodules, with these groups differing widely in nodule morphology and often in the developmental program by which rhizobia form N(2) fixing bacteroids. In particular, indeterminate legumes from the inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) (e.g., peas, vetch, alfalfa, medics) produce a cocktail of antimicrobial peptides which cause endoreduplication of the bacterial genome and force rhizobia into a nongrowing state. Bacteroids often become dependent on the plant for provision of key cofactors, such as homocitrate needed for nitrogenase activity or for branched chain amino acids. This has led to the suggestion that bacteroids at least from the IRLC can be considered as ammoniaplasts, where they are effectively facultative plant organelles. A low O(2) tension is critical both to induction of genes needed for N(2) fixation and to the subsequent exchange of nutrient between plants and bacteroids. To achieve high rates of N(2) fixation, the legume host and Rhizobium must be closely matched not only for infection, but for optimum development, nutrient exchange, and N(2) fixation. In this review, we consider the multiple steps of selection and bacteroid development and how these alter the overall efficiency of N(2) fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Terpolilli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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16
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Su'udi M, Cha JY, Jung MH, Ermawati N, Han CD, Kim MG, Woo YM, Son D. Potential role of the rice OsCCS52A gene in endoreduplication. PLANTA 2012; 235:387-397. [PMID: 21927949 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G1, S, G2 and M. In certain condition, the cells skip M-phase and undergo endoreduplication. Endoreduplication, occurring during a modified cell cycle, duplicates the entire genome without being followed by M-phase. A cycle of endoreduplication is common in most of the differentiated cells of plant vegetative tissues and it occurs extensively in cereal endosperm cells. Endoreduplication occurs when CDK/Cyclin complex low or inactive caused by ubiquitin-mediated degradation by APC and their activators. In this study, rice cell cycle switch 52 A (OsCCS52A), an APC activator, is functionally characterized using the reverse genetic approach. In rice, OsCCS52A is highly expressed in seedlings, flowers, immature panicles and 15 DAP kernels. Localization studies revealed that OsCCS52A is a nuclear protein. OsCCS52A interacts with OsCdc16 in yeast. In addition, overexpression of OsCCS52A inhibits mitotic cell division and induces endoreduplication and cell elongation in fission yeast. The homozygous mutant exhibits dwarfism and smaller seeds. Further analysis demonstrated that endoreduplication cycles in the endosperm of mutant seeds were disturbed, evidenced by reduced nuclear and cell sizes. Taken together, these results suggest that OsCCS52A is involved in maintaining normal seed size formation by mediating the exit from mitotic cell division to enter the endoreduplication cycles in rice endosperm.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Enlargement
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Size
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crops, Agricultural/genetics
- Crops, Agricultural/growth & development
- Crops, Agricultural/metabolism
- Endosperm/genetics
- Endosperm/growth & development
- Endosperm/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Mitosis
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Open Reading Frames
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/growth & development
- Oryza/metabolism
- Plant Components, Aerial/genetics
- Plant Components, Aerial/growth & development
- Plant Components, Aerial/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plant Roots/metabolism
- Pollination
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Schizosaccharomyces/genetics
- Schizosaccharomyces/metabolism
- Seedlings/genetics
- Seedlings/growth & development
- Seedlings/metabolism
- Transformation, Genetic
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhamad Su'udi
- Division of Applied Life Science, BK21 Program, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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17
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Chevalier C, Nafati M, Mathieu-Rivet E, Bourdon M, Frangne N, Cheniclet C, Renaudin JP, Gévaudant F, Hernould M. Elucidating the functional role of endoreduplication in tomato fruit development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1159-69. [PMID: 21199834 PMCID: PMC3091799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoreduplication is the major source of endopolyploidy in higher plants. The process of endoreduplication results from the ability of cells to modify their classical cell cycle into a partial cell cycle where DNA synthesis occurs independently from mitosis. Despite the ubiquitous occurrence of the phenomenon in eukaryotic cells, the physiological meaning of endoreduplication remains vague, although several roles during plant development have been proposed, mostly related to cell differentiation and cell size determination. SCOPE Here recent advances in the knowledge of endoreduplication and fruit organogenesis are reviewed, focusing on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model, and the functional analyses of endoreduplication-associated regulatory genes in tomato fruit are described. CONCLUSIONS The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory kinase WEE1 and the anaphase promoting complex activator CCS52A both participate in the control of cell size and the endoreduplication process driving cell expansion during early fruit development in tomato. Moreover the fruit-specific functional analysis of the tomato CDK inhibitor KRP1 reveals that cell size and fruit size determination can be uncoupled from DNA ploidy levels, indicating that endoreduplication acts rather as a limiting factor for cell growth. The overall functional data contribute to unravelling the physiological role of endoreduplication in growth induction of fleshy fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chevalier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 619 sur la Biologie du Fruit, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
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18
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Ishihara H, Koriyama H, Osawa A, Zehirov G, Yamaura M, Kucho KI, Abe M, Higashi S, Kondorosi E, Mergaert P, Uchiumi T. Characteristics of Bacteroids in Indeterminate Nodules of the Leguminous Tree Leucaena glauca. Microbes Environ 2011; 26:156-9. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me11104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Grigor Zehirov
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | | | - Ken-ichi Kucho
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Mikiko Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | | | - Eva Kondorosi
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Institute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Bay Zoltan Foundation for Applied Research
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
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19
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Libault M, Zhang XC, Govindarajulu M, Qiu J, Ong YT, Brechenmacher L, Berg RH, Hurley-Sommer A, Taylor CG, Stacey G. A member of the highly conserved FWL (tomato FW2.2-like) gene family is essential for soybean nodule organogenesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:852-64. [PMID: 20230508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A soybean homolog of the tomato FW2.2 gene, here named GmFWL1 (Glycine max FW2.2-like 1), was found to respond strongly to inoculation with the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In tomato, the FW2.2 gene is hypothesized to control 30% of the variance in fruit weight by negatively regulating cell division. In the present study, the induction of GmFWL1 expression in root hair cells and nodules in response to B. japonicum inoculation was documented using quantitative RT-PCR and transcriptional fusions to both beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). RNAi-mediated silencing of GmFWL1 expression resulted in a significant reduction in nodule number, with a concomitant reduction in nuclear size and changes in chromatin structure. The reduction in nuclear size is probably due to a change in DNA heterochromatinization, as the ploidy level of wild-type and RNAi-silenced nodule cells was similar. GmFWL1 was localized to the plasma membrane. The data suggest that GmFWL1 probably acts indirectly, perhaps through a cellular cascade, to affect chromatin structure/nuclei architecture. As previously proposed in tomato, this function may be a result of effects on plant cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Libault
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Division of Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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20
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Maunoury N, Redondo-Nieto M, Bourcy M, Van de Velde W, Alunni B, Laporte P, Durand P, Agier N, Marisa L, Vaubert D, Delacroix H, Duc G, Ratet P, Aggerbeck L, Kondorosi E, Mergaert P. Differentiation of symbiotic cells and endosymbionts in Medicago truncatula nodulation are coupled to two transcriptome-switches. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9519. [PMID: 20209049 PMCID: PMC2832008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The legume plant Medicago truncatula establishes a symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti which takes place in root nodules. The formation of nodules employs a complex developmental program involving organogenesis, specific cellular differentiation of the host cells and the endosymbiotic bacteria, called bacteroids, as well as the specific activation of a large number of plant genes. By using a collection of plant and bacterial mutants inducing non-functional, Fix(-) nodules, we studied the differentiation processes of the symbiotic partners together with the nodule transcriptome, with the aim of unravelling links between cell differentiation and transcriptome activation. Two waves of transcriptional reprogramming involving the repression and the massive induction of hundreds of genes were observed during wild-type nodule formation. The dominant features of this "nodule-specific transcriptome" were the repression of plant defense-related genes, the transient activation of cell cycle and protein synthesis genes at the early stage of nodule development and the activation of the secretory pathway along with a large number of transmembrane and secretory proteins or peptides throughout organogenesis. The fifteen plant and bacterial mutants that were analyzed fell into four major categories. Members of the first category of mutants formed non-functional nodules although they had differentiated nodule cells and bacteroids. This group passed the two transcriptome switch-points similarly to the wild type. The second category, which formed nodules in which the plant cells were differentiated and infected but the bacteroids did not differentiate, passed the first transcriptome switch but not the second one. Nodules in the third category contained infection threads but were devoid of differentiated symbiotic cells and displayed a root-like transcriptome. Nodules in the fourth category were free of bacteria, devoid of differentiated symbiotic cells and also displayed a root-like transcriptome. A correlation thus exists between the differentiation of symbiotic nodule cells and the first wave of nodule specific gene activation and between differentiation of rhizobia to bacteroids and the second transcriptome wave in nodules. The differentiation of symbiotic cells and of bacteroids may therefore constitute signals for the execution of these transcriptome-switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Maunoury
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Miguel Redondo-Nieto
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie Bourcy
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Willem Van de Velde
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Alunni
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Laporte
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patricia Durand
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Agier
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3144 and Gif/Orsay DNA MicroArray Platform (GODMAP), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laetitia Marisa
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3144 and Gif/Orsay DNA MicroArray Platform (GODMAP), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Danièle Vaubert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Delacroix
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3144 and Gif/Orsay DNA MicroArray Platform (GODMAP), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Gérard Duc
- Génétique et Ecophysiologie des Légumineuses à Graines, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lawrence Aggerbeck
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3144 and Gif/Orsay DNA MicroArray Platform (GODMAP), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eva Kondorosi
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Bay Zoltan Foundation for Applied Research, Institute of Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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21
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Coba de la Peña T, Cárcamo CB, Almonacid L, Zaballos A, Lucas MM, Balomenos D, Pueyo JJ. A cytokinin receptor homologue is induced during root nodule organogenesis and senescence in Lupinus albus L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:219-25. [PMID: 18060799 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the isolation of a new cytokinin receptor homologue, LaHK1, from lupin (Lupinus albus) root nodules. LaHK1 transcript accumulation was detected in different plant organs, and expression was analyzed throughout nodule development. We observed notably higher expression in nodule primordia and young nodules compared to the root or to mature nodules. We also detected elevated transcript accumulation in naturally senescent nodules and in senescent nodules subjected to foliar dark stress. The results could be an indication of a putative role of this cytokinin receptor homologue in nodule development, from morphogenesis through senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Coba de la Peña
- Department of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, Serrano 115-bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Sprent JI, James EK. Legume evolution: where do nodules and mycorrhizas fit in? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:575-81. [PMID: 17556520 PMCID: PMC1914177 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.096156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet I Sprent
- Division of Applied and Environmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Mergaert P, Uchiumi T, Alunni B, Evanno G, Cheron A, Catrice O, Mausset AE, Barloy-Hubler F, Galibert F, Kondorosi A, Kondorosi E. Eukaryotic control on bacterial cell cycle and differentiation in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5230-5. [PMID: 16547129 PMCID: PMC1458823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600912103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis between legumes and Rhizobium bacteria leads to the formation of root nodules where bacteria in the infected plant cells are converted into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Nodules with a persistent meristem are indeterminate, whereas nodules without meristem are determinate. The symbiotic plant cells in both nodule types are polyploid because of several cycles of endoreduplication (genome replication without mitosis and cytokinesis) and grow consequently to extreme sizes. Here we demonstrate that differentiation of bacteroids in indeterminate nodules of Medicago and related legumes from the galegoid clade shows remarkable similarity to host cell differentiation. During bacteroid maturation, repeated DNA replication without cytokinesis results in extensive amplification of the entire bacterial genome and elongation of bacteria. This finding reveals a positive correlation in prokaryotes between DNA content and cell size, similar to that in eukaryotes. These polyploid bacteroids are metabolically functional but display increased membrane permeability and are nonviable, because they lose their ability to resume growth. In contrast, bacteroids in determinate nodules of the nongalegoid legumes lotus and bean are comparable to free-living bacteria in their genomic DNA content, cell size, and viability. Using recombinant Rhizobium strains nodulating both legume types, we show that bacteroid differentiation is controlled by the host plant. Plant factors present in nodules of galegoid legumes but absent from nodules of nongalegoid legumes block bacterial cell division and trigger endoreduplication cycles, thereby forcing the endosymbionts toward a terminally differentiated state. Hence, Medicago and related legumes have evolved a mechanism to dominate the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mergaert
- *Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Avenue de la Terrasse Bātiment 23, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; and
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- *Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Avenue de la Terrasse Bātiment 23, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; and
| | - Benoît Alunni
- *Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Avenue de la Terrasse Bātiment 23, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; and
| | - Gwénaëlle Evanno
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6061, Bâtiment 13, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes I, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Angélique Cheron
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6061, Bâtiment 13, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes I, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Catrice
- *Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Avenue de la Terrasse Bātiment 23, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; and
| | - Anne-Elisabeth Mausset
- *Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Avenue de la Terrasse Bātiment 23, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; and
| | - Frédérique Barloy-Hubler
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6061, Bâtiment 13, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes I, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Francis Galibert
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6061, Bâtiment 13, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes I, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Adam Kondorosi
- *Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Avenue de la Terrasse Bātiment 23, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; and
| | - Eva Kondorosi
- *Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Avenue de la Terrasse Bātiment 23, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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