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Xiao J, Liu W, Wu B, Zhang Y, Li S, Li E. Root hair: An important guest-meeting avenue for rhizobia in legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2025; 356:112518. [PMID: 40274194 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2025.112518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2025] [Accepted: 04/18/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Root hairs anchor the plant in the soil, facilitating nutrient assimilation, water absorption, and interaction of plants with their environment. In legumes, they play a key role in the early infection of rhizobia. This review aimed to summarize the recent progress about the nodulation factor receptors on the root hair surface. It also discussed the importance of downstream signaling pathways of nodulation factor receptors and highlighted Rho of plants signaling pathway that controls infection thread polar growth and nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wenxu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Bicong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Sha Li
- QAU-RAU Joint Institute for Advanced Agricultural Technology Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - En Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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2
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Tsyganova AV, Gorshkov AP, Vorobiev MG, Tikhonovich IA, Brewin NJ, Tsyganov VE. Dynamics of Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation During Tip Growth of Infection Thread in Nodules and Cell Differentiation in Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Symbiotic Nodules. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2923. [PMID: 39458872 PMCID: PMC11510766 DOI: 10.3390/plants13202923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Revised: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in plants is produced in relatively large amounts and plays a universal role in plant defense and physiological responses, including the regulation of growth and development. In the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, hydrogen peroxide plays an important signaling role throughout the development of this interaction. In the functioning nodule, H2O2 has been shown to be involved in bacterial differentiation into the symbiotic form and in nodule senescence. In this study, the pattern of H2O2 accumulation in pea (Pisum sativum L.) wild-type and mutant nodules blocked at different stages of the infection process was analyzed using a cytochemical reaction with cerium chloride. The observed dynamics of H2O2 deposition in the infection thread walls indicated that the distribution of H2O2 was apparently related to the stiffness of the infection thread wall. The dynamics of H2O2 accumulation was traced, and its patterns in different nodule zones were determined in order to investigate the relationship of H2O2 localization and distribution with the stages of symbiotic nodule development in P. sativum. The patterns of H2O2 localization in different zones of the indeterminate nodule have been partially confirmed by comparative analysis on mutant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Tsyganova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.G.); (I.A.T.); (V.E.T.)
| | - Artemii P. Gorshkov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.G.); (I.A.T.); (V.E.T.)
| | - Maxim G. Vorobiev
- Research Park, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Igor A. Tikhonovich
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.G.); (I.A.T.); (V.E.T.)
- Research Park, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Viktor E. Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.G.); (I.A.T.); (V.E.T.)
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Rathore RS, Mishra M, Pareek A, Singla-Pareek SL. A glutathione-independent DJ-1/Pfp1 domain containing glyoxalase III, OsDJ-1C, functions in abiotic stress adaptation in rice. PLANTA 2024; 259:81. [PMID: 38438662 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Overexpression of OsDJ-1C in rice improves root architecture, photosynthesis, yield and abiotic stress tolerance through modulating methylglyoxal levels, antioxidant defense, and redox homeostasis. Exposure to abiotic stresses leads to elevated methylglyoxal (MG) levels in plants, impacting seed germination and root growth. In response, the activation of NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase and glutathione (GSH)-dependent glyoxalase enzymes helps to regulate MG levels and reduce its toxic effects. However, detoxification may not be carried out effectively due to the limitation of GSH and NADPH in plants under stress. Recently, a novel enzyme called glyoxalase III (GLY III) has been discovered which can detoxify MG in a single step without needing GSH. To understand the physiological importance of this pathway in rice, we overexpressed the gene encoding GLYIII enzyme (OsDJ-1C) in rice. It was observed that OsDJ-1C overexpression in rice regulated MG levels under stress conditions thus, linked well with plants' abiotic stress tolerance potential. The OsDJ-1C overexpression lines displayed better root architecture, improved photosynthesis, and reduced yield penalty compared to the WT plants under salinity, and drought stress conditions. These plants demonstrated an improved GSH/GSSG ratio, reduced level of reactive oxygen species, increased antioxidant capacity, and higher anti-glycation activity thereby indicating that the GLYIII mediated MG detoxification plays a significant role in plants' ability to reduce the impact of abiotic stress. Furthermore, these findings imply the potential of OsDJ-1C in crop improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Singh Rathore
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manjari Mishra
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sneh Lata Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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4
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Zhang H. Plant latent defense response against compatibility. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:787-791. [PMID: 36991179 PMCID: PMC10203107 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Managing the association with microbes is crucial for plants. Evidence is emerging for the plant latent defense response, which is conditionally elicited by certain microbial nonpathogenic factors and thereby guards against potential risks from beneficial or commensal microbes. Latent defense response is an exciting new research area with a number of key issues immediately awaiting exploration. A detailed understanding of latent defense response will underpin the applications of beneficial microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.
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5
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Legumes Regulate Symbiosis with Rhizobia via Their Innate Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032800. [PMID: 36769110 PMCID: PMC9917363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots are constantly exposed to a diverse microbiota of pathogens and mutualistic partners. The host's immune system is an essential component for its survival, enabling it to monitor nearby microbes for potential threats and respond with a defence response when required. Current research suggests that the plant immune system has also been employed in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis as a means of monitoring different rhizobia strains and that successful rhizobia have evolved to overcome this system to infect the roots and initiate nodulation. With clear implications for host-specificity, the immune system has the potential to be an important target for engineering versatile crops for effective nodulation in the field. However, current knowledge of the interacting components governing this pathway is limited, and further research is required to build on what is currently known to improve our understanding. This review provides a general overview of the plant immune system's role in nodulation. With a focus on the cycles of microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (MTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), we highlight key molecular players and recent findings while addressing the current knowledge gaps in this area.
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Li X, Yu X, Luo K, Liu H, Fan X, Yin X, Zhao Q, Liu X, Yang Y. Exposure to metals and the disruption of sex hormones in 6-19 years old children: An exploration of mixture effects. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 241:113789. [PMID: 36586165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual metals have been linked to sex hormones disruption, but the associations of metals mixture are rarely examined among children. METHODS A total of 1060 participants of 6-19-year-old who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2016) were included. Eighteen metals were quantified in the whole blood and urine. Sex hormones were measured in serum, including total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). In addition, free androgen index (FAI) and the ratio of TT to E2 were calculated. Bayesian kernel machine regression and latent class analysis were performed to assess the associations of metals mixture and exposure patterns of metals at varied levels with sex hormones while adjusting for selected covariates. All analyses were conducted by sex-age and sex-puberty groups to explore the potential sex-dimorphic effects. RESULTS Exposure to metals mixture was associated with elevated levels of FAI and E2 among 12-19 years old girls. Moreover, the exposure pattern of metals that was characterized by high levels of blood and urinary cadmium, blood manganese, and urinary cobalt was associated with elevated E2 and reduced TT/E2 levels among girls of 12-19 years old. However, the associations of metals mixture with sex hormones were overall nonsignificant among boys. Nevertheless, metals exposure pattern that was characterized by high levels of blood lead, urinary barium, strontium, and lead but comparatively low levels of the other metals was consistently associated with reduced levels of FAI and E2 but elevated levels of TT/E2 and SHBG among boys of 12-19 years old. CONCLUSION Metals mixture and exposure patterns that were dominated by high levels of certain metals were associated with sex hormones imbalance among 12-19 years old children in a sex-dimorphic pattern, with the identified individual metals that drove the associations of metals mixture varied by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Li
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xiaohan Yu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Huajian Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xu Fan
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xiaoming Yin
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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Minguillón S, Matamoros MA, Duanmu D, Becana M. Signaling by reactive molecules and antioxidants in legume nodules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:815-832. [PMID: 35975700 PMCID: PMC9826421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legume nodules are symbiotic structures formed as a result of the interaction with rhizobia. Nodules fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia that is assimilated by the plant and this process requires strict metabolic regulation and signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved as signal molecules at all stages of symbiosis, from rhizobial infection to nodule senescence. Also, reactive sulfur species (RSS) are emerging as important signals for an efficient symbiosis. Homeostasis of reactive molecules is mainly accomplished by antioxidant enzymes and metabolites and is essential to allow redox signaling while preventing oxidative damage. Here, we examine the metabolic pathways of reactive molecules and antioxidants with an emphasis on their functions in signaling and protection of symbiosis. In addition to providing an update of recent findings while paying tribute to original studies, we identify several key questions. These include the need of new methodologies to detect and quantify ROS, RNS, and RSS, avoiding potential artifacts due to their short lifetimes and tissue manipulation; the regulation of redox-active proteins by post-translational modification; the production and exchange of reactive molecules in plastids, peroxisomes, nuclei, and bacteroids; and the unknown but expected crosstalk between ROS, RNS, and RSS in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Minguillón
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
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Yang Z, Du H, Sun J, Xing X, Kong Y, Li W, Li X, Zhang C. A Nodule-Localized Small Heat Shock Protein GmHSP17.1 Confers Nodule Development and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:838718. [PMID: 35356122 PMCID: PMC8959767 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.838718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are ubiquitous proteins present in all organisms. The sHSPs are not only upregulated under heat shock as well as other stresses but also are expressed in unstressed cells, indicating quite diverse functions of sHSPs. However, there is little known about the role of sHSPs in nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean. In this study, we cloned a candidate protein of sHSP, GmHSP17.1, from proteome of nodule and analyzed its function in soybean nodulation. We found that GmHSP17.1 was a cytosolic protein and preferentially expressed during nodule development. An overexpression of GmHSP17.1 in composite transgenic plants showed increases in nodule number, fresh weight, nodule size, area of infection cells, and nitrogenase activity, and subsequently promoted the content of nitrogen and growth of soybean plants. While GmHSP17.1 RNA interference (RNAi) lines showed significantly impaired nodule development and nitrogen fixation efficiency. Through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), GmRIP1 was identified as the first potential target of GmHSP17.1, and was shown to be specifically expressed in soybean nodules. The interaction between GmHSP17.1 and GmRIP1 was further confirmed by yeast-two hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in vivo and pull-down assay in vitro. Furthermore, peroxidase activity was markedly increased in GmHSP17.1 overexpressed nodules and decreased in RNAi lines. As a result, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content greatly decreased in GmHSP17.1 overexpression lines and increased in suppression lines. Taken together, we conclude that GmHSP17.1 plays an important role in soybean nodulation through interacting with GmRIP1. Our results provide foundation for studying the mechanism of nitrogen fixation and for the genetics improvement of legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hui Du
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinzhu Xing
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Youbin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xihuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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9
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Hawkins JP, Oresnik IJ. The Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis: Co-opting Successful Stress Management. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:796045. [PMID: 35046982 PMCID: PMC8761673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.796045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of bacteria with plants can result in either a positive, negative, or neutral association. The rhizobium-legume interaction is a well-studied model system of a process that is considered a positive interaction. This process has evolved to require a complex signal exchange between the host and the symbiont. During this process, rhizobia are subject to several stresses, including low pH, oxidative stress, osmotic stress, as well as growth inhibiting plant peptides. A great deal of work has been carried out to characterize the bacterial response to these stresses. Many of the responses to stress are also observed to have key roles in symbiotic signaling. We propose that stress tolerance responses have been co-opted by the plant and bacterial partners to play a role in the complex signal exchange that occurs between rhizobia and legumes to establish functional symbiosis. This review will cover how rhizobia tolerate stresses, and how aspects of these tolerance mechanisms play a role in signal exchange between rhizobia and legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan J. Oresnik
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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10
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Mamenko TP. Regulation of Legume-Rhizobial Symbiosis: Molecular Genetic Aspects and Participation of Reactive Oxygen Species. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452721050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Fonseca-García C, Nava N, Lara M, Quinto C. An NADPH oxidase regulates carbon metabolism and the cell cycle during root nodule symbiosis in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:274. [PMID: 34130630 PMCID: PMC8207584 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizobium-legume symbiosis is a specific, coordinated interaction that results in the formation of a root nodule, where biological nitrogen fixation occurs. NADPH oxidases, or Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs (RBOHs) in plants, are enzymes that generate superoxide (O2 •-). Superoxide produces other reactive oxygen species (ROS); these ROS regulate different stages of mutualistic interactions. For example, changes in ROS levels are thought to induce ROS scavenging, cell wall remodeling, and changes in phytohormone homeostasis during symbiotic interactions. In common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), PvRbohB plays a key role in the early stages of nodulation. RESULTS In this study, to explore the role of PvRbohB in root nodule symbiosis, we analyzed transcriptomic data from the roots of common bean under control conditions (transgenic roots without construction) and roots with downregulated expression of PvRbohB (by RNA interference) non-inoculated and inoculated with R. tropici. Our results suggest that ROS produced by PvRBOHB play a central role in infection thread formation and nodule organogenesis through crosstalk with flavonoids, carbon metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin during the early stages of this process. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide important insight into the multiple roles of ROS in regulating rhizobia-legume symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlali Fonseca-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
| | - Miguel Lara
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
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12
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Si Z, Guan N, Zhou Y, Mei L, Li Y, Li Y. A Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase B Is Required for the Establishment of Astragalus sinicus-Mesorhizobium Symbiosis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1631-1645. [PMID: 32618998 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MsrB) is involved in oxidative stress or defense responses in plants. However, little is known about its role in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. In this study, an MsrB gene was identified from Astragalus sinicus and its function in symbiosis was characterized. AsMsrB was induced under phosphorus starvation and displayed different expression patterns under symbiotic and nonsymbiotic conditions. Hydrogen peroxide or methyl viologen treatment enhanced the transcript level of AsMsrB in roots and nodules. Subcellular localization showed that AsMsrB was localized in the cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells and co-localized with rhizobia in nodules. Plants with AsMsrB-RNAi hairy roots exhibited significant decreases in nodule number, nodule nitrogenase activity and fresh weight of the aerial part, as well as an abnormal nodule and symbiosome development. Statistical analysis of infection events showed that plants with AsMsrB-RNAi hairy roots had significant decreases in the number of root hair curling events, infection threads and nodule primordia compared with the control. The content of hydrogen peroxide increased in AsMsrB-RNAi roots but decreased in AsMsrB overexpression roots at the early stage of infection. The transcriptome analysis showed synergistic modulations of the expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species generation and scavenging, defense and pathogenesis and early nodulation. In addition, a candidate protein interacting with AsMsrB was identified and confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Taken together, our results indicate that AsMsrB plays an essential role in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by affecting the redox homeostasis in roots and nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ning Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingli Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Youguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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13
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Zhang C, Qi M, Zhang X, Wang Q, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Kong Z. Rhizobial infection triggers systemic transport of endogenous RNAs between shoots and roots in soybean. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1213-1226. [PMID: 32221813 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Legumes have evolved a symbiotic relationship with rhizobial bacteria and their roots form unique nitrogen-fixing organs called nodules. Studies have shown that abiotic and biotic stresses alter the profile of gene expression and transcript mobility in plants. However, little is known about the systemic transport of RNA between roots and shoots in response to rhizobial infection on a genome-wide scale during the formation of legume-rhizobia symbiosis. In our study, we found that two soybean (Glycine max) cultivars, Peking and Williams, show a high frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms; this allowed us to characterize the origin and mobility of transcripts in hetero-grafts of these two cultivars. We identified 4,552 genes that produce mobile RNAs in soybean, and found that rhizobial infection triggers mass transport of mRNAs between shoots and roots at the early stage of nodulation. The majority of these mRNAs are of relatively low abundance and their transport occurs in a selective manner in soybean plants. Notably, the mRNAs that moved from shoots to roots at the early stage of nodulation were enriched in many nodule-related responsive processes. Moreover, the transcripts of many known symbiosis-related genes that are induced by rhizobial infection can move between shoots and roots. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of endogenous RNA transport in legume-rhizobia symbiotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meifang Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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14
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Signorelli S, Sainz M, Tabares-da Rosa S, Monza J. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:521. [PMID: 32582223 PMCID: PMC7286274 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The legume-rhizobia symbiosis is an important process in agriculture because it allows the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) which contributes to increasing the levels of nitrogen in the soil. Nitric oxide (⋅NO) is a small free radical molecule having diverse signaling roles in plants. Here we present and discuss evidence showing the role of ⋅NO during different stages of the legume-rhizobia interaction such as recognition, infection, nodule development, and nodule senescence. Although the mechanisms by which ⋅NO modulates this interaction are not fully understood, we discuss potential mechanisms including its interaction with cytokinin, auxin, and abscisic acid signaling pathways. In matures nodules, a more active metabolism of ⋅NO has been reported and both the plant and rhizobia participate in ⋅NO production and scavenging. Although ⋅NO has been shown to induce the expression of genes coding for NITROGENASE, controlling the levels of ⋅NO in mature nodules seems to be crucial as ⋅NO was shown to be a potent inhibitor of NITROGENASE activity, to induce nodule senescence, and reduce nitrogen assimilation. In this sense, LEGHEMOGLOBINS (Lbs) were shown to play an important role in the scavenging of ⋅NO and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), potentially more relevant in senescent nodules. Even though ⋅NO can reduce NITROGENASE activity, most reports have linked ⋅NO to positive effects on BNF. This can relate mainly to the regulation of the spatiotemporal distribution of ⋅NO which favors some effects over others. Another plausible explanation for this observation is that the negative effect of ⋅NO requires its direct interaction with NITROGENASE, whereas the positive effect of ⋅NO is related to its signaling function, which results in an amplifier effect. In the near future, it would be interesting to explore the role of environmental stress-induced ⋅NO in BNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- The School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Martha Sainz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Tabares-da Rosa
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jorge Monza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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15
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Fonseca-García C, Zayas AE, Montiel J, Nava N, Sánchez F, Quinto C. Transcriptome analysis of the differential effect of the NADPH oxidase gene RbohB in Phaseolus vulgaris roots following Rhizobium tropici and Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:800. [PMID: 31684871 PMCID: PMC6827182 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by NADPH oxidases known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) in plants. ROS regulate various cellular processes, including the mutualistic interactions between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Rboh is a multigene family comprising nine members (RbohA-I) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The RNA interference-mediated silencing of RbohB (PvRbohB-RNAi) in this species diminished its ROS production and greatly impaired nodulation. By contrast, the PvRbohB-RNAi transgenic roots showed early hyphal root colonization with enlarged fungal hypopodia; therefore, we proposed that PvRbohB positively regulates rhizobial infection (Rhizobium tropici) and inhibits AM colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis in P. vulgaris. RESULTS To corroborate this hypothesis, an RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes in the PvRbohB-RNAi roots inoculated with Rhizobium tropici or Rhizophagus irregularis. We found that, in the early stages, root nodule symbioses generated larger changes of the transcriptome than did AM symbioses in P. vulgaris. Genes related to ROS homeostasis and cell wall flexibility were markedly upregulated in the early stages of rhizobial colonization, but not during AM colonization. Compared with AM colonization, the rhizobia induced the expression of a greater number of genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of auxins, cytokinins, and ethylene, which were typically repressed in the PvRbohB-RNAi roots. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides substantial insights into the genetic interaction networks in the early stages of rhizobia and AM symbioses with P. vulgaris, as well as the differential roles that RbohB plays in processes related to ROS scavenging, cell wall remodeling, and phytohormone homeostasis during nodulation and mycorrhization in this legume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlali Fonseca-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra E Zayas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Jesús Montiel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Federico Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
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16
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Legumes display common and host-specific responses to the rhizobial cellulase CelC2 during primary symbiotic infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13907. [PMID: 31554862 PMCID: PMC6761101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary infection of legumes by rhizobia involves the controlled localized enzymatic breakdown of cell walls at root hair tips. Previous studies determined the role of rhizobial CelC2 cellulase in different steps of the symbiotic interaction Rhizobium leguminosarum-Trifolium repens. Recent findings also showed that CelC2 influences early signalling events in the Ensifer meliloti-Medicago truncatula interaction. Here, we have monitored the root hair phenotypes of two legume plants, T. repens and M. sativa, upon inoculation with strains of their cognate and non-cognate rhizobial species, R. leguminosarum bv trifolii and E. meliloti, (over)expressing the CelC2 coding gene, celC. Regardless of the host, CelC2 specifically elicited ‘hole-on-the-tip’ events (Hot phenotype) in the root hair apex, consistent with the role of this endoglucanase in eroding the noncrystalline cellulose found in polarly growing cell walls. Overproduction of CelC2 also increased root hair tip redirections (RaT phenotype) events in both cognate and non-cognate hosts. Interestingly, heterologous celC expression also induced non-canonical alterations in ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) homeostasis at root hair tips of Trifolium and Medicago. These results suggest the concurrence of shared unspecific and host-related plant responses to CelC2 during early steps of symbiotic rhizobial infection. Our data thus identify CelC2 cellulase as an important determinant of events underlying early infection of the legume host by rhizobia.
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17
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Crespo-Rivas JC, Navarro-Gómez P, Alias-Villegas C, Shi J, Zhen T, Niu Y, Cuéllar V, Moreno J, Cubo T, Vinardell JM, Ruiz-Sainz JE, Acosta-Jurado S, Soto MJ. Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 RirA Is Required for Oxidative Stress Resistance and Efficient Symbiosis with Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E787. [PMID: 30759803 PMCID: PMC6386902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Rhizobiaceae contain a homologue of the iron-responsive regulatory protein RirA. In different bacteria, RirA acts as a repressor of iron uptake systems under iron-replete conditions and contributes to ameliorate cell damage during oxidative stress. In Rhizobium leguminosarum and Sinorhizobium meliloti, mutations in rirA do not impair symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In this study, a rirA mutant of broad host range S. fredii HH103 has been constructed (SVQ780) and its free-living and symbiotic phenotypes evaluated. No production of siderophores could be detected in either the wild-type or SVQ780. The rirA mutant exhibited a growth advantage under iron-deficient conditions and hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide in iron-rich medium. Transcription of rirA in HH103 is subject to autoregulation and inactivation of the gene upregulates fbpA, a gene putatively involved in iron transport. The S. fredii rirA mutant was able to nodulate soybean plants, but symbiotic nitrogen fixation was impaired. Nodules induced by the mutant were poorly infected compared to those induced by the wild-type. Genetic complementation reversed the mutant's hypersensitivity to H₂O₂, expression of fbpA, and symbiotic deficiency in soybean plants. This is the first report that demonstrates a role for RirA in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Crespo-Rivas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Pilar Navarro-Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Cynthia Alias-Villegas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Jie Shi
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing 163000, China.
| | - Tao Zhen
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yanbo Niu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Virginia Cuéllar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Javier Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Teresa Cubo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José María Vinardell
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José Enrique Ruiz-Sainz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Sebastián Acosta-Jurado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María José Soto
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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18
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Rey T, André O, Nars A, Dumas B, Gough C, Bottin A, Jacquet C. Lipo-chitooligosaccharide signalling blocks a rapid pathogen-induced ROS burst without impeding immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:743-749. [PMID: 30378690 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular signals released by microbes at the surface of plant roots and leaves largely determine host responses, notably by triggering either immunity or symbiosis. How these signalling pathways cross-talk upon coincident perception of pathogens and symbionts is poorly described in plants forming symbiosis. Nitrogen fixing symbiotic Rhizobia spp. and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) to initiate host symbiotic programmes. In Medicago truncatula roots, the perception of LCOs leads to reduced efflux of reactive oxygen species (ROS). By contrast, pathogen perception generally triggers a strong ROS burst and activates defence gene expression. Here we show that incubation of M. truncatula seedlings with culture filtrate (CF) of the legume pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches alone or simultaneously with Sinorhizobium meliloti LCOs, resulted in a strong ROS release. However, this response was completely inhibited if CF was added after pre-incubation of seedlings with LCOs. By contrast, expression of immunity-associated genes in response to CF and disease resistance to A. euteiches remained unaffected by LCO treatment of M. truncatula roots. Our findings suggest that symbiotic plants evolved ROS inhibition response to LCOs to facilitate early steps of symbiosis whilst maintaining a parallel defence mechanisms toward pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rey
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Olivier André
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Amaury Nars
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Clare Gough
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions (LIPM), Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Arnaud Bottin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
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19
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Leppyanen IV, Kirienko AN, Lobov AA, Dolgikh EA. Differential proteome analysis of pea roots at the early stages of symbiosis with nodule bacteria. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2018. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we have analyzed changes in the proteomic spectrum of pea Pisum sativum L. roots during inoculation with rhizobial bacteria with the aim of revealing new regulators of symbiosis development. To study the changes in the proteome spectrum of pea roots, a differential twodimensional (2-D) electrophoresis was performed using fluorescent labels Cy2 and Cy5. The images obtained made it possible to identify differences between the control variant (uninoculated roots) and the root variant after inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae RCAM 1026 (24 hours after treatment). 20 proteins were revealed and identified, the synthesis of which was enhanced during the inoculation of pea roots by nodule bacteria. To identify the proteins, a mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic peptides was performed on a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer combined with a high-performance liquid chromatograph. Among such proteins, the beta-subunit of the G protein and the disulfide isomerase/phospholipase C were first found, whose function can be related to the signal regulation of symbiosis. This indicates that G-proteins and phospholipases can play a key role in the development of early stages of symbiosis in peas. Further experiments are expected to show whether the beta-subunit of the G protein interacts with the receptors to Nod factors, and how this affects the further signaling. Other proteins that might be interesting were annexin D8 and D1, protein kinase interacting with calcinerin B, actin-binding protein profilin, GTP-binding protein Ran1. They may be involved in the regulation of reactions with calcium, the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and other important processes in plants. The study of the role of such regulatory proteins will later become the basis for understanding the complex system of signal regulation, which is activated in pea plants by interaction with nodule bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Leppyanen
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology
| | - A. N. Kirienko
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology
| | - A. A. Lobov
- Resource Center “Development of Molecular and Cellular Technologies”, Science Park, St. Petersburg State University
| | - E. A. Dolgikh
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology
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20
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Arthikala MK, Montiel J, Sánchez-López R, Nava N, Cárdenas L, Quinto C. Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog Gene A Is Crucial for Rhizobium Infection and Nodule Maturation and Function in Common Bean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2003. [PMID: 29218056 PMCID: PMC5703732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) regulate numerous plant cell processes, including the symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Rapid and transient ROS production was reported after Phaseolus vulgaris root hairs were treated with Nod factors, indicating the presence of a ROS-associated molecular signature in the symbiosis signaling pathway. Rboh is a multigene family containing nine members (RbohA-I) in P. vulgaris. RNA interference of RbohB suppresses ROS production and attenuates rhizobial infection thread (IT) progression in P. vulgaris root hairs. However, the roles of other Rboh members in symbiotic interactions are largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the role of the NADPH oxidase-encoding gene RbohA (Phvulv091020621) in the P. vulgaris-Rhizobium tropici symbiosis. The spatiotemporal activity of the RbohA promoter colocalized with growing ITs and was associated with vascular bundles in developing nodules. Subcellular localization studies indicated that RBOHA was localized in the plasma membrane of P. vulgaris root hairs. After rhizobial inoculation, PvRBOHA was mainly distributed in the infection pocket and, to a lesser extent, throughout the IT. In PvRbohA RNAi lines, the rhizobial infection events were significantly reduced and, in successful infections, IT progression was arrested within the root hair, but did not impede cortical cell division. PvRbohA-RNAi nodules failed to fix nitrogen, since the infected cells in the few nodules formed were empty. RbohA-dependent ROS production and upregulation of several antioxidant enzymes was attenuated in rhizobia-inoculated PvRbohA-RNAi roots. These combined results indicate that PvRbohA is crucial for effective Rhizobium infection and its release into the nodule cells. This oxidase is partially or indirectly required to promote nodule organogenesis, altering the expression of auxin- and cyclin-related genes and genes involved in cell growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Mexico
| | - Jesús Montiel
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosana Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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21
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Chembazhi UV, Patil VV, Sah S, Reeve W, Tiwari RP, Woo E, Varshney U. Uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) activities in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens: characterization of a new class of UDG with broad substrate specificity. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:5863-5876. [PMID: 28369586 PMCID: PMC5449639 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Repair of uracils in DNA is initiated by uracil DNA glycosylases (UDGs). Family 1 UDGs (Ung) are the most efficient and ubiquitous proteins having an exquisite specificity for uracils in DNA. Ung are characterized by motifs A (GQDPY) and B (HPSPLS) sequences. We report a novel dimeric UDG, Blr0248 (BdiUng) from Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens. Although BdiUng contains the motif A (GQDPA), it has low sequence identity to known UDGs. BdiUng prefers single stranded DNA and excises uracil, 5-hydroxymethyl-uracil or xanthine from it. BdiUng is impervious to inhibition by AP DNA, and Ugi protein that specifically inhibits family 1 UDGs. Crystal structure of BdiUng shows similarity with the family 4 UDGs in its overall fold but with family 1 UDGs in key active site residues. However, instead of a classical motif B, BdiUng has a uniquely extended protrusion explaining the lack of Ugi inhibition. Structural and mutational analyses of BdiUng have revealed the basis for the accommodation of diverse substrates into its substrate binding pocket. Phylogenetically, BdiUng belongs to a new UDG family. Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens presents a unique scenario where the presence of at least four families of UDGs may compensate for the absence of an efficient family 1 homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullas Valiya Chembazhi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vinod Vikas Patil
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-Ro, Yuseon-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Shivjee Sah
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Wayne Reeve
- Centre for Rhizobium Studies, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Ravi P Tiwari
- Centre for Rhizobium Studies, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Euijeon Woo
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-Ro, Yuseon-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Umesh Varshney
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Rhizobium Studies, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.,Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
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22
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Bozsoki Z, Cheng J, Feng F, Gysel K, Vinther M, Andersen KR, Oldroyd G, Blaise M, Radutoiu S, Stougaard J. Receptor-mediated chitin perception in legume roots is functionally separable from Nod factor perception. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8118-E8127. [PMID: 28874587 PMCID: PMC5617283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706795114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of root cells to distinguish mutualistic microbes from pathogens is crucial for plants that allow symbiotic microorganisms to infect and colonize their internal root tissues. Here we show that Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula possess very similar LysM pattern-recognition receptors, LjLYS6/MtLYK9 and MtLYR4, enabling root cells to separate the perception of chitin oligomeric microbe-associated molecular patterns from the perception of lipochitin oligosaccharide by the LjNFR1/MtLYK3 and LjNFR5/MtNFP receptors triggering symbiosis. Inactivation of chitin-receptor genes in Ljlys6, Mtlyk9, and Mtlyr4 mutants eliminates early reactive oxygen species responses and induction of defense-response genes in roots. Ljlys6, Mtlyk9, and Mtlyr4 mutants were also more susceptible to fungal and bacterial pathogens, while infection and colonization by rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was maintained. Biochemical binding studies with purified LjLYS6 ectodomains further showed that at least six GlcNAc moieties (CO6) are required for optimal binding efficiency. The 2.3-Å crystal structure of the LjLYS6 ectodomain reveals three LysM βααβ motifs similar to other LysM proteins and a conserved chitin-binding site. These results show that distinct receptor sets in legume roots respond to chitin and lipochitin oligosaccharides found in the heterogeneous mixture of chitinaceous compounds originating from soil microbes. This establishes a foundation for genetic and biochemical dissection of the perception and the downstream responses separating defense from symbiosis in the roots of the 80-90% of land plants able to develop rhizobial and/or mycorrhizal endosymbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Bozsoki
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeryl Cheng
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Feng Feng
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kira Gysel
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mickael Blaise
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
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Chen T, Duan L, Zhou B, Yu H, Zhu H, Cao Y, Zhang Z. Interplay of Pathogen-Induced Defense Responses and Symbiotic Establishment in Medicago truncatula. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:973. [PMID: 28611764 PMCID: PMC5447765 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of host innate immunity appears to be required for the establishment of symbiosis between rhizobia and host plants. In this study, we established a system that included a host plant, a bacterial pathogen and a symbiotic rhizobium to study the role of innate immunity during symbiotic interactions. A pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000), was shown to cause chlorosis in Medicago truncatula A17. Sinorhizobium meliloti strain Sm2011 (Sm2011) and Pst DC3000 strain alone induced similar defense responses in M. truncatula. However, when co-inoculated, Sm2011 specifically suppressed the defense responses induced by Pst DC3000, such as MAPK activation and ROS production. Inoculation with Sm2011 suppressed the transcription of defense-related genes triggered by Pst DC3000 infection, including the receptor of bacterial flagellin (FLS2), pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and the transcription factor WRKY33. Interestingly, inoculation with Pst DC3000 specifically inhibited the expression of the symbiosis marker genes nodule inception and nodulation pectate lyase and reduced the numbers of infection threads and nodules on M. truncatula A17 roots, indicating that Pst DC3000 inhibits the establishment of symbiosis in M. truncatula. In addition, defense-related genes, such as MAPK3/6, RbohC, and WRKY33, exhibited a transient increase in their expression in the early stage of symbiosis with Sm2011, but the expression dropped down to normal levels at later symbiotic stages. Our results suggest that plant innate immunity plays an antagonistic role in symbiosis by directly reducing the numbers of infection threads and nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Liujian Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Haixiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Tang G, Wang S, Lu D, Huang L, Li N, Luo L. Two-component regulatory system ActS/ActR is required for Sinorhizobium meliloti adaptation to oxidative stress. Microbiol Res 2017; 198:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Peng Z, Liu F, Wang L, Zhou H, Paudel D, Tan L, Maku J, Gallo M, Wang J. Transcriptome profiles reveal gene regulation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) nodulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40066. [PMID: 28059169 PMCID: PMC5216375 DOI: 10.1038/srep40066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of symbiosis in cultivated peanut with a ‘crack entry’ infection process are largely understudied. In this study, we investigated the root transcriptional profiles of two pairs of non-nodulating (nod−) and nodulating (nod+) sister inbred peanut lines, E4/E5 and E7/E6, and their nod+ parents, F487A and PI262090 during rhizobial infection and nodule initiation by using RNA-seq technology. A total of 143, 101, 123, 215, 182, and 289 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in nod− E4, E7 and nod+ E5, E6, F487A, and PI262090 after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. Different deficiencies at upstream of symbiotic signaling pathway were revealed in the two nod− genotypes. DEGs specific in nod+ genotypes included orthologs to some known symbiotic signaling pathway genes, such as NFR5, NSP2, NIN, ERN1, and many other novel and/or functionally unknown genes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of nod+ specific DEGs revealed 54 significantly enriched GO terms, including oxidation-reduction process, metabolic process, and catalytic activity. Genes related with plant defense systems, hormone biosynthesis and response were particularly enriched. To our knowledge, this is the first report revealing symbiosis-related genes in a genome-wide manner in peanut representative of the ‘crack entry’ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Peng
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Fengxia Liu
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Hai Zhou
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dev Paudel
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lubin Tan
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - James Maku
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Jianping Wang
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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26
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Molecular Signals Controlling the Inhibition of Nodulation by Nitrate in Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071060. [PMID: 27384556 PMCID: PMC4964436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of nitrogen inhibits legume nodule formation, but the mechanism of this inhibition is poorly understood. We found that 2.5 mM nitrate and above significantly inhibited nodule initiation but not root hair curling in Medicago trunatula. We analyzed protein abundance in M. truncatula roots after treatment with either 0 or 2.5 mM nitrate in the presence or absence of its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti after 1, 2 and 5 days following inoculation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry was used to identify 106 differentially accumulated proteins responding to nitrate addition, inoculation or time point. While flavonoid-related proteins were less abundant in the presence of nitrate, addition of Nod gene-inducing flavonoids to the Sinorhizobium culture did not rescue nodulation. Accumulation of auxin in response to rhizobia, which is also controlled by flavonoids, still occurred in the presence of nitrate, but did not localize to a nodule initiation site. Several of the changes included defense- and redox-related proteins, and visualization of reactive oxygen species indicated that their induction in root hairs following Sinorhizobium inoculation was inhibited by nitrate. In summary, the presence of nitrate appears to inhibit nodulation via multiple pathways, including changes to flavonoid metabolism, defense responses and redox changes.
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27
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Kant C, Pradhan S, Bhatia S. Dissecting the Root Nodule Transcriptome of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157908. [PMID: 27348121 PMCID: PMC4922567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark trait of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), like other legumes, is the capability to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) in symbiotic association with Mesorhizobium ciceri. However, the complexity of molecular networks associated with the dynamics of nodule development in chickpea need to be analyzed in depth. Hence, in order to gain insights into the chickpea nodule development, the transcriptomes of nodules at early, middle and late stages of development were sequenced using the Roche 454 platform. This generated 490.84 Mb sequence data comprising 1,360,251 reads which were assembled into 83,405 unigenes. Transcripts were annotated using Gene Ontology (GO), Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways analysis. Differential expression analysis revealed that a total of 3760 transcripts were differentially expressed in at least one of three stages, whereas 935, 117 and 2707 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in the early, middle and late stages of nodule development respectively. MapMan analysis revealed enrichment of metabolic pathways such as transport, protein synthesis, signaling and carbohydrate metabolism during root nodulation. Transcription factors were predicted and analyzed for their differential expression during nodule development. Putative nodule specific transcripts were identified and enriched for GO categories using BiNGO which revealed many categories to be enriched during nodule development, including transcription regulators and transporters. Further, the assembled transcriptome was also used to mine for genic SSR markers. In conclusion, this study will help in enriching the transcriptomic resources implicated in understanding of root nodulation events in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kant
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Post Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Seema Pradhan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Post Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sabhyata Bhatia
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Post Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
- * E-mail:
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28
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Camejo D, Guzmán-Cedeño Á, Moreno A. Reactive oxygen species, essential molecules, during plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 103:10-23. [PMID: 26950921 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continually generated as a consequence of the normal metabolism in aerobic organisms. Accumulation and release of ROS into cell take place in response to a wide variety of adverse environmental conditions including salt, temperature, cold stresses and pathogen attack, among others. In plants, peroxidases class III, NADPH oxidase (NOX) locates in cell wall and plasma membrane, respectively, may be mainly enzymatic systems involving ROS generation. It is well documented that ROS play a dual role into cells, acting as important signal transduction molecules and as toxic molecules with strong oxidant power, however some aspects related to its function during plant-pathogen interactions remain unclear. This review focuses on the principal enzymatic systems involving ROS generation addressing the role of ROS as signal molecules during plant-pathogen interactions. We described how the chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes perceive the external stimuli as pathogen invasion, and trigger resistance response using ROS as signal molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daymi Camejo
- CEBAS-CSIC, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, E-30100, Murcia, Spain; ESPAM-MES, Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí, Manuel Félix López, Agricultural School, Manabí, Ecuador.
| | - Ángel Guzmán-Cedeño
- ESPAM-MES, Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí, Manuel Félix López, Agricultural School, Manabí, Ecuador; ULEAM-MES, "Eloy Alfaro" University, Agropecuary School, Manabí, Ecuador.
| | - Alexander Moreno
- UTMachala-MES, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Botany Laboratory, Machala, Ecuador.
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29
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Muñoz V, Ibáñez F, Figueredo MS, Fabra A. An oxidative burst and its attenuation by bacterial peroxidase activity is required for optimal establishment of the Arachis hypogaea-Bradyrhizobium sp. symbiosis. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:244-53. [PMID: 27037857 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the Arachis hypogaea L. root oxidative burst, produced at early stages of its symbiotic interaction with Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144, and the bacterial antioxidant system are required for the successful development of this interaction. METHODS AND RESULTS Pharmacological approaches were used to reduce both plant oxidative burst and bacterial peroxidase enzyme activity. In plants whose H2 O2 levels were decreased, a low nodule number, a reduction in the proportion of red nodules (%) and an increase in the bacteroid density were found. The symbiotic phenotype of plants inoculated with a Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 culture showing decreased peroxidase activity was also affected, since the biomass production, nodule number and percentage of red nodules in these plants were lower than in plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. control cultures. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time that the oxidative burst triggered at the early events of the symbiotic interaction in peanut, is a prerequisite for the efficient development of root nodules, and that the antioxidant system of bradyrhizobial peanut symbionts, particularly the activity of peroxidases, is counteracting this oxidative burst for the successful establishment of the symbiosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in the development of the symbiotic interaction established in A. hypogaea L. a legume infected in an intercellular way.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - F Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M S Figueredo
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Fabra
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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30
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Tondo ML, Delprato ML, Kraiselburd I, Fernández Zenoff MV, Farías ME, Orellano EG. KatG, the Bifunctional Catalase of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Responds to Hydrogen Peroxide and Contributes to Epiphytic Survival on Citrus Leaves. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151657. [PMID: 26990197 PMCID: PMC4807922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is the bacterium responsible for citrus canker. This bacterium is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) at different points during its life cycle, including those normally produced by aerobic respiration or upon exposition to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Moreover, ROS are key components of the host immune response. Among enzymatic ROS-detoxifying mechanisms, catalases eliminate H2O2, avoiding the potential damage caused by this specie. Xcc genome includes four catalase genes. In this work, we studied the physiological role of KatG, the only bifunctional catalase of Xcc, through the construction and characterization of a modified strain (XcckatG), carrying an insertional mutation in the katG gene. First, we evaluated the involvement of KatG in the bacterial adaptive response to H2O2. XcckatG cultures exhibited lower catalase activity than those of the wild-type strain, and this activity was not induced upon treatment with sub-lethal doses of H2O2. Moreover, the KatG-deficient mutant exhibited decreased tolerance to H2O2 toxicity compared to wild-type cells and accumulated high intracellular levels of peroxides upon exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of H2O2. To further study the role of KatG in Xcc physiology, we evaluated bacterial survival upon exposure to UV-A or UV-B radiation. In both conditions, XcckatG showed a high mortality in comparison to Xcc wild-type. Finally, we studied the development of bacterial biofilms. While structured biofilms were observed for the Xcc wild-type, the development of these structures was impaired for XcckatG. Based on these results, we demonstrated that KatG is responsible for Xcc adaptive response to H2O2 and a key component of the bacterial response to oxidative stress. Moreover, this enzyme plays an important role during Xcc epiphytic survival, being essential for biofilm formation and UV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Tondo
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Laura Delprato
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ivana Kraiselburd
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Fernández Zenoff
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Farías
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Elena G. Orellano
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Belmondo S, Calcagno C, Genre A, Puppo A, Pauly N, Lanfranco L. The Medicago truncatula MtRbohE gene is activated in arbusculated cells and is involved in root cortex colonization. PLANTA 2016; 243:251-262. [PMID: 26403286 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Our study demonstrated that the NAPDH oxidase gene MtRbohE is expressed in arbusculated cells and plays a role in arbuscule development. Plant NADPH oxidases, known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOH), belong to a multigenic family that plays an important role in the regulation of plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we monitored the expression profiles of five Rboh genes (MtRbohA, MtRbohB, MtRbohE, MtRbohG, MtRbohF) in the roots of the model species Medicago truncatula upon colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A complementary cellular and molecular approach was used to monitor changes in mRNA abundance and localize transcripts in different cell types from mycorrhizal roots. Rboh transcript levels did not drastically change in total RNA extractions from whole mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots. Nevertheless, the analysis of laser microdissected cells and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots expressing a GUS transcriptional fusion construct highlighted the MtRbohE expression in arbuscule-containing cells. Furthermore, the down regulation of MtRbohE by an RNAi approach generated an altered colonization pattern in the root cortex, when compared to control roots, with fewer arbuscules and multiple penetration attempts. Altogether our data indicate a transient up-regulation of MtRbohE expression in cortical cells colonized by arbuscules and suggest a role for MtRbohE in arbuscule accommodation within cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Belmondo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Alain Puppo
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
- INRA, UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNSR, UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
- INRA, UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNSR, UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy.
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Damiani I, Drain A, Guichard M, Balzergue S, Boscari A, Boyer JC, Brunaud V, Cottaz S, Rancurel C, Da Rocha M, Fizames C, Fort S, Gaillard I, Maillol V, Danchin EGJ, Rouached H, Samain E, Su YH, Thouin J, Touraine B, Puppo A, Frachisse JM, Pauly N, Sentenac H. Nod Factor Effects on Root Hair-Specific Transcriptome of Medicago truncatula: Focus on Plasma Membrane Transport Systems and Reactive Oxygen Species Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:794. [PMID: 27375649 PMCID: PMC4894911 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are involved in water and nutrient uptake, and thereby in plant autotrophy. In legumes, they also play a crucial role in establishment of rhizobial symbiosis. To obtain a holistic view of Medicago truncatula genes expressed in root hairs and of their regulation during the first hours of the engagement in rhizobial symbiotic interaction, a high throughput RNA sequencing on isolated root hairs from roots challenged or not with lipochitooligosaccharides Nod factors (NF) for 4 or 20 h was carried out. This provided a repertoire of genes displaying expression in root hairs, responding or not to NF, and specific or not to legumes. In analyzing the transcriptome dataset, special attention was paid to pumps, transporters, or channels active at the plasma membrane, to other proteins likely to play a role in nutrient ion uptake, NF electrical and calcium signaling, control of the redox status or the dynamic reprogramming of root hair transcriptome induced by NF treatment, and to the identification of papilionoid legume-specific genes expressed in root hairs. About 10% of the root hair expressed genes were significantly up- or down-regulated by NF treatment, suggesting their involvement in remodeling plant functions to allow establishment of the symbiotic relationship. For instance, NF-induced changes in expression of genes encoding plasma membrane transport systems or disease response proteins indicate that root hairs reduce their involvement in nutrient ion absorption and adapt their immune system in order to engage in the symbiotic interaction. It also appears that the redox status of root hair cells is tuned in response to NF perception. In addition, 1176 genes that could be considered as "papilionoid legume-specific" were identified in the M. truncatula root hair transcriptome, from which 141 were found to possess an ortholog in every of the six legume genomes that we considered, suggesting their involvement in essential functions specific to legumes. This transcriptome provides a valuable resource to investigate root hair biology in legumes and the roles that these cells play in rhizobial symbiosis establishment. These results could also contribute to the long-term objective of transferring this symbiotic capacity to non-legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Damiani
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alice Drain
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Marjorie Guichard
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-SaclayGif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Paris DiderotOrsay, France
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Boyer
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Véronique Brunaud
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Paris DiderotOrsay, France
| | - Sylvain Cottaz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CERMAVGrenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CERMAVGrenoble, France
| | - Corinne Rancurel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martine Da Rocha
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Cécile Fizames
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CERMAVGrenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CERMAVGrenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Vincent Maillol
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CERMAVGrenoble, France
- Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier and Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Etienne G. J. Danchin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Hatem Rouached
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Eric Samain
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CERMAVGrenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CERMAVGrenoble, France
| | - Yan-Hua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
| | - Julien Thouin
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Bruno Touraine
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Marie Frachisse
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-SaclayGif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Pauly
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
- Hervé Sentenac
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Damiani I, Pauly N, Puppo A, Brouquisse R, Boscari A. Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide Control Early Steps of the Legume - Rhizobium Symbiotic Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:454. [PMID: 27092165 PMCID: PMC4824774 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic interaction between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria leads to the formation of a new organ, the nodule. Early steps of the interaction are characterized by the production of bacterial Nod factors, the reorientation of root-hair tip growth, the formation of an infection thread (IT) in the root hair, and the induction of cell division in inner cortical cells of the root, leading to a nodule primordium formation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) have been detected in early steps of the interaction. ROS/NO are determinant signals to arbitrate the specificity of this mutualistic association and modifications in their content impair the development of the symbiotic association. The decrease of ROS level prevents root hair curling and ITs formation, and that of NO conducts to delayed nodule formation. In root hairs, NADPH oxidases were shown to produce ROS which could be involved in the hair tip growth process. The use of enzyme inhibitors suggests that nitrate reductase and NO synthase-like enzymes are the main route for NO production during the early steps of the interaction. Transcriptomic analyses point to the involvement of ROS and NO in the success of the infection process, the induction of early nodulin gene expression, and the repression of plant defense, thereby favoring the establishment of the symbiosis. The occurrence of an interplay between ROS and NO was further supported by the finding of both S-sulfenylated and S-nitrosylated proteins during early symbiotic interaction, linking ROS/NO production to a redox-based regulation of the symbiotic process.
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Yan Z, Hossain MS, Valdés-López O, Hoang NT, Zhai J, Wang J, Libault M, Brechenmacher L, Findley S, Joshi T, Qiu L, Sherrier DJ, Ji T, Meyers BC, Xu D, Stacey G. Identification and functional characterization of soybean root hair microRNAs expressed in response to Bradyrhizobium japonicum infection. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:332-41. [PMID: 25973713 PMCID: PMC11388829 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Three soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] small RNA libraries were generated and sequenced using the Illumina platform to examine the role of miRNAs during soybean nodulation. The small RNA libraries were derived from root hairs inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (In_RH) or mock-inoculated with water (Un_RH), as well as from the comparable inoculated stripped root samples (i.e. inoculated roots with the root hairs removed). Sequencing of these libraries identified a total of 114 miRNAs, including 22 novel miRNAs. A comparison of miRNA abundance among the 114 miRNAs identified 66 miRNAs that were differentially expressed between root hairs and stripped roots, and 48 miRNAs that were differentially regulated in infected root hairs in response to B. japonicum when compared to uninfected root hairs (P ≤ 0.05). A parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE) library was constructed and sequenced to reveal a total of 405 soybean miRNA targets, with most predicted to encode transcription factors or proteins involved in protein modification, protein degradation and hormone pathways. The roles of gma-miR4416 and gma-miR2606b during nodulation were further analysed. Ectopic expression of these two miRNAs in soybean roots resulted in significant changes in nodule numbers. miRNA target information suggested that gma-miR2606b regulates a Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1, 2-alpha-mannosidase gene, while gma-miR4416 regulates the expression of a rhizobium-induced peroxidase 1 (RIP1)-like peroxidase gene, GmRIP1, during nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yan
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nhung T Hoang
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jixian Zhai
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marc Libault
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Laurent Brechenmacher
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Seth Findley
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Computer Science, Informatics Institute and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D Janine Sherrier
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Tieming Ji
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Blake C Meyers
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Computer Science, Informatics Institute and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E. Reactive oxygen species: Reactions and detection from photosynthetic tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:176-214. [PMID: 26498710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been recognized as compounds with dual roles. They cause cellular damage by reacting with biomolecules but they also function as agents of cellular signaling. Several different oxygen-containing compounds are classified as ROS because they react, at least with certain partners, more rapidly than ground-state molecular oxygen or because they are known to have biological effects. The present review describes the typical reactions of the most important ROS. The reactions are the basis for both the detection methods and for prediction of reactions between ROS and biomolecules. Chemical and physical methods used for detection, visualization and quantification of ROS from plants, algae and cyanobacteria will be reviewed. The main focus will be on photosynthetic tissues, and limitations of the methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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Glyan’ko AK. Signaling systems of rhizobia (Rhizobiaceae) and leguminous plants (Fabaceae) upon the formation of a legume-rhizobium symbiosis (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen DS, Liu CW, Roy S, Cousins D, Stacey N, Murray JD. Identification of a core set of rhizobial infection genes using data from single cell-types. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:575. [PMID: 26284091 PMCID: PMC4517396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide expression studies on nodulation have varied in their scale from entire root systems to dissected nodules or root sections containing nodule primordia (NP). More recently efforts have focused on developing methods for isolation of root hairs from infected plants and the application of laser-capture microdissection technology to nodules. Here we analyze two published data sets to identify a core set of infection genes that are expressed in the nodule and in root hairs during infection. Among the genes identified were those encoding phenylpropanoid biosynthesis enzymes including Chalcone-O-Methyltransferase which is required for the production of the potent Nod gene inducer 4',4-dihydroxy-2-methoxychalcone. A promoter-GUS analysis in transgenic hairy roots for two genes encoding Chalcone-O-Methyltransferase isoforms revealed their expression in rhizobially infected root hairs and the nodule infection zone but not in the nitrogen fixation zone. We also describe a group of Rhizobially Induced Peroxidases whose expression overlaps with the production of superoxide in rhizobially infected root hairs and in nodules and roots. Finally, we identify a cohort of co-regulated transcription factors as candidate regulators of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, WuhanChina
| | - Cheng-Wu Liu
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, NorfolkUK
| | - Sonali Roy
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, NorfolkUK
| | - Donna Cousins
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, NorfolkUK
| | - Nicola Stacey
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, NorfolkUK
| | - Jeremy D. Murray
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, NorfolkUK
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Ascorbic acid production in root, nodule and Enterobacter spp. (Gammaproteobacteria) isolated from root nodule of the legume Abrus precatorius L. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Suzaki T, Yoro E, Kawaguchi M. Leguminous plants: inventors of root nodules to accommodate symbiotic bacteria. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 316:111-58. [PMID: 25805123 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Legumes and a few other plant species can establish a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, which enables them to survive in a nitrogen-deficient environment. During the course of nodulation, infection with rhizobia induces the dedifferentiation of host cells to form primordia of a symbiotic organ, the nodule, which prepares plants to accommodate rhizobia in host cells. While these nodulation processes are known to be genetically controlled by both plants and rhizobia, recent advances in studies on two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, have provided great insight into the underlying plant-side molecular mechanism. In this chapter, we review such knowledge, with particular emphasis on two key processes of nodulation, nodule development and rhizobial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suzaki
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Emiko Yoro
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
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Tóth K, Stacey G. Does plant immunity play a critical role during initiation of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:401. [PMID: 26082790 PMCID: PMC4451252 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to many different microbes in their habitats. These microbes may be benign or pathogenic, but in some cases they are beneficial for the host. The rhizosphere provides an especially rich palette for colonization by beneficial (associative and symbiotic) microorganisms, which raises the question as to how roots can distinguish such 'friends' from possible 'foes' (i.e., pathogens). Plants possess an innate immune system that can recognize pathogens, through an arsenal of protein receptors, including receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) located at the plasma membrane. In addition, the plant host has intracellular receptors (so called NBS-LRR proteins or R proteins) that directly or indirectly recognize molecules released by microbes into the plant cell. A successful cooperation between legume plants and rhizobia leads to beneficial symbiotic interaction. The key rhizobial, symbiotic signaling molecules [lipo-chitooligosaccharide Nod factors (NF)] are perceived by the host legume plant using lysin motif-domain containing RLKs. Perception of the symbiotic NFs trigger signaling cascades leading to bacterial infection and accommodation of the symbiont in a newly formed root organ, the nodule, resulting in a nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis. The net result of this symbiosis is the intracellular colonization of the plant with thousands of bacteria; a process that seems to occur in spite of the immune ability of plants to prevent pathogen infection. In this review, we discuss the potential of the invading rhizobial symbiont to actively avoid this innate immune response, as well as specific examples of where the plant immune response may modulate rhizobial infection and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Stacey
- *Correspondence: Gary Stacey, Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Muñoz V, Ibáñez F, Tordable M, Megías M, Fabra A. Role of reactive oxygen species generation and Nod factors during the early symbiotic interaction between bradyrhizobia and peanut, a legume infected by crack entry. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:182-92. [PMID: 25413288 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the plant antioxidant system are involved in the symbiotic interaction between bradyrhizobia and legumes infected by crack entry, without intracellular infection threads (IT) formation, such as Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut). The role of bradyrhizobial Nod factors (NF) in modulating the plants' oxidative burst was also analysed. METHODS AND RESULTS Histochemical and quantitative procedures were used to detect ROS levels in inoculated and in NF-treated peanut roots. Increase in root H2O2 production was determined at 10 min postinoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 or after NF addition. ROS production was modulated by NF. From 15 to 30 min postinoculation, the compatibility of Bradyrhizobium sp.-peanut interaction depends mostly on the H2O2 detoxification via catalase. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time that the early events of the symbiotic interaction in legumes invaded by crack entry trigger an increase in ROS production (represented exclusively by a higher H2O2 content) in which NADPH-oxidase seems not to be involved. NF modulate this response by enhancing the plant antioxidant machinery, contributing to the creation of adequate conditions for symbiosis development. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our data provide new insights into the mechanism involves in the symbiotic interaction that establish legumes infected by crack entry and suggest that ROS response shows differences compared with legumes invaded by IT formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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MtROP8 is involved in root hair development and the establishment of symbiotic interaction between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Raimunda D, Elso-Berberián G. Functional characterization of the CDF transporter SMc02724 (SmYiiP) in Sinorhizobium meliloti: Roles in manganese homeostasis and nodulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:3203-11. [PMID: 25242380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria, membrane transporters of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family participate in Zn(2+), Fe(2+), Mn(2+), Co(2+) and Ni(2+) homeostasis. The functional role during infection processes for several members has been shown to be linked to the specificity of transport. Sinorhizobium meliloti has two homologous CDF genes with unknown transport specificity. Here we evaluate the role played by the CDF SMc02724 (SmYiiP). The deletion mutant strain of SmYiiP (ΔsmyiiP) showed reduced in vitro growth fitness only in the presence of Mn(2+). Incubation of ΔsmyiiP and WT cells with sub-lethal Mn(2+) concentrations resulted in a 2-fold increase of the metal only in the mutant strain. Normal levels of resistance to Mn(2+) were attained by complementation with the gene SMc02724 under regulation of its endogenous promoter. In vitro, liposomes with incorporated heterologously expressed pure protein accumulated several transition metals. However, only the transport rate of Mn(2+) was increased by imposing a transmembrane H(+) gradient. Nodulation assays in alfalfa plants showed that the strain ΔsmyiiP induced a lower number of nodules than in plants infected with the WT strain. Our results indicate that Mn(2+) homeostasis in S. meliloti is required for full infection capacity, or nodule function, and that the specificity of transport in vivo of SmYiiP is narrowed down to Mn(2+) by a mechanism involving the proton motive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Raimunda
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Graciela Elso-Berberián
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Moné Y, Monnin D, Kremer N. The oxidative environment: a mediator of interspecies communication that drives symbiosis evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133112. [PMID: 24807248 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions are ubiquitous in nature and play a major role in driving the evolution of life. Interactions between partners are often mediated by shared signalling pathways, which strongly influence both partners' biology and the evolution of the association in various environments. As an example of 'common language', the regulation of the oxidative environment plays an important role in driving the evolution of symbiotic associations. Such processes have been occurring for billions of years, including the increase in Earth's atmospheric oxygen and the subsequent evolution of mitochondria. The effect of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RONS) has been characterized functionally, but the molecular dialogue between partners has not been integrated within a broader evolutionary context yet. Given the pleiotropic role of RONS in cell-cell communication, development and immunity, but also their associated physiological costs, we discuss here how their regulation can influence the establishment, the maintenance and the breakdown of various symbiotic associations. By synthesizing recent developments in redox biology, we aim to provide an interdisciplinary understanding of the influence of such mediators of interspecies communication on the evolution and stability of symbioses, which in turn can shape ecosystems and play a role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Moné
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, , Villeurbanne, France, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR 203, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, , Villeurbanne, France, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, , Madison, WI, USA
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Arthikala MK, Sánchez-López R, Nava N, Santana O, Cárdenas L, Quinto C. RbohB, a Phaseolus vulgaris NADPH oxidase gene, enhances symbiosome number, bacteroid size, and nitrogen fixation in nodules and impairs mycorrhizal colonization. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:886-900. [PMID: 24571730 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by respiratory burst oxidative homologs (Rbohs) are involved in numerous plant cell signaling processes, and have critical roles in the symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Previously, down-regulation of RbohB in Phaseolus vulgaris was shown to suppress ROS production and abolish Rhizobium infection thread (IT) progression, but also to enhance arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization. Thus, Rbohs function both as positive and negative regulators. Here, we assessed the effect of enhancing ROS concentrations, by overexpressing PvRbohB, on the P. vulgaris--rhizobia and P. vulgaris--AMF symbioses. We estimated superoxide concentrations in hairy roots overexpressing PvRbohB, determined the status of early and late events of both Rhizobium and AMF interactions in symbiont-inoculated roots, and analyzed the nodule ultrastructure of transgenic plants overexpressing PvRbohB. Overexpression of PvRbohB significantly enhanced ROS production, the formation of ITs, nodule biomass, and nitrogen-fixing activity, and increased the density of symbiosomes in nodules, and the density and size of bacteroides in symbiosomes. Furthermore, PvCAT, early nodulin, PvSS1, and PvGOGAT transcript abundances were elevated in these nodules. By contrast, mycorrhizal colonization was reduced in roots that overexpressed RbohB. Overexpression of PvRbohB augmented nodule efficiency by enhancing nitrogen fixation and delaying nodule senescence, but impaired AMF colonization.
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MESH Headings
- Biomass
- Cloning, Molecular
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Models, Biological
- Mycorrhizae/growth & development
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Nitrogen Fixation/genetics
- Phaseolus/enzymology
- Phaseolus/genetics
- Phaseolus/microbiology
- Phaseolus/ultrastructure
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Rhizobium/physiology
- Root Nodules, Plant/growth & development
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Root Nodules, Plant/ultrastructure
- Symbiosis/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Rosana Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
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Sujkowska-Rybkowska M, Borucki W. Localization of hydrogen peroxide accumulation and diamine oxidase activity in pea root nodules under aluminum stress. Micron 2014; 57:13-22. [PMID: 24246127 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is one of the environmental stressors that induces formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and H2O2-generated apoplast diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were detected cytochemically via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in pea (Pisum sativum L.) root nodules exposed to high (50 μM AlCl3, for 2 and 24h) Al stress. The nodules were shown to respond to Al stress by disturbances in infection thread (IT) growth, bacteria endocytosis, premature degeneration of bacteroidal tissue and generation of H2O2 in nodule apoplast. Large amounts of peroxide were found at the same sites as high DAO activity under Al stress, suggesting that DAO is a major source of Al-induced peroxide accumulation in the nodules. Peroxide distribution and DAO activity in the nodules of both control plants and Al-treated ones were typically found in the plant cell walls, intercellular spaces and infection threads. However, 2 h Al treatment increased DAO activity and peroxide accumulation in the nodule apoplast and bacteria within threads. A prolonged Al treatment (24 h) increased the H2O2 content and DAO activity in the nodule apoplast, especially in the thread walls, matrix and bacteria within infection threads. In addition to ITs, prematurely degenerated bacteroids, which occurred in response to Al, were associated with intense staining for H2O2 and DAO activity. These results suggest the involvement of DAO in the production of a large amount of H2O2 in the nodule apoplast under Al stress. The role of reactive oxygen species in pea-Rhizobium symbiosis under Al stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wojciech Borucki
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Naya L, Paul S, Valdés-López O, Mendoza-Soto AB, Nova-Franco B, Sosa-Valencia G, Reyes JL, Hernández G. Regulation of copper homeostasis and biotic interactions by microRNA 398b in common bean. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84416. [PMID: 24400089 PMCID: PMC3882225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are recognized as important post-transcriptional regulators in plants. Information about the roles of miRNAs in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), an agronomically important legume, is yet scant. The objective of this work was to functionally characterize the conserved miRNA: miR398b and its target Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase 1 (CSD1) in common bean. We experimentally validated a novel miR398 target: the stress up-regulated Nodulin 19 (Nod19). Expression analysis of miR398b and target genes -CSD1 and Nod19- in bean roots, nodules and leaves, indicated their role in copper (Cu) homeostasis. In bean plants under Cu toxicity miR398b was decreased and Nod19 and CSD1, that participates in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, were up-regulated. The opposite regulation was observed in Cu deficient bean plants; lower levels of CSD1 would allow Cu delivery to essential Cu-containing proteins. Composite common bean plants with transgenic roots over-expressing miR398 showed ca. 20-fold higher mature miR398b and almost negligible target transcript levels as well as increased anthocyanin content and expression of Cu-stress responsive genes, when subjected to Cu deficiency. The down-regulation of miR398b with the consequent up-regulation of its targets was observed in common bean roots during the oxidative burst resulting from short-time exposure to high Cu. A similar response occurred at early stage of bean roots inoculated with Rhizobium tropici, where an increase in ROS was observed. In addition, the miR398b down-regulation and an increase in CSD1 and Nod19 were observed in bean leaves challenged with Sclerotinia scleortiorum fungal pathogen. Transient over-expression of miR398b in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves infected with S. sclerotiorum resulted in enhanced fungal lesions. We conclude that the miR398b-mediated up-regulation of CSD and Nod19 is relevant for common bean plants to cope with oxidative stress generated in abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Naya
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos. México
| | - Sujay Paul
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos. México
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos. México
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Tlalnepantla, Estado de México. México
| | - Ana B. Mendoza-Soto
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos. México
| | - Bárbara Nova-Franco
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos. México
| | - Guadalupe Sosa-Valencia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos. México
| | - José L. Reyes
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos. México
| | - Georgina Hernández
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos. México
- * E-mail:
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Frendo P, Matamoros MA, Alloing G, Becana M. Thiol-based redox signaling in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:376. [PMID: 24133498 PMCID: PMC3783977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In nitrogen poor soils legumes establish a symbiotic interaction with rhizobia that results in the formation of root nodules. These are unique plant organs where bacteria differentiate into bacteroids, which express the nitrogenase enzyme complex that reduces atmospheric N 2 to ammonia. Nodule metabolism requires a tight control of the concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) so that they can perform useful signaling roles while avoiding nitro-oxidative damage. In nodules a thiol-dependent regulatory network that senses, transmits and responds to redox changes is starting to be elucidated. A combination of enzymatic, immunological, pharmacological and molecular analyses has allowed us to conclude that glutathione and its legume-specific homolog, homoglutathione, are abundant in meristematic and infected cells, that their spatio-temporally distribution is correlated with the corresponding (homo)glutathione synthetase activities, and that they are crucial for nodule development and function. Glutathione is at high concentrations in the bacteroids and at moderate amounts in the mitochondria, cytosol and nuclei. Less information is available on other components of the network. The expression of multiple isoforms of glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins, glutaredoxins and NADPH-thioredoxin reductases has been detected in nodule cells using antibodies and proteomics. Peroxiredoxins and thioredoxins are essential to regulate and in some cases to detoxify RONS in nodules. Further research is necessary to clarify the regulation of the expression and activity of thiol redox-active proteins in response to abiotic, biotic and developmental cues, their interactions with downstream targets by disulfide-exchange reactions, and their participation in signaling cascades. The availability of mutants and transgenic lines will be crucial to facilitate systematic investigations into the function of the various proteins in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Frendo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia AntipolisNice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355Nice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254Nice, France
- Pierre Frendo and Manuel A. Matamoros have contributed equally to this review.
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
- Pierre Frendo and Manuel A. Matamoros have contributed equally to this review.
| | - Geneviève Alloing
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia AntipolisNice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355Nice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254Nice, France
| | - Manuel Becana
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Becana, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain e-mail:
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49
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Górska-Czekaj M, Borucki W. A correlative study of hydrogen peroxide accumulation after mercury or copper treatment observed in root nodules of Medicago truncatula under light, confocal and electron microscopy. Micron 2013; 52-53:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Alquéres S, Meneses C, Rouws L, Rothballer M, Baldani I, Schmid M, Hartmann A. The bacterial superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase are crucial for endophytic colonization of rice roots by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:937-45. [PMID: 23634840 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-12-0286-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is an aerobic diazotrophic plant-growth-promoting bacterium isolated from different gramineous plants. We showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced at early stages of rice root colonization, a typical plant defense response against pathogens. The transcription of the pathogen-related-10 gene of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway but not of the PR-1 gene of the salicylic acid pathway was activated by the endophytic colonization of rice roots by G. diazotrophicus strain PAL5. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that, at early stages of colonization, the bacteria upregulated the transcript levels of ROS-detoxifying genes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR). To proof the role of ROS-scavenging enzymes in the colonization and interaction process, transposon insertion mutants of the SOD and GR genes of strain PAL5 were constructed. The SOD and GR mutants were unable to efficiently colonize the roots, indicated by the decrease of tightly root-associated bacterial cell counts and endophytic colonization and by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Interestingly, the mutants did not induce the PR-10 of the JA-pathway, probably due to the inability of endophytic colonization. Thus, ROS-scavenging enzymes of G. diazotrophicus strain PAL5 play an important role in the endophytic colonization of rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Alquéres
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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