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Degon Z, Dixon S, Rahmatallah Y, Galloway M, Gulutzo S, Price H, Cook J, Glazko G, Mukherjee A. Azospirillum brasilense improves rice growth under salt stress by regulating the expression of key genes involved in salt stress response, abscisic acid signaling, and nutrient transport, among others. Front Agron 2023; 5:1216503. [PMID: 38223701 PMCID: PMC10785826 DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1216503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Major food crops, such as rice and maize, display severe yield losses (30-50%) under salt stress. Furthermore, problems associated with soil salinity are anticipated to worsen due to climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to implement sustainable agricultural strategies, such as exploiting beneficial plant-microbe associations, for increased crop yields. Plants can develop associations with beneficial microbes, including arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). PGPB improve plant growth via multiple mechanisms, including protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. Azospirillum brasilense, one of the most studied PGPB, can mitigate salt stress in different crops. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which A. brasilense mitigates salt stress. This study shows that total and root plant mass is improved in A. brasilense-inoculated rice plants compared to the uninoculated plants grown under high salt concentrations (100 mM and 200 mM NaCl). We observed this growth improvement at seven- and fourteen days post-treatment (dpt). Next, we used transcriptomic approaches and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in rice roots when exposed to three treatments: 1) A. brasilense, 2) salt (200 mM NaCl), and 3) A. brasilense and salt (200 mM NaCl), at seven dpt. We identified 786 DEGs in the A. brasilense-treated plants, 4061 DEGs in the salt-stressed plants, and 1387 DEGs in the salt-stressed A. brasilense-treated plants. In the A. brasilense-treated plants, we identified DEGs involved in defense, hormone, and nutrient transport, among others. In the salt-stressed plants, we identified DEGs involved in abscisic acid and jasmonic acid signaling, antioxidant enzymes, sodium and potassium transport, and calcium signaling, among others. In the salt-stressed A. brasilense-treated plants, we identified some genes involved in salt stress response and tolerance (e.g., abscisic acid and jasmonic acid signaling, antioxidant enzymes, calcium signaling), and sodium and potassium transport differentially expressed, among others. We also identified some A. brasilense-specific plant DEGs, such as nitrate transporters and defense genes. Furthermore, our results suggest genes involved in auxin and ethylene signaling are likely to play an important role during these interactions. Overall, our transcriptomic data indicate that A. brasilense improves rice growth under salt stress by regulating the expression of key genes involved in defense and stress response, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid signaling, and ion and nutrient transport, among others. Our findings will provide essential insights into salt stress mitigation in rice by A. brasilense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Degon
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, United States
| | - Seth Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, United States
| | - Yasir Rahmatallah
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Mary Galloway
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, United States
| | - Sophia Gulutzo
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, United States
| | - Hunter Price
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, United States
| | - John Cook
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, United States
| | - Galina Glazko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Arijit Mukherjee
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, United States
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Mukherjee S, Corpas FJ. H 2 O 2 , NO, and H 2 S networks during root development and signalling under physiological and challenging environments: Beneficial or toxic? Plant Cell Environ 2023; 46:688-717. [PMID: 36583401 PMCID: PMC10108057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a key modulator of the development and architecture of the root system under physiological and adverse environmental conditions. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) also exert myriad functions on plant development and signalling. Accumulating pieces of evidence show that depending upon the dose and mode of applications, NO and H2 S can have synergistic or antagonistic actions in mediating H2 O2 signalling during root development. Thus, H2 O2 -NO-H2 S crosstalk might essentially impart tolerance to elude oxidative stress in roots. Growth and proliferation of root apex involve crucial orchestration of NO and H2 S-mediated ROS signalling which also comprise other components including mitogen-activated protein kinase, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH), and Ca2+ flux. This assessment provides a comprehensive update on the cooperative roles of NO and H2 S in modulating H2 O2 homoeostasis during root development, abiotic stress tolerance, and root-microbe interaction. Furthermore, it also analyses the scopes of some fascinating future investigations associated with strigolactone and karrikins concerning H2 O2 -NO-H2 S crosstalk in plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur CollegeUniversity of KalyaniWest BengalIndia
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signalling in PlantsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC)GranadaSpain
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3
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Zheng J, Xie X, Li C, Wang H, Yu Y, Huang B. Regulation mechanism of plant response to heavy metal stress mediated by endophytic fungi. Int J Phytoremediation 2023; 25:1596-1613. [PMID: 36786203 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2176466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi exist widely in plants and play an important role in the growth and adaptation of plants. They could be used in phytoremediation techniques against heavy metal contaminated soil since beneficial microbial symbionts can endow plants with resistance to external heavy metal stresses. This review summarized the regulation mechanism of plant response to heavy metal stress mediated by endophytic fungi. Potential endophytic fungi in enhancing plant's adaption to heavy metal stresses include arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, dark septate endophytic fungi, plant growth promoting endophytic fungi. The mechanisms involve coevolution strategy, immune regulation and detoxification transport to improve the ability of plants to adapt to heavy metal stress. They can increase the synthesis of host hormones and maintaining the balance of endogenous hormones, strengthen osmotic regulation, regulate carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and increase immune activity, antioxidant enzyme and glutathione activity. They also help to improve the detoxification transport and heavy metal emission capacity of the host by significantly producing iron carrier, metallothionein and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase. The combination of endophytic fungi and hyperaccumulation plants provides a promising technology for the ecological restoration of heavy metal contaminated soil. Endophytic fungi reserves further development on enhancing host plant's adaptability to heavy metal stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingguang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yaru Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baokang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Wiggins G, Thomas J, Rahmatallah Y, Deen C, Haynes A, Degon Z, Glazko G, Mukherjee A. Common gene expression patterns are observed in rice roots during associations with plant growth-promoting bacteria, Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Azospirillum brasilense. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8827. [PMID: 35614083 PMCID: PMC9132972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-legume plants such as rice and maize can form beneficial associations with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) such as Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Azospirillum brasilense. Several studies have shown that these PGPB promote plant growth via multiple mechanisms. Our current understanding of the molecular aspects and signaling between plants like rice and PGPB like Herbaspirillum seropedicae is limited. In this study, we used an experimental system where H. seropedicae could colonize the plant roots and promote growth in wild-type rice. Using this experimental setup, we identified 1688 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in rice roots, 1 day post-inoculation (dpi) with H. seropedicae. Several of these DEGs encode proteins involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, defense, hormone signaling pathways, and nitrate and sugar transport. We validated the expression pattern of some genes via RT-PCR. Next, we compared the DEGs identified in this study to those we previously identified in rice roots during associations with another PGPB, Azospirillum brasilense. We identified 628 genes that were differentially expressed during both associations. The expression pattern of these genes suggests that some of these are likely to play a significant role(s) during associations with both H. seropedicae and A. brasilense and are excellent targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Wiggins
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Jacklyn Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Yasir Rahmatallah
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Connor Deen
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Allee Haynes
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Zachariah Degon
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Galina Glazko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Arijit Mukherjee
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA.
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Cangioli L, Vaccaro F, Fini M, Mengoni A, Fagorzi C. Scent of a Symbiont: The Personalized Genetic Relationships of Rhizobium—Plant Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063358. [PMID: 35328782 PMCID: PMC8954435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many molecular signals are exchanged between rhizobia and host legume plants, some of which are crucial for symbiosis to take place, while others are modifiers of the interaction, which have great importance in the competition with the soil microbiota and in the genotype-specific perception of host plants. Here, we review recent findings on strain-specific and host genotype-specific interactions between rhizobia and legumes, discussing the molecular actors (genes, gene products and metabolites) which play a role in the establishment of symbiosis, and highlighting the need for research including the other components of the soil (micro)biota, which could be crucial in developing rational-based strategies for bioinoculants and synthetic communities’ assemblage.
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Hawkins JP, Oresnik IJ. The Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis: Co-opting Successful Stress Management. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:796045. [PMID: 35046982 PMCID: PMC8761673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.796045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of bacteria with plants can result in either a positive, negative, or neutral association. The rhizobium-legume interaction is a well-studied model system of a process that is considered a positive interaction. This process has evolved to require a complex signal exchange between the host and the symbiont. During this process, rhizobia are subject to several stresses, including low pH, oxidative stress, osmotic stress, as well as growth inhibiting plant peptides. A great deal of work has been carried out to characterize the bacterial response to these stresses. Many of the responses to stress are also observed to have key roles in symbiotic signaling. We propose that stress tolerance responses have been co-opted by the plant and bacterial partners to play a role in the complex signal exchange that occurs between rhizobia and legumes to establish functional symbiosis. This review will cover how rhizobia tolerate stresses, and how aspects of these tolerance mechanisms play a role in signal exchange between rhizobia and legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan J. Oresnik
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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7
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Mukherjee A. What do we know from the transcriptomic studies investigating the interactions between plants and plant growth-promoting bacteria? Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:997308. [PMID: 36186072 PMCID: PMC9521398 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.997308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Major crops such as corn, wheat, and rice can benefit from interactions with various plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Naturally, several studies have investigated the primary mechanisms by which these PGPB promote plant growth. These mechanisms involve biological nitrogen fixation, phytohormone synthesis, protection against biotic and abiotic stresses, etc. Decades of genetic and biochemical studies in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis have identified a few key plant and microbial signals regulating these symbioses. Furthermore, genetic studies in legumes have identified the host genetic pathways controlling these symbioses. But, the same depth of information does not exist for the interactions between host plants and PGPB. For instance, our knowledge of the host genes and the pathways involved in these interactions is very poor. However, some transcriptomic studies have investigated the regulation of gene expression in host plants during these interactions in recent years. In this review, we discuss some of the major findings from these studies and discuss what lies ahead. Identifying the genetic pathway(s) regulating these plant-PGPB interactions will be important as we explore ways to improve crop production sustainably.
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8
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Kim IS. Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Effects of Soybean Isoflavones and Their Metabolites for Humans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1064. [PMID: 34209224 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are rich in proteins and lipids and have become a staple part of the human diet. Besides their nutritional excellence, they have also been shown to contain various functional components, including isoflavones, and have consequently received increasing attention as a functional food item. Isoflavones are structurally similar to 17-β-estradiol and bind to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). The estrogenic activity of isoflavones ranges from a hundredth to a thousandth of that of estrogen itself. Isoflavones play a role in regulating the effects of estrogen in the human body, depending on the situation. Thus, when estrogen is insufficient, isoflavones perform the functions of estrogen, and when estrogen is excessive, isoflavones block the estrogen receptors to which estrogen binds, thus acting as an estrogen antagonist. In particular, estrogen antagonistic activity is important in the breast, endometrium, and prostate, and such antagonistic activity suppresses cancer occurrence. Genistein, an isoflavone, has cancer-suppressing effects on estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers, including breast cancer. It suppresses the function of enzymes such as tyrosine protein kinase, mitogen-activated kinase, and DNA polymerase II, thus inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Genistein is the most biologically active and potent isoflavone candidate for cancer prevention. Furthermore, among the various physiological functions of isoflavones, they are best known for their antioxidant activities. S-Equol, a metabolite of genistein and daidzein, has strong antioxidative effects; however, the ability to metabolize daidzein into S-equol varies based on racial and individual differences. The antioxidant activity of isoflavones may be effective in preventing dementia by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Alzheimer's-related tau proteins. Genistein also reduces allergic responses by limiting the expression of mast cell IgE receptors, which are involved in allergic responses. In addition, they have been known to prevent and treat various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, osteoporosis, diabetes, brain-related diseases, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and inflammation. Further, it also has positive effects on menstrual irregularity in non-menopausal women and relieving menopausal symptoms in middle-aged women. Recently, soybean consumption has shown steep increasing trend in Western countries where the intake was previously only 1/20-1/50 of that in Asian countries. In this review, I have dealt with the latest research trends that have shown substantial interest in the biological efficacy of isoflavones in humans and plants, and their related mechanisms.
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Ochieno DMW, Karoney EM, Muge EK, Nyaboga EN, Baraza DL, Shibairo SI, Naluyange V. Rhizobium-Linked Nutritional and Phytochemical Changes Under Multitrophic Functional Contexts in Sustainable Food Systems. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.604396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia are bacteria that exhibit both endophytic and free-living lifestyles. Endophytic rhizobial strains are widely known to infect leguminous host plants, while some do infect non-legumes. Infection of leguminous roots often results in the formation of root nodules. Associations between rhizobia and host plants may result in beneficial or non-beneficial effects. Such effects are linked to various biochemical changes that have far-reaching implications on relationships between host plants and the dependent multitrophic biodiversity. This paper explores relationships that exist between rhizobia and various plant species. Emphasis is on nutritional and phytochemical changes that occur in rhizobial host plants, and how such changes affect diverse consumers at different trophic levels. The purpose of this paper is to bring into context various aspects of such interactions that could improve knowledge on the application of rhizobia in different fields. The relevance of rhizobia in sustainable food systems is addressed in context.
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Wu Y, Li YH, Shang JY, Wang ET, Chen L, Huo B, Sui XH, Tian CF, Chen WF, Chen WX. Multiple Genes of Symbiotic Plasmid and Chromosome in Type II Peanut Bradyrhizobium Strains Corresponding to the Incompatible Symbiosis With Vigna radiata. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1175. [PMID: 32655513 PMCID: PMC7324677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia are capable of establishing compatible symbiosis with their hosts of origin and plants in the cross-nodulation group that the hosts of origin belonged to. However, different from the normal peanut Bradyrhizobium (Type I strains), the Type II strains showed incompatible symbiosis with Vigna radiata. Here, we employed transposon mutagenesis to identify the genetic loci related to this incompatibility in Type II strain CCBAU 53363. As results, seven Tn5 transposon insertion mutants resulted in an increase in nodule number on V. radiata. By sequencing analysis of the sequence flanking Tn5 insertion, six mutants were located in the chromosome of CCBAU 53363, respectively encoding acyltransferase (L265) and hypothetical protein (L615)—unique to CCBAU 53363, two hypothetical proteins (L4 and L82), tripartite tricarboxylate transporter substrate binding protein (L373), and sulfur oxidation c-type cytochrome SoxA (L646), while one mutant was in symbiotic plasmid encoding alanine dehydrogenase (L147). Significant differences were observed in L147 gene sequences and the deduced protein 3D structures between the Type II (in symbiotic plasmid) and Type I strains (in chromosome). Conversely, strains in both types shared high homologies in the chromosome genes L373 and L646 and in their protein 3D structures. These data indicated that the symbiotic plasmid gene in Type II strains might have directly affected their symbiosis incompatibility, whereas the chromosome genes might be indirectly involved in this process by regulating the plasmid symbiosis genes. The seven genes may initially explain the complication associated with symbiotic incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Ying Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - En Tao Wang
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - La Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Hua Sui
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Fu Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Uemura T, Hachisu M, Desaki Y, Ito A, Hoshino R, Sano Y, Nozawa A, Mujiono K, Galis I, Yoshida A, Nemoto K, Miura S, Nishiyama M, Nishiyama C, Horito S, Sawasaki T, Arimura GI. Soy and Arabidopsis receptor-like kinases respond to polysaccharide signals from Spodoptera species and mediate herbivore resistance. Commun Biol 2020; 3:224. [PMID: 32385340 PMCID: PMC7210110 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivory by perceiving herbivore danger signal(s) (HDS(s)), including "elicitors", that are present in herbivores' oral secretions (OS) and act to induce defense responses. However, little is known about HDS-specific molecules and intracellular signaling. Here we explored soybean receptor-like kinases (RLKs) as candidates that might mediate HDS-associated RLKs' (HAKs') actions in leaves in response to OS extracted from larvae of a generalist herbivore, Spodoptera litura. Fractionation of OS yielded Frα, which consisted of polysaccharides. The GmHAKs composed of their respective homomultimers scarcely interacted with Frα. Moreover, Arabidopsis HAK1 homomultimers interacted with cytoplasmic signaling molecule PBL27, resulting in herbivory resistance, in an ethylene-dependent manner. Altogether, our findings suggest that HAKs are herbivore-specific RLKs mediating HDS-transmitting, intracellular signaling through interaction with PBL27 and the subsequent ethylene signaling for plant defense responses in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Uemura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hachisu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Desaki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hoshino
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Sano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nozawa
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kadis Mujiono
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shigetoshi Miura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeomi Horito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Gen-Ichiro Arimura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Valdés-López O, Formey D, Isidra-Arellano MC, Reyero-Saavedra MDR, Fernandez-Göbel TF, Sánchez-Correa MDS. Argonaute Proteins: Why Are They So Important for the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis? Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1177. [PMID: 31632421 PMCID: PMC6785634 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Unlike most other land plants, legumes can fulfill their nitrogen needs through the establishment of symbioses with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (rhizobia). Through this symbiosis, fixed nitrogen is incorporated into the food chain. Because of this ecological relevance, the genetic mechanisms underlying the establishment of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis (LRS) have been extensively studied over the past decades. During this time, different types of regulators of this symbiosis have been discovered and characterized. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the participation of different types of small RNAs, including microRNAs, in the different stages of this symbiosis. The involvement of small RNAs also indicates that Argonaute (AGO) proteins participate in the regulation of the LRS. However, despite this obvious role, the relevance of AGO proteins in the LRS has been overlooked and understudied. Here, we discuss and hypothesize the likely participation of AGO proteins in the regulation of the different steps that enable the establishment of the LRS. We also briefly review and discuss whether rhizobial symbiosis induces DNA damages in the legume host. Understanding the different levels of LRS regulation could lead to the development of improved nitrogen fixation efficiency to enhance sustainable agriculture, thereby reducing dependence on inorganic fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mariel C. Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria del Rocio Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Tadeo F. Fernandez-Göbel
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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13
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Ullah I, Magdy M, Wang L, Liu M, Li X. Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of TGA transcription factors in soybean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11186. [PMID: 31371739 PMCID: PMC6672012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gain of function in genes and gene families is a continuous process and is a key factor in understanding gene and genome evolution in plants. TGACG-Binding (TGA) transcription factors (TFs) have long been known for their essential roles in plant defence in Arabidopsis, but their roles in legume symbiosis are yet to be explored. Here, we identified a total of 25 TGA (named GmTGA1-GmTGA25) genes in soybean. Through phylogenetic analysis, we discovered a clade of GmTGA proteins that appear to be legume-specific. Among them, two GmTGAs were unique by possessing the autophagy sequence in their proteins, while the third one was an orphan gene in soybean. GmTGAs were structurally different from AtTGAs, and their expression patterns also differed with the dominant expression of AtTGAs and GmTGAs in aerial and underground parts, respectively. Moreover, twenty-five GmTGAs showed a strong correlation among the gene expression in roots, nodules, and root hairs. The qRT-PCR analysis results revealed that among 15 tested GmTGAs, six were induced and four were suppressed by rhizobia inoculation, while 11 of these GmTGAs were induced by high nitrate. Our findings suggested the important roles of GmTGAs in symbiotic nodulation and in response to nitrogen availability in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihteram Ullah
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mahmoud Magdy
- Key laboratory of horticulture, plant biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- School of biological and chemical engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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14
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Thomas J, Kim HR, Rahmatallah Y, Wiggins G, Yang Q, Singh R, Glazko G, Mukherjee A. RNA-seq reveals differentially expressed genes in rice (Oryza sativa) roots during interactions with plant-growth promoting bacteria, Azospirillum brasilense. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217309. [PMID: 31120967 PMCID: PMC6532919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Major non-legume crops can form beneficial associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Azospirillum brasilense. Our current understanding of the molecular aspects and signaling that occur between important crops like rice and these nitrogen-fixing bacteria is limited. In this study, we used an experimental system where the bacteria could colonize the plant roots and promote plant growth in wild type rice and symbiotic mutants (dmi3 and pollux) in rice. Our data suggest that plant growth promotion and root penetration is not dependent on these genes. We then used this colonization model to identify regulation of gene expression at two different time points during this interaction: at 1day post inoculation (dpi), we identified 1622 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in rice roots, and at 14dpi, we identified 1995 DEGs. We performed a comprehensive data mining to classify the DEGs into the categories of transcription factors (TFs), protein kinases (PKs), and transporters (TRs). Several of these DEGs encode proteins that are involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, defense, and hormone signaling pathways. We identified genes that are involved in nitrate and sugar transport and are also implicated to play a role in other plant-microbe interactions. Overall, findings from this study will serve as an excellent resource to characterize the host genetic pathway controlling the interactions between non-legumes and beneficial bacteria which can have long-term implications towards sustainably improving agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Ha Ram Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Yasir Rahmatallah
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Grant Wiggins
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Qinqing Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Raj Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Galina Glazko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Arijit Mukherjee
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, United States of America
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15
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Abstract
The plant immune system comprises a complex network of signaling processes, regulated not only by classically defined immune components (e.g., resistance genes) but also by a suite of developmental, environmental, abiotic, and biotic-associated factors. In total, it is the sum of these interactions-the connectivity to a seemingly endless array of environments-that ensures proper activation, and control, of a system that is responsible for cell surveillance and response to threats presented by invading pests and pathogens. Over the past decade, the field of plant pathology has witnessed the discovery of numerous points of convergence between immunity, growth, and development, as well as overlap with seemingly disparate processes such as those that underpin plant response to changes in the environment. Toward defining how immune signaling is regulated, recent studies have focused on dissecting the mechanisms that underpin receptor-ligand interactions, phospho-regulation of signaling cascades, and the modulation of host gene expression during infection. As one of the major regulators of these immune signaling cascades, the plant cytoskeleton is the stage from which immune-associated processes are mobilized and oriented and, in this role, it controls the movement of the organelles, proteins, and chemical signals that support plant defense signaling. In short, the cytoskeleton is the battlefield from which pathogens and plants volley virulence and resistance, transforming resistance to susceptibility. Herein, we discuss the role of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton as a platform for the function of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Michigan State University Plant Resilience Institute, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Battenberg K, Potter D, Tabuloc CA, Chiu JC, Berry AM. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Two Actinorhizal Plants and the Legume Medicago truncatula Supports the Homology of Root Nodule Symbioses and Is Congruent With a Two-Step Process of Evolution in the Nitrogen-Fixing Clade of Angiosperms. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1256. [PMID: 30349546 PMCID: PMC6187967 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is a symbiotic interaction established between angiosperm hosts and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria in specialized organs called root nodules. The host plants provide photosynthate and the microsymbionts supply fixed nitrogen. The origin of RNS represents a major evolutionary event in the angiosperms, and understanding the genetic underpinnings of this event is of major economic and agricultural importance. Plants that engage in RNS are restricted to a single angiosperm clade known as the nitrogen-fixing clade (NFC), yet occur in multiple lineages scattered within the NFC. It has been postulated that RNS evolved in two steps: a gain-of-predisposition event occurring at the base of the NFC, followed by a gain-of-function event in each host plant lineage. Here, we first explore the premise that RNS has evolved from a single common background, and then we explore whether a two-step process better explains the evolutionary origin of RNS than either a single-step process, or multiple origins. We assembled the transcriptomes of root and nodule of two actinorhizal plants, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus and Datisca glomerata. Together with the corresponding published transcriptomes of the model legume Medicago truncatula, the gene expression patterns in roots and nodules were compared across the three lineages. We found that orthologs of many genes essential for RNS in the model legumes are expressed in all three lineages, and that the overall nodule gene expression patterns were more similar to each other than expected by random chance, a finding that supports a common evolutionary background for RNS shared by the three lineages. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses suggested that a substantial portion of the genes experiencing selection pressure changes at the base of the NFC also experienced additional changes at the base of each host plant lineage. Our results (1) support the occurrence of an event that led to RNS at the base of the NFC, and (2) suggest a subsequent change in each lineage, most consistent with a two-step origin of RNS. Among several conserved functions identified, strigolactone-related genes were down-regulated in nodules of all three species, suggesting a shared function similar to that shown for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Battenberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Potter
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Christine A. Tabuloc
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joanna C. Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alison M. Berry
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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17
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Abstract
A successful symbiotic relationship between soybean [Glycinemax (L.) Merr.] and Bradyrhizobium species requires expression of the bacterial structural nod genes that encode for the synthesis of lipochitooligosaccharide nodulation signal molecules, known as Nod factors (NFs). Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 possesses a wide nodulation gene repertoire that allows NF assembly and modification, with transcription of the nodYABCSUIJnolMNOnodZ operon depending upon specific activators, i.e., products of regulatory nod genes that are responsive to signaling molecules such as flavonoid compounds exuded by host plant roots. Central to this regulatory circuit of nod gene expression are NodD proteins, members of the LysR-type regulator family. In this study, publicly available Bradyrhizobium elkanii sequenced genomes were compared with the closely related B. diazoefficiens USDA 110 reference genome to determine the similarities between those genomes, especially with regards to the nod operon and nod regulon. Bioinformatics analyses revealed a correlation between functional mechanisms and key elements that play an essential role in the regulation of nod gene expression. These analyses also revealed new genomic features that had not been clearly explored before, some of which were unique for some B. elkanii genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane M P Passaglia
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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18
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Chen T, Duan L, Zhou B, Yu H, Zhu H, Cao Y, Zhang Z. Interplay of Pathogen-Induced Defense Responses and Symbiotic Establishment in Medicago truncatula. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:973. [PMID: 28611764 PMCID: PMC5447765 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of host innate immunity appears to be required for the establishment of symbiosis between rhizobia and host plants. In this study, we established a system that included a host plant, a bacterial pathogen and a symbiotic rhizobium to study the role of innate immunity during symbiotic interactions. A pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000), was shown to cause chlorosis in Medicago truncatula A17. Sinorhizobium meliloti strain Sm2011 (Sm2011) and Pst DC3000 strain alone induced similar defense responses in M. truncatula. However, when co-inoculated, Sm2011 specifically suppressed the defense responses induced by Pst DC3000, such as MAPK activation and ROS production. Inoculation with Sm2011 suppressed the transcription of defense-related genes triggered by Pst DC3000 infection, including the receptor of bacterial flagellin (FLS2), pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and the transcription factor WRKY33. Interestingly, inoculation with Pst DC3000 specifically inhibited the expression of the symbiosis marker genes nodule inception and nodulation pectate lyase and reduced the numbers of infection threads and nodules on M. truncatula A17 roots, indicating that Pst DC3000 inhibits the establishment of symbiosis in M. truncatula. In addition, defense-related genes, such as MAPK3/6, RbohC, and WRKY33, exhibited a transient increase in their expression in the early stage of symbiosis with Sm2011, but the expression dropped down to normal levels at later symbiotic stages. Our results suggest that plant innate immunity plays an antagonistic role in symbiosis by directly reducing the numbers of infection threads and nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Liujian Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Haixiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Meneses N, Taboada H, Dunn MF, Vargas MDC, Buchs N, Heller M, Encarnación S. The naringenin-induced exoproteome of Rhizobium etli CE3. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:737-55. [PMID: 28255691 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids excreted by legume roots induce the expression of symbiotically essential nodulation (nod) genes in rhizobia, as well as that of specific protein export systems. In the bean microsymbiont Rhizobium etli CE3, nod genes are induced by the flavonoid naringenin. In this study, we identified 693 proteins in the exoproteome of strain CE3 grown in minimal medium with or without naringenin, with 101 and 100 exoproteins being exclusive to these conditions, respectively. Four hundred ninety-two (71%) of the extracellular proteins were found in both cultures. Of the total exoproteins identified, nearly 35% were also present in the intracellular proteome of R. etli bacteroids, 27% had N-terminal signal sequences and a significant number had previously demonstrated or possible novel roles in symbiosis, including bacterial cell surface modification, adhesins, proteins classified as MAMPs (microbe-associated molecular patterns), such as flagellin and EF-Tu, and several normally cytoplasmic proteins as Ndk and glycolytic enzymes, which are known to have extracellular "moonlighting" roles in bacteria that interact with eukaryotic cells. It is noteworthy that the transmembrane ß (1,2) glucan biosynthesis protein NdvB, an essential symbiotic protein in rhizobia, was found in the R. etli naringenin-induced exoproteome. In addition, potential binding sites for two nod-gene transcriptional regulators (NodD) occurred somewhat more frequently in the promoters of genes encoding naringenin-induced exoproteins in comparison to those ofexoproteins found in the control condition.
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20
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Masson F, Zaidman-Rémy A, Heddi A. Antimicrobial peptides and cell processes tracking endosymbiont dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150298. [PMID: 27160600 PMCID: PMC4874395 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects sustain long-term relationships with intracellular symbiotic bacteria that provide them with essential nutrients. Such endosymbiotic relationships likely emerged from ancestral infections of the host by free-living bacteria, the genomes of which experience drastic gene losses and rearrangements during the host-symbiont coevolution. While it is well documented that endosymbiont genome shrinkage results in the loss of bacterial virulence genes, whether and how the host immune system evolves towards the tolerance and control of bacterial partners remains elusive. Remarkably, many insects rely on a 'compartmentalization strategy' that consists in secluding endosymbionts within specialized host cells, the bacteriocytes, thus preventing direct symbiont contact with the host systemic immune system. In this review, we compile recent advances in the understanding of the bacteriocyte immune and cellular regulators involved in endosymbiont maintenance and control. We focus on the cereal weevils Sitophilus spp., in which bacteriocytes form bacteriome organs that strikingly evolve in structure and number according to insect development and physiological needs. We discuss how weevils track endosymbiont dynamics through at least two mechanisms: (i) a bacteriome local antimicrobial peptide synthesis that regulates endosymbiont cell cytokinesis and helps to maintain a homeostatic state within bacteriocytes and (ii) some cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy which adjust endosymbiont load to the host developmental requirements, hence ensuring a fine-tuned integration of symbiosis costs and benefits.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Masson
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
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Abstract
Chemical signaling between cells is an effective way to coordinate behavior within a community. Although cell-to-cell signaling has mostly been studied in single species, it is now appreciated that the sensing of chemical signals across kingdoms can be an important regulator of nutrient acquisition, virulence, and host defense. In this review, we focus on the role of interkingdom signaling in the interactions that occur between bacterial pathogens and their mammalian hosts. We discuss the quorum-sensing (QS) systems and other mechanisms used by these bacteria to sense, respond to, and modulate host signals that include hormones, immune factors, and nutrients. We also describe cross talk between these signaling pathways and strategies used by the host to interfere with bacterial signaling, highlighting the complex bidirectional signaling networks that are established across kingdoms.
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22
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Srivastava S, Bist V, Srivastava S, Singh PC, Trivedi PK, Asif MH, Chauhan PS, Nautiyal CS. Unraveling Aspects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Mediated Enhanced Production of Rice under Biotic Stress of Rhizoctonia solani. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:587. [PMID: 27200058 PMCID: PMC4858605 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a necrotrophic fungi causing sheath blight in rice leading to substantial loss in yield. Excessive and persistent use of preventive chemicals raises human health and environment safety concerns. As an alternative, use of biocontrol agents is highly recommended. In the present study, an abiotic stress tolerant, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (SN13) is demonstrated to act as a biocontrol agent and enhance immune response against R. solani in rice by modulating various physiological, metabolic, and molecular functions. A sustained tolerance by SN13 primed plant over a longer period of time, post R. solani infection may be attributed to several unconventional aspects of the plants' physiological status. The prolonged stress tolerance observed in presence of SN13 is characterized by (a) involvement of bacterial mycolytic enzymes, (b) sustained maintenance of elicitors to keep the immune system induced involving non-metabolizable sugars such as turanose besides the known elicitors, (c) a delicate balance of ROS and ROS scavengers through production of proline, mannitol, and arabitol and rare sugars like fructopyranose, β-D-glucopyranose and myoinositol and expression of ferric reductases and hypoxia induced proteins, (d) production of metabolites like quinazoline and expression of terpene synthase, and (e) hormonal cross talk. As the novel aspect of biological control this study highlights the role of rare sugars, maintenance of hypoxic conditions, and sucrose and starch metabolism in B. amyloliquefaciens (SN13) mediated sustained biotic stress tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchi Srivastava
- Division of Plant Microbe Interactions, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Vidisha Bist
- Division of Plant Microbe Interactions, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Division of Plant Microbe Interactions, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Poonam C. Singh
- Division of Plant Microbe Interactions, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Prabodh K. Trivedi
- Gene Expression Lab, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Mehar H. Asif
- Gene Expression Lab, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Puneet S. Chauhan
- Division of Plant Microbe Interactions, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Chandra S. Nautiyal
- Division of Plant Microbe Interactions, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Chandra S. Nautiyal,
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Damiani I, Pauly N, Puppo A, Brouquisse R, Boscari A. Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide Control Early Steps of the Legume - Rhizobium Symbiotic Interaction. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:454. [PMID: 27092165 PMCID: PMC4824774 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic interaction between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria leads to the formation of a new organ, the nodule. Early steps of the interaction are characterized by the production of bacterial Nod factors, the reorientation of root-hair tip growth, the formation of an infection thread (IT) in the root hair, and the induction of cell division in inner cortical cells of the root, leading to a nodule primordium formation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) have been detected in early steps of the interaction. ROS/NO are determinant signals to arbitrate the specificity of this mutualistic association and modifications in their content impair the development of the symbiotic association. The decrease of ROS level prevents root hair curling and ITs formation, and that of NO conducts to delayed nodule formation. In root hairs, NADPH oxidases were shown to produce ROS which could be involved in the hair tip growth process. The use of enzyme inhibitors suggests that nitrate reductase and NO synthase-like enzymes are the main route for NO production during the early steps of the interaction. Transcriptomic analyses point to the involvement of ROS and NO in the success of the infection process, the induction of early nodulin gene expression, and the repression of plant defense, thereby favoring the establishment of the symbiosis. The occurrence of an interplay between ROS and NO was further supported by the finding of both S-sulfenylated and S-nitrosylated proteins during early symbiotic interaction, linking ROS/NO production to a redox-based regulation of the symbiotic process.
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de Souza EM, Granada CE, Sperotto RA. Plant Pathogens Affecting the Establishment of Plant-Symbiont Interaction. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:15. [PMID: 26834779 PMCID: PMC4721146 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M. de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Brazil
| | - Camille E. Granada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Brazil
- Centro de Gestão Organizacional, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Brazil
| | - Raul A. Sperotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Brazil
- Setor de Genética e Biologia Molecular do Museu de Ciências Naturais, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Raul A. Sperotto
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25
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Smith DL, Praslickova D, Ilangumaran G. Inter-organismal signaling and management of the phytomicrobiome. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:722. [PMID: 26442036 PMCID: PMC4568390 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The organisms of the phytomicrobiome use signal compounds to regulate aspects of each other's behavior. Legumes use signals (flavonoids) to regulate rhizobial nod gene expression during establishment of the legume-rhizobia N2-fixation symbiosis. Lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) produced by rhizobia act as return signals to the host plant and are recognized by specific lysine motif receptor like kinases, which triggers a signal cascade leading to nodulation of legume roots. LCOs also enhance plant growth, particularly when plants are stressed. Chitooligosaccharides activate plant immune responses, providing enhanced resistance against diseases. Co-inoculation of rhizobia with other plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve nodulation and crop growth. PGPR also alleviate plant stress by secreting signal compounds including phytohormones and antibiotics. Thuricin 17, a small bacteriocin produced by a phytomicrobiome member promotes plant growth. Lumichrome synthesized by soil rhizobacteria function as stress-sensing cues. Inter-organismal signaling can be used to manage/engineer the phytomicrobiome to enhance crop productivity, particularly in the face of stress. Stressful conditions are likely to become more frequent and more severe because of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Smith
- *Correspondence: Donald L. Smith, Plant Science Department, McGill University/Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada,
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