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Gusella G, Lawrence DP, Aiello D, Luo Y, Polizzi G, Michailides TJ. Etiology of Botryosphaeria Panicle and Shoot Blight of Pistachio ( Pistacia vera) Caused by Botryosphaeriaceae in Italy. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1192-1202. [PMID: 34752130 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1672-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pistachio (Pistacia vera) is an important crop in Italy, traditionally cultivated in Sicily (southern Italy) for several decades now. In recent years, new orchards have been planted in new areas of the island. Field surveys conducted in 2019 revealed the presence of symptomatic trees showing shoot dieback, cankers, fruit spots, and leaf lesions. Isolations from symptomatic samples consistently yielded fungal species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. Identification of collected isolates was conducted using morphological and molecular analyses. Morphological characterization was based on conidia measurements of representative isolates and also effects of temperatures on mycelial growth was evaluated. DNA data derived from sequencing the ITS, tef1-α, and tub2 gene regions were analyzed via phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood). Results of the analyses confirmed the identity of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum hellenicum, and N. mediterraneum. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached twigs and in the fields both on shoots as well as on fruit clusters using the mycelial plug technique. The inoculation experiments revealed that among the Botryosphaeriaceae species identified in this study N. hellenicum (occasionally detected) and N. mediterraneum were the most aggressive based on lesion length on shoots and fruits. N. mediterraneum was the most widespread among the orchards while B. dothidea can be considered a minor pathogen involved in this complex disease of pistachio. Moreover, to our knowledge, this is the first report of N. hellenicum in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gusella
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Sezione di Patologia vegetale, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | - Daniel P Lawrence
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Dalia Aiello
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Sezione di Patologia vegetale, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | - Giancarlo Polizzi
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Sezione di Patologia vegetale, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
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Bodor Z, Bodor K, Keresztesi Á, Szép R. Major air pollutants seasonal variation analysis and long-range transport of PM 10 in an urban environment with specific climate condition in Transylvania (Romania). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:38181-38199. [PMID: 32617823 PMCID: PMC7496053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The air quality decrease, especially in urban areas, is related to local-scale conditions and to dispersion of air pollutants (regional and long-range) as well. The main objective of this study was to decipher the seasonal variation of PM10, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, and CO over a 1-year period (2017) and the possible relationships between air pollution and meteorological variables. Furthermore, trajectory cluster analysis and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) methods were used to assess the trajectories and the source-receptor relationship of PM10 in the Ciuc basin Transylvania, known as the "Cold Pole" of Romania. The pollutants show lower concentrations during warmer periods, especially during summer, and significantly higher concentrations were observed on heating season in winter due to seasonal variations in energy use (biomass burning) and atmospheric stability. Subsequently, in February, the highest concentration of PM10 was 132 μg/m3, which is 4 times higher than the highest recorded monthly mean. Our results indicate a negative correlation between CO/temperature (- 0.89), NOx/temperature (- 0.84) and positive between NOx/PM10 (0.95), CO/PM10 (0.9), and NOx/CO (0.98), respectively. Dominant transport pathways were identified and the results revealed that slow-moving southerly (~ 45%) and northwesterly (~ 32%) air masses represent almost 80% and mainly regional flows were discerned. During 2017, increased PM10 levels were measured at the study site when air masses arrived mostly from northwest and southeast. The CWT and polarplot models show a strong seasonal variation and significant differences were observed between weekdays and weekends, namely highest PM10 concentrations during weekends at low wind speed (2-4 m/s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bodor
- Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania.
- Institute for Research and Development for Hunting and Mountain Resources, str. Progresului, 35/B, 530240, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania.
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság 6, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Bodor
- Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
- Institute for Research and Development for Hunting and Mountain Resources, str. Progresului, 35/B, 530240, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság 6, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Keresztesi
- Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
- Institute for Research and Development for Hunting and Mountain Resources, str. Progresului, 35/B, 530240, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság 6, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Róbert Szép
- Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
- Institute for Research and Development for Hunting and Mountain Resources, str. Progresului, 35/B, 530240, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság 6, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
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Drake-Schultheis L, Oono R, D'Antonio CM. Mechanisms of severe dieback and mortality in a classically drought-tolerant shrubland species (Arctostaphylos glauca). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1136-1147. [PMID: 32864741 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Mortality events involving drought and pathogens in natural plant systems are on the rise due to global climate change. In Santa Barbara, California, United States, big berry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) has experienced canopy dieback related to a multi-year drought and infection from fungal pathogens in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using Neofusicoccum australe to test the specific influences of drought and fungal infection on A. glauca. METHODS A full factorial design was used to compare four treatment groups (drought + inoculation; drought - inoculation; watering + inoculation; and control: watering - inoculation). Data were collected for 10 weeks on stress symptoms, changes in leaf fluorescence and photosynthesis, and mortality. RESULTS Results indicated significant effects of watering and inoculation treatments on net photosynthesis, dark-adapted fluorescence, and disease symptom severity (P < 0.05), and a strong correlation was found between physiological decline and visible stress (P < 0.0001). Mortality differed between treatments, with all groups except for the control experiencing mortality (43% mortality in drought - inoculation, 83% in watering - inoculation, and 100% in drought + inoculation). A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed drought + inoculation to have the least estimated survivorship compared to all other treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS In addition to a possible synergistic interaction between drought and fungal infection in disease onset and mortality rates in A. glauca, these results indicate that young, non-drought-stressed plants are susceptible to mortality from N. australe infection, with important implications for the future of wildland shrub communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Drake-Schultheis
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Ryoko Oono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Carla M D'Antonio
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Nouri MT, Lawrence DP, Holland LA, Doll DA, Kallsen CE, Culumber CM, Trouillas FP. Identification and Pathogenicity of Fungal Species Associated with Canker Diseases of Pistachio in California. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2397-2411. [PMID: 31322495 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-18-1717-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted during 2015 and 2016 in pistachio orchards throughout the San Joaquin Valley of California to investigate the occurrence of canker diseases and identify the pathogens involved. Cankers and dieback symptoms were observed mainly in orchards aged >15 years. Symptoms of canker diseases included brown to dark brown discoloration of vascular tissues, wood necrosis, and branch dieback. In total, 58 fungal isolates were obtained from cankers and identified based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses (internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-tubulin, calmodulin, actin 1, and translation elongation factor 1α) representing 11 fungal species: Colletotrichum karstii, Cytospora californica, Cytospora joaquinensis, Cytospora parapistaciae, Cytospora pistaciae, Diaporthe ambigua, Didymella glomerata, Diplodia mutila, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, Phaeoacremonium canadense, and Schizophyllum commune. Pathogenicity tests conducted in the main pistachio cultivars Kerman, Golden Hills, and Lost Hills using the mycelium-plug method indicated that all fungal species were pathogenic to Pistacia vera. All species tested caused cankers in pistachio branches, although virulence among species varied from high to moderate. Overall, N. mediterraneum and Cytospora spp. were the most widespread and virulent species associated with canker diseases of pistachio in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T Nouri
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Daniel P Lawrence
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Leslie A Holland
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Dave A Doll
- University of California Cooperative Extension Merced County, Merced, CA 95341
| | - Craig E Kallsen
- University of California Cooperative Extension Kern County, Bakersfield, CA 93307
| | | | - Florent P Trouillas
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616
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Moral J, Morgan D, Trapero A, Michailides TJ. Ecology and Epidemiology of Diseases of Nut Crops and Olives Caused by Botryosphaeriaceae Fungi in California and Spain. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1809-1827. [PMID: 31232653 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0622-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the cultivated area and production of nuts and olives have increased, driven by an increasing consumer interest in healthier food. Diseases of almond, pistachio, olive, and walnut crops caused by species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family have caused concern worldwide. Although considerable progress has been made in elucidating the etiology of these diseases, scientific knowledge of other aspects of these diseases is more limited. In this article, we present an overview of the most important diseases caused by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi affecting almond, pistachio, olive, and walnut crops by focusing on ecology and epidemiology, primarily in California and Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Moral
- 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
- 2Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Morgan
- 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | - Antonio Trapero
- 2Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Themis J Michailides
- 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
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Olmo D, Armengol J, León M, Gramaje D. Characterization and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Isolated from Almond Trees on the Island of Mallorca (Spain). PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:2483-2491. [PMID: 30686161 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-16-0676-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 31 almond orchards with trees showing severe decline symptoms were surveyed from 2009 to 2014 on the island of Mallorca (Spain). In all, 45 Botryosphaeriaceae isolates were collected and characterized based on phenotypical features and comparisons of DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal DNA-internal transcribed spacer region and elongation factor 1-α gene. Five species were identified as Diplodia olivarum, D. seriata, Neofusicoccum luteum, N. mediterraneum, and N. parvum. Pathogenicity tests were performed on four cultivars ('Pons', 'Vivot', 'Jordi', and 'Ferragnes') under field conditions for two consecutive years (2013 to 2014), and confirmed that all five species cause canker and dieback of almond, with Neofusicoccum spp. more virulent than Diplodia spp. in both years. Jordi was less sensitive to fungal infection in 2013. First reports from almond in Spain include N. mediterraneum and N. luteum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Olmo
- Laboratori de Sanitat Vegetal, Serveis de Millora Agrària, Conselleria d'Agricultura, Medi Ambient i Territori, Govern Balear, C/d'Eusebi Estada 145, 07008 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Josep Armengol
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; and
| | - Maela León
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; and
| | - David Gramaje
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de la Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. LO-20 Salida 13, Finca La Grajera, 26071 Logroño, Spain
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Chen S, Li G, Liu F, Michailides TJ. Novel species of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with shoot blight of pistachio. Mycologia 2015; 107:780-92. [PMID: 25977211 DOI: 10.3852/14-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Various species of phytopathogenic Botryosphaeriaceae were identified previously from pistachio trees worldwide. Disease symptoms caused by pathogens in Botryosphaeriaceae on pistachio include panicle and shoot blight, leaf defoliation, fruit discoloration and decay. In this study species of Botryosphaeriaceae were collected from blighted pistachio shoots in Arizona, USA, and Greece. The aims of this study were to identify these Botryosphaeriaceae isolates and to test their pathogenicity to pistachio. The fungi were identified based on comparisons of DNA sequence data of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), a partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1), a partial β-tubulin gene (TUB2) and morphological characteristics. Results indicated that some isolates collected from pistachio represent two previously undescribed species, which we described here as Lasiodiplodia americana sp. nov. from the United States and Neofusicoccum hellenicum sp. nov. from Greece. Field inoculations of L. americana and N. hellenicum on branches of four pistachio cultivars showed that both L. americana and N. hellenicum are pathogenic on pistachio. The four pistachio cultivars differed in their susceptibility to the Botryosphaeriaceae species. Results of this study suggested that the two new species of Botryosphaeriaceae need to be monitored carefully to determine the distribution of these pathogens and the possible spread to other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuaiFei Chen
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang, 524022, GuangDong Province, China, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 9240 S. Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, California 93648
| | - GuoQing Li
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang, 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - FeiFei Liu
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang, 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 9240 S. Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, California 93648
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Phillips A, Alves A, Abdollahzadeh J, Slippers B, Wingfield M, Groenewald J, Crous P. The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture. Stud Mycol 2013; 76:51-167. [PMID: 24302790 PMCID: PMC3825232 DOI: 10.3114/sim0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the Botryosphaeriaceae. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has repeatedly introduced in the past, their variation during development, and inevitable overlap as representation grows. Thus it seems likely that all of the older taxa linked to the Botryosphaeriaceae, and for which cultures or DNA sequence data are not available, cannot be linked to the species in this family that are known from culture. Such older taxa will have to be disregarded for future use unless they are epitypified. We therefore focus this paper on the 17 genera that can now be recognised phylogenetically, which concentrates on the species that are presently known from culture. Included is a historical overview of the family, the morphological features that define the genera and species and detailed descriptions of the 17 genera and 110 species. Keys to the genera and species are also provided. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera are given in a multi-locus tree based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequences. The morphological descriptions are supplemented by phylogenetic trees (ITS alone or ITS + EF1-α) for the species in each genus. TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES New species - Neofusicoccum batangarum Begoude, Jol. Roux & Slippers. New combinations - Botryosphaeria fabicerciana (S.F. Chen, D. Pavlic, M.J. Wingf. & X.D. Zhou) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Botryosphaeria ramosa (Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf.) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Cophinforma atrovirens (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, Cophinforma mamane (D.E. Gardner) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Dothiorella pretoriensis (Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, Dothiorella thailandica (D.Q. Dai., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) Abdollahz., A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Dothiorella uruguayensis (C.A. Pérez, Blanchette, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, Lasiodiplodia lignicola (Ariyawansa, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Abdollahz., Neoscytalidium hyalinum (C.K. Campb. & J.L. Mulder) A.J.L. Phillips, Groenewald & Crous, Sphaeropsis citrigena (A.J.L. Phillips, P.R. Johnst. & Pennycook) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Sphaeropsis eucalypticola (Doilom, J.K. Liu, & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, Sphaeropsis porosa (Van Niekerk & Crous) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves. Epitypification (basionym) - Sphaeria sapinea Fries. Neotypifications (basionyms) - Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., Physalospora agaves Henn, Sphaeria atrovirens var. visci Alb. & Schwein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J.L. Phillips
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - A. Alves
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J. Abdollahzadeh
- Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - B. Slippers
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Andolfi A, Maddau L, Cimmino A, Linaldeddu BT, Franceschini A, Serra S, Basso S, Melck D, Evidente A. Cyclobotryoxide, a phytotoxic metabolite produced by the plurivorous pathogen Neofusicoccum australe. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1785-1791. [PMID: 23046443 DOI: 10.1021/np300512m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two isolates of Neofusicoccum australe belonging to ITS haplotypes H4 and H1 and associated with grapevine cordon dieback and branch dieback of Phoenicean juniper, respectively, have been shown to produce in vitro structurally different secondary metabolites. From the strain BOT48 of N. australe (haplotype H4) a new cyclohexenone oxide, namely, cyclobotryoxide, was isolated together with 3-methylcatechol and tyrosol. Cyclobotryoxide was characterized as (1S,5R,6S)-5-hydroxy-3-methoxy-4-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-en-2-one by spectroscopic, optical, and chemical methods. The strain BL24 (haplotype H1) produced tyrosol along with botryosphaerone D and (3S,4S)-3,4,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone. The metabolites obtained from both strains were tested at four concentrations on leaves of grapevine cv. Cannonau, holm oak, and cork oak by the leaf puncture assay. Cyclobotryoxide proved to be the most phytotoxic compound. Tyrosol and cyclobotryoxide were also tested on detached grapevine leaves at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL. Only cyclobotryoxide was found to be active in this bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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