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Pethybridge SJ, Murphy S, Lund M, Kikkert JR. Survival of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Sclerotia in Central New York. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1165-1168. [PMID: 37943509 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-23-2126-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
White mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a serious disease affecting many field and specialty crops in New York (NY). The primary inoculum for white mold is sclerotia, which are hardened masses of mycelia that survive adverse environmental conditions and periods of nonhosts. However, NY crop guidelines lack rotation and residue management recommendations based on local knowledge of sclerotial survival. A field trial was established in October 2020 by deploying S. sclerotiorum sclerotia in mesh bags on the soil surface or shallowly buried (placed at a 3-cm depth in the soil) at Geneva, NY. Bags were periodically collected from 67 to 769 days. At each collection, sclerotial retrieval (number of sclerotia) was assessed by counting, and their viability was evaluated through myceliogenic germination. Sclerotial retrieval was significantly affected by soil depth and was higher in those on the surface than those buried. Time also affected the retrieval of sclerotia, which was significantly reduced after 250 days. The interaction between burial and time had a significant effect on sclerotial viability. Approximately 15% of sclerotia placed on the surface were still viable after 769 days. After 433 days, the viability of buried sclerotia was also significantly reduced compared to those on the surface. After 670 days, none of the buried sclerotia were viable. These findings suggest a rotation of at least 2 years between susceptible crops is required to reduce primary inoculum. However, given that low inoculum densities are sufficient to initiate a white mold outbreak, a longer rotation may be beneficial. In a cultivated system, timely tillage of crop residue to bury sclerotia after harvest to promote degradation is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Pethybridge
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Sean Murphy
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Margaret Lund
- Cornell Vegetable Program, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Canandaigua, NY 14424
| | - Julie R Kikkert
- Cornell Vegetable Program, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Canandaigua, NY 14424
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Reich J, McLaren D, Kim YM, Wally O, Yevtushenko D, Hamelin R, Balasubramanian P, Chatterton S. Occurrence of Ascospores and White Mold Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Dry Bean Fields in Alberta, Canada. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3754-3762. [PMID: 37368443 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2529-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
White mold caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most important biological constraints to dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in Canada. Disease forecasting is one tool that could help growers manage the disease while reducing fungicide use. However, predicting white mold epidemics has remained difficult due to their sporadic occurrence. In this study, over the course of four growing seasons (2018 to 2021), we surveyed dry bean fields in Alberta and collected daily in-field weather data and daily in-field ascospore counts. White mold levels were variable and generally high in all years, confirming that the disease is ubiquitous and a constant threat to dry bean production. Ascospores were present throughout the growing season, and mean ascospore levels varied by field, month, and year. Models based on in-field weather and ascospore levels were not highly predictive of final disease incidence in a field, suggesting that environment and pathogen presence were not limiting factors to disease development. Rather, significant effects of market class on disease were found, with pinto beans, on average, having the highest disease incidence (33%) followed by great northern (15%), black (10%), red (6%), and yellow (5%). When incidence of these market classes was modeled separately, different environmental variables were important in each model; however, average wind speed was a significant variable in all models. Taken together, these findings suggest that white mold management in dry bean should focus on fungicide use, plant genetics, irrigation management, and other agronomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Reich
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Debra McLaren
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada
| | - Owen Wally
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, OT N0R 1G0, Canada
| | | | - Richard Hamelin
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Parthiba Balasubramanian
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Syama Chatterton
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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Webster RW, Mueller BD, Conley SP, Smith DL. Integration of Soybean ( Glycine max) Resistance Levels to Sclerotinia Stem Rot into Predictive Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Apothecial Models. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2763-2768. [PMID: 36724034 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-22-2875-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is a major disease of soybean across the Upper Midwest region of the United States. Management of this disease has relied on fungicide applications, but due to the environmental conditions necessary for SSR to develop, many of these applications are unnecessary. To mitigate this, predictive models have been developed using localized weather data for predicting the formation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum apothecia, the inoculum source of SSR, and these models were integrated into a decision support system called Sporecaster. However, these models do not account for the soybean resistance levels to SSR. In this study, fungicide trials were performed across seven site-years in Wisconsin between 2020 and 2022 examining fungicide applications applied at one of three action thresholds (low, moderate, and high) following Sporecaster recommendations in combination with four soybean varieties representing three SSR resistance levels (susceptible, moderately resistant, and resistant). From these trials, the low and moderate action thresholds resulted in similarly low disease severity index (DIX) levels comparable to the standard across all varieties. However, the low action threshold was most accurate for predicting SSR development in the susceptible variety, and the high action threshold was most accurate for predicting SSR development for the three resistant varieties. Both the susceptible soybean and a moderately resistant line yielded similarly high results. Additionally, the use of all fungicide applications led to similar partial profits at grain sale prices of either $0.44 or $0.55 kg-1. Overall, this study uncovered relationships between soybean resistance levels to SSR and Sporecaster, allowing for improved recommendations for fungicide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Webster
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Brian D Mueller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Shawn P Conley
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Damon L Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Cohen SD. Estimating the Climate Niche of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Using Maximum Entropy Modeling. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:892. [PMID: 37755000 PMCID: PMC10532795 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a fungal pathogen, causes world-wide crop losses and additional disease management strategies are needed. Modeling the climate niche of this fungus may offer a tool for the selection of biological control organisms and cultural methods of control. Maxent, a modeling technique, was used to characterize the climate niche for the fungus. The technique requires disease occurrence data, bioclimatic data layers, and geospatial analysis. A cross-correlation was performed with ArcGIS 10.8.1, to reduce nineteen bioclimatic variables (WorldClim) to nine variables. The model results were evaluated by AUC (area under the curve). A final model was created with the random seed procedure of Maxent and gave an average AUC of 0.935 with an AUC difference of -0.008. The most critical variables included annual precipitation (importance: 14.1%) with a range of 450 mm to 2500 mm and the mean temperature of the coldest quarter (importance: 55.6%) with a range of -16 °C to 24 °C, which contributed the most to the final model. A habitat suitability map was generated in ArcGIS 10.8.1 from the final Maxent model. The final model was validated by comparing results with another occurrence dataset. A Z-Score statistical test confirmed no significant differences between the two datasets for all suitability areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Cohen
- Center for Regulatory Research, LLC, 2355 Highway 36 West, Suite #400, Minnesota, MN 55113, USA
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Ma Z, Qiu S, Zhang D, Guo X, Lu Y, Fan Y, Chen X. Design, synthesis, and antifungal activity of novel dithiin tetracarboximide derivatives as potential succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1922-1930. [PMID: 36658467 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides are an important class of agricultural fungicides with the advantages of high efficiency and a broad bactericidal spectrum. To pursue novel SDHIs, a series of N-substituted dithiin tetracarboximide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and high resolution mass spectrum (HRMS). RESULTS These engineered compounds displayed potent fungicidal activity against phytopathogens, including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, and Rhizoctonia solani, comparable with that of the commercial SDHI fungicide boscalid. In particular, compound 18 stood out with prominent activity against S. sclerotiorum with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) value of 1.37 μg ml-1 . Compound 1 exhibited the most potent antifungal activity against B. cinerea with EC50 values of 5.02 μg ml-1 . As for R. solani, 12 and 13 exhibited remarkably inhibitory activity with EC50 values of 4.26 and 5.76 μg ml-1 , respectively. In the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibition assay, 13 presented significant inhibitory activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) value of 15.3 μm, which was approximately equivalent to that of boscalid (14.2 μm). Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that 13 could anchor in the binding site of SDH. CONCLUSION Taken together, results suggested that the dithiin tetracarboximide scaffold possessed a huge potential to be developed as novel fungicides and SDHIs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Qiu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinying Guo
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuele Lu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxian Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Yang M, Han X, Xie J, Zhang S, Lv Z, Li B, Shi L, Zhang K, Ge B. Field Application of Wuyiencin Against Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.930079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating disease of soybean. Biological control is a potential alternative to chemical fungicides for disease management, and provides broad benefits to the environment, farmers and consumers. Herein, we established a field application technique for biocontrol of Sclerotinia stem rot in soybean using wuyiencin, expanding on a previous study showing biocontrol potential. We used wuyiencin to reduce sclerotia in soybean seed, and disease incidence analysis by seed bioassay revealed an optimal wuyiencin seed soaking concentration of 12.5 μg/mL. We found that different application methods had different effects on soybean plant growth. Soybean pot experiments showed that 100 μg/mL wuyiencin was obtained a significant disease protection effect and promote soybean growth through root irrigation, and the optimal concentration for wuyiencin spraying was 100–200 μg/mL. We tested the efficacy of applying wuyiencin under field conditions, and the protection effect of 200 μg/mL wuyiencin sprayed three times was the best (64.0%), but this was slightly inferior to the protection effect of 200 μg/mL dimethachlon (77.6%).
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Webster RW, Roth MG, Mueller BD, Mueller DS, Chilvers MI, Willbur JF, Mourtzinis S, Conley SP, Smith DL. Integration of Row Spacing, Seeding Rates, and Fungicide Applications for Control of Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Glycine max. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1183-1191. [PMID: 34813712 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-1931-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) farmers in the Upper Midwest region of the United States often experience severe yield losses due to Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR). Previous studies have revealed benefits of individual management practices for SSR. This study examined the integration of multiple control practices on the development of SSR, yield, and the economic implications of these practices. Combinations of row spacings, seeding rates, and fungicide applications were examined in multisite field trials across the Upper Midwest from 2017 to 2019. These trials revealed that wide row spacing and low seeding rates individually reduced SSR levels but also reduced yields. Yields were similar across the three highest seeding rates examined. However, site-years where SSR developed showed the highest partial profits at the intermediate seeding rates. This finding indicates that partial profits in diseased fields were reduced by high seeding rates, but this trend was not observed when SSR did not develop. Fungicides strongly reduced the development of SSR while also increasing yields. However, there was a reduction in partial profits due to their use at a low soybean sale price, but at higher sale prices fungicide use was similar to not treating. Additionally, the production of new inoculum was predicted from disease incidence, serving as an indicator of increased risk for SSR development in future years. Overall, this study suggests using wide rows and low seeding rates in fields with a history of SSR while reserving narrow rows and higher seeding rates for fields without a history of SSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Webster
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mitchell G Roth
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Brian D Mueller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Daren S Mueller
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Jaime F Willbur
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | | | - Shawn P Conley
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Damon L Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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